Civil Law Obligations and Contracts Digest
Civil Law Obligations and Contracts Digest
Civil Law Obligations and Contracts Digest
Municipal Mayor Amado A. Clemente (Mayor Clemente), Dr. Vicente A.
Clemente, Judge Ramon A. Clemente, and Milagros A. Clemente (Clemente
Siblings) were the owners of a parcel of land
During their lifetime, they executed a Deed of Donation... in favor of the
Republic
In the same Deed of Donation, District Engineer... accepted
In accordance with the Deed of Donation, the construction of a building
for a hospital was started in the following year. However, for reasons
unknown, the construction was never completed and only its foundation
remains today.
Socorro and Rosario P. Clemente wrote to the District Engineer of Quezon
asking for information on the development of the government hospital
District Engineer informed her that the DPWH no longer had a plan to
construct a hospital at the site and that the DPWH had no budget for the
hospital construction.
almost forty-one (41) years after the Deed of Donation was executed,
Socorro, as heir and successor-in-interest of Mayor Clemente, filed a
Complaint... for Revocation of Donation, Reconveyance and Recovery of
Possession alleging that the Republic of the Philippines failed to comply
with the condition imposed on the Deed of Donation, which was to use the
property "solely for hospital site only and for no other else, where a
[government [h]ospital shall be constructed.
RTC rendered its Decision[13] dismissing the case on the ground of
prematurity.
The RTC held that since the parties did not fix the period within which to
comply with the condition, but a period was indeed intended, the Court
may fix the period for the performance of the donee's obligation, under
Article 1197 of the Civil Code. However, since Socorro failed to pray for the
fixing of the period, the RTC dismissed the case.
CA denied the appeal, finding that while there may be basis for the
recovery of the property, Socorro, as an heir of a deceased co-donor,
cannot assert the concept of heirship to participate in the revocation of
the property donated by her successor-in-interest.
Petitioner also argues that there is no need for a settlement of the estate
before an action for revocation of donation, reconveyance, and recovery
of possession of property may be filed by an heir of a co-owner.
The last issue raised by petitioner is whether the action is premature, or if
it has been barred by prescription or laches. Respondent argues that the
action has already prescribed because it has been more than ten (10)
years since the violation of the condition in the Deed of Donation.
Issues:
WHETHER OR NOT THE "SETTLEMENT OF AN ESTATE" OR THE
"DETERMINATION OF HEIRS, FULL LIQUIDATION OF THE ESTATE AND
PAYMENT OF ESTATE DEBTS" OF THE CO-OWNERS IS A NECESSARY
REQUIREMENT BEFORE THE PETITIONER (THE ONLY SURVIVING SPOUSE
OF ONE OF THE CO-OWNERS) MAY FILE THIS ACTION FOR REVOCATION
OF DONATION, RECONVEYANCE AND RECOVERY OF POSSESSION OF
THE PROPERTY WHICH THEY DONATED ON MARCH 16, 1963 OR 52 YEARS
AGO, SINCE ANYWAY THE ACTION SHALL INDISPUTABLY BENEFIT ALL
CO-HEIRS?
WHETHER OR NOT THE ACTION IS PREMATURE? IF NOT, WHETHER OR
NOT IT IS BARRED BY THE CONTRARY DOCTRINE OF PRESCRIPTION OR
LACHES? NOTWITHSTANDING THAT THE DONATION IS ONEROUS
THEREBY REMOVING IT FROM THE AMBIT OF THE LAW OF DONATIONS
AND INSTEAD PLACING IT WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE LAW ON
OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS UNDER ART. 733, CIVIL CODE?
Ruling:
Because the condition in the Deed of Donation is a resolutory condition,
until the donation is revoked, it remains valid.[21] However, for the
donation to remain valid, the donee must comply with its obligation to
construct a government hospital and use the Subject Property as a
hospital site. The failure to do so gives the donor the right to revoke the
donation.
It is clear from the records that the donee failed to comply with its
obligation to construct a government hospital and to use the premises as
a hospital site.
When the parties provided in the Deed of Donation that the donee should
construct a government hospital, their intention was to have such hospital
built and completed, and to have a functioning hospital on the Subject
Property.
he condition imposed upon the donee has two parts – first, to construct a
government hospital, and second, to use the Subject Property solely as a
hospital site.
A foundation of a building is obviously not a government hospital. The
other condition in the Deed of Donation, which is to use the Subject
Property solely as a hospital site, is also not complied with when the
Subject Property is left idle
We agree
It has been settled that a co-heir or co-owner may bring suit without
impleading all the other co-owners if the suit is for the benefit of all.
In this case, it is not disputed that Socorro is an heir of one of the donors.
Moreover, her prayer in her action was to revoke the Deed of Donation
and to cancel the TCT issued in the name of the Province of Quezon, and
to issue a new certificate in the names of the heirs of the Clemente
Siblings, pro-indiviso, and to direct the Republic to surrender or reconvey
possession over the property to the heirs of the Clemente Siblings.[26] It is
clear, therefore, that Socorro acknowledges and continues to recognize
her co-heirs as co-owners of the Subject Property. Further, based on the
Complaint and Amended Complaint of Socorro, it is clear that the suit was
intended for the benefit of all the co-heirs of the Clemente Siblings. Thus,
there is no need to implead the other co-heirs for the action to proceed as
it is for the benefit of the co-ownership.
Moreover, there is no need for the settlement of the estate before one of
the heirs can institute an action on behalf of the other co-heirs. Although
an heir's right in the estate of the decedent which has not been fully
settled and partitioned is merely inchoate, Article 493 of the Civil Code[27]
gives the heir the right to exercise acts of ownership.[28] Thus, even before
the settlement of the estate, an heir may file an action for reconveyance of
possession as a co-owner thereof, provided that such heir recognizes and
acknowledges the other co-heirs as co-owners of the property as it will be
assumed that the heir is acting on behalf of all the co-heirs for the benefit
of the co-ownership.
We find that this action is not premature, and has not been barred by
prescription or laches.
It is imperative to determine the period within which the donee has to
comply with the condition to construct a government hospital and use the
site solely as a hospital site, because it is only after such time that it can
be determined with certainty that there was a failure to comply with the
condition.
Based on the Deed of Donation, however, it is apparent that a period was
indeed intended by the parties.
The construction of the said hospital could not have been intended by the
parties to be in a state of limbo as it can be deduced that the parties
intended that the hospital should be built within a reasonable period,
although the Deed of Donation failed to fix a period for such construction.
While ideally, a period to comply with the condition should have been fixed
by the Court, we find that this will be an exercise in futility because of of
the fact that it has been more than fifty (50) years since the Deed of
Donation has been executed; and thus, the reasonable time contemplated
by the parties within which to comply with the condition has already
lapsed.
there is no more need to fix the duration of a term of the obligation when
such procedure would be a mere technicality and formality and would
serve no purpose than to delay or lead to an unnecessary and expensive
multiplication of suits. Moreover, under Art. 1191 of the Civil Code, when one
of the obligors cannot comply with what is incumbent upon him, the
obligee may seek rescission and the court shall decree the same unless
there is just cause authorizing the fixing of a period.
DPWH informed her that there were no plans to build any hospital on the
Subject Property. Thus, it is clear that the donee no longer has the
intention of fulfilling its obligation under the Deed of Donation. It has now
become evident that the donee will no longer comply with the condition to
construct a hospital because a government hospital was already built in
another barangay
For the same reason, we find that laches has not set in.
Because of the failure of the Deed of Donation to specify the period within
which to comply with the condition, there can be no delay in asserting the
right against respondent. In contrast, respondent is guilty of
unreasonable delay and neglect in complying with its obligation to
construct a government hospital and to use the Subject Property as a
hospital site.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The 17 October 2014 Decision and
the 14 August 2015 Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No.
91522 are hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE. The Regional Trial Court of
Mauban, Quezon, Branch 64, is ORDERED to cause the cancellation by the
Register of Deeds of Quezon of TCT No. T-51745 and the issuance, in lieu
thereof, of the corresponding certificate of title in the name of the heirs of
Amado A. Clemente, Dr. Vicente A. Clemente, Judge Ramon A. Clemente,
and Milagros A. Clemente.
Solante vs COA
Facts:
On April 26, 1989, the City of Mandaue and F.F. Cruz and Co., Inc. (F.F. Cruz)
entered into a Contract of Reclamation[4] in which F.F. Cruz, in
consideration of a defined land sharing formula thus stipulated, agreed to
undertake, at its own expense, the... reclamation of 180 hectares, more or
less, of fores
On April 26, 1989, the City of Mandaue and F.F. Cruz and Co., Inc. (F.F. Cruz)
entered into a Contract of Reclamation[4] in which F.F. Cruz, in
consideration of a defined land sharing formula thus stipulated, agreed to
undertake, at its own expense, the... reclamation of 180 hectares, more or
less, of foreshore and submerged lands from the Cabahug Causeway in
that city.
Subsequently, the parties inked in relation to the above project a
Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) dated October 24, 1989[5] whereby the
City of Mandaue allowed F.F. Cruz to put up structures on a portion of a
parcel of land owned by the city for the use of... and to house F.F. Cruz
personnel assigned at the project site, subject to terms particularly
provided in paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 of the MOA:
3. That [F.F. Cruz] desires to use a portion of a parcel of land of the
[City of Mandaue] described under paragraph 1 hereof to the extent
of 495 square meters x x x to be used by them in the construction of
their offices to house its personnel to supervise the
Mandaue City Reclamation Project x x x.
x x x x
4. That the [City of Mandaue] agrees to the desire of [F.F. Cruz] to use a
portion of the parcel of land described under paragraph 1 by [F.F.
