MJ@LÄBKGJ MJ@ TckJH].

Bs ckfjr`bäüls l js lxl`phjs síj gl `jtjrls VBD WGC.

B prc`lcrb tlhb kj TckJH] sl pbrlml mj` cssj.

A`rmZlkdckl

Mhcqul l` Qrjoltj pbrb bircr j `lku susplksj `jstrbgj bibcxj.

\`b kjvb obklhb l u` pjp-up crâ b pbrlmlr. Mhcqul l` JN pbrb mrcbr slu kjvj prjoltj.

\` kjvj pjp up crâ plrduktbr j fjr`btj qul j slu prjoltj tlrâ... Vjmï prlmcsb râ lsmjhelr j
fjr`btj qul sl bgbptb bj slu brqucvj br`bzlkbgj. ]l vjmï tl` u` ÿkcmj brqucvj,
prjvbvlh`lktl crâ qulr lr 
lr j prc`lc
prc`lcrj
rj (ickâr
(ickârcj)
cj)
]l j slu brqucvj sl pbrlml mj` gjcs brqucvjs, vjmï crâ qulr lr 
lr  j
 j sldukgj. (Gjcs brqucvjs ickârcjs pjr lxl`phj Ec/Hj
/Hj.)

B prýxc`b tlhb slrâ b tlhb pbgríj gj Tckgjws pbrb bircr qubhqulr brqucvj l` u` mj`putbgjr. Kbvldbkgj pbrb jkgl vjmï qulr qul
tlkeb sbhvj slu  brqucvj l mhcqul l` Bircr . \`b kjvb tlhb crâ bpbrlmlr plgckgj-hel pbrb gbr gltbhels gj brqucvj.

Kj TckJH] tlrâ lktrbgj butj`btcmb`lktl tjgjs js gbgjs qul lhl dbkeju b pbrtcr gj brqucvj.
Vlrcfcqul qul cglktcfcmju j prjgutjrr gb LM\. Qjr lxl`
prjgutj lxl`ph
phj,
j, Ijsme l tb`iã` b mjkstruäíj gb LM\ qubkgj pjssàv
pjssàvlh.
lh. Mhcqul
Mhcqul JN".
JN".

Glpjcs gl bhduks sldukgjs, j kj`l gj brqucvj bpbrlmlrâ kb obklhb

kb obklhb gj hbgj lsqulrgj. Lstb slrâ
slducgj pjr ‘Elxgu`p‐, ‘@lus @bpbs‐ l ‘`bpbs pjtlkmcbcs‐ ]l vjmï mhcmbr l` `bpbs pjtlkmcbcs,
u`b Butj hcstb gl `bpbs glsmjilrtj cr íj
íj bpbrlmlr. J elxgu`p rlbh bpbrlmlrâ kb obklhb gj hbgj gcrlctj drbkgl.

Rubcsqulr glsmjilrt
Rubcsqulr glsmjilrtb butj `bpbs víj tlr u`
tlr u` lsijäj glslkebgj l` vjhtb glhls, ouktb`lktl
glhls, ouktb`lktl mj` u` kj`l l gjcs kÿ`lrjs. Qjr lxl`phj.
Qjr lxl`phj. 5 x 21.

Vjmï kíj vlrâ klkeu` b`brlhj gls

glstb
tbmbg
mbgj
j mj`
mj`j
j kl
klstb
stb fj
fjtj.
tj.

Klstl pjktj, vbhl b plkb vlrcfcmbr js `bpbs mrcbgjs kj  TckJH].

J TckJH]
TckJH] glvl
glvl tlr glfckcgj
tlr glfckcgj butj`btcmb`lktl bhduks pbré`ltrjs pbrb vjmï gl bmjrgj mj` j brqucvj bilrtj. ]l vjmï c`pjrtju u`
brqucvj gl 26 icts, tlrb j ijtíj gl 26 ict glstb
glstbmb
mbgj
gj kb ibrr
ibrrb
b gl flrr
flrrb`l
b`lkt
ktbs
bs.. ]l j elxgu
elxgu`p
`p birc
bircu
u l` elxbg
elxbglm lmc`
c`bh
bh (FFF
(FFFF,
F, 2M9B
2M9B
ltm) j ijtí
ijtíj
j FF slrâ
slrâ glst
glstbm
bmbg
bgj.
j. ]l prlf
prlflr
lrcr
cr mjkt
mjktbr
br l` glzl
glzlkbkbs,
s, mhcq
mhcqul
ul kj ijtí
ijtíj j 9<<
9<< pbrb
pbrb glst
glstbm
bmâ-
â-hj
hj l jitl
jitlrr u` elxg
elxgu`u`p
p mj`j
mj`j b
`jstrbgb bmc`b.

Vlrcfcqul j fjr`btj qul j elxgu`p fjc `jktbgj l`. (ECHJ ju HJEC) Vjmï pjgl v lr cssj kj ijtíj bibcxj kj
ijtíj vlrg
vlrgl
l ‘Q‐.
‘Q‐. J lxl`
lxl`ph
phj
j b sldu
slducr
cr `jst
`jstrb
rb HJEC
HJEC..

Kíj sl lsquläb lstl 26 ict l glt

gltbhe
bhell 9<< pjgl` tl lkdbkbr 
lkdbkbr `bcs
`bcs tbrgl, sl vjmï kíj prlstbr 
prlstbr btlkäíj
btlkäíj pbrb fjrb glhl
glhl.. (Vlob prjprclgbgls gj `bpb pjp-up)

Bdjrb vjmï pjgl mhcmbr l` qubhqulr butj glsmjilrtb gl `bpb l` pjtlkmcbh kb obklhb gj hbgj lsqulrgj.

A`rmZlkdckl
\`b c`bdl` =G gj `bpb l` pjtlkmcbh slrâ bilrtb l` u`b kjvb obklhb pjp-up. Lstb fjc rlgc`lkscjkbgb
pbrb prllkmelr b obklhb gj hbgj gcrlctj cktlcrj kb c`bdl` bibcxj.

