Nervous System Notes Outline

1. What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

__________________ function – sensing

__________________ function – connecting sensory __________ to movement

__________________ function – moving
2. What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system?

__________________ Nervous System

__________________ Nervous System

__________________ and __________________
3. Describe the anatomy of the Central Nervous System (CNS).

__________________ and __________________

Nerves __________________ regenerate
4. Describe the anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

All of the nerves not in the __________________

(peri = __________________)

Nerve cells __________________ regenerate
5. What are the 2 main divisions of the PNS?

__________________ division- receive ____________ ______ from receptors

__________________ division – initiates _____________ of muscles and organs
6. What are the 2 systems within the motor division of the PNS?

__________________ Nervous System – controls skeletal muscle; ___________

__________________ Nervous System – controls smooth muscle (organs),
cardiac muscle, and glands; __________________
7. What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

__________________ division

__________________ division
8. What is the difference between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
divisions?
Sympathetic – Parasympathetic –

__________________ activity
__________________ activity,

“___________ or __________”
“_________ and ___________”,

digestive and urinary functions ____
__________________ digestion,

blood flow ____________ to muscles
blood flow __________to organs,

heart rate __________________,
blood pressure and heart rate

blood pressure ________________, return to __________________,

pupils __________________,
pupils __________________,

__________________ sweating,
__________________ breathing

breathing __________________. rate.
9. Draw a neuron, label the following parts and give their functions:

Cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin, schwann cell, nodes of Ranvier dendrites, synaptic knob, impulse,
9. Draw a neuron, label the following parts and give their functions (Cont.):

Cell body – contains __________________

Nucleus – contains all of the __________________

Axon – long nerve ____________ that carries the ___________ from the cell
________ to the ___________.

Myelin – fatty _________________ around axon that improves the __________
speed of ______________ impulses

Schwann cell – cells that wrap around __________ and coat it with _________

Nodes of Ranvier – __________ between myelin where _____________ occur

Dendrites – branches from the cell body that ___________ info from other cells

Synaptic knob – end of axon that releases __________________

Impulse – one way _____________ signal from cell ______ to synaptic ______
10. How fast does an impulse travel in a myelinated axon? In an
unmyelinated axon?

___________ meters/sec in a myelinated axon

___________ meters/sec in an unmyelinated axon
11. How long are axons?

Some are less than a millimeter (in brain)

others like ones in the legs can be over a meter long
12. What are neuroglial cells?

Cells of the nervous system that are ________ ________________

Help with _________ framework, _________ production, and clean up (phagocytosis)

Microglial cells, _____________, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells, ___________ Cells
13. Name 3 structurally different neurons.
1. _______________ – one input (dendrite), one output (axon); eyes, nose, ears
2. _______________ – one output with 2 branches (fused dendrites and axon);
most ___________ neurons of ________
3. _______________ – many inputs (dendrites), one output (axon); most in ___
14. What are the 3 types of functionally different neurons?
1. _______________ Neurons – receive sensory information
2. _______________ – only found in ________, links between neurons
3. _______________ Neurons – stimulate muscles or glands
15. What is an action potential?

____________ and ___________ that sends an electrical impulse down an axon

Action potentials cause _______________ release at the synaptic ________ that
signals another neuron to __________.
16. Why are electrolytes important in your diet?

________, _________, and __________ are ions involved in an action potential
17. Describe the major events of an action potential.
a. Neuron membrane at _____________ potential (-70 mv);
i. Na+ ions _______
b. ________________ stimulus received (-55 mv);
i. Lowest level of _______________ needed to cause a neuron to fire
c. Na+ channels in membrane _________ and Na+ ions rush ________
d. Membrane is _______________
e. K+ channels in membrane _________ and K+ ions rush ________
f. Membrane is _______________
g. Wave of _______________ travel down the axon  called a ______________
18. Draw an axon when it is polarized (resting) and when it is depolarized
(firing). Label Na+ http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html

19. Are action potentials “all-or-none” responses?

_________.

Once the ________________is reached the axon ________________
20. Do neurons touch each other?

_________, there is a ___________ called the ________________gap.
21. What happens when the action potential reaches the synapse?

The synapse releases ________________, which signals the next cell to fire
22. How many types of neurotransmitters are found in the body? List 7 and
give their location and major action.

About _________ types
1. ________________– CNS, PNS – muscle contraction at ______________junction
2. ________________– CNS, PNS – ______________, feeling ____________
3. ________________– CNS, PNS – ____________ responses, addiction, ________
4. ________________– CNS – _________, sense ___________, _______________
regulation, ___________, _______________
5. ________________– CNS – body’s natural ________________
6. ________________– CNS - ________________
7. ________________– CNS, PNS – ____________ and memory, and ___________
23. How do drugs affect neurotransmitters?