Cruz] for the latter to use for the construction of their offices to
house its personnel to supervise the said Mandaue City Reclamation
Project with no rental to be paid by [F.F. Cruz] to the [City of Mandaue].
5. That the [City of Mandaue] and [F.F. Cruz] have agreed that upon the
completion of the Mandaue City Reclamation Project, all
improvements introduced by [F.F. Cruz] to the portion of the parcel
of land owned by the [City of Mandaue] as described under
paragraph 3 hereof... existing upon the completion of the said
Mandaue City Reclamation Project shall ipso facto belong to the
[City of Mandaue] in ownership as compensation for the use of said
parcel of land by [F.F. Cruz] without any rental whatsoever. (emphasis
supplied)
Pursuant to the MOA, F.F. Cruz proceeded to construct the contemplated
housing units and other facilities which included a canteen and a septic
tank.
Later developments saw the City of Mandaue undertaking the Metro Cebu
Development Project II (MCDP II), part of which required the widening of the
Plaridel Extension Mandaue Causeway. However, the structures and
facilities built by F.F. Cruz subject of the MOA stood in the... direct path of
the road widening project. Thus, the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) and Samuel B. Darza, MCDP II project director, entered
into an Agreement to Demolish, Remove and Reconstruct Improvement
dated July 23, 1997[6] with
F.F. Cruz whereby the latter would demolish the improvements outside of
the boundary of the road widening project and, in return, receive the total
amount of PhP 1,084,836.42 in compensation.
Accordingly, petitioner Rowena B. Rances (now Rowena Rances-Solante),
Human Resource Management Officer III, prepared and, with the approval
of Samuel B. Darza (Darza), then issued Disbursement Voucher (DV) No.
102-07-88-97 dated July 24, 1997[7] ... for PhP 1,084,836.42 in favor of F.F.
Cruz. In the voucher, Solante certified that the expense covered by it was
"necessary, lawful and incurred under my direct supervision."
The... hereafter, Darza addressed a letter-complaint to the Office of the
Ombudsman, Visayas, inviting attention to several irregularities regarding
the implementation of MCDP II. The letter was referred to the COA which
then issued Assignment Order No. 2000-063 for a team to audit... the
accounts of MCDP II. Following an audit, the audit team issued Special
Audit Office (SAO) Report No. 2000-28, par. 5 of which states:
F.F. Cruz and Company, Inc. was paid P1,084,836.42 for the cost of the
property affected by the widening of Plaridel Extension, Mandaue
Causeway. However, under Section 5 of its MOA with Mandaue City, the
former was no longer the lawful owner of the properties at the... time the
payment was made.[8]
On February 15, 2013, Solante received a Notice of Finality of Decision
(NFD)[14] stating that the COA Decision dated February 15, 2008 and
Resolution dated November 5, 2012 have become final and executory, a
copy of the Resolution having been served on the... parties on November 9,
2012 by registered mail. Notably, Solante never received a copy of the COA
Resolution. She came to get one only on May 8, 2013 after inquiring from
the Cebu Central Post Office, which, in a Certification of Delivery dated
May 8,... 2013,[15] stated that the registered mail containing said copy was
in fact not delivered.
Issues:
he resolution of the present controversy rests on the determination of a
sole issue: who between the City of Mandaue and F.F. Cruz owned during
the period material the properties that were demolished.
Ruling:
The petition is meritorious. The COA and its audit team obviously misread
the relevant stipulations of the MOA in relation to the provisions on
project completion and termination of contract of the Mandaue-F.F. Cruz
reclamation contract.
Essentially, the COA is alleging that the Contract of Reclamation
establishes an obligation on the part of F.F. Cruz to finish the project
within the allotted period of six (6) years from contract execution in August
1989. Prescinding from this premise, the COA would conclude... that after
the six (6)-year period, F.F. Cruz is automatically deemed to be in delay, the
contract considered as completed, and the ownership of the structures
built in accordance with the MOA transferred to the City of Mandaue.
COA's basic position and the arguments holding it together is untenable.
On this point, the Civil Code provision on obligations with a period is
relevant. Article 1193 thereof provides:
Article 1193. Obligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has been fixed,
shall be demandable only when that day comes.
Obligations with a resolutory period take effect at once, but terminate
upon arrival of the day certain.
A day certain is understood to be that which must necessarily come,
although it may not be known when.
If the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not, the
obligation is conditional, and it shall be regulated by the rules of the
preceding Section. (emphasis supplied)
A... plain reading of the Contract of Reclamation reveals that the six
(6)-year period provided for project completion, or, with like effect,
termination of the contract was a mere estimate and cannot be
considered a period or a "day certain" in the context of the... aforequoted
Art. 1193.
Put a bit differently, the lapse of six (6) years from the perfection of the
subject reclamation contract, without more, could not have automatically
vested Mandaue City, under the MOA, with ownership of the structures.
Moreover, even if we consider the allotted six (6) years within which F.F.
Cruz was supposed to complete the reclamation project, the lapse thereof
does not automatically mean that F.F. Cruz was in delay. As may be noted,
the City of Mandaue never made a demand for the... fulfillment of its
obligation under the Contract of Reclamation.
T... o b... o be... e clear, the MOA does not state that the structures shall
inure in ownership to the City of Mandaue after the lapse of six (6) years
from the execution of the Contract of Reclamation. What the MOA does
provide is that ownership of the structures shall vest upon, or ipso... facto
belong to, the City of Mandaue when the Contract of Reclamation shall
have been completed. Logically, before such time, or until the agreed
reclamation project is actually finished, F.F. Cruz owns the structures. The
payment of compensation for the demolition... thereof is justified. The
disallowance of the payment is without factual and legal basis. COA then
gravely abused its discretion when it decreed the disallowance.
WHEREFORE, the instant petition is GRANTED. Accordingly, the assailed
February 15, 2008 Decision, November 5, 2012 Resolution, and Notice of
Disallowance No. 2000-002-101(97) dated November 14, 2001 issued by the
Commission on Audit are hereby REVERSED... and SET ASIDE.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Principles:
Article 1193. Obligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has been fixed,
shall be demandable only when that day comes.
Obligations with a resolutory period take effect at once, but terminate
upon arrival of the day certain.
A day certain is understood to be that which must necessarily come,
although it may not be known when.
If the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not, the
obligation is conditional, and it shall be regulated by the rules of the
preceding Section. (emphasis supplied)
Article 1169 of the Civil Code on the interaction of demand and delay and
the exceptions to the requirement of demand relevantly states:
Article 1169. Those obliged to deliver or to do something incur in delay
from the time the obligee judicially or extrajudicially demands from them
the fulfillment of their obligation.
Central philippine university vs Ca
FACTS: (1) In 1939, the late Don Ramon Lopez, Sr., who was then a member of
the Board of Trustees of the Central Philippine College (now Central
Philippine University [CPU]), executed a deed of donation in favor of the
latter of a parcel of land identified as Lot No. 3174-B-1 of the subdivision
plan Psd-1144, then a portion of Lot No. 3174-B, for which Transfer
Certificate of Title No. T-3910-A was issued in the name of the donee CPU
with the following annotations copied from the deed of donation —
1. The land described shall be utilized by the CPU exclusively for the
establishment and use of a medical college with all its buildings as part of
the curriculum;
2. The said college shall not sell, transfer or convey to any third party nor
in any way encumber said land;
3. The said land shall be called "RAMON LOPEZ CAMPUS", and the said
college shall be under obligation to erect a cornerstone bearing that
name. Any net income from the land or any of its parks shall be put in a
fund to be known as the "RAMON LOPEZ CAMPUS FUND" to be used for
improvements of said campus and erection of a building thereon.
(2) On 31 May 1989, private respondents, who are the heirs of Don Ramon
Lopez, Sr., filed an action for annulment of donation, reconveyance and
damages against CPU alleging that since 1939 up to the time the action
was filed the latter had not complied with the conditions of the donation.
RTC: On 31 May 1991, the trial court held that petitioner failed to comply
with the conditions of the donation and declared it null and void.
CA: 18 June 1993 ruled that the annotations at the back of petitioner's
certificate of title were resolutory conditions breach of which should
terminate the rights of the donee thus making the donation revocable.
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APPLICABLE LAW/S:
• Art. 1181. In conditional obligations, the acquisition of rights, as well as the
extinguishment or loss of those already acquired, shall depend upon the
happening of the event which constitutes the condition. (1114)
• Art. 1197. If the obligation does not fix a period, but from its nature and
the circumstances it can be inferred that a period was intended, the
courts may fix the duration thereof.
The courts shall also fix the duration of the period when it depends upon
the will of the debtor.
In every case, the courts shall determine such period as may under the
circumstances have been probably contemplated by the parties. Once
fixed by the courts, the period cannot be changed by them. (1128a)
• Art. 1191. The power to rescind obligations is implied in reciprocal ones, in
case one of the obligors should not comply with what is incumbent upon
him.
The injured party may choose between the fulfillment and the rescission of
the obligation, with the payment of damages in either case. He may also
seek rescission, even after he has chosen fulfillment, if the latter should
become impossible.