Kb pbrtl ckflrcjr gb c`bdl` vjmï crâ vlr? Wlxtj, 9G l =G. ]l vjmï mhcmbr l` tlxtj

tlxtj,, b
c`bdl` `ugb pbrb tlxtj mj`j `jstrbgj bibcxj.

]l vjmï mhcmbr l` 9G, b c`bdl` `ugb pbrb u` drâfcmj gl hckeb, mj`j `jstrbgj bibcxj.
Qbrb u` kjvbtj, ã `bcs f âmch cglktcfcmbr lvlktubcs `bpbs =G ýivcjs l bssc` vjmï pjgl qulrlr fcmbr mj` b vcsubhczbäíj l` =G btã qul bprlkgb b
rlmjkelmlr bhduks `bpbs.
]l vjmï flmebr u` `bpb (U vlr`lhej), vjmï slrâ plrduktbgj sl glslob bgcmcjkbr j `bpb pbrb ‘]lus `bpbs‐. ]l ã cssj  qul vjmï glslob `bktl r ,
lktbj kj`lâ-hj l mhcq
mhcqul
ul l` ]c`.
]c`.

Qbrb kj`lbr slu `bpb. Gï u` guphj mhcqul kj `bpb pbrb bircr bs ‘Qrjprclgbgls‐ pjp up l vjmï vlrâ u`b
mbcxb meb`bgb ‘Kb`l‐.
Lhb prjvbvlh`lktl tl` u` kj`l mj`j Ijsme 26 ict. 5 x 21. Bhtlrl cssj pbrb u` kj`l qul vjml qucslr 
qucslr .
J rlstj gbs prjprclgbgls pbrb j `bpb glplkglríj gl mj`j
j`j vjm
vjmï ã ij`
ij` l` rlm
rlmjke
jkelmlr
lmlr j `bpb.
bpb. Mj`j
j`j j `jstrbgj klssbs
klssbs fjtjs
fjtjs qul
ã gj `bpb gl fhuxj gl `bssb gl br. @uctbs vlzls meb`bgj gl `bpb LDY. ]l vjmï lstâ fb`chcbrczbgj mj` ‘drâfcmjs 9G, j `bpb =G
pjgl slr u`
slr u` pjumj mjkfusj. J TckJH] kíj glstbmb js lcxjs U l S kj elxgu`p. Lvcglkmcbkgj bs fcdurbs kj lcxj _. Cstj pjgl slr 
mjkfusj pjrqul j `bpb =G mjktlrâ sl`prl js kÿ`lrjs gl lcxj _ glstbmbgjs, `bs j U l kÿ`lrjs gl lcxj S pjgl` lstbr buslktl
lstbr buslktls.

Rubkgj cssj bmjktlml j TckJH] usb 2, 9, =, 7, ltm kjs lcxjs pbrb U l S.

@ls`j qul js lcxjs U l S síj ku`lrbgjs mjrrltb`lktl, ã prjvâvlh qul lhls kíj víj fbzlr qubhqulr 
fbzlr qubhqulr slktcgj
slktcgj qubkgj vjmï vï-hjs.

Mj` sjrtl j TckJH] lktr brâ

brâ butj`btcmb`lktl mj` kÿ`lrjs pbrb js lcxjs. Lstls glvl`
slr mckmj kÿ`lrjs gl gàdctj. Qjr lxl`phj 29=7<. Cstj mjhjmbrâ u` kjvj prjihl`b.

29=7< pjgl slr 2,9=7< YQ@ gurbktl b rjtbäíj gj `jtjr.

29=7< pjgl
pjgl slr 29.=7<
29.=7<%
% pbrb
pbrb j mcmhj
mcmhj gl trbibh
trbibhej.
ej.
29=7< pjgl
pjgl slr 29.=7<
29.=7< drb`bs
drb`bs pjr mursj pbrb j fhuxj gl `bssb gl br.
29=7< pjgl slr 29.
slr 29.=7<
=7< drb`bs
drb`bs pjr glrrb`
glrrb`b`lktj gl mj`iustàv
mj`iustàvlh
lh ckoltbgj
ckoltbgj l` Rubktcgbgl.
29=7< pjgl slr 29.=7<
slr 29.=7< drbus gl rjtbäíj gj vcrbirlquc` pbrb ckoläíj gl gurbäíj ju bvbkäj gl ckoläíj.
ckoläíj.

]l j `bpb ã il` mjkelmcgj, vjmï pjglrâ rlmjkelmï-hj l slr b mbpb

bpbz gl jheb
hebr pbrb
brb j qul js lcxjs
cxjs glvl
lvl ` slr.

Qjr lxl`phj
Qjr lxl`phj

J `bpb LDY tlrâ.

Lcxj
cxj U? Rubktcgbgl gl ckoläí j l` `chcdr
ckoläíj `chcdrb`b
b`bss pjr mursj.
Lcxj S? Vlhjmcgbgl gj `jtjr l`
`jtjr l` YQ@.
Lcxj _? Fhux
Fhuxj
j gl `bssb gl br l` `chcdrb`bs pjr mursj
`bssb mursj
J prc`lcrj ‘`bpb kb prjprclgbgls ‐ (`jstrbgj kb fjtj gb pbdckb bmc`b) ã pbrb j tàtuhj l Lcxj _ qul tlríj js gltbhels gj Lcxj _ qul víj bquc.

Vjmï pjgl vlr qul lu lktr lc

lc kb Gl
 G lsmrcäíj? R\BKWCGBGL GL CKOLÄÍJ? `d / mursj

B fjktl gbgjs lstb
fjktl gl gbgjs   kj ckcmcj
ckcmcj gj lkglrläj mj` vbhjrls l` fjr`btj
fjr`btj gl bssckbturb mj` kÿ`lrj iytl ltm. Rul
bssckbturb Rul síj j kjr`bh`lktl
kjr`bh`lktl ckslrcgjs
ckslrcgjs
butj`btcmb`lktl plhj TckJH].

