Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH)

Vol. 37, No. 3, July 2018, pp. 727 – 734

Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821
www.nijotech.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v37i3.23

BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES

IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEMS

S. O. Ajose1, A. L. Imoize2,* and O. M.Obiukwu3

1, 2, 3, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.
E-mail addresses: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

ABSTRACT
This study presents the design of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and analyses the
performance of the different digital modulation techniques employed in the system. The OFDM system was modelled
and different modulation schemes: M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation
(M-QAM) were employed over two different channels: additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and Rayleigh multipath
fading channels. Bit error rate (BER) analysis was carried out for the different digital modulation schemes over the
two channels, and the number of fast Fourier transform (FFT) points used during the transmission was examined.
Generally, results showed that over both AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels, lower order modulation schemes
perform better than the higher order schemes. This comes at the detriment of the data rate, as lower order schemes
have lower data rates compared with their higher order counterparts. In addition, it was observed that the system
performed better over AWGN channel than Rayleigh fading channel for all modulation schemes used. On the number
of FFT points used during the transmission, findings revealed that the performance of the system is more or less not
really affected by the number of FFT points employed during transmission.

Key words: Digital modulation, bit error rate, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, additive white Gaussian
noise, modulation schemes, fast Fourier transform.

1. INTRODUCTION subcarriers, and have the transmitter transmit a single

Wireless communication field is ever dynamic and has data stream over them, each subcarrier being
seen an exponential growth over the past several years modulated at a lower symbol rate, resulting to a signal
[1]. The ever increasing usage of mobile phone with large resistance to interference. This technique is
technology, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and almost identical to frequency division multiple access
the rapid growth of the mobile broadband industry (FDMA) in that the multiple access is obtained by
have necessitated in finding new means of obtaining splitting the available bandwidth into multiple
higher capacity wireless network [2]. With the channels, which are now assigned to users. However,
increasing traffic for wireless communication, it is OFDM utilises the spectrum more efficiently because
inevitable that spectral efficiency and higher data rates the channels are much closer together unlike in FDMA
would be of paramount importance. This calls for a where the channels are being spaced apart with a
more bandwidth efficient scheme because spectral considerable distance to prevent inter-carrier
efficiency and higher data rates transmission are of interference and consequently reducing bit error rates.
utmost significance in wireless communication. This eliminates the need for inter carrier guard bands
Achieving high data rates requires a careful selection of used in FDMA thus simplifying the design of OFDM
the available multicarrier modulation schemes. transceivers.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is To prevent the inter-carrier interference in OFDM, the
a multi-carrier transmission technique that goes a long multiple carriers are made orthogonal to each other.
way in providing the much-needed improvement as it Asides the higher data rate transmission and better
can be viewed as a multiplexing or modulation spectral efficiency, OFDM offers other advantages like
technique, which transmits at higher data rates and at robustness against frequency-selective fading channel,
the same time improves spectral efficiency [3]. The efficient implementations using Fast Fourier Transform
technique splits up the available spectrum into many and simple equalization techniques (that is, low

* Corresponding author, tel: +234 – 803 – 687 – 3891

 BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION …S. O. Ajose, et al.