The court shall decree the rescission claimed, unless there be just cause
authorizing the fixing of a period.
This is understood to be without prejudice to the rights of third persons
who have acquired the thing, in accordance with Articles 1385 and 1388
and the Mortgage Law. (1124)
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HELD: (1) The donation was onerous. A clear perusal of the conditions set
forth in the deed of donation executed by Don Ramon Lopez, Sr., gives us
no alternative but to conclude that his donation was onerous, one
executed for a valuable consideration which is considered the equivalent
of the donation itself, e.g., when a donation imposes a burden equivalent
to the value of the donation. The donation had to be valid before the
fulfillment of the condition. 5 If there was no fulfillment or compliance with
the condition, such as what obtains in the instant case, the donation may
now be revoked and all rights which the donee may have acquired under it
shall be deemed lost and extinguished.
(2) The action has not prescribed. It has been held that its absolute
acceptance and the acknowledgment of its obligation provided in the
deed of donation were sufficient to prevent the statute of limitations from
barring the action of private respondents upon the original contract
which was the deed of donation.
(3) Courts fixing a period is now moot and rescission is proper. Petitioner
has slept on its obligation for an unreasonable length of time. Hence, it is
only just and equitable now to declare the subject donation already
ineffective and, for all purposes, revoked so that petitioner as donee
should now return the donated property to the heirs of the donor, private
respondents herein, by means of reconveyance.
Gaite vs Fonacier
Facts:
Issue:
Held:
(1) The shipment or local sale of the iron ore is not a condition precedent
(or suspensive) to the payment of the balance of P65,000.00, but was only a
suspensive period or term. What characterizes a conditional obligation is
the fact that its efficacy or obligatory force (as distinguished from its
demandability) is subordinated to the happening of a future and
uncertain event; so that if the suspensive condition does not take place,
the parties would stand as if the conditional obligation had never existed.
A contract of sale is normally commutative and onerous: not only does
each one of the parties assume a correlative obligation (the seller to
deliver and transfer ownership of the thing sold and the buyer to pay the
price),but each party anticipates performance by the other from the very
start. While in a sale the obligation of one party can be lawfully
subordinated to an uncertain event, so that the other understands that he
assumes the risk of receiving nothing for what he gives (as in the case of a
sale of hopes or expectations, emptio spei), it is not in the usual course of
business to do so; hence, the contingent character of the obligation must
clearly appear. Nothing is found in the record to evidence that Gaite
desired or assumed to run the risk of losing his right over the ore without
getting paid for it, or that Fonacier understood that Gaite assumed any
such risk. This is proved by the fact that Gaite insisted on a bond a to
guarantee payment of the P65,000.00, an not only upon a bond by
Fonacier, the Larap Mines & Smelting Co., and the company's
stockholders, but also on one by a surety company; and the fact that
appellants did put up such bonds indicates that they admitted the
definite existence of their obligation to pay the balance of P65,000.00.
The appellant have forfeited the right court below that the appellants
have forfeited the right to compel Gaite to wait for the sale of the ore
before receiving payment of the balance of P65,000.00, because of their
failure to renew the bond of the Far Eastern Surety Company or else
replace it with an equivalent guarantee. The expiration of the bonding
company's undertaking on December 8, 1955 substantially reduced the
security of the vendor's rights as creditor for the unpaid P65,000.00, a
security that Gaite considered essential and upon which he had insisted
when he executed the deed of sale of the ore to Fonacier.
(2) The sale between the parties is a sale of a specific mass or iron ore
because no provision was made in their contract for the measuring or
weighing of the ore sold in order to complete or perfect the sale, nor was
the price of P75,000,00 agreed upon by the parties based upon any such
measurement.(see Art. 1480, second par., New Civil Code). The subject
matter of the sale is, therefore, a determinate object, the mass, and not
the actual number of units or tons contained therein, so that all that was
required of the seller Gaite was to deliver in good faith to his buyer all of
the ore found in the mass, notwithstanding that the quantity delivered is
less than the amount estimated by them.
Gonzales vs Jose
Facts:
This action was instituted by the plaintiff to recover from the defendant
the amount of two promissory notes worded as follows:
"I promise to pay Mr. Benito Gonzalez the sum of four hundred three pesos
and fifty-five centavos (P403.55) as soon as possible.
Defendant appealed from the decision of the Court of First Instance of
Manila ordering him to pay the plaintiff the sum of P547.95 within thirty
days from the date of notification of said decision, plus the costs.
The action brought by the plaintiff having already prescribed, the
appealed decision should be reversed and the defendant absolved from
the complaint, without special pronouncement as to the costs in both
instances. So ordered.
Issues:
the complaint is uncertain inasmuch as it does not specify when the
indebtedness was incurred or when it was demandable, and that, granting
that the plaintiff has any cause of action, the same has prescribed in...
accordance with law.
Ruling:
"ART. 1128. If the obligation does not specify a term, but it is to be inferred
from its nature and circumstances that it was intended to grant the
debtor time for its performance, the period of the term shall be fixed by
the court.
"The court shall also fix the duration of the term when it has been left to
the will of the debtor."
We hold that the two promissory notes are governed by article 1128
because under the terms thereof the plaintiff intended to grant the
defendant a period within which to pay his debts. As the promissory notes
do not fix this period, it is for the court to fix the same.
Principles:
PNB vs Vito
Facts: The defendant spouses mortgaged properties to secure the
payment of a loan of P24,000 granted to them by the plaintiff, the
Philippine National Bank. By the terms of the mortgage contract the
defendant spouses bound themselves to pay plaintiff P24,000 plus interest
thereon at 8 per cent per annum, in ten annual installments. The
defendant spouses failed to pay the sums corresponding to the six yearly
installments and interest thereon, prompting plaintiff to institute an
action for the payment of the installments due.
The trial court rendered judgment ordering the defendants to pay he
plaintiff the sum of P13,404.18, with interest at 8 per cent per annum,
reserving to the plaintiff the proper action for the last and undue annual
installment of P2,844.88 and the interest thereon. It is contended that the
trial court committed an error in holding that the eighth annual
installment of P2,844.88 is not yet demandable.
Issue: WON the eight annual installment is due and demandable.
Ruling: It is undeniable that the effect of the period agreed upon by the
parties is to suspend the demandability of the obligation, in accordance
with article 1125 of the Civil Code, which provides that obligations for the
performance of which a day certain has been fixed shall be demandable
only when that day arrives. But the defendants' right to avail themselves of
the periods was by the will of the contracting parties themselves made
subject to the resolutory condition.
According to the contract entered into by the parties, the obligation of the
mortgagors was to pay the debt in yearly installments on a fixed day of
each year, until it has been fully satisfied, but in case of non-fulfillment of
any of the stipulations and conditions of the mortgage, such as the failure
to pay any of the annual installments, the mortgagee could declare said
stipulations and conditions violated and proceed to the foreclosure of the
mortgage in accordance with law. We are of the opinion that the
non-fulfillment of the conditions of the contract renders the period
ineffective, and makes the obligation demandable at the will of the
creditor.
SECTION 3 - ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS
Agoncillo vs Javier
FACTS:
To secure the payment of their debt they mortgage the house and lot, in
case of insolvency by virtue of these presents the said house and lot to Da.
Marcela Mariño, transferring to her all our rights to the ownership and
possession of the lot; and if the said property upon appraisal at the time
of the maturity of this obligation should not be of sufficient value to cover
the total amount of this indebtedness.
In 1908, Anastasio Alano paid only P 200 and no other payment was
received from the Alanos.
In 1912, Anastasio Alano died intestate. Crisanto Javier was named as the
administrator of Anastasio Alano’s estate.
On March 17, 1916, the plaintiffs filed the complaint in this action against
Javier, as administrator of the estate of Anastasio Alano and against
Florencio Alano and Jose Alano.
The defendants answered denying generally the facts alleged in the
complaint, and setting up, as special defenses that
1.any cause of action which plaintiff might have had against the estate of
Anastasio Alano has been barred by failure of the plaintiff to present her
claim to the committee on claims for allowance;
Agoncillo averred that the payment of P200.00 by Anastasio Alano in 1908
has tolled the running of the prescriptive period hence his civil action in
1916 is still within the 10 year prescriptive period.
ISSUE:
WON the agreement that the defendant-appellant, at the maturity of the
debt, will pay the sum of the money lent by the appellees or will transfer
the rights to the ownership and possession of the house and lot, is valid
HELD
The agreement was valid because it is simply an alternative obligation,
which is expressly allowed by law. The agreement of the house and lot as
collateral to pay the debt at its maturity is valid. It is undertaking that if
debt is not paid in money, it will be paid in another way.
The liability of the defendant as to the conveyance of the house and lot
was conditional, being dependent upon their failure to pay the debt in
money. It must follow therefore that if the action to recover the debt was
prescribed, the action to compel a conveyance of the house and lot is
likewise barred, as the agreement to make such conveyance was not an
independent principal undertaking, but merely a subsidiary alternative
pact relating to the method by which the debt must be paid.
FACTS:
Despite the full payment of Sanvictores, PEPI and AFPRSBS failed to
execute the corresponding deed of absolute sale on the subject
property and deliver the corresponding title thereto.
Sanvictores demanded from PEPI the execution of the deed of sale
and the delivery of the transfer certificate of title.