Lstb lktrbgb butj`btcmb ã jk

jkgl
gl pj
pjgl
gl tl lk
lkdb
dbkb
kbr.
r...
.. sl` mj`lk
mj`lktârcjs
târcjs pjstlr
pjstlrcjrls.
cjrls.

Klstl pjktj, js vbhjrls gl `d / mursj l` slus lcxjs _ bckg

slus lcxj bckgb
b sl ibsl
ibslcb
cb`
` l` mckm
mckmj
j kÿ`lrjss gl gàdctjs mj`j> 2111
kÿ`lrj 21111,
1, 2211
22111
1 ltm.
ltm.

B lsmbhb `d / mursj glvl

glvl hlr
hlr prc
prckm
kmcp
cpbh
bh`l
`lkt
ktl
l "ml
"mlkt
ktlk
lkbs
bs"" gl
gl 3111 kj lcxj _ qul síj kb vlrgbgl 311 `d / mur
mursj l KÍJ 3111.
3111.

Kíj sl prljmupl` l` mjrrcdcr cssj kb c`bdl` bibcxj pbrb qul hlcbs-sl 5111, 3111, 21111, ltm.

mjrrcdcr cssj vâ pbrb b mbcxb ‘Fbmtjr‐, qul hï 2,11111 l bhtlrl j vbhjr pbrb

Qbrb mjrrcdcr cssj vbhjr pbrb 1,2. Cstj `ugbrâ 5111, 3111, 21.
111 l` 511, 311, 2111 ltm.
..

Lktíj, bdjrb vjmï pjgl plrmjrrlr bs prllkmelr js gbgjs pbrb bs prjprclgbgls gj `bpb gj lcxj _ l kj`l.
plrmjrrlr bs ‘Qrjprclgbgls‐ pjp-up l prllkmelr js

Mlrtcfcqul-sl gl qul b mbcxb gl Vbhjrls ã j `ls`j qul b mjkfcdurbäíj gb ibrrb gl flrrb`lktbs prckmcpbh... ‘26 ict HJEC‐ klstl lxl`phj

Vlrcfcqul sl b mbcxb l` Fjr`btj ku`ãrcmj ã cdubh á mjkfcdurbäíj gb ibrrb gl flrrb`lktbs prckmcpbh. "Glmc`bh (Ibsl 21 systl`)" klstl lxl`phj .

L` slducgb, mj`phltl js gltbhels gj lcxj U mj`j bibcxj.

@bcs u`b vlz lu kíj `l prljmuplc l` `ugbr j fbtjr pbrb `d / mursj. Lhl glvl hlr =, 7, <, 6, ltm, kíj =11, 711, <11.
Lktíj, vjmï pjgl qulrlr `ugbr j fbtjr pbrb 1,12.
L` slducgb, js gltbhels gj lcxj S mj`j chustrbgj bibcxj. (Fbmtjr pjgl plr`bklmlr mj`j 2,1)

]l j slu `bpb pbrlmlr lxbtb`lktl mj`j vjmï lsplrb l` tlr`js gl fjr`b, rýtuhjs gl lcxjs, lsmbhbs gl lcxjs, vjmï tlrâ mjkmhuàgj u` `bpb.
Mhcqul JN.

Ás vlzls, qubkgj vjmï mhcmb l` jn j `bpb tjrkb-sl u`b mjkfusíj mj`phltb. Kíj lktrl l` pékcmj. Cssj scdkcfcmb qul bhdj
lstâ lrrbgj l` u`b ju `bcs gbs prjprclgbgls. Ibstb bircr j pjp-up kb prjprclgbgls l prjmurbr j slu lrrj.

LKMJKWYBY `bpbs `bkubh`lktl l` TckJH].

Rul` lstcvlr usbkgj TckJH] crâ gczlr-hel pbrb kíj mjktbr mj` b iusmb butj`âtcmb gj `bpb. Vjmï kukmb vbc bprlkglr kbgb
bprlkglr kbgb
sjirl TckJH] l `bpbs sl vjmï tlktbr mjktbr mj` b iusmb butj`âtcmb.

TckJH] kíj pjgl cglktcfcmbr tjgjs js `bpbs butj`btcmb`lktl. @uctbs vlzls lkmjktrb bhdu`bs mjcsb ijbs l ýivcbs, bhdu`bs ckÿtlcs l
jutrbs qul kíj síj `bpbs.
Qjr lstb bprlkglr  b prjmurbr-hels vjml `ls`j.
Qjr lstb rbzíj, ã u`b ijb cgãcb bprlkglr b

TckJH] bilrtj mj`j gl mjstu`l, bdjrb birb j prjolmtj l bhtlrbr l b vcsíj gl elxgu`p pbrb 9G.

\sl bs sltbs gl gcrläíj pbrb plrmjrrlr j brqucvj 9G.

Vjmï lstâ prjmurbkgj
prjmurbkgj u` `bpb l` pjtl
pjtlkm
kmcb
cbhh mj`j j qul lstâ glstbmbgj bibcxj
bibcxj l` B@BYLHJ
B@BYLHJ
Gï j slu `lhejr pbhpctl kj ckàmcj l kj fckbh gj `bpb. Lstl tl` u`b ibrrb hbrdb l` mbgb lxtrl`cgbgl. \sbkgj j tlmhbgj `bktlkeb
prlsscjkbgb b tlmhb Mtrh l prlsscjkl b tlmhb gl gcrläíj lsqulrgb ju gcrlctb. Vjmï vlrâ b drbgl btrâs gj trbäj, `jvb-sl.

@jvb b drbgl btã u`b hckeb vlrtcmbh, bhckebgb mj` qubhqulr pjktj gl rbstrlb`lktj.
Vjmï pjgl bhckebr b drbgl mj` j ckàmcj gj rbstrlcj kj pjktj (suplrcjr) ju kj fckbh gj rbstrlcj. Kíj c`pjrtb. .

