DUEL PHASE:

Introduction:

Dual phase (DP) steels containing four different amounts of martensite ranging from 42 to
72 vol.-% have been developed from 0.42 wt-% carbon normalised steel by intercritical heat
treatment at a fixed temperature of 740°C but varying holding times followed by water
quenching. Mechanical properties of dual phase steels with increasing volume fraction of
martensite have been investigated highlighting the effect of martensite content. The
macrohardness has been found to increase with increasing martensite content in dual phase
steel. The yield and tensile strengths have been found to increase with increasing amount of
martensite whereas the percentage elongation and the percentage area reduction have
been found to decrease. This has been attributed to the presence of hard and brittle
martensite phase, which increases the strength at the expense of ductility. The mode of
fracture has been found to change from purely ductile to mixed ( ductilezbrittle ) as the
martensite volume fraction increases from 42 to 72% in dual phase steels. Friction and wear
properties under dry sliding conditions have also been found to improve with increasing
martensite volume fraction in dual phase steels. The applications of medium carbon DP
steels in the field of mineral processing and mining have been discussed.

-2004, Rajnesh Tyagi, Development of wear resistant medium carbon

Introduction
Dual phase steels have unique mechanical properties such as combination of low-yield
strength and high ultimate tensile strength, high strain hardening exponent accompanied
with high uniform elongation and a continuous yielding behavior (without a sharp yield point
in their stress/strain curves) [1,2]. These features cause dual phase steels to have excellent
formability and enable them to be a suitable material for automotive applications [2]. These
properties are achieved as a result of a dispersion of 20-30% hard martensite particles in a
soft and ductile ferritic matrix [3]. Dual phase microstructures can be developed in all low-
carbon steels by intercritical annealing treatment (ICT) in austenite–ferrite region and
cooling it rapidly to room temperature to transform the austenite to martensite. Although
Dual phase steels are intended for use without any tempering treatment, they may be
heated to high temperatures as in galvanizing treatment [4]. The temperature response of
dual phase steels has drawn considerable attention [4,5].

-2012, A. Anazadeh Sayed, VIP,tempering of DP

Abstract.

In this work, the investigations were carried out to study the effect of heat treatment at dual
phase of austenite and ferrite on mechanical properties , microstructure and corrosion rate
of low alloyed medium carbon steel. The specimens were divided into five groups, first
group, specimens were heated to the duel phase region at temperature of 740oC soaked for
30 minutes and quenched in water. The second group, The specimens were heated to 740 oC
soaked for 30 minutes and quenched in water, then tempered to 480oC soaked for 20
minutes. The third group the specimens were heated to austenizing temperature of 840oC
soaked for 30 minutes and quenched in water, then the specimens reheated to the dual
phase region at 740oC, soaked for 30 minutes and quenched in water, then the specimens
were tempered at temperature 480oC for 30 minutes. The forth group, the specimens were
heated to austenizing temperature of 840oC soaked for 30 minutes and quenched in water,
this process were repeated again before the specimens were thereafter heated to the dual
phase region at temperature of 740oC, soaked for 20 minutes and quenched in water, then
the specimens were tempered at temperature 480oC for 20 minutes. The fifth group, the
specimens were heated to austenizing temperature of 840oC soaked for 20 minutes and
quenched in water, this process were repeated two times again before the specimens were
thereafter heated to the dual phase region at temperature of 740oC, soaked for 20 minutes
and quenched in water, then the specimens finally tempered at temperature 480oC for 20
minutes. The results proved the hardness increase after heat treatment at first and second
group, at third group the highest hardness value was due to formation of martensite and
ferrite, but at fourth and fifth groups hardness decreases due to appearance of carbides
particles, also corrosion rate usually increases with two phase at microstructure than stable
one phase, third group have less corrosion rate than fourth and fifth due to carbides
particles formation which lead to more corrosion rate due to three phases presents.