PEPI claimed that the title of the subject property was still with the
Philippine National Bank (PNB) and could not be released due to the
economic crisis.
Despite several follow-ups with PEPI, the latter did not communicate
with Sanvictores for a period of four (4) years.
Sanvictores filed a complaint for rescission of the contract to sell,
refund of payment, damages, and attorney’s fees against PEPI and
AFPRSBS before the HLRUB.
PEPI argued, among others, that the complaint should be dismissed
for lack of cause of action; that it could not be faulted for the delay
in the delivery of the title due to force majeure; that it substantially
complied with its obligations in good faith; and that it was always
transparent in dealing with the public.
AFPRSBS countered that it was not the owner and developer of
Village East Executive Homes but PEPI; that PEPI alone was the seller;
and that Norma Espina (Espina) was neither the treasurer nor the
authorized representative of AFPRSBS, but the Treasurer of PEPI.
HLURB Arbiter rendered a decision in favor of Sanvictores.
The HLRUB Arbiter ruled that Sanvictores was entitled to the reliefs
he prayed for in the
complaint and that the rescission of the contract to sell was just and
proper because of the unjustified refusal of the seller to execute the
deed of absolute sale and to deliver the title of the subject property
despite the full payment of the purchase price.
HLURB Board affirmed the decision of the HLURB Arbiter
The OP concluded that their obligation to Sanvictores was joint and
several.
AFPRSBS alone filed a petition for review before the CA.
CA affirmed the decision of the OP.
CA concluded that the nature of the obligation of PEPI and AFPRSBS
under the subject
contract was solidary.
Hence, this petition.
ISSUE:
Whether the obligation of PEPI and AFPRSBS under the subject
contract to sell was solidary
RULING:
AFPRSBS repeatedly argues that the contract was not signed by any
of its authorized representative. It was resolute in its claim that
Espina was not its treasurer or authorized representative.
Conveniently, however, it remained silent as to Mena. It never denied
that Mena was its representative.
In 1994, PEPI, formerly Antipole Properties, Inc., offered to Eduardo
Sanvictores
Indeed, there could be no other conclusion except that PEPI and AFPRSBS
came to the contracting table with the intention to be bound jointly and
severally. AFPRSBS is estopped from denying Mena’s authority to
represent it. It is quite obvious that AFPRSBS clothed Mena with apparent
authority to act on its behalf in the execution of the contract to sell.
There is estoppel when the principal has clothed the agent with indicia of
authority as to lead a reasonably prudent person to believe that the agent
actually has such authority. “In an agency by estoppel or apparent
authority, the principal is bound by the acts of his agent with the apparent
authority which he knowingly permits the agent to assume, or which he
holds the agent out to the public as possessing.” “A corporation may be
held in estoppel from denying as against innocent third persons the
authority of its officers or agents who have been clothed by it with
ostensible or apparent authority.”
FACTS
In 1991, Tarcila together with her husband, Manuel and their children
Monique Fernandez and Marco Fernandez, opened the following AND/OR
deposit accounts with the petitioner BPI, Shaw Blvd. Branch. On September
24, 1991, Tarcila went to the BPI Shaw Blvd. Branch to preterminate these
joint AND/OR accounts. She brought with her the certificates of time
deposit and the passbook, and presented them to the bank. BPI, however,
refused the requested pre-termination despite Tarcila's presentation of
the covering certificates. Instead, BPI, through its branch manager,
Capistrano , insisted on contacting Manuel, alleging in this regard that
this is an integral part of its standard operating procedure.
Shortly after Tarcila left the branch, Manuel arrived and likewise
requested the pre-termination of the joint AND/OR accounts. Manuel
claimed that he had lost the same certificates of deposit that Tarcila had
earlier brought with her. BPI, through Capistrano, this time acceded to the
pre termination requests, blindly believed Manuel's claim, and requested
him to accomplish BPI's pro- forma affidavit of loss. Two days after, Two
days after, Manuel returned to BPI, Shaw Blvd. Branch to pre-terminate the
joint AND/OR accounts. He was accompanied by Atty. Hector Rodriguez,
the respondent Dalmiro Sian (Sian), and two (2) alleged National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) agents. In place of the actual certificates of deposit,
Manuel submitted BPI's pro-forma affidavit of loss that he previously
accomplished and an Indemnity Agreement that he and Sian executed on
the same day. The Indemnity Agreement discharged BPI from any liability
in connection with the pretermination. Notably, none of the co-depositors
were contacted in carrying out these transactions. On the same day, the
proceeds released to Manuel were funneled to Sian's newly opened
account with BPI. Immediately thereafter, Capistrano requested Sian to
sign blank withdrawal slips, which Manuel used to withdraw the funds from
Sian's newly opened account. Sian's account, after its use, was closed on
the same day.
A few days after these transactions, Tarcila filed a petition for "Declaration
of Nullity of Marriage, etc." against Manuel. Tarcila never received her
proportionate share of the pre-terminated deposits, prompting her to
demand from BPI the amounts due her as a co-depositor in the joint
AND/OR accounts. In her complaint, Tarcila alleged that BPI's payments to
Manuel of the preterminated deposits were invalid with respect to her
share. She argued that BPI was in bad faith for allowing the
pre-termination of the time deposits based on Manuel's affidavit of loss
when the bank had actual knowledge that the certificates of deposit were
in her possession. In its answer, BPI alleged that the accounts contained
conjugal funds that Manuel exclusively funded.BPI further argued that
Tarcila could not ask for her share of the pre-terminated deposits
because her share in the conjugal property is considered inchoate until
its dissolution.
The RTC rules in favor of Tarcila. The RTC opined that the AND/OR nature
of the accounts indicate an active solidarity that thus entitled any of the
account holders to demand from BPI payment of their proceeds. The CA
ruled that as a co-depositor and a solidary creditor of joint "AND/OR"
accounts, BPI did not enjoy the prerogative to determine the source of the
deposited funds and to refuse payment to Tarcila on this basis. The CA
also found that BPI had acted in bad faith in allowing Manuel to
preterminate the certificates of deposits and in facilitating the swift
funneling of the funds to Sian's account, which allowed Manuel to
withdraw them.
ISSUE
Whether or not breached its obligation under the certificates of deposit
(YES)
RULING
This is the essence of the contract entered into by the parties which serves
as an accountability measure to other co-depositors. By requiring the
presentation of the certificates prior to termination, the other depositors
may rely on the fact that their investments in the interest-yielding
accounts may not be indiscriminately withdrawn by any of their
co-depositors. This protective mechanism likewise benefits the bank, which
shields it from liability upon showing that it released the funds in good
faith to an account holder who possesses the certificates. Without the
presentation of the certificates of deposit, BPI may not validly terminate
the certificates of deposit.
With these considerations in mind, the Court find that BPI substantially
breached its obligations to the prejudice of Tarcila. BPI allowed the
termination of the accounts without demanding the surrender of the
certificates of deposits, in the ordinary course of business. Worse, BPI even
had actual knowledge that the certificates of deposit were in Tarcila's
possession and yet it chose to release the proceeds to Manuel on the
basis of a falsified affidavit of loss, in gross violation of the terms of the
deposit agreements.
Notably, BPI effectively deprived Tarcila and the other co-depositors of
their share in the proceeds of the certificates of deposits. As the CA noted
in the assailed Decision, the series of transactions were accomplished in
one sitting for the purpose of misleading anyone who would try to trace
the proceeds of [Manuel]'s deposit accounts .It appears that BPI connived
with Manuel to allow him to divest his co-depositors of their share in
proceeds. Worse, it cooperated with Manuel in trying to conceal this
fraudulent conduct by making it appear that the fund swere withdrawn
from another account.
The Court affirmed the decision of CA and the trial court's findings that
BPI was guilty of bad faith in these transactions. Bad faith imports a
dishonest purpose and conscious wrongdoing. It means a breach of a
known duty through some motive or interest or ill will.
A review of the records of the case show ample evidence supporting BPI's
bad faith, as shown by the clear bias it had against Tarcila. As the CA
observed:"The bias and bad faith on the part of [BPI]'s officers become
readily apparent in the face of the fact that [BPI]'s officers did not require
the presentation of the certificates of deposit from [Manuel] but even
assisted and facilitated the pre-termination transaction by the latter on
the basis of a mere pro-forma and defective affidavit of loss, which the
bank itself supplied, despite the fact that [BPI]'s officers were fully aware
that the certificates were not lost but in the possession of [Tarcila]."The
records thus abound with evidence that BPI clearly favored Manuel. BPI
considered Manuel as the primary depositor despite the clear import of
the nature of their AND/OR account, which permits either or any of the
co-depositors to transact with BPI, upon the surrender of the certificates
of deposit.
BPI did not only fail to exercise that degree of diligence required by the
nature of its business, it also exercised its functions with bad faith and
manifest partiality against Tarcila. The bank even recognized an affidavit
of loss whose allegations, the bank knew, were false. BPI is sternly
reminded that the business of banks is impressed with public interest. The
fiduciary nature of their relationship with their depositors requires it to
treat the accounts of its clients with the highest degree of integrity, care
and respect. In the present case, the manner by which BPI treated Tarcila
also transgresses the general banking law and Article 19 of the Civil Code,
which directs every person, in the exercise of his rights, "to give everyone
his due, and observe honesty and good faith."
etitioners, -versus-
SPOUSES RODOLFO BEROT AND LILIA BEROT, p
FELIPE C. SIAPNO, respondent.