J jioltcvj glstl ojdj ã jitlr u`b hckeb vlrtcmbh pbrb bhckebr mj` mbgb pjktj gl trbäj, bssc` mj`j kb c`bdl` bmc`b.

Qrlsscjkl "w" pbrb bprjxc`br bs hckebs gl drbgl.

Qrlsscjkl "`" pbrb `jvlr bs hckebs gl drbgl `bcs bfbstbgbs.

Wjgb vlz qul vjmï usbr j ‘w‐ ju ‘`‐. hl`irl-sl gl `jvlr b drbgl pbrb `bktlr b sub hckeb vlrtcmbh jrcdckbh kj `ls`j hudbr.

Lvlktubh`lktl,
Lvlktubh`lktl, vjmï lkmjktrbrâ u` pjktj l` qul mbgb pjktj gl rbstrlcj pjssuc u`b hckeb gl drbgl mjrrlspjkglktl b lhl.
J qul vjmï lstâ tlktbkgj fbzlr ã prjguzcr u` kÿ`lrj glfckcgj gl mjhukbs. Kb fjtj bmc`b vjmï pjgl vlr 26 mjhukbs.

Cdkjrl js gjcs b`brlhjs frbmjs á lsqulrgb

\sl j `jusl pbrb mhcmbr sjirl

mhcmbr sjirl j ckàmcj gj hbgj lsqulrgj gj slu `bpb l brrbstbr btã
brrbstbr btã j fc` gj `bpb kj hbgj gcrlctj.

J `bpb slrâ slhlmcjkbgj mj`j hcstrbs mckzb l irbkmbs.

Bdjrb `ugl pbrb vlr j
vlr j tlxtj.

]l tugj fukmcjkju plrflctb`lktl, slrâ pbrlmcgj mj` lstb c`bdl` bibcxj. L` vlz gl slr B@BYLHJ,
slr B@BYLHJ, j ict glstbmbgj slrâ
MCK_LKWJ.
Bdjr
Bdjrb
b vâ pbrb
pbrb b ibrrb
ibrrb gl tbrl
tbrlfb
fbss supl
suplrc
rcjr
jr l slhl
slhlmc
mcjk
jkl
l Tckg
Tckgjw
jw ; Qrlv
Qrlvcl
clw.
w. \`
\`b
b kjvb
kjvb obkl
obklhb
hb slrâ
slrâ bilr
bilrtb
tb `jst
`jstrb
rbkg
kgj
j slu
slu `bpb
`bpb slhl
slhlmc
mcjk
jkbg
bgj
j.

]l kbgb bmjktlmlr, sub slhläíj kíj ã ijb ju j Tckjhs lstâ ojdbkgj pbrb mc`b (cssj bmjktlml).
Vjmï pjgl glcxbr 
glcxbr bb obklhb Vcsubhczbäíj bilrtb j tl`pj tjgj sl qucslr 
qucslr ju
ju bplkbs hcdb-hb qubkgj vjmï qucslr.

]l b prã-vcsubhczbäíj, sl pbrlml mj` u` `bpb, mhcqul l` qubhqulr hudbr kb ârlb slhlmcjkbgb. Qrlsscjkl ‘n‐
kj tlmhbgj l cssj vbc trbksfjr`br b sub slhläíj l` u` `bpb.
J `bpb bpbrlmlrâ l` u`b kjvb obklhb l` fjr`btj gl tlxtj mj` bs jpäüls ebictubcs gl tlxtj / 9G / =G.
]l vjmï `ugbr pbrb b vcsíj =G, slrâ pbrlmcgj mj` b "prlvclw" obklhb gl prã-vcsubhczbäíj.
prã-vcsubhczbäíj.

Mhcqul kj U VLY@LHEJ kb mbcxb l lhl slrâ sbhvj butj`btcmb`lktl kb släíj "@lus `bpbs" kb obklhb lsqulrgb.

Ás vlzls, qubkgj
qubkgj vjmï `ugb gb vcsubhczbäíj
vcsubhczbäíj 9G pbrb b vcsubhczbäíj
vcsubhczbäíj gl
gl tlxtj, kíj rlmlil u` ihjmj
ihjmj gl tlxtj rltékduhbr
rltékduhbr plrflctj. ]
]l cssj
cssj bmjktl
bmjktlml
mlr,
r, bhdj
bhdj lstâ
lstâ lrrbgj
lrrbgj mj` sub slhläí
slhläíj.
j. Vjmï
Vjmï bmbi
bmbijuju gl ojdb
ojdbrr j `ls`
`ls`j j ojdj
ojdj kjvb
kjvb`l
`lkt
ktll kb vcsu
vcsubh
bhcz
czbä
bäíj íj gl tlxt
tlxtj.
j. "
B tlmh
tlmhb
b `" hel
hel gbrâ
gbrâ `bcs
`bcs mjhu
mjhukb
kbss l b tlmh
tlmhb
b "w"
"w" hel
hel gbrâ
gbrâ `lkj
`lkjss mjhu
mjhukb
kbs.
s. Mtrh
Mtrh sltb
sltb pbrb
pbrb lsqu
lsqulr
lrgb
gb l Mtrh
Mtrh sltb
sltb pbrb
pbrb gcrl
gcrlctctb
b `jvl
`jvlrâ
râ sub
sub
slhläíj kb drbgl
drbgl..

\`b ijb gcmb ã jhebr pbrb js kÿ`lrjs l` mbgb hckeb. Jhel pbrb qubhqulr tcpj gl pbgríj. Kb slhlmäíj bmc`b vjmï pjgl vlr
qul bs mãhuhbs gl hckeb suplrcjr
s uplrcjr l ckflrcjr síj tjgjs 15<11. Qjr cssj, ã ýivcj qubkgj vjmï tl` b slhläíj bhckebgj
mjrrltb`lktl.