computational complexity) [4]. These advantages have account the number of bits per symbol, and so the
developed OFDM into a widely accepted strategy for signal power corresponds to the energy per bit times
wideband digital communication transmission used in the number of bits per symbol. It was concluded that
areas such as digital television and audio broadcasting, the performance of the system will be reduced as the
wireless networks and 4th generation (4G) mobile number of constellation mapping points increased from
communication [5]. 8 to 64 point, and the higher Eb/No required for
In accordance with the modulation order, the amount transferring data means that more energy is required
of error in the bit information can be varied [6]. Thus, for each bit transfer.
this study concentrated on the analysis of the Instead of using fast Fourier transform to implement
performance of the OFDM system over different orthogonality of the subcarriers, Bodhe et al. [9] used a
channels whilst employing different modulation discrete wave transform (DWT) to do so. This was
techniques. The study was carried out using Simulink achieved using MATLAB Simulink. This model, based
in MATLAB and the various digital modulation on DWT was used to analyse the performance of two-
techniques were discussed in details. These modulation modulation scheme: 16QAM and 64QAM. It was found
techniques include BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM and that the former performs better than the latter, though
256 QAM. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the the difference is very marginal. The study also carried
OFDM system was analysed over both additive white out the comparison of FFT based OFDM system, DWT
Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. based system employing 64QAM modulation technique,
In addition, the system was analysed over different FFT and it was concluded that the performance of the DWT-
points to determine if the performance of the system is OFDM was far superior to that of FFT-OFDM system.
affected by this factor. Once again, this study was carried out only over a noisy
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents channel without considering the multipath channels.
previous works on BER analysis of different digital Mohamed et al. [10] carried out the performance
modulation schemes in orthogonal frequency division analysis of the OFDM system by varying some
multiplexing systems, details the OFDM system model parameters of the system through simulation with
and the theoretical background. Simulation MATLAB. It was observed that the more subcarriers
implementation of the system is presented in Section 3. used the more accurate and useful the system is over
In section 4, the simulation results are presented and the AWGN channel. Taking an inverse fast Fourier
discussed. Section 5 presents the conclusion to the transform (IFFT) size of 1024, it was observed that
paper. using M-QAM modulation technique, the optimum
value of the SNR is 60dB over the AWGN after which
2. RELATED WORKS there is no improvement in the BER of the system. It
In the existing literature, Kamboj and Kaushik [7] was also concluded that the system performed best
described the basics of the OFDM system and even with the 64QAM.
though a thorough analysis of the modulation schemes Dixit Dutt Bohra [11] employed a simulation
was not carried out, emphasis was laid on the environment known as LabVIEW to analyse the
constellation analysis of the modulation schemes. performance of BPSK and QPSK over the AWGN
Insight was also given on the general study of the channel. This system employs low-density parity-check
OFDM system. The system was also simulated and (LPDC) codes, which provides error correction. BPSK
some performance criteria of the system such as was found to have performed better, but once again
tolerance to multipath delay spread, channel noise and over the AWGN channel.
start time error were tested and analysed. Shashikant and Dhawan [12] investigated cyclic prefix
Katariya et al. [8] gave a better insight on the OFDM (CP) optimization. CP length was varied from 6% to
system and carried out a performance analysis of the 100% of the OFDM useful symbol and it was observed
modulation schemes under AWGN, basing its modelling that as CP length exceeds 18.75%, the power loss of the
and simulation on the IEEE 802.11a standard for signal becomes more than 1dB which reduces the
WLAN. This standard (IEEE 802.11a) uses 64 FFT system efficiency. At CP length of 100%, better BER
points with 52 subcarriers. Three modulation schemes was obtained at a lesser SNR but this is at the expense
were considered: BPSK, 16QAM and 64 QAM. There of 3dB signal power loss, thus inefficient. It was
were many power gains at higher SNR. However, the suggested that CP length should not exceed 25% for
analysis in this paper is only over a noisy channel and efficient optimization.
did not consider multipath channels. Here, it was
remarked that the SNR for each modulation takes into
Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 37, No. 3, July, 2018 728
 BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION …S. O. Ajose, et al.