Introduction
One reason for the versatility of metallic materials lies in the wide range of mechanical
properties they possess, which are accessible to management by various means. Steel is an
alloy of iron and carbon. Steel with low carbon content has the same properties as iron, soft
but easily formed. As carbon content increases, the metal becomes harder and stronger but
less ductile and more difficult to weld. Higher carbon content lowers steel melting point and
its temperature resistance in eneral [1]. Medium carbon steel is steel with 0.3 to 0.7%C and
approximately 0.8%Mn which are used in the production of machinery parts such as nuts
and bolts, shafts and gears[2].The desire to produce higher strength steels in the formability
greater than those obtained in conventional controlled rolled high strength micro-alloyed
grade has led to the development of microstructural strengthened steels[3]. Heat treatment
involves the application of heat to a material in order to bring about changes in the
microstructure and, hence, modify the material properties. During the heat treatment
process, the material usually undergoes phase microstrucura and crystallographic
changes. The development of microstructure in both single-and two-phase alloys ordinarily
involves some type of phase transformation-an alteration in the number and/ or character
of the phases. These transformations can be divided into three classifications as: simple
diffusion-dependent transformations in which there is no change in either the number or
composition of the phases present; diffusion-dependent transformation where there is some
alteration in phase compositions and often in the number of phases present, the final
microstructure ordinarily consists of two phases and finally, diffusionless transformation
where in a metastable phase is produced. Martensitic transformation which may be induced
in some steel alloys falls into this category[4]. The purpose of heat treating carbon steel is to
change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength tensile
strength and impact resistance. The impact strength of the heat-treated specimens are
higher than that of the as received; This is as a result of the lath martensite alloy formed
during the heat treatment processes which is very strong[5]. The electrical, corrosion and
thermal conductivity are also slightly altered during heat treatment process. The standard
strengths of steels used in the structural design are prescribed from their yield strength.
Most engineering calculations for structure are based on yield strength . When medium-
carbon and medium-alloyed steels are annealed between the AC1 and AC3 and then water
quenched, due to partial transformation taking place, a dual phase structure, i.e., a mixture
embedded martensite islands within the grains of ferrite is usually obtained[6,7]. A uniform
microstructure with appropriate volume ratio, geometry and aspect ratio of martensite
islands are often assigned suitable for mechanical properties assessments [8]. Dual phase
steels are preferred in the automotive industry due to their low density and high load
bearing capacity [9]. There have been many investigations on the microstructural
development and mechanical properties of dual phase steels. It has generally been found
that rather than the size, the volume fraction of the martensite islands is very effective on
tensile properties [10]. Increasing the amount of martensite reduces the percent elongation
considerably.

Hardness test: the effect of heat treatment of different stages on the material hardness, it’s
clear the increasing of hardness after heat treatment than as received condition due to
formation of martensite, and with tempering process the hardness decreasing as in second
stage, and due to increasing in martensites area on microstructure after third stage the
hardness increased to 86.3. The transformation of austenite to martensite by a diffusionless
shear type transformation in quenching is also responsible for higher hardness obtained and
this property is attributed to the effectiveness of the interstitial carbon in hindering the
dislocation motion. But after this stage noticed decreasing in hardness values for fourth and
fifth stages due to formation and appearance oftitanium carbide precipitates.

Corrosion rate results :The corrosion rate of as received specimens were 0.021 (mpy) due to
dual phase cell created between ferrite as anode and pearlite as cathode, the second group,
the corrosion rate 0.014 (mpy), and it’s about 0.004 (mpy) after tempering at 480oC due to
some stress relief. At third and fourth groups the corrosion rate were 0.12 and 0.08 (mpy)
respectively, the corrosion rate increased due to formation of carbide precipitation as a third
phase in the microstructure.

-2014, Heat Treatment Recycling of Dual Phase Region and its Effect

INTRODUCTION :