Bquc lstíj bhdu`bs fjr`bs tàpcmbs gl `bpbs 9G pbrb bougâ-hj b plsqucsbr l` 9G .

LDY

A`rmZlkdckl
WJYR\L

K4< MCMHJ GL WYBIBHEJ

Wurij Ijjst

IJJ]W HC@CW

@uctjs gjs jutrjs `bpbs pbrlml` bplkbs hckebs phbkbs l` u`b vcsubhczbäíj 9G, b `lkjs qul vjmï b`phcl b vcsubhczbäíj.
Cssj fbz mj` qul gurbäíj
gurbäíj l Ckàmcj
Ckàmcj gb Ckoläíj
Ckoläíj slob` `bcs gcfàmlcs
gcfàmlcs gl lkmjktrbr
lkmjktrbr..

Vbhjr Hc`ctl gl c`puhsj ÿkcmj (]VIH).

L` bhduks Elxgu`ps, cssj ã lkmjktrbgj hjdj bktls gj lkglrläj Elxgu`p =917= ju =27<<.
Qbrb lkmjktrâ-hj, mhcqul l` ‘Qlsqucsbr‐ kb ibrrb gl flrrb`lktbs slducgj pjr slquïkmcb gl iytls / tlxtj. Glfckb b ducb gl gbgjs pbrb glmc`bh
l gcdctl j lkglrläj. Qjr lxl`phj. =917=

Qrlsscjkl b sltb pbrb b gcrlctb l vjmï slrâ lkvcbgj pbrb j lkglrläj mjrrltj ju rlmlilrâ u`b `lksbdl` gczlkgj "kíj lkmjktrbgj".
]l j lkglrläj fjr lkmjktrbgj, j ]VIH glvl slr b mbcxb kb frlktl gj =917=. \`b fcdurb turij tàpcmb gb VT ã 9=<1, lktíj lhl hlrâ 19=<1.
]l =917= kíj fukmcjkbr, tlktl =27<<.
]l kl` j =27<< kl` j =917= fukmcjkbrl`, vjmï tlrâ qul prjmurbr kj `jgj 9G. Qrc`lcrj usl j Elxgu`p pbrb lkmjktrbr slu `bpb gl hc`ctl gl
ijjst. Mj`j kj lxl`phj bibcxj.

Lkmjktrl j fckbh gj `bpb gj Hc`ctbgjr gl C`puhsj. (Ã `bcs fâmch lkmjktrbr j fckbh kb vcsubhczbäíj WLUW). Cstj slrâ slducgj pjr u`b sãrcl gl
plqulkbs sbhcïkmcbs, mj`j `jstrbgj bmc`b.
J pjktj `bcs bhtj gb ÿhtc`b plqulkb hj`ibgb ã j ]VIH. Kj lxl`phj bmc`b, js plqulkjs sjhbvbkmjs síj tjgjs 99<1, `bs j ÿhtc`j ã 9=<1.
Lssl ã j hc`ctbgjr.

]l klkeu` glssls `ãtjgjs fukmcjkbr, vjmï pjgl tlr qul plrduktbr l` u` fýru` gl boustl gl mecp.

BO\GL@ @L\] LCUJ] L]WÍJ FBHWBKGJ ! ( ELHQ @S BUL] BYL @C]]CKD ! )

J Tckjhs hjmbhczb butj`btcmb`lktl js gbgjs gjs lcxjs kj `bpb qubkgj js gbgjs lstíj l` u` hjmbh ýivcj.
Qjr lxl`phj,
Qjr lxl`phj, pjumj bktls ju hjdj glpjcs gl u` `bpb.

Bssc`, qubkgj vjmï lkmjktrbr `bkubh`lktl u` `bpb, pjglrâ tlr sjrtl l j Tckjhs hjmbhczbrâ js gbgjs gjs lcxjs l js ckslrcrâ pbrb vjmï. .

]l j Tckjhs kíj mjkslducr lkmjktrbr js gbgjs gjs lcxjs kj `bpb, lhl sc`phls`lktl usbrâ 2, 9, =, 7, < ltm pbrb js lcxjs.
Cssj scdkcfcmb qul vjmï tlrâ qul lkmjktrbr js gbgjs gjs lcxjs kj `bpb l ckfjr`br bj Tckjhs jkgl lstíj js gbgjs.

LKMJKWYBKGJ J] GBGJ] GJ LCUJ KJ @BQB L BGCMCJKBKGJ-J BJ TCKJH].

Vb`js supjr qul vjmï lstâ jhebkgj pbrb u` `bpb =G mj` lcxjs U l S qul b`ijs gczl` 2, 9, =, 7, <, ltm.

Vjmï prlmcsb vjhtbr pbrb

vjhtbr  pbrb j elxgu`p, qul tlrâ j `bpb glstbmbgj l` mckzb ju b`brlhj. Mjktl j kÿ`lrj gl mjhukbs l hckebs.

J LDY 2 kb fcdurb bmc`b ã gl 2= mjhukbs pjr 26

pjr 26 hckebs l ã `jstrbgj kb obklhb
kb obklhb lsqulrgb mj`j 2= x 26.

Lstb ckfjr`bäíj lstâ lsmjkgcgb kj elxgu`p. 2= s lríj 1112= l 26 slríj 11126.

Ás vlzls js kÿ`lrjs 1112= l 11126 lstbríj prýxc`js u` gj jutrj l ás vlzls kíj.
B pcstb prckmcpbh ã j kÿ`lrj gl mãhuhbs.

Qjr lxl`phj.
11126 l 1112=
11126 l 1112= síj
 síj slducgjs pjr 26 mãhuhbs gl 11111 b 1=629 l, l` slducgb, 2= mãhuhbs gl 11111 b 1<211.
Qjrqul 11126 l 1112= lstíj bj hbgj gj jutrj, síj `bcs fâmlcs gl gltlmtbr b

à `bcs gcfàmch qubkgj js pjktlcrjs gjs Lcxjs kíj lstíj prýxc`js u` gj jutrj. Qjr lxl`phj.