FACTS
On May 23, 2002, Macaria Berot and spouses Rodolfo A. Berot and Lilia P.
Berot obtained a loan from Felipe C. Siapno in the sum of 250,000, payable
within one year together with interest thereon at the rate of 2% per annum
from that date untilfully paid. As security for the loan, Macaria, appellant
and Lilia mortgaged to appellee a portion, consisting of 147 square
meters, of that parcel of land with an area of 718 squar emeters. On June
23, 2003, Macaria died. Because of the mortgagors’ default, appellee filed
an action against them for foreclosure of mortgage and damages. The
action was anchored on the averment that the mortgagors failed and
refused to pay the sum of 250,000.00 plus the stipulated interest of 2% per
month despite lapse of one year from May 23, 2002.
The spouses Berot alleged that the They alleged that the contested
property was the inheritance of the former from his deceased father,
Pedro; that on said property is their family home; that the mortgage is void
as it was constituted over the family home without the consent of their
children, who are the beneficiaries thereof; that their obligation is only
joint; and that the lower court has no jurisdiction over Macaria for the
reason that no summons was served on her as she was already dead.
The trial court, in its decision, allowed the foreclosure of the subject
mortgage. The CA affirmed the decision of the lower court. The appellate
court explained in its ruling that petitioners correctly argued that a
decedent's estate is not a legal entity and thus, cannot sue or be sued.
However, it noted that petitioners failed to object to the trial court's
exercise of jurisdiction over the estate of Macaria when the latter was
impleaded by respondents by amending the original complaint. It also
found the action of respondent to be procedurally correct under Section
7, Rule 86 of the Rules of Court, when it decided to foreclose on the
mortgage of petitioner and prove his deficiency as an ordinary claim. The
CA did not make a categorical finding that the nature of the obligation
was joint or solidary on the part of petitioners.
ISSUE
1. Whether or not the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the
intestate estate of Macaria Berot as a proper party by waiver
expressly or impliedly by voluntary appearance (NO)
2. Whether or not the Court of Appeals erred in not holding that the
obligation is joint (NO)
RULING
Petitioners were correct when they argued that upon Macaria Berot’s
death on 23 June 2003, her legal personality ceased, and she could no
longer be impleaded as respondent in the foreclosure suit. It is also true
that her death opened to her heirs the succession of her estate, which in
this case was an intestate succession. The CA, in fact, sustained
petitioners’ position that a deceased person’s estate has no legal
personality to be sued. Citing the Court’s ruling in Ventura v. Militante, it
correctly ruled that a decedent does not have the capacity to be sued and
may not be made a defendant in a case.
When respondent filed the foreclosure case on 15 June 2004 and
impleaded Macaria Berot as respondent, the latter had already passed
away the previous year, on 23 June 2003.Respondent then amended his
Complaint with leave of court and substituted the deceased Macaria by
impleading her intestate estate and identified Rodolfo Berot as the
estate’s representative. RodolfoBerot is the son of the deceased Macaria
and as such, he is a compulsory heir of his mother. His substitution is
mandated by Section 16, Rule 3 of the Revised Rules of Court.
It can be gleaned from the records of the case that petitioners did not
object when the estate of Macaria was impleaded as respondent in the
foreclosure case. Petitioner Rodolfo Berot did not object either when the
original Complaint was amended and respondent impleaded him as the
administrator of Macaria’s estate, in addition to his being impleaded as
an individual respondent in the case.
Also, their full participation in the proceedings of the case can only be
construed as a waiver of any objection to or defense of the trial court’s
supposed lack of jurisdiction over the estate. Thus, the trial and appellate
courts were correct in ruling that, indeed, petitioners impliedly waived any
objection to the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction over their persons at
the inception of the case. In Gonzales v. Balikatan Kilusang Bayan sa
Panlalapi, Inc., the Court held that a party’s appearance in a case is
equivalent to a service of summons and that objections must be timely
raised.
Article 1207 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, the general rule is that
when there is a concurrence of two or more debtors under a single
obligation, the obligation is presumed to be joint:
Art. 1207. The concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more
debtors in one and the same obligation does not imply that each one of
the former has a right to demand, or that each one of the latter is bound
to render, entire compliance with the prestations. There is a solidary
liability only when the obligation expressly so states, or when the law or
the nature of the obligation requires solidarity.
The law further provides that to consider the obligation as solidary in
nature, it must expressly be stated as such, or the law or the nature of the
obligation itself must require solidarity.
Solidary obligation is one in which each of the debtors is liable for the
entire obligation, and each of the creditors is entitled to demand the
satisfaction of the whole obligation from any or all of the debtors. They
must be positively and clearly expressed. A liability is solidary "only when
the obligation expressly so states, when the law so provides or when the
nature of the obligation so requires.”
Joint obligation is one in which each debtors is liable only for a
proportionate part of the debt, and the creditor is entitled to demand only
a proportionate part of the credit from each debtor.
The Real Estate Mortgage(Exh. "A") will show that all the defendants, for a
single loan, bind themselves to cede, transfer, and convey by way of real
estate mortgage all their rights, interest and participation in the subject
parcel of land including the improvements thereon in favor of the plaintiff,
and warrant the same to be free from liens and encumbrances, and that
should they fail to perform their obligation the mortgage will be
foreclosed.
Furthermore, when petitioner Rodolfo Berot testified in court, he admitted
that he and his mother, Macaria had contracted the loan for their benefit.
The testimony of petitioner Rodolfo only established that there was that
existing loan to respondent, and that the subject property was mortgaged
as security for the said obligation.
Respondent was also not able to prove by a preponderance of evidence
that petitioners' obligation to him was solidary. Hence, applicable to this
case is the presumption under the law that the nature of the obligation
herein can only be considered as joint. It is incumbent upon the party
alleging otherwise to prove with a preponderance of evidence that
petitioners' obligation under the loan contract is indeed solidary in
character.
The CA properly upheld respondent's course of action as an availment of
the second remedy provided under Section 7, Rule 86 of the 1997 Revised
Rules of Court. Under the said provision for claims against an estate, a
mortgagee has the legal option to institute a foreclosure suit and to
recover upon the security, which is the mortgaged property.
During her lifetime, Macaria was the registered owner of the mortgaged
property, subject of the assailed foreclosure. Considering that she had
validly mortgaged the property to secure a loan obligation, and given our
ruling in this case that the obligation is joint, her intestate estate is liable
to a third of the loan contracted during her lifetime. Thus, the foreclosure
of the property may proceed, but would be answerable only to the extent
of the liability of Macaria to respondent.
.
G.R. No. 180144, SECOND DIVISION, September 24, 2014, BRION, J
FACTS
Evidence on record shows that the petitioner renewed the loan several
times on a monthly basis. He paid a renewal fee of ₱54, 600.00 for each
renewal, issued a new post-dated check as security, and executed and/or
renewed the promissory note previously issued. The respondent on the
other hand, canceled and returned to the petitioner the post-dated
checks issued prior to their renewal. The petitioner applied for another
loan renewal. He again executed as principal and signed Promissory Note.
As security for the loan, the petitioner also issued BPI Check.
Several days before the loan’s maturity, Rolando’s wife, Julieta Bognot
(Mrs. Bognot), went to the respondent’s office and applied for another
renewal of the loan. She issued in favor of the respondent Promissory
Note, and International Bank Exchange (IBE) Check in the amount of
₱54,600.00 as renewal fee.
58
On the excuse that she needs to bring home the loan documents for the
Bognot siblings’ signatures and replacement, Mrs. Bognot asked the
respondent’s clerk to release to her the promissory note, the disclosure
statement, and the check. Mrs. Bognot, however, never returned these
documents nor issued a new post-dated check. Consequently, the
respondent sent the petitioner follow-up letters demanding payment of
the loan, plus interest and penalty charges. These demands went
unheeded.
The respondent, through Bernardez, filed a complaint for sum of money
before the Regional Trial Court (RTC) against the Bognot siblings. The
respondent mainly alleged that the loan renewal which the Bognot siblings
applied for remained unpaid; and despite repeated demands, the Bognot
siblings failed to pay their joint and solidary obligation.
ISSUE
RULING
Jurisprudence tells us that one who pleads payment has the burden of
proving it; the burden rests on the defendant to prove payment, rather
than on the plaintiff to prove non-payment. Indeed, once the existence of
an indebtedness is duly established by evidence, the burden of showing
with legal certainty that the obligation has been discharged by payment
rests on the debtor.
In the present case, the petitioner failed to satisfactorily prove that his
obligation had already been extinguished by payment. As the CA correctly
noted, the petitioner failed to present any evidence that the respondent
had in fact encashed his check and applied the proceeds to the payment
of the loan. Neither did he present official receipts evidencing payment,
nor any proof that the check had been dishonored.
The delivery of promissory notes payable to order, or bills of exchange or
other mercantile documents shall produce the effect of payment only
when they have been cashed, or when through the fault of the creditor
they have been impaired.
SECTION 5 - Divisible Obligations
GR No. 167615, January 11, 2016
Spouses Alexander and Julie Lam (Petitioners) v KODAK PHILS. LTD
(Respondent)
Second Division
Ponente: Leonen, J.
Nature of Action: Action for damages for breach of contract.