2.1 OFDM System Model

( ) ∑ ( )
OFDM is a transmission technique based on frequency
division multiplexing (FDM). It can be thought of as a where: N ,
multicarrier transmission technique where the ,
subcarriers are orthogonal to each other. Orthogonality ,
is important in this system, as its loss would lead to
inter carrier interference (ICI). To maintain the
orthogonality, the subcarriers in OFDM are spaced out Equation (1) represents the discrete time OFDM
equally [7]. symbol which is the N-point IDFT of PSK or QAM data
Typically, the OFDM system has three major parts: the symbols and can be calculated efficiently by using IFFT.
transmitter, channel and receiver as seen in Figure 1.
2.3 CP Insertion and Removal
Due to the multipath nature of the transmission radio
channel, ISI is introduced to the OFDM signals [14].
Multipath transmission introduces ISI when the
maximum delay spread of the radio channel is more
than the guard interval length. Hence, the reason why
the guard interval length is defined to be more than the
maximum delay spread. Thus, the guard interval is
added to mitigate the ISI effect [15]. Asides the
multipath effect, Doppler shift and carrier instability
can cause ISI too, but the guard interval also takes care
of those. Generally, the guard interval is introduced to
Figure 1: OFDM block diagram maintain the orthogonality of the subcarriers and the
independence of the OFDM symbols, when the OFDM
The process starts at the transmitter where incoming signal is transmitted over a multipath channel.
data bits are mapped and modulated according to the
available modulation scheme. Modulation and mapping
are dynamically implemented based on the channel
conditions such as Doppler spread and fading in order
to improve the performance of the system. The serial
bits are converted into parallel stream by the serial to
parallel converter. The modulated parallel bit streams Figure 2: OFDM symbol without guard interval.
undergo baseband OFDM modulation, which is
implemented using inverse fast Fourier transform The guard interval is introduced through the cyclic
(IFFT). After that, the parallel bits are serialized by the extension of the OFDM symbol known as cyclic prefix
parallel to series converter. Cyclic prefix, whose length (CP). The CP is identical to the last samples of the
is not more than one-fourth of the OFDM symbol OFDM symbols and is appended at the beginning of the
duration, is appended to each data symbol in other to symbol. Let denote the length of the cyclic prefix in
prevent inter symbol interference (ISI). The data are terms of samples. The extended OFDM symbol have the
now sent to the receiver through the channel. At the
duration of:
receiver, basically, the inverse of the transmitter ( )
process occurs. The cyclic prefix is removed, after
which the data are converted into a parallel stream by
where: ,
the serial to parallel converter. The parallel data stream
useful symbol duration.
are demodulated using fast Fourier transform (FFT)
When the cyclic prefix is greater or equals to the
and converted back to a serial stream where they are
maximum delay of a multipath channel, the ISI effect of
de-mapped and demodulated to get back the original
an OFDM symbol on the next OFDM symbol is
bits.
restricted to the guard interval so that the effective part
of the next OFDM symbol would not be affected with
2.2 Mathematical Description of OFDM
the duration, .
The complex, time domain baseband OFDM signal at
the output of the IFFT can be written as [13]:

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 37, No. 3, July, 2018 729

 BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION …S. O. Ajose, et al.

Figure 3: OFDM symbol with cyclic prefix

The consequence of this is that when the guard interval For Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), two
is longer than the maximum delay of the multipath digital bit streams are transmitted by modulating the
channel, the orthogonality amongst the subcarriers is amplitudes of the two carrier waves. The bit error
maintained. Introducing guard interval reduces probability, , for M-ary QAM scheme is given by:
throughput hence it is usually limited to be less than or
( ) [√ ] ( )
equal to one quarter of the useful symbol duration.
For large value of M, equation (5) can be written as:
2.4 Digital Modulation in OFDM Systems
The nature of OFDM only allows the signals to be [√ ] ( )
modulated in amplitude and phase only [4]. This work
focuses on PSK and QAM techniques only. The 2.5 Channel Models in OFDM
performance of these modulation techniques in a (a) Additive White Gaussian Noise is a basic noise
wireless communication system are evaluated in terms model used to realise the effects of the many random
of bit error probability. processes that occur in a wireless channel. These
For binary PSK (BPSK), which is the simplest form of random processes can come from some natural sources
PSK, a pair of signals ( ) and ( ) which can be such as thermal noise and sun. The model does not
regarded as two phases separated by 180 degrees are account for fading, frequency selectivity, interference,
used here to represent two binary symbols: 1 and 0 non-linearity or dispersion [17, 18]. Instead, it provides
respectively. Typically, these two phases are 0 and 180 simple models, which give a useful insight into the
degrees. For BPSK, the probability of bit error, , is underlying behaviour of a system before the
given by [16]: aforementioned factors, are considered. Therefore, the
model can be said to be useful in simulating the
√ ( ) background noise of a channel. This model inputs a
white Gaussian noise to the signal that passes through
where: is the Energy per bit, noise power
it for analysis purposes. For a transmitted signal, ( )
spectral density, is the error function frequently used
the received signal ( ) is expressed as:
for calculating the area under the tail of the Gaussian
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
pdf denoted by ( ) :
where, ( ) is the additive white Gaussian noise.
( ⁄ ) The probability density function of the Gaussian noise
( ) ∫ ( )
√ is expressed thus [8]:
For Quadrature PSK (QPSK), each symbol consists of 2 ( )
bits, that is k=2. Thus, four signals or message points ( ) ( )
√
are produced. These four points on the constellation
where is the mean and is the standard deviation
diagram are equally spaced around a circle (usually
(b) Another source of signal degradation in wireless
spaced at ⁄ ) H QPSK’
communication is fading, which can be said to be the
that of BPSK, it is more spectral efficient than BPSK. variation of signal amplitude and phase over frequency
The probability of bit error for QPSK is widely regarded and time. Depending on the transmission path, there
as same as that of BPSK. can either be a dominant line-of-sight (LOS) between
the transmitter and the receiver or not. Most times, the