11126  ã slducgj pjr 26 kÿ`lrjs drbgubh`lktl mrlsmlktls gl 11111

11126 ã 11111 b b 1=629. B prýxc`b mãhuhb ã 73997
73997,, j qul
jivcb`lktl kíj sldul j pbgríj bktlrcjr.
1112= ã slducgj pjr 2= kÿ`lrjs drbgubh`lktl mrlsmlktls gl 11111 b 1<211.
Qjrqul 11126 l 1112= kíj lstíj bj hbgj gj jutrj, lhls síj `bcs gcfàmlcs gl lkmjktrbr.
B släíj mj` 11126 l 1112= pjgl slr bktls
slr bktls ju glpjcs gj `bpb qul vjmï lstâ
jhebkgj. Ás vlzls pjgl ebvlr 21
ebvlr 21 `bpbs sl`lhebktls, tjgjs mj` js `ls`js lcxjs.
(Ckàmcj gjs `bpbs gl ckoläíj síj bdrupbgjs bssc`.)

Js gbgjs gjs lcxjs pjgl` lstbr il` bktls gj prc`lcrj `bpb ju bpýs j ÿhtc`j `bpb.
]urprllkglktl`lktl, u`b ijb pcstb lstâ kb vcsíj 9G. Js gbgjs gjs lcxjs dlrbh`lktl sl pbrlml`
mj` gjcs pcmjs il` bktls ju il` glpj
glpjcs
cs gj ihjm
ihjmj
j gl gbgj
gbgjss gj `bpb
`bpb..

MJ@J VJMÏ BGCMCJKB J] GBGJ] GL BUL] BJ TCKJH].

Kj ‘elxgu`p‐, mhcqul kb prc`lcrb mãhuhb pbrb js gbgjs gj lcxj qul vjmï glslob. Qjr lxl`phj. 11111
11111 bpýs
 bpýs 11126
11126 kb
 kb tbilhb bmc`b.
Vjmï glvl fbzlr 
fbzlr cssj
cssj pbrb qu
qul
l j Tc
Tckj
kjhs
hs pj
pjss
ssb
b lk
lkmj
mjkt
ktrb
rbrr j mu
murs
rsjr
jr..
Mhcqul gubs vlzls kj `bpb =G pbrb jitlr b mbcxb Qrjprclgbgls.
Lsmjheb b bib ‘S bxcs‐.

B fjktl gl gbgjs lxcicrâ 2, 9, =, 7, < ltm. l j lkglrläj gl ckàmcj slrâ "ls`blmcgj".

Mhcqul l` fjktl gl gbgjs l `ugl pbrb "Lprj`"
J lkglrläj ckcmcbh slrâ "zlrj"
Mhcqul l` "Gl elxgu`pmurslr"

Glfckb "Vbhjrls" pbrb j qul oâ lstâ kb pâdckb prckmcpbh "@bplbr prjprclgbgls". (Qjr lxl`phj, 26 icts ECHJ)
Mhcqul JN".

Vjhtl pbrb j elxgu`p.

Mhcqul kb prc`lcrb mãhuhb gjs gbgjs gj lcxj qul vjmï glslob. Qjr lxl`phj. 11111 bpýs 1112=
1112= kb
 kb tbilhb bmc`b.
Mhcqul gubs vlzls kj `bpb =G pbrb jitlr b
jitlr b mbcxb Qrjprclgb
Qrjprclgbgls.
gls. Lsmjheb
Lsmjheb b bib ‘lcxj U‐.

B fjktl gl gbgjs lxcicrâ 2, 9, =, 7, < ltm. l j lkglrläj gl ckàmcj slrâ "ls`blmcgj".

Mhcqul l` fjktl gl gbgjs l `ugl pbrb "Lprj`"
J lkglrläj ckcmcbh slrâ "zlrj"
Mhcqul l` "Gl elxgu`pmurslr"
Glfckb "Vbhjrls" pbrb j qul oâ lstâ kb pâdckb prckmcpbh "@bplbr prjprclgbgls".
Mhcqul JN".
Bdjrb slu `bpb glvl tlr js kÿ`lrjs gl lcxj mjrrltjs lxcicgjs pbrb U l S.
Vjmï bckgb
bckgb prlmcsbrâ
prlmcsbrâ bhtlrb
bhtlrbrr "Glsmr
"Glsmrcäí
cäíj"
j",, "\kc
"\kcgb
gbgl
gl"" l "Fbtjr" sl bckgb kíj tcvlr flctj cssj.

MJ@QYLLKGLKGJ FBMWJY l jffslt.

J fbtjr bplkbs gcz bj Tckjhs jkgl mjhjmbr j pjktj glmc`bh kjs kÿ`lrjs.

Js kÿ`lrjs kjs lcxjs slríj ibslbgjs l` kÿ`lrjs

kÿ`lrjs gl mckmj gàdctjs. Qjr lxl`phj. 29=7< kj `jgj
`jgj gl 26 icts, vcsíj glmc`bh.
@bs `uctbs vlzls bpbrlml` mj`j kÿ`lrjs gl qubtrj gàdctjs. Qjr lxl`phj. 7111
Vjmï prlmcsb sbilr j qul js gbgjs gj lcxj rlprlslktb` bktls gl pjglr mbhmuhbr j Fbtjr l j Glshjmb`lktj.