FACTS:
The Lam Spouses and Kodak Philippines, Ltd. entered into an agreement
(Letter Agreement) for the sale of three (3) units of the Kodak Minilab
System 22XL
(Minilab Equipment). Kodak Philippines, Ltd. delivered one (1) unit of the
Minilab Equipment in Tagum, Davao Province.
The Lam Spouses issued postdated checks amounting to P35,000.00 each
for 12 months as payment for the first delivered unit. The Lam Spouses
requested that Kodak Philippines, Ltd. not negotiate the check dated
March 31,1992 allegedly due to insufficiency of funds.
The same request was made for the check due on April 30, 1992.
However, both checks were negotiated by Kodak Philippines, Ltd. and were
honored by the depository bank. The 10 other checks were subsequently
dishonored after the Lam Spouses ordered the depository bank to stop
payment.
Kodak Philippines, Ltd. canceled the sale and demanded that the Lam
Spouses return the unit it delivered together with its accessories.
The Lam Spouses ignored the demand but also rescinded the contract
through the letter dated November 18, 1992 on account of Kodak
Philippines, Ltd.'s failure to deliver the two (2) remaining Minilab Equipment
units. A Complaint for replevin and/or recovery of sum of money was filed
by Kodak in the RTC which ruled in their favor. The Lam Spouses then filed
before
the Court of Appeals a Petition to Set Aside the Orders issued by the trial
court and the Orders were subsequently set aside by the Court of Appeals
and the case was remanded to the RTC. The Trial Court found that Kodak
Philippines, Ltd. defaulted in the performance of its obligation under its
Letter Agreement with the Lam Spouses for its failure to deliver two (2) out
of the three (3) units of the Minilab Equipment. Nevertheless, the trial court
also ruled that when the Lam Spouses accepted delivery of the first unit,
they became liable for the fair value of the goods received. The Lam
Spouses were under obligation to pay for the amount of one unit, and the
failure to deliver the remaining units did not give them the right to
suspend payment for the unit already delivered. However, the trial court
held that since Kodak Philippines, Ltd. had elected to cancel the sale and
retrieve the delivered unit, it could no longer seek payment for any
deterioration that the unit may have suffered while under the custody of
the Lam Spouses. Petitioners argue that the Letter Agreement it executed
with
respondent for three (3) Minilab Equipment units was not severable,
divisible, and susceptible of partial performance. Respondent's recovery of
the delivered unit was unjustified. With the obligation being indivisible,
petitioners argue that respondent's failure to comply with its obligation to
deliver the two (2) remaining Minilab Equipment units amounted to a
breach.
Petitioners claim that the breach entitled them to the remedy of rescission
and damages under Article 1191 of the New Civil Code. Respondent argues
that the parties' Letter Agreement contained divisible obligations
susceptible of partial performance as
defined by Article 1225 of the New Civil Code.
In respondent's view, it was the intention of the parties to
be bound separately for each individually priced Minilab Equipment unit
to be delivered to different
outlets. With the contract being severable in character, respondent
argues that it performed its obligation
when it delivered one unit of the Minilab Equipment.
Since each unit could perform on its own, there was
no need to await the delivery of the other units to complete its job.
ISSUE:
Whether the contract between petitioners and respondent pertained to
obligations that are
severable, divisible, and susceptible of partial performance.
RULING:
The Letter Agreement contained an indivisible obligation.
Both parties rely on the Letter Agreement
as basis of their respective obligations. Written by
respondent's Jeffrey T. Go and Antonio V. Mines and addressed to
petitioner Alexander Lam, the Letter
Agreement contemplated a "package deal" involving three (3) units of the
Kodak Minilab System 22XL.
The intention of the parties is for there to be a single transaction covering
all three (3) units of the Minilab Equipment. Respondent's obligation was to
deliver all products purchased under a "package," and, in turn,
petitioners' obligation was to pay for the total purchase price, payable in
installments.
The intention of the parties to bind themselves to an indivisible obligation
can be further
discerned through their direct acts in relation to the package deal. There
was only one agreement covering
all three (3) units of the Minilab Equipment and their accessories. The
Letter Agreement specified only
one purpose for the buyer, which was to obtain these units for three
different outlets. If the intention of the
parties were to have a divisible contract, then separate agreements could
have been made for each Minilab
Equipment unit instead of covering all three in one package deal.
Furthermore, the 19% multiple order
discount as contained in the Letter Agreement was applied to all three
acquired units. The "no down- payment" term contained in the Letter
Agreement was also applicable to all the Minilab Equipment units.
Lastly, the fourth clause of the Letter Agreement clearly referred to the
object of the contract as "Minilab Equipment Package."
In Nazareno v. Court of Appeals, the indivisibility of an obligation is tested
against whether it can be the subject of partial performance:
An obligation is indivisible when it cannot be validly performed in parts,
whatever may be the
nature of the thing which is the object thereof. The indivisibility refers to
the prestation and not to
the object thereof.
NAZARENO V. CA
Maximino Nazareno, Sr. and Aurea Poblete were husband and wife. Aurea
died on April 15, 1970, while Maximino, Sr. died on December 18, 1980. They
had five children, namely, Natividad, Romeo, Jose, Pacifico, and Maximino,
Jr. Natividad and Maximino, Jr. are the petitioners in this case, while the
estate of Maximino, Sr., Romeo, and his wife Eliza Nazareno are the
respondents.
During their marriage, Maximino Nazareno, Sr. and Aurea Poblete
acquired properties in Quezon City and in the Province of Cavite. It is the
ownership of some of these properties that is in question in this case.
It appears that after the death of Maximino, Sr., Romeo filed an intestate
case in the Court of First Instance of Cavite, Branch XV, where the case
was docketed as Sp. Proc. No. NC-28. Upon the reorganization of the
courts in 1983, the case was transferred to the Regional Trial Court of Naic,
Cavite. Romeo was appointed administrator of his father’s estate.
In the course of the intestate proceedings, Romeo discovered that his
parents had executed several deeds of sale conveying a number of real
properties in favor of his sister, Natividad. One of the deeds involved six
lots in Quezon City which were allegedly sold by Maximino, Sr., with the
consent of Aurea, to Natividad on January 29, 1970 for the total amount of
₱47,800.00. When Romeo found out about the sale to Maximino, Jr., he and
his wife Eliza locked Maximino, Jr. out of the house. Romeo seeks to annul
the title of the properties under the name of their mother aurea poblete
and their father maximino which was allegedly sold to natividad and
insisted that there was never a sale between them but rather it is a
scheme to avoid inheritance tax. The latter avers that she has capacity to
buy the property and the allegation cannot defeat the presumption of
regularity over the deeds of sale duly notarized. Romeo seeks to annul all
the sale made in favor of his sister natividad claiming that these separate
deeds of sale are indivisible obligations considering that the case was
filed under the name of the estate of maximino nazareno.
Issues: Whether or not the sales of the lot to natividad is an indivisible
obligation
Ruling: yes. The Deed of Absolute Sale dated January 29, 1970 is an
indivisible contract founded on an indivisible obligation. As such, it being
indivisible, it can not be annulled by only one of them. And since this suit
was filed only by the estate of Maximino A. Nazareno, Sr. without including
the estate of Aurea Poblete, the present suit must fail. The estate of
Maximino A. Nazareno, Sr. can not cause its annulment while its validity is
sustained by the estate of Aurea Poblete.31
An obligation is indivisible when it cannot be validly performed in parts,
whatever may be the nature of the thing which is the object thereof. The
indivisibility refers to the prestation and not to the object thereof.32 In the
present case, the Deed of Sale of January 29, 1970 supposedly conveyed
the six lots to Natividad. The obligation is clearly indivisible because the
performance of the contract cannot be done in parts, otherwise the value
of what is transferred is diminished. Petitioners are therefore mistaken in
basing the indivisibility of a contract on the number of obligors.
In any case, if petitioners’ only point is that the estate of Maximino, Sr.
alone cannot contest the validity of the Deed of Sale because the estate of
Aurea has not yet been settled, the argument would nonetheless be
without merit. The validity of the contract can be questioned by anyone
affected by it.33 A void contract is inexistent from the beginning. Hence,
even if the estate of Maximino, Sr. alone contests the validity of the sale,
the outcome of the suit will bind the estate of Aurea as if no sale took
place at all.
Section 6 - Obligations with a Penal Clause
WILLIAM C. LOUH and IRENE LOUH, p etitioner, -versus- BANK OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, respondent. G.R. No. 22562, THIRD DIVISION, March 8,
2017, REYES, J.
FACTS
ISSUE
Whether or not the principal amount attorney’s fees awarded by the RTC
and CA are excessive. (YES)
RULING
The Court affirms the herein assailed decision and resolution, but
modifies the principal amount and attorney's fees awarded by the RTC
and the CA.
In Macalinao, where BPI charged the credit cardholder of 3.25% interest
and 6% penalty per month, and 25% of the total amount due as attorney's
fees, the Court unequivocally declared that:
[T]his is not the first time that this Court has considered the interest rate
of 36% per annum as excessive and unconscionable. We held in Chua vs.
Timan: The stipulated interest rates of 7% and 5% per month imposed on
respondents' loans must be equitably reduced to 1% per month or 12% per
annum . We need not unsettle the principle we had affirmed in a plethora
of cases that stipulated interest rates of 3% per month and higher are
excessive, iniquitous, unconscionable and exorbitant. Such stipulations
are void for being contrary to morals, if not against the law. While C.B.
