Di - and Trihybrid

Genetic Inheritance
Genetics Terminology
• Genotype: the 2 alleles of an

organism for a given gene
• Phenotype: an organism’s traits
• Alleles: variations of a gene
• Homozygous: twice the same allele

for a gene (PP, pp)
• Heterozygous : two different alleles

for a gene (Pp)
• Dominant allele: An allele that is expressed

in the phenotype in the homozygous AND the
heterozygous states in the genotype
• Dominant phenotype: Phenotype dictated by

the dominant allele
• Recessive allele: An allele that is expressed

in the phenotype only if in the homozygous
state in the genotype
• Recessive phenotype: Phenotype dictated by

the recessive allele
• Characteristic: heritable feature (i.e., fur color)

• Trait: variant for a character (i.e. brown)
• True-bred: all offspring are of same variety
• Hybridization: crossing of 2 different true-breds
We label the different generations of a cross as:

• P generation (Parents)
• F1 generation (1st Filial generation)
• F2 generation (2nd Filial generation)
Genetic Inheritance
Mendelian inheritance
Di- and Polyhybrid crosses
Dihybrid cross:
Follow inheritance of two characteristics
2 genes, 4 alleles
R = round
r = wrinkled
Y = Yellow
y = green
Dihybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Mendel’s 4th Postulate
Results of Mendel’s dihybrid crosses can be
understood by considering the probabilities
separately
– COLOR: ¾ are yellow, ¼ aregreen
– SHAPE: ¾ are round, ¼ arewrinkled
– Use the product law of probability
the combined probability of the two outcomes is
equal to the product of their individual
probabilities
Dihybrid cross
Probabilities
Dihybrid cross
Mendel’s 4th Postulate
(4)Independent Assortment
• During gamete formation, segregating pairs
of unit factors assort independently of each
other
• This means that all possible combinations
of gametes will be formed with equal
frequency
• Final dihybrid ratio (assumes independent
assortment and random fertilization) is
9:3:3:1
Dihybrid inheritance Test crosses = Back-crosses
Ø Smooth = W Dominant over Wrinkled = w Recessive

WW Smooth Ww Smooth ww Wrinkled
Ø Yellow = G Dominant over Green = g Recessive

GG Yellow Gg Yellow gg Green
Ø Smooth and yellow can be: WWGG or WwGG or WWGg or WwGg
Cross them with double homozygous recessive wwgg

to find out what is the actual genotype
wwgg only
wwGG or wwGg
WWGG or WWGg or WwGG or WwGg
Wwgg or WWgg
Dihybrid inheritance Mendelian inheritance
Test crosses = Back-crosses
Ø Smooth = W Dominant over Wrinkled = w Recessive

WW Smooth Ww Smooth ww Wrinkled
Ø Yellow = G Dominant over Green = g Recessive

GG Yellow Gg Yellow gg Green
Ø Smooth and yellow can be: WWGG or WwGG or WWGg or WwGg
Cross them with double recessive wwgg wrinkled and green

to find out what is the actual genotype
wrinkled green: wwgg only

wrinkled Yellow: wwGx (wwGG or wwGg)
Smooth Yellow: WxGx (WWGG or WWGg or WwGG or WwGg)
Smooth green: Wxgg (Wwgg or WWgg)

1. WWGG X wwgg
WWGG
Gametes
WG 100%
wwgg Gametes Offspring
wrinkled green wg100% WwGg100%
Smooth and Yellow
1. WwGG X wwgg
WwGG
Gametes
WG 50% wG 50%
wwgg Gametes WwGg 50% wwGg 50%
wrinkled green wg100%
Smooth Yellow wrinkled Yellow
1. WWGg X wwgg
WWGg
Gametes
WG 50% Wg 50%
wwgg Gametes WwGg 50% Wwgg 50%
Smooth Yellow Smooth green
1. WwGg X wgg
WwGg
Gametes
WG 25% Wg 25% wG 25% wg 25%
wwgg Gametes WwGg 25% Wwgg 25% wwGg 25% wwgg 25%
Smooth Yellow Smooth green wrinkled Yellow wrinkled green
100% 50% 50% 50% 50% 25% 25% 25% 25%