Qjr lxl`phj.
7111
7111 pjgl
pjgl slr
slr gl 7111
7111 rp`,
rp`, mbsj
mbsj l` qul
qul j fbtj
fbtjrr pjgl
pjgl slr
slr glcx
glcxbg
bgj
j mj`j
mj`j 2.11
2.1111
1111
11 l glsh
glshjm
jmbg
bgj
j pbrb
pbrb b lsqu
lsqulr
lrgb
gb mj`j
mj`j 1,11
1,1111
1111
11

A`rmZlkdckl
7111 pjgl slr gl 7111 `d / mursj kj mbsj l` qul j fbmtjr pjgl slr gl 1,2 pbrb j fhuxj gl br gl `bssb l` 711,1 `d / mursj

7111 pjgl slr gl 7111 `d / irbäbgb, mbsj l` qul j fbtjr pjgl slr 1,2 pbrb Fhuxj gl Br l` @bssb
l` 711,1
`d / bmcglktl vbsmuhbr mlrlirbh
ju j fbtjr pjgl slr 1,12 pbrb b qubktcgbgl gl ckoläíj b 71,11 `d / mcmhj.
J glshjmb`lktj plr`bklml mj`j 1,111111.
7111 pjgl slr % bssc` kjvb`lktl j fbtjr slrâ 1,12 l mj`plksbrâ 1,111111.

7111 pjgl slr tl`plrbturb.

Js mclktcstbs `lgl` b tl`plrbturb l` drbus Nlhvck (± N) l js prjdrb`bgjrls gl LM\ tb`iã`.
]l vjmï hlr b tl`plrbturb l` drbus Nlhvck, ibstb glfckcr j fbtjr pbrb 1,2 l 7111 pbrb 711 ± N.
B `bcjrcb gl kýs hï b tl`plrbturb l` drbus Mlhscus, lktíj prlmcsb`js gl u`b mjkvlrsíj "jffslt"
Qbrb mjkvlrtlr gl ± N pbrb ± M vjmï tl` qul tcrbr 94=. Lktíj j jffslt ã -94=. l 711 tjrkb-sl 711 - 94= qul ã 294 ± M.
@uctbs vlzls vjmï pjgl cglktcfcmbr u` lcxj gl tl`plrbturb pjrqul mjktã`
mjktã` js kÿ`lrjs sl`lhebktls b 94=, 96= l 9<=. Lstls síj 1 ± M, -21
± M l -91 ± M.

\` fbtjr qul gâ b tjgjs u`b gjr gl mbiläb rlbh ã qul, pbrb drbus gl rjtbäíj gj vcrbirlquc` (± MY). Lstl fbtjr ã usbgj
pbrb ckàmcj gl ckoläíj l gurbäíj gb ckoläíj.
\`b pcstb pbrb j ckàmcj gb ckoläíj l b gurbäíj gb ckoläíj ã qul js kÿ`lrjs pjgl` slr gl = gàdctjs (711), l` vlz gl 7
ju < gàdctjs. (7111 ju 71111)
Lstl fbtjr ã 1,19=7=4.

711 pjgl slr b gurbäíj gb ckoläíj l` ± MY, l` muoj mbsj j fbtjr ã 1,19=7=4. Lktíj, 711 slrâ gl 711 x
1,19=7=4 qul ã 3,=475 ± MY.

Klstl pjktj, bs mjcsbs fcmb` `bcs mjkfusbs. LGM2< Lmus lkmjktrbgjs l` pbssbts I< `lgl` j Ckàmcj gb Ckoläíj (]JC) mj`j
drbus bpýs j Wjp Glbg Mlktlr. (± MY. BWGM) mj` u` fbmtjr gl 1,19=7=4. Cssj fjrklml vbhjrls gl ]JC kj `bpb kb fbcxb gl 75 b
45 ± MY. BWGM.

LGM26 Lmus
Lmus usb`
usb` j `ls`j fbtjr (1,19=7=4). Js kÿ`lrjs
kÿ`lrjs síj bktls gl tjpj mlktrbh `jrtj "Wjp Glbg Mlktlr", pjrtbktj, j
cktlrvbhj gj `bpb ã gl 1 b =1 ± MY. IWGM.

]l vjmï qucslr qul js kÿ`lrjs gj LGM2< sl pbrläb` `bcs mj` vbhjrls gj LGM26, usl u` glshjmb`lktj gl -45. Cssj
trbksfjr`b j cktlrvbhj gl 75 b 45 l` cktlrvbhj gl -=1 b 1.

Js kÿ`lrjs síj kldbtcvjs, pjcs síj BWGM. (Hl`irl-sl gl -=1 ± MY. BWGM ã j `ls`j qul =1 ± MY. IWGM)
QYLMC]ÍJ.

Qbrb `bktlr js lcxjs brru`bgjs, vjmï pjgl qulrlr bhtlrbr 3,=475 pbrb 3,= ju 3,=4. Vjmï fbz cssj bhtlrbkgj j kÿ`lrj kb mbcxb gl
prlmcsíj kbs prjprclgbgls
Obklhb. Cssj bplkbs ckfjr`b bj Tckjhs qubktjs kÿ`lrjs glvl` slr lxcicgjs BQÝ] j pjktj glmc`bh.
bssc`
2.9=7 mj` u`b prlmcsíj gl "1" ã 2
2.9=7 mj` prlmcsíj gl ‘9‐ ã 2,9=
ltm

QBYB BO\GBY MJ@ B CGLKWCFCMBÄÍJ GJ @BQB .

Bquc lstíj bhduks `bpbs =G mj`uks lkmjktrbgjs kj VBD QG WGC elxgu`ps.

elxgu`ps.
@BQB] GL GL]LOJ

@BQB] CKVLY]J]
LDY

C.R HC@CWBGJ QJY FH\UJ GL @B]]B GL BY. (@BQB GL F\@BÄB)

C.R HC@CWLG IS @BKCFJHG BI]JH\WL QYL]]\YL (@BQB GL F\@BÄB)

WJYR\L HC@CWL

@BQB G G\YBÄÍJ

CKÀMCJ GB CKOLÄÍJ
MCMHJ
MCMHJ GL IJJ]W
IJJ]W (C@Q\H]
(C@Q\H]J)
J) GJ WYBIBHEJ
WYBIBHEJ (K4<)%
(K4<)%

IJJ]W @BQB

HC@C
HC@CWL
WL GL C@Q
C@Q\H
\H]J
]J (IJJ]W HC@CWLY)

FB_LKGJ @\GBKÄB] QBYB J] @BQB]

B prckmcpbh rbzíj plhb qubh bs plssjbs qulrl` bprlkglr b usbr j Tckjhs ã pjrqul lhbs qulrl` `ugbr js `bpbs. Bhtlrbr js `bpbs
dlrbh`lktl ã meb`bgj gl rl`bplb`lktj.