Medium carbon steel is the most common form of steel. Due to its relatively low price and
superior mechanical properties such as high strength and toughness, it is acceptable for
many engineering application . Medium carbon steel is used extensively for construction of
buildings and bridges. They are also use for making diesel pump injection parts and
automated packing machinery parts; other application includes railroad tracks, pressure
vessels and ships. Steels whose structures consist of mixtures of ferrite and martensite are
often referred as Dual phase steel. Medium carbon steel may be heat treated by
austenitizing, quenching and then tempering to improve their mechanical properties, on
strength to cost basis, medium carbon steel provide tremendous load carrying ability. Such
heat treatments of the steels for the purpose of improvement in mechanical properties have
been studied previously by many workers. The mechanical properties of the Dual phase
steels can be enhanced by changing the amount of martensite in the structure, by carrying
out intercritical annealing heat treatment for different holding times followed by water
quenching. The amount of martensite present in ferrite-martensite steel depends on the
intercritical annealing temperature in the ferrite plus austenite region. Different amounts of
martensite in a dual phase steel were produced by intercritically annealing at 760 0C, 800 0C
and 840 0C for different holding times of 2, 4 and 6 minutes and there mechanical property
were determine after quenching in water.

Development of Dual Phase Steel :Dual phase steels are developed by heating medium
carbon steel of 0.46% carbon content into two phase ferrite-austenite (α + ϒ) region of Fe-C
phase diagram, followed by rapid cooling to transform austenite (ϒ) into martensite,
resulting in a structure of ferrite and martensite that is known as dual phase steel. Method
mainly used for developing dual phase microstructure in steels, namely intercritical
annealing.

Hardness Test : The hardness of heat treated and untreated samples are determined using
Rockwell Hardness testing machine using C scale (HRC). The purpose of this test is to make
comparison of the hardness properties between the specimen with the medium carbon
steel.

CONCLUSIONS
Dual phase steel can be developed from medium carbon steel by intercritical annealing
process. The investigations are carried out on various samples to study the effect of
temperature and time in the martensite phase of dual phase steel. As the content of
martensite in the Dual Phase steel increases by increasing the heating temperature and time
the hardness and toughness of Dual Phase steel increases. It is clear that hardness and
toughness of dual phase steels are higher than the medium carbon steel. The result obtained
confirmed that improvement in the mechanical properties that can be obtained by
subjecting medium carbon steel to intercritical annealing heat treatment and then testing it
on Charpy test for toughness and Rockwell test for hardness. Dual Phase steels have better
mechanical properties as it consists of ferrite and martensite structure. By simply heat
treatment of steel, the mechanical properties are improved and cost adding costly material
is saved.

-2015, Raja Ramanna Singh, MCSteel, dual pahse,HT

1. Introduction : Dual phase (DP) steels have a microstructure comprised of a ferritic matrix
and a hard phase (normally martensite). Based on their excellent strength-ductility balance,
they are suitable materials for industrial applications especially in the automotive industry
[1–5]. On the other hand, the corrosion resistance of DP steels is an important factor
affecting their durability and reliability [6–11]. These properties can be tailored by altering
the microstructure of DP steels, which can be simply achieved by heat treatment [12–17] .
the spheroidization treatment is one of the heat treatment methods to alter the
microstructure of steels. Different spheroidization routes [18–22], the effect of
spheroidization time [23,24], the effect of initial microstructure [24–26], and the effect of
deformation [22,27–29] have been studied in detail. The spheroidization annealed low
carbon steels have been recently considered for intercritical annealing and processing of DP
steels [30–33]. During intercritical annealing of the spheroidized microstructure, the
tendency to obtain martensite phase as discrete islands was observed, which resulted in
inferior strength-ductility balance compared to the DP steel obtained from the intercritical
annealing of martensitic microstructure. These observations negated the usefulness of the
spheroidized microstructures as the initial ones for the processing of low carbon DP steels
[30]. However, in the case of medium- and high-carbon steels, intercritical annealing usually
leads to the high volume fraction of hard martensite phase in the form of interconnected
network, which results in high wear resistance [34] but low ductility of the resultant steels
[12,35–39]. Therefore, the ductility issue limits their applications compared to the low
carbon DP steels. As a result, the spheroidization annealing by producing the favorable sites
for the formation of austenite (and martensite after quenching) followed by controlled
intercritical annealing to adjust the volume fraction of martensite might be an appropriate
solution for these issues. Accordingly, the present work aims to deal with this subject to
develop DP steels with high strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance from a commercial
medium carbon steel (CK45 steel).

-2021, Maryam Soleimani,spheroidization heat treatment and intercritical annealing