1:1 1:1 1:1:1:1
Trihybrid Cross
Follow inheritance of three characteristics
• Punnett
square has
64 boxes…
• Demonstrates
that Mendel’s
principles apply
to inheritance of
multiple traits
Trihybrid cross
Probabilities
Trihybrid cross
Useful Rules
Examples:
1. Aaà [A, a] à [AA, Aa, aa] à [A ora]
2.AaBb à [AB, Ab, aB, ab] à [AABB, AaBB, aaBB,AABb, AaBb, aaBb, aaBB,
aaBb, aabb] à [AB, Ab, aB,BB]
Trihybrid cross
Example:
Tall, pinched pod, axial X dwarf, inflated, terminal
TT pp AA tt PP aa
F1: Tall, inflated, axial

Tt Pp Aa
F1 X F1 --> ?
Trihybrid cross
F1 X F1 --> ?
Ø Figure out the gametes produced by each

parent (use 2n)
Parents: Tt Pp Aa; 23 = 8
Eight possible gametes from each parent: TPA,
Tpa, TpA, tPA, Tpa, tPa, tpA, tpa
Trihybrid cross
F1 X F1 --> ?
Ø Breaks down multi-hybrid crosses into a series
of monohybrid crosses
Tt Pp Aa X Tt Pp Aa
Break into: Tt X Tt; Pp X Pp; Aa X Aa
• Tt X Tt --> 3/4 T: 1/4 t

• Pp X Pp --> 3/4 P: 1/4 p
• Aa X Aa --> 3/4 A: 1/4 a
Trihybrid cross
F1 X F1 --> ?
Ø Combine the individual ratios (multiply) to get
the final ratio
F2 offspring:
3/4 A --> 27/64 TPA
3/4 P
3/4 T
< <
1/4 a
3/4 A
--> 9 /64 TPa
--> 9 /64 TpA
1/4 p
<
1/4 a --> 3 /64 Tpa
3/4 P 3/4 A --> 9 /64 tPA

1/4 t
< 1/4 p
<
1/4 a
3/4 A
--> 3 /64 tPa
--> 3 /64 tpA

1/4 a --> 1 /64 tpa
Trihybrid cross
Example:
Trihybrid cross
Example: An other way of solving problems is

using the Punnett square
Three genes in fruit flies affect a particular

trait, and one dominant allele of each gene
is necessary to get a wild-type phenotype.
What phenotypic ratios would you predict
among the progeny if you crossed triply
heterozygous flies?
The crossing between three triploid
heterozygous genes (AaBbCc) of fruit flies
results in the production of 27 allele
combinations with 64 genotypes.
Here is the Punnett square diagram of the
triploid heterozygous genes that shows all
allele combinations
Correlation of Mendel’s Postulates with
the Behavior of Chromosomes
• Formed the
foundation of
modern
transmission
genetics
• Unit factors, genes
• Pairs, homologous
chromosomes

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Genetic Inheritance

• Genotype: the 2 alleles of an

• Phenotype: an organism’s traits

• Alleles: variations of a gene

• Homozygous: twice the same allele

• Heterozygous : two different alleles

• Dominant allele: An allele that is expressed

• Dominant phenotype: Phenotype dictated by

• Recessive allele: An allele that is expressed

• Recessive phenotype: Phenotype dictated by

• Characteristic: heritable feature (i.e., fur color)

We label the different generations of a cross as:

Ø Smooth = W Dominant over Wrinkled = w Recessive

Ø Yellow = G Dominant over Green = g Recessive

Ø Smooth and yellow can be: WWGG or WwGG or WWGg or WwGg

Cross them with double homozygous recessive wwgg

WWGG or WWGg or WwGG or WwGg

Ø Smooth = W Dominant over Wrinkled = w Recessive

Ø Yellow = G Dominant over Green = g Recessive

Ø Smooth and yellow can be: WWGG or WwGG or WWGg or WwGg

Cross them with double recessive wwgg wrinkled and green

wrinkled green: wwgg only

Smooth Yellow: WxGx (WWGG or WWGg or WwGG or WwGg)

Smooth green: Wxgg (Wwgg or WWgg)

100% 50% 50% 50% 50% 25% 25% 25% 25%

F1: Tall, inflated, axial

Ø Figure out the gametes produced by each

• Tt X Tt --> 3/4 T: 1/4 t

3/4 P 3/4 A --> 9 /64 tPA

--> 3 /64 tpA

Example: An other way of solving problems is

Three genes in fruit flies affect a particular

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