Some ________________neurotransmitters

________________binds to endorphin receptors

Nicotine binds to ________________receptors

Some ________________neurotransmitters by blocking reuptake

Cocaine increases ________________

Ecstasy increases ________________

Some ________________neurotransmitters (or receptors)

Alcohol binds to ________________receptors
24. What neurotransmitter triggers addiction in humans?

________________

Dopamine ________________form the brain’s natural ________________system

All ________________trigger this system
25. Draw and label the cross section of the spinal cord. What is the function
of afferent neurons and efferent neurons?

Afferent neurons - ______________ neurons that carry stimuli to the spinal cord
and brain for analysis

Efferent neurons - ______________ neurons that carry impulse back to muscle for
a response

D.A.V.E. = ___________________________, ___________________________

M.E.S.A. = ___________________________, ___________________________
26. Explain what happens in a reflex arc.

________________neuron receives info (tack) and sends it to ________________

________________in spinal cord connects _____________ neuron to motor neuron

________________neuron sends signal to muscle to ________________!
27. How do pain killers work?

Usually block ________________by preventing ______________release or binding

Ex. Codene
28. Are there people born without the ability to feel pain?

_________.

CIPA - congenital ________________to ________________with anhidrosis

Genetic disease that affects ________________________________

Sufferers feel no ________________or extreme ________________.
29. What is a neurotoxin?

A ________________that affects the ________________

Either causes neurons to fire ______________or ____________them from firing.

Ex. tetanus, pufferfish
30. List the 12 cranial nerves. How can you remember them?
1. ________________ (I) 7. ________________ (VII)
2. ________________ (II) 8. ________________ (VIII)
3. ________________ (III) 9. ________________ (IX)
4. ________________ (IV) 10. ________________ (X)
5. ________________ (V) 11. ________________ (XI)
6. ________________ (VI) 12. ________________ (XII)
_____________________________________________________________
31. How much does the brain weigh?

About _________ lbs.
32. What are the meninges of the brain? What is meningitis?

There are _________ meninges that cover the brain
1. ________________– outer hard layer
2. ________________– middle “spider web like” layer
3. ________________– closest to the brain

Meninges “________________” the brain

Meningitis is an ________________of the meninges that can be ____________and
it often occurs on _______________________

especially ________________
33. What fluid acts as a shock absorber and cushions the brain and spinal
cord?

________________________________ (CSF)
34. What are the ventricles of the brain? What is hydrocephalus?

________________ (CSF) filled ________________of the brain

CSF is not __________in the ________________space and builds up in _________

Brain damage will occur if a ___________ is not inserted to drain fluid to stomach
35. Draw, label and give the function of the four lobes of the brain

1. ________________lobe – concentration, ________________, ______________

solving, also contains primary ____________ cortex, ___________ area = speech
2. ________________lobe – ________, words, also contains _____________cortex
3. ________________lobe – _______________ recognition, visual _____________
4. ________________lobe - ________ interpretation, visual and auditory _______
36. Why do ALL teenagers make stupid mistakes?

Because the _______________ cortex, involved in ________________and decision
making doesn’t fully mature until about ____________ years old.

Teenagers rely primarily on their ________________, a more primitive part of the
brain, for ________________making rather than their ________________cortex.
37. What are the main characteristics of Alzheimer’s?

Kills ________________people each year

_________leading cause of death in the U.S.

Symptoms include…

________________loss

Disorientation of ________________and ________________

Difficulties with ________________, ________________, ________________

__________ and ________ form in the neurons of the brain and disrupt function
38. What is the function of the following parts of the brain:
 1. ________________ – perception, emotion, thought, planning, reasoning, etc.
2. ________________ – large bridge of nerve fibers that connect right and left
hemispheres of cerebral cortex
3. ________________ – monitors info from the autonomic N.S. and controls
pituitary gland, regulates sleep and appetite
4. ________________ – transmits electrical signals from the eyes to the brain.
5. ________________ – secretes hormones that control growth, pregnancy and
childbirth, metabolism, sex organ function, and water regulation
6. ________________ – 3 layer protective covering of the brain
7. ________________ – sensory relay station
8. ________________ – hard bony protection for the brain
9. ________________ – biological clock, circadian rhythms
10. ________________ – “tree of life” found on the cerebellum
11. ________________ – coordinates movement by connecting several parts of the
brain, motor learning
12. ________________ – bundle of nerve fibers that carry messages to and from the
brain
13. ________________ – controls breathing, heartbeat, and other autonomic
functions, also controls vomit, cough, sneeze, swallow, suckle reflexes
14. ________________ – also controls breathing, heart rate, main CNS/PNS relay
center, may be involved in dreaming
39. What is a sulcus? What is a gyrus?