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 37, No. 3, July, 2018 730

 BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION …S. O. Ajose, et al.

transmitter and receiver are so far apart that a direct 4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated for the following
LOS is not possible. Thus, signals utilise the multi- modulation/demodulation block pairs: QPSK, 16
paths. In addition, when this happens, applying Central QAM, 64 QAM and 256 QAM.
Limit Theorem, each path can be modelled as circularly 5. Steps 2, 3 and 4 are repeated while varying the
complex Gaussian random variable with time as the number of subcarriers through the values: 256,
variable. This model is known as Rayleigh fading 512 and 1024.
channel. As there is no dominant LOS, the Gaussian 6. Steps 2, 3, 4 and 5 are repeated, this time using the
process here is modelled with a zero mean. This model Rayleigh Fading channel alongside the AWGN
is reasonable for an environment where there is a large channel.
number of reflectors and obstacles.
The received signal, ( ) in Rayleigh fading channel 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
can thus be represented as [4]: 4.1 BER Performance Over AWGN At Different
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Subcarriers
where, ( ) AWGN with zero mean and unit Here, the BER performance of different modulation
variance, ( ) the random channel matrix having techniques over AWGN channel in a SISO-OFDM
Rayleigh distribution, ( ) transmitted signal. configuration are presented. The results are presented
The Rayleigh distribution is fundamentally the graphically which shows the BER as a function of the
magnitude, z, of the sum of two equal independent Eb/No. The modulation techniques considered are
orthogonal Gaussian random variables and would have BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM and 256 QAM. The BER
a probability density function [4, 15]: against Eb/No for OFDM with different sub-carriers
scenarios under AWGN channel are as shown in Figures
( ) ( )
4-6.

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Simulation Model
The proposed OFDM system is simulated using
SIMUINK in MATLAB. The performance results for the
system using different modulation schemes are
obtained using the OFDM parameters listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Parameters for the simulation of the OFDM

model
System Parameters Values
System OFDM Figure 4: BER against Eb/No for OFDM 256 subcarriers
BPSK/QPSK/16QAM/64QA under AWGN channel
Modulation techniques
M/256QAM
Fading channel type AWGN/Rayleigh
Tx and Rx Antenna SISO
FFT/IFFT Points 256, 512 and 1024
Guard type Cyclic prefix
Cyclic Prefix length 25%
Doppler shift 10 Hertz

3.2 Simulation Steps

1. The system model was put together in Simulink
with the constituting blocks described in section 2.
2. Firstly, the BPSK modulation/demodulation block
was put in place whilst implementing only the
AWGN channel. The Eb/No of the AWGN channel
block parameter was varied from 0 - 16 and the Figure 5: BER against Eb/No for OFDM 512 subcarriers
simulation was run for a few minutes. under AWGN channel
3. The BER is read from the BER calculator block.

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 37, No. 3, July, 2018 731

 BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION …S. O. Ajose, et al.