Circular No. 905-82, which took effect on January 1, 1983, effectively
removed the ceiling on interest rates for both secured and unsecured
loans, regardless of maturity, nothing in the said circular could possibly
be read as granting carte blanche authority to lenders to raise interest
rates to levels which would either enslave their borrowers or lead to a
hemorrhaging of their assets. x x x
Since the stipulation on the interest rate is void, it is as if there was no
express contract thereon. Hence, courts may reduce the interest rate as
reason and equity demand.
The same is true with respect to the penalty charge. x x x Pertinently,
Article 1229 of the Civil Code states:
Art. 1229. The judge shall equitably reduce the penalty when the principal
obligation has been partly or irregularly complied with by the debtor. Even
if there has been no performance, the penalty may also be reduced by the
courts if it is iniquitous or unconscionable.
x x x [T]he stipulated penalty charge of 3% per month or 36% per annum, in
addition to regular interests, is indeed iniquitous and unconscionable.
Thus, in Macalinao, the Court reduced both the interest and penalty
charges to 12% each, and the attorney's fees to P10,000.00.
In MCMP Construction Corp. v. Monark Equipment Corp., the creditor
cumulatively charged the debtor 60% annually as interest, penalty and
collection fees, and 25% of the total amount due as attorney's fees. The
Court similarly found the rates as exorbitant and unconscionable; hence,
directed the reduction of the annual interest to 12%, penalty and collection
charges to 6%, and attorney's fees to 5%. The Court explained that
attorney's fees are in the nature of liquidated damages, which under
Article 2227 of the New Civil Code, "shall be equitably reduced if they are
iniquitous or unconscionable."
In the case at bench, BPI imposed a cumulative annual interest of 114%,
plus 25% of the amount due as attorney's fees. Inevitably, the RTC and the
CA aptly reduced the charges imposed by BPI upon the Spouses Louh.
Note that incorporated in the amount of P533,836.27 demanded by BPI as
the Spouses Louh's obligation as of August 7, 2010 were the higher rates of
finance and late payment charges, which the courts a quo had properly
directed to be reduced.
In the SOA dated October 14, 2009, the principal amount indicated was
P113,756.83. In accordance with Macalinao, the finance and late payment
charges to be imposed on the principal amount of P113,756.83 are reduced
to 12% each per annum, reckoned from October 14, 2009, the date when the
Spouses Louh became initially remiss in the payment of their obligation to
BPI, until full payment.
Anent BPI's litigation expenses, the Court retains the RTC and CA's
disquisition awarding P8,064.00 as filing or docket fees, and costs of suit.
However, the Court reduces the attorney's fees to five percent (5%) of the
total amount due from the Spouses Louh pursuant to MCMP and Article
2227 of the New Civil Code.
Three promissory notes (PN)4 were executed by petitioners in favor of
China Bank. The first amounted to P8,800,000.00, designated as PN No.
5070016047; the second covering P5,200,000.00, designated as PN No.
5070016030; and the third involving P5,900,000.00, designated as PN No.
5070014942. Under PN Nos. 5070016047 and 5070016030, petitioners
promised to pay China Bank the due amounts within a period of 351 days
on or before June 14, 2002 with interest payable in advance for 15 days
from June 28, 2001 to July 13, 2001 at 16% per annum, with the succeeding
interest payable starting July 13, 2001 and every month thereafter until fully
paid at the prevailing rate as determined on the date of interest payment.
In PN No. 5070014942, petitioners promised to pay the principal amount at
the rate of P100, 000.00 monthly for a period of 59 months with interest
payable monthly at prevailing rates, initially at 23.5%. Part of the terms of
the PNs was an agreement for petitioners to pay jointly and severally
penalty charges equivalent to 1/10 of 1% per day of the total amount due
should they default, payable and due from the date of default until fully
paid. Petitioners also agreed to pay 10% of the total amount due as
attorney's fees. The said PNs were also secured by a real estate mortgage5
over petitioners' property covered by TCT No. N-155159.
Petitioners, however, failed to comply with their obligation which eventually
amounted to a total of P28,438,791.69. This forced China Bank to foreclose
the mortgaged property on February 26, 2004. The foreclosure sale yielded
P14,500,000.00 only. There being a deficiency, China Bank demanded in a
letter,6 dated April 19, 2004, that petitioners settle the balance in the
amount of P13,938,791.69, but to no avail.
China Bank then filed its complaint for sum of money before the RTC
praying that judgment be rendered ordering petitioners to pay, jointly and
severally, the amount of P13,938,791.69 representing the amount of
deficiency, plus interest at the legal rate, from February 26, 2004 until fully
paid; an additional amount equivalent to 1/10 of 1% per day of the total
amount, until fully paid, as penalty; an amount equivalent to 10% of the
said amounts as attorney's fees and expenses of litigation; and costs of
suit. RTC, however, held as unconscionable the penalty charges stipulated
in the PNs amounting to 1/10 of 1% per day or 3% per month, compounded.
Anchoring on its authority under Art. 12298 of the Civil Code, the RTC
reduced the penalty charges to only 1% on the principal loan for every
month of default. It also sustained the payment of attorney's fees but
modified the amount for being unreasonable to only P100,000.00 instead of
the 10% of the total amount due.
Issue:whether or not the RTC correctly applied the penalty clause by
imposing a penalty charge of 1% over the amount of 13M which was
inclusive already of interests and penalties as claimed by the adverse
party?
Ruling: No, the RTC is incorrect.Article 1229 of the Civil Code provides:
"Art. 1229. The judge shall equitably reduce the penalty when the principal
obligation has been partly or irregularly complied with by the debtor. Even
if there has been no performance, the penalty may also be reduced by the
courts if it is iniquitous or unconscionable."
In the case at bar, this Court finds the 3% stipulated penalty to be
iniquitous and unconscionable. Applying the ruling of the Supreme Court
in Ruiz v. Court of Appeals, supra, a 1% penalty on the principal loan for
every month of default is proper under the
circumstances.19chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
Thus, in holding petitioners liable for the deficiency balance of
P13,938,791.69, the computation of which already included penalty charges
at the rate of 1/10 of 1% per day, the RTC committed a palpable error and
contradicted its own ruling. The penalty charges and, necessarily, the
deficiency balance, should have been computed much lower after
applying the reduced rate of 1 % per month of default. To be exact,
petitioner's total penalty charges should only amount to P1,849,541.26 and
not P5,548,623.78.
FACTS: The parties were friends and kumpadres for a long time already.
Rivera obtained a loan from the Spouses Chua evidenced by a Promissory
Note. The relevant parts of the note are the following:
(a) FOR VALUE RECEIVED, I, RODRIGO RIVERA promise to pay spouses
SALVADOR C. CHUA and VIOLETA SY CHUA, the sum of One Hundred
Twenty Thousand Philippine Currency (_120,000.00) on December 31, 1995.
(b) It is agreed and understood that failure on my part to pay the amount
of (_120,000.00) One Hundred Twenty Thousand Pesos on December 31, 1995.
I agree to pay the sum equivalent to FIVEPERCENT (5%) interest monthly
from the date of default until the entire obligation is fully paid for.
Three years from the date of payment stipulated in the promissory note,
Rivera, issued
and delivered to Spouses Chua two (2) checks drawn against his account
at Philippine Commercial International Bank (PCIB) but upon presentment
for payment, the two checks were dishonored forthe reason “account
closed.” As of 31 May 1999, the amount due the Spouses Chua was pegged
at P366,000.00 covering the principal of P120,000.00 plus five percent (5%)
interest per month from 1 January 1996 to 31 May 1999.
The Spouses Chua alleged that they have repeatedly demanded payment
from Rivera to no avail. Because of Rivera’s unjustified refusal to pay, the
Spouses Chua were constrained to file a suit before the MeTC, Branch 30,
Manila.
The MeTC ruled against Rivera requiring him to pay the spouses Chua
P120,000.00 plus stipulated interest at the rate of 5% per month from 1
January 1996, and legal interest at the rate of 12% percent per annum from
11 June 1999 and was affirmed by the RTC of Manila. The Court of Appeals
further affirmed the decision upon appeal of the two inferior courts but
with modification of lowering the stipulated interest to 12% per annum.
Hence, a petition at the Supreme Court.
ISSUES:
1. Whether or not the Promissory Note executed as evidence of loan falls
under Negiotiable Instruments Law.
2. Whether or not a demand from spouses Chua is needed to make Rivera
liable.
3. Whether or not the stipulated interest is unconscionable and should
really be lowered.
Held: 1. NO, the Promissory Note executed as evidence of loan does not fall
under Negotiable Instruments Law. The instrument is still governed by the
Civil Code as to interpretation of their obligations. The Supreme Court
held that the Instrument was not able to meet the requisites laid down by
Section 1 of the Negotiable Instruments Law as the instrument was made
out to specific persons, herein respondents, the Spouses Chua, and not to
order or to bearer, or to the order of the Spouses Chua as payees.
cals not a negotiable instrument and therefore outside the coverage of
Section 70 of the NIL which provides that presentment for payment is not
necessary to charge the person liable on the instrument, Rivera is still
liable under the terms of the Promissory Note that he issued. Article 1169 of
the Civil Code explicitly provides that the demand by the creditor shall not
be necessary in order that delay may exist when the obligation or the law
expressly so declare. The clause in the Promissory Note containing the
stipulation of interest (letter B in the above facts) which expressly requires
the debtor (Rivera) to pay a 5% monthly interest from the “date of default”
until the entire obligation is fully paid for. Theparties evidently agreed that
the maturity of the obligation at a date certain, 31 December 1995, will give
rise to the obligation to pay interest.