________________ are the ________________ in the brain

________________ are the _______________ or ________________ on the brain
40. What do Michael J. Fox and Muhammad Ali have in common?

Both have ________________ Disease

Disease is caused by ________________ and ________________ factors

________________ neurons die off.

Lack of ________________ causes many symptoms such as…

________________ ________________

________________ ________________

________________
41. What are the primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory
cortex? What structure separates them?

________________ motor cortex – sends _______________ movement commands
from the _______________ to the ________________ (corticospinal tract)

________________ cortex – receives tactile __________ information from the skin

Both have a body map called a ________________ (“little man”)

The ________________ ________________ separates them
42. What is hemisphere dominance?

In __________% of population…

________ hemisphere is dominant for reading, writing, speaking, analytical ______

________ hemisphere dominant for ___________ experience (art), musical
understanding, ______________, intuitive _______________.
43. What is epilepsy? What are some treatments?

The abnormal, random firing of groups of neurons

Can cause…

______________________
______________________

______________________
_________+____________

Treatments include…

______________________
______________________

______________________
______________________
44. What is autism? What is an Autistic Savant?

A wide ________________ of disorders

Symptoms include…

Impaired ________________ skills

Lack of ________________ skills

________________ behaviors

About 10% of those with autism are ________________ ________________

They have an extraordinary ability in ___________, calculations, _____, or music

Ex. ________________
45. What is Capgras syndrome?

Sufferers are convinced that their ________________ have been replaced by
________________ or ________________

Occurs because of a neural disconnection between ________________ recognition
centers and ________________ centers in the brain

________________ system and ________________ cortex are disconnected

The person ________________ familiar but that ________________ feeling that
normally occurs when you see them is gone

Ex. ________________, ________________ movies
46. Do some people taste colors or see smells?

________________

________________ is a disorder where ________________ neurons get crossed,
so patients’ hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, touching senses are _________wired
47. What does “brain plasticity” mean?

The brain has the ability to ________________ and adapt to new ______________

Neurons actually _________ (form new connections and break off old ones) to new
________________

Ex. Learning new ________________ skills, ________________ skills
48. What is phantom limb?

Painful or non-painful ________________ coming from an ________________ limb

Occurs in 70-80% of ________________

Caused by ________________ cortex reorganization (brain ________________)

Neurons in the area devoted to sensing the limb form new connections while
maintaining some of the old ones causing cross ________________.

Ex. Touching an area on the ________ may cause sensation in the amputated ____
49. What is a conditioned stimulus?

Previously ________________ stimulus that is repeatedly ________________ with
an ________________ stimulus and after time elicits a ______________ response.

Ex. _________ dog  _____ paired with _____ and after time bell elicits salivation
50. What is an EEG?

________________

Measures ________________ activity
51. Why do we need to sleep? What are the five stages of sleep?

To ________________ from the day’s activity ________________ (repair muscles)
and ________________ (learning and memory)

Stage _____ – light sleep, ________________ easily, sudden muscle jolts

Stage _____ – muscle ________________ stop, ___ % of sleep time

Stage _____ – transition to ________________ sleep

Stage _____ – deep sleep, v_____________ if awakened here, ______________,
night terrors, ________________ occur here

REM – Rapid _______ ________________, visual dreams, _______ looks the same
as waking, ________% of sleep time
52. How long is a complete sleep cycle in the average human? How long do
we need to sleep?

________________ mins

Depends on ________________
53. Why do we dream?

Most scientists think REM sleep helps ________________ and ________________

Dreams may be due to the ________________________’s attempt to make sense
of ________________ signals it receives from the _________ and _____________
54. Which two mental disorders does Hollywood always get mixed up?

________________ and ________________ ________________ disorder (MPD)

________________

may be _____________, have ________________, _____________ thinking

________________, ________________ unresponsive

________________ ________________ disorder (Dissociative identity disorder)

Two or more ________________ that take over the persons ________________

More likely than any other disorder to end in ________________

Sometimes set on by extreme ________________ or physical ______________
55. What is a cerebral aneurysm? Lack of oxygen to a tissue is called? Death
of that tissue from the lack of oxygen is called?

__________, or ___________ out of part of the wall of a vein or artery in the brain

Causes sudden severe ________________, ________________,
________________, vision loss, loss of ________________

Emergency treatment to prevent or stop any ________________

________________ and ________________ may occur and cause loss of function