Figure 6: BER against Eb/No for OFDM 1024

subcarriers under AWGN channel Figure 9: BER against Eb/No for OFDM 1024
subcarriers under Rayleigh fading channel
4.2 BER Performance Over Rayleigh at Different
4.3 Discussion
Subcarriers
It is seen that the system performs better as the Eb/No
Here, the BER performance of different modulation
increases across all modulation techniques over the
techniques over Rayleigh channel in a SISO-OFDM
AWGN channel. It can also be seen that increasing the
configuration is presented. The performance was also
number of FFT points does not really affect the
observed at different FFT points to determine if the
performance as they showed similar patterns. For
number of subcarriers has an effect on the system
example, 16QAM achieves an Eb/No of 8dB over AWGN
performance. The same modulation techniques are
when FFT point of 256 and 1024 are employed. It is
considered. The BER against Eb/No for OFDM with
also observed that the lower order modulation
different sub-carriers scenarios under Rayleigh fading
techniques perform better than the higher order
channel are as shown in Figures 7-9.
counterparts. BPSK and QPSK have similar
performance while 16QAM performs better than both
64 QAM and 256 QAM. At FFT point of 1024, 16 QAM
achieves a BER of 0.001 at an Eb/No of around 10dB
while it takes 64 QAM around 14dB and 256 QAM
around 19dB to achieve the same level of BER. Similar
patterns are obtained at other FFT points whilst
employing a 25% of the FFT points as virtual carriers in
each case.
From Figures 7-9, it is seen that the performance has a
similar pattern with AWGN in that the better BER are
Figure 7: BER against Eb/No for OFDM 256 subcarriers achieved at higher Eb/No. Nevertheless, it is very clear
under Rayleigh fading channel that the system over AWGN outperforms the system
over Rayleigh as none of the modulation techniques
achieved a BER of 0.001. It is observed that lower order
modulation still perform better than higher order
modulation techniques. 16QAM gives a clearly better
performance than 64QAM and 256 QAM. At a
subcarrier of 256, a BER of for QPSK in the
Rayleigh fading channel was achieved at around 18dB
but at a subcarrier of 1024, same BER was achieved at
around 17dB, a gain of 1dB. In addition, at a subcarrier
of 256, a BER of for 64 QAM in the Rayleigh fading
channel was achieved at around 21dB but at a
subcarrier of 1024, same BER was achieved at around
Figure 8: BER against Eb/No for OFDM 512 subcarriers 20dB, a gain of 1dB. These results compare favourably
under Rayleigh fading channel with related works on the performance of different
modulation schemes; in PAPR reduction in OFDM
Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 37, No. 3, July, 2018 732
 BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION …S. O. Ajose, et al.