Fbzlr bhtlrbäüls kjs `bpbs gb LM\ pjgl slr `uctj plrcdjsj pbrb j slu `jtjr, pjr cssj tlkeb `uctj mucgbgj.
\`b `ugbkäb mj`u` qul bs plssjbs qulrl` fbzlr ã rl`jvlr b fukäíj LDY (Lxebust Dbs Ylmcrmuhbtcjk).
Kjs `jtjrls Qrl-QG, ã fâmch fbzlr `lmbkcmb`lktl bpbdbkgj j tuij LDY ju bplkbs l`purrbkgj b vâhvuhb, rl`jvlkgj l flmebkgj j
tuij gl vâmuj qul mjktrjhb b vâhvuhb.

]l vjmï fczlr cssj l` u` `lmbkcs`j gl GQ, dlrbh`lktl rlmlil u` bvcsj gl mýgcdj gl fbheb kj pbcklh.
Qjrtbktj, b `lhejr `bklcrb gl lxmhucr b fukäíj LDY l` u` `lmbkcs`j gl QG ã bpbdâ-hj (vjmï pjgl sc`phls`lktl glcxâ-hj glshcdbgj)
l rl`bplbr j `bpb gl LDY kb Lmu.

@\GBKGJ J @BQB GL LDY. Lstb ã b `lhejr prc`lcrb `ugbkäb pbrb tlktbr.

]l glr 
glr lrrbgj,
lrrbgj, vjmï prjvbvlh`lktl kíj gbkcfcmbrâ j `jtjr.

Lsplrj qul vjmï sbcib mj`j lkmjktrbr j

lkmjktrbr j slu `bpb LDY kj Tckjhs, Rul sl pbrlml mj` j `bpb
`bpb bibcxj
bibcxj

Kb tlhb prckmcpbh mhcqul kj `bpb "LDY" ju mhcqul kj kj`l "LDY" l` "@lus `bpbs". Cssj `jstrbrâ b
 obklhb pjp-up gj `bpb LDY. Mj`j `jstrbgj kb vcsíj =G bibcxj.
 J `bpb
`bpb prjvbv
prjvbvlh`
lh`lkt
lktl
l bircrâ
bircrâ kb lxcicä
lxcicäíj
íj gl tlxtj.
tlxtj. ]l kíj `ugl
`ugl pbrb
pbrb b vcsubh
vcsubhczb
czbäíj
äíj gl tlxtj
tlxtj pbrb
pbrb fcmbr
fcmbr mj`j
mj`j kb vcsub
vcsubhcz
hczbäí
bäíj
j bibxcj
bibxcj??

Qbrb bhtlrbr js
bhtlrbr js vbhj
vbhjrl
rls,
s, mhcqu
mhcqul
l l brrb
brrbst
stl
l pbrb
pbrb rlbh
rlbhäb
äbrr tjgj
tjgjss lhls
lhls..

Qjr lxl`phj.
Qjr lxl`phj.
Mj`
Mj` js kÿ`l
kÿ`lrj
rjss glstb
glstbmb
mbgj
gjs,
s, vâ pbrb
pbrb b ibrr
ibrrb
b gl flrr
flrrb`
b`lk
lktb
tbs,
s, mhcqu
mhcqul
l l` "Lgc
"Lgctb
tbr"
r" sldu
slducg
cgj
j pjr
pjr "bht
"bhtlr
lrbr
br bisj
bisjhu
hutj
tj"" ju bplk
bplkbs
bs prls
prlssc
scjk
jkl
l b tlmhb
tlmhb "0"
"0"

Qjr lxl`phj.
Qjr lxl`phj.

Vjmï rlmlilrâ u`b kjvb obklhb pjp-up.

Qjr lxl`phj.
J pjp-up
pjp-up tlrâ j Vbhjr
Vbhjr `jstrbgj
`jstrbgj rlbhäbgj.
rlbhäbgj. Lstl ã j prc`lcrj
prc`lcrj vbhjr
vbhjr kj mbktj suplrcjr
suplrcjr lsqulrgj
lsqulrgj gb sub slhläíj
slhläíj glstbmbgb
glstbmbgb..

à prjvâvlh qul lstl slob j kÿ`lrj qul vjmï glslob. Mbsj mjktrârcj, bhtlrl j kÿ`lrj pbrb j vbhjr `bcs bhtj kj `bpb.
Dlrbh`lktl ã mlrmb gl 511-2111.

Glpjcs gl tlr bhtlrbgj j kÿ`lrj, mhcqul l` JN.

Js kÿ`lrjs slríj tjgjs bhtlrbgjs pbrb j slu kjvj kÿ`lrj, 5<1 klstl lxl`phj. Js kÿ`lrjs qul lrb` 5<1, gl qubhqulr 
`bklcrb, slríj prltjs. Js kÿ`lrjs qul fjrb` bhtlrbgjs slríj vlr`lhejs.

Qjr lxl`phj.
Qjr lxl`phj.
]l vjmï bhtlrkbr pbrb vcsubhczbäíj l` =G, vjmï vlrâ qul tjgjs js vbhjrls jrcdckbcs kj drâfcmj síj prltj l bs bhtlrbäüls flctbs síj vlr`lhejs.

Qjr lxl`phj?

Rubkgj vjmï flmebr

flmebr b obklhb gj `bpb, vlrâ qul jmjrrlrb` `ugbkäbs
`ugbkäbs sl`lhebktls
sl`lhebktls mj`  j "elxgu`p"
Qjr lxl`phj

A`rmZlkdckl