signals [19], under sweep jamming [20], and in [4] Kansal, L., Kansal, A. and Singh, K.. Performance
aeronautical channels [21]. analysis of MIMO-OFDM system using QOSTBC
Generally, it can be concluded that increasing the code structure for M-QAM. Canadian Journal on
Signal Processing, 2(2), 4-15, 2011.
number of FFT points in the OFDM system does not
really have a significant effect on the performance of [5] Rohling, H. (Ed.). OFDM: concepts for future
the system as no modulation technique showed a communication systems. Springer Science &
better performance over another. However, this could Business Media, 2011.
invariably affect the energy per bit of the signal. [6] Ghosh, S.. Performance evaluation on the basis of
Bit error rate for different order of Modulation
5. CONCLUSION and different length of Sub channels in ofdm
system. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.7405, 2014.
The performance of OFDM system has been evaluated
over two channels: AWGN and Rayleigh fading [7] Kamboj, A. and Kaushik, G. Study & Simulation of
channels, using various modulation schemes; BPSK, OFDM System. International Journal of Modern
QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM and 256 QAM. In addition, the Engineering Research (IJMER), 2(1), pp. 235-241,
2012.
study investigated whether the number of FFT points
employed has an effect on the system performance. [8] Katariya, A., Yadav, A. and Jain, N. Performance
The system performance was compared for all the elevation criteria for OFDM under AWGN fading
channel using IEEE 802.11a. International Journal
employed modulation techniques, over both channels.
of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE), 1(3),
Ultimately, similar comparison was made for the pp. 10-13, 2011.
system when transmitting at various FFT points.
[9] Bodhe, R., Narkhede, S. and Joshi, S.. Design of
Generally, it can be concluded that over both AWGN
Simulink Model for OFDM and Comparison of FFT-
and Rayleigh fading channels, lower order modulation OFDM and DWT-OFDM. International Journal of
schemes perform better than the higher order schemes Engineering Science and Technology, 4(5), 1914-
but this comes at the expense of the data rate, as lower 1924, 2012.
order schemes have lower data rates than their higher
[10] Mohamed, M. A., Samarah, A. S. and Allah, M. F.
order counterparts. In addition, all the modulation Study of performance parameters effects on
schemes performs better in AWGN channel than OFDM systems. International Journal of Computer
Rayleigh fading channel. When transmitting at higher Science Issues, 9(3), 1694-0814, 2012.
subcarriers, no improvement is observed in any of the [11] Dixit Dutt Bohra, A. B. Bit Error Rate Analysis in
modulation schemes. Therefore, transmitting at high Simulation of Digital Communication Systems
subcarriers generally does not have an effect on OFDM with Different Modulation Schemes. International
transmission although, transmit power could be Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering &
affected. Our future work will focus on the hardware Technology, 1(3), pp. 406-413, 2014.
implementation of the proposed MIMO-OFDM system. [12] Shashikant, S., and Dhawan, D.. Cyclic prefix
optimization of OFDM system. IOSR J. Electron.
Commun. Eng., 9 (3), 79-82, 2014.
6. REFERENCES
[13] Cho, Y. S., Kim, J., Yang, W. Y. and Kang, C.
[1] Sharma, D. and Srivastava, P. OFDM Simulator G.. MIMO-OFDM wireless communications with
Using MATLAB. International Journal of Emerging MATLAB. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 2010.
Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(9), 493-
496, 2013. [14] Ahmed, E., Aziz, W., Saleem, S., and Islam, Q.
Performance Analysis of OFDM System for
[2] Gupta, R., and Parida, S. Challenges and Different Channel Lengths and Multipath Channel
Opportunities: Mobile Broadband. International Taps. Advances in Electrical Engineering
Journal of Future Computer and Systems, 1(2), 124-128, 2012.
Communication, 2(6), pp. 660-664, 2013.
[15] Achra, N., Mathur, G. and Yadav, R. P. Performance
[3] John, S. N., Akinola, E., Ibikunle, F., Ndujiuba, C. U., analysis of MIMO OFDM system for different
and Akinaade, B. Modeling of orthogonal modulation schemes under various fading
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for channels. International Journal of Advanced
transmission in broadband wireless Research in Computer and Communication
communications. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering, 2(5), 2098-2103, 2013.
Computing and Information Sciences, 3(4), 534-
539, 2012. [16] Panicker, N. V. and Sukesh, A. K. BER Performance
Evaluation of Different Digital Modulation
Schemes for Biomedical Signal Transceivers under

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 37, No. 3, July, 2018 733

 BIT ERROR RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES IN ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION …S. O. Ajose, et al.

AWGN and Fading Channel Techniques for PAPR Reduction of OFDM

Conditions. International Journal of Engineering Signal. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.3019, 2014.
and Advanced Technology, 3(5), pp 212-215,
[20] Choi, D. Y., Kim, W. K., Kim, J. H., and Cho, H.
2014.
Performance of analog and digital modulation schemes
[17] Gupta, S. and Sharma, H. Performance under sweep jamming. In IEEE 8th International
Investigation for different modulation techniques Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks,
in WCDMA with multipath fading Vienna, Austria, pp.13-15, 5-8 July, 2016. DOI:
channels. International Journal of Advanced 10.1109/ICUFN.2016.7536970.
Research in Computer Science and Software [21] Neeraja, C. J., and Nandan, S. Performance
Engineering, 2(7), 20-23, 2012. comparison of different modulation schemes in
aeronautical channels. In IEEE International
[18] Anioke, C. L., Nnamani, C. O. and Ani, C. I. Review
Conference on Advanced Communication, Control and
of Wireless MIMO Channel Models. Nigerian
Computing Technologies, Ramanathapuram, India, pp.
Journal of Technology, 35(2), 381-391, 2016.
702-706, 8-10 May, 2014. DOI:
[19] Mowla, M., Paul, L. C., & Hasan, M. Comparative 10.1109/ICACCCT.2014.7019181.
Performance Analysis of Different Modulation

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 37, No. 3, July, 2018 734