3. YES, the stipulated interest is unconscionable and should really be
lowered. The Supreme Court held that as observed by Rivera, the
stipulated interest of 5% per month or 60% per annum in addition to legal
interests and attorney’s fees is, indeed, highly iniquitous and
unreasonable and stipulated interest rates if illegal and are
unconscionable the Court is allowed to temper interest rates when
necessary. Since the interest rate agreed upon is void, the parties are
considered to have no stipulation regarding the interest rate, thus, the
rate of interest should be 12% per annum computed from the date of
judicial or extrajudicial demand. However, the 12% per annum rate of legal
interest is only applicable until 30 June 2013, before the advent and
effectivity of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Circular No. 799, Series of
2013 reducing the rate of legal interest to 6% per annum. Pursuant to our
ruling in Nacar v. Gallery Frames,30 BSP Circular No. 799 is prospectively
applied from 1 July 2013.
FACTS
In 1992, representatives from Pryce Corp. (PPC) made representations with
PAGCOR on the possibility of setting up a casino in Pryce Plaza Hotel in
Cagayan de Oro City. PAGCOR representatives went to CDO to determine
whether the presence of a casino would be welcomed by the residents.
Some local government officials showed keen interest in the casino
operation and expressed the view that the possible problems were
surmountable. Their negotiations culminated on Oct. 14, 1992. On
November 11, the parties executed a Contract of Lease involving the
ballroom of the hotel for a period of three years starting Dec. 1, 1992 until
November 30, 1995. On November 13, 1992, they added in the contract a
lease of an additional 1000 sq.m. of the hotel grounds as living quarters
and playground of the casino personnel. PAGCOR advertised the start of
their operations on Dec. 18, 1992
Way back in 1990, the Sangguniang Panlungsod of CDO declared a
Resolution prohibiting the establishment of a gambling casino and on
Dec. 7, 1992, they enacted an ordinance prohibiting the issuance of
business permits and cancelling business permits to any establishment for
using any of its premises for the operation of a casino.
Hours before the formal opening of the casino, a public rally was staged
by some local officials, residents, and religious leaders. Because of this,
PAGCOR was constrained to suspend their operations. On January 4, 1993,
an ordinance was passed by the Sangguniang Panlungsod, prohibiting
the operation of casinos and providing for penalty for violation thereof.
On January 7, PPC filed a Petition for Prohibition with Preliminary
Injunction against them before the CA, praying for the unconstitutionality
of the ordinance. Thus, the ordinance was declared unconstitutional and
respondents are permanently enjoined from enforcing those ordinances.
ISSUE
Whether or not Pryce was entitled to future rentals or lease payments for
the unexpired period of the Contract of Lease between Pryce and
PAGCOR. (NO)
RULING
PPC anchors its right to collect future rentals upon the provisions of the
Contract. Likewise, it argues that termination, as defined under the
Contract, is different from the remedy of rescission prescribed under
Article 1659 of the Civil Code. On the other hand, PAGCOR contends, as the
CA ruled, that Article 1659 of the Civil Code governs; hence, PPC is allegedly
no longer entitled to future rentals, because it chose to rescind the
Contract.
Article 1159 of the Civil Code provides that "obligations arising from
contracts have the force of law between the contracting parties and
should be complied with in good faith." In deference to the rights of the
parties, the law allows them to enter into stipulations, clauses, terms and
conditions they may deem convenient; that is, as long as these are not
contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy.
Likewise, it is settled that if the terms of the contract clearly express the
intention of the contracting parties, the literal meaning of the stipulations
would be controlling. In this case, Article XX of the parties' Contract of
Lease provides in part as follows: The provision of Sections 20(a) and (c)
leave no doubt that the parties covenanted (1) to give PPC the right to
terminate and cancel the Contract in the event of a default or breach by
the lessee; and (2) to make PAGCOR fully liable for rentals for the remaining
term of the lease, despite the exercise of such right to terminate.
The above provisions leave no doubt that the parties have covenanted 1)
to give PPC the right to terminate and cancel the Contract in the event of
a default or breach by the lessee; and 2) to make PAGCOR fully liable for
rentals for the remaining term of the lease, despite the exercise of such
right to terminate. Plainly, the parties have voluntarily bound themselves
to require strict compliance with the provisions of the Contract by
stipulating that a default or breach, among others, shall give the lessee
the termination option, coupled with the lessor's liability for rentals for the
remaining term of the lease. For sure, these stipulations are valid and are
not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy.
Neither is there anything objectionable about the inclusion in the
Contract of mandatory provisions concerning the rights and obligations
of the parties. Being the primary law between the parties, it governs the
adjudication of their rights and obligations. A court has no alternative but
to enforce the contractual stipulations in the manner they have been
agreed upon and written. It is well to recall that courts, be they trial or
appellate, have no power to make or modify contracts. Neither can they
save parties from disadvantageous provisions.
Termination or Rescission?
The term rescission is found in 1) Article 1191, the general provisions on
reciprocal obligations; 2) Article 1659, which authorizes rescission as an
alternative remedy insofar as the right and obligations of the lessor and
the lessee in contracts of lease are concerned; and 3) Article 1380 with
regard to the rescission of contracts.
Where the action prayed for the payment of rental arrearages, the
aggrieved party actually sought the partial enforcement of a lease
contract. Thus, the remedy was not rescission, but termination or
cancellation of the contract. To rescind is to declare a contract void in its
inception and to put an end to it as though it never were. It is not merely
to terminate it and release parties from further obligations to each other
but to abrogate it from the beginning and restore the parties to relative
positions which they would have occupied had no contract ever been
made. The termination or cancellation of a contract would necessarily
entail enforcement of its terms prior to the declaration of its cancellation
in the same way that before a lessee is ejected under a lease contract, he
has to fulfill his obligations thereunder that had accrued prior to his
ejectment. However, termination of a contract need not undergo judicial
intervention. Rescission is the unmaking of a contract or its undoing from
the very beginning. On the other hand, termination refers to an end in
time or existence. With respect to a lease or contract, it means an ending,
usually before the end of the anticipated term of such lease or contract,
that may be effected by mutual agreement or by one party exercising one
of its remedies as a consequence of the default of the other.
In this case, the actions and pleadings of petitioner show that it never
intended to r escind the Lease Contract from the beginning. This fact was
evident when it first sought to collect the accrued rentals from September
to November 1993 because, as previously stated, it actually demanded the
enforcement of the Lease Contract prior to termination. Any intent to
rescind was not shown, even when it abrogated the Contract on November
25, 1993, because such abrogation was not the r escission p rovided for
under Article 1659.
We stress that by abrogating the Contract in the present case, PPC
released PAGCOR from the latters future obligations, which included the
payment of rentals. To grant that right to the former is to unjustly enrich it
at the latters expense.
However, it appears that Section XX (c) was intended to be a penalty
clause. That fact is manifest from a reading of the mandatory provision
under subparagraph (a) in conjunction with subparagraph (c) of the
Contract. In obligations with a penal clause, the general rule is that the
penalty serves as a substitute for the indemnity for damages and the
payment of interests in case of noncompliance; that is, if there is no
stipulation to the contrary, in which case proof of actual damages is not
necessary for the penalty to be demanded.There are exceptions to the
aforementioned rule, however, 1) when there is a stipulation to the
contrary, 2) when the obligor is sued for refusal to pay the agreed penalty,
and 3) when the obligor is guilty of fraud. In the present case, the first
exception applies because Article XX (c) provides that, aside from the
payment of the rentals corresponding to the remaining term of the lease,
the lessee shall also be liable for any and all damages, actual or
consequential, resulting from such default and termination of this
contract. Having entered into the Contract voluntarily and with full
knowledge of its provisions, PAGCOR must be held bound to its
obligations. It cannot evade further liability for liquidated damages.
86 SCRA 59 FACTS:
This is an appeal from the decision of the CFI of Rizal rendering
judgment against
Robes-Francisco Corporation to register the deed of absolute sale in
favor of Millan with the
4% per annum from June 22, 1972 until fully paid. In either case Robes
Corporation is
sentenced to pay Millan nominal damages of P20,000.00 plus P5,000.00
attorney’s fees.
In May 1962, Robes Corporation entered into a contract of sale with
Millan for a parcel
of land in the amount of 3,864.00 payable in installments. Millan
complied with her obligation
and made her final payment on December 22, 1971 for a total payment
of P5,193.63 including
interests and expenses for registration of title. On March 2, 1973 the
deed of absolute sale was
executed but the transfer certificate of title could not be executed
because the parcel of land
conveyed to Millan was included among other properties of the
corporation mortgaged to GSIS
to secure an obligation of P10 million, hence, the owner’s duplicate
certificate of title of the
ISSUE:
RULING:
No. Said clause does not convey any penalty, for even without it,
pursuant to Article
2209 of the Civil Code, the vendee would be entitled to recover the
amount paid by her with
legal rate of interest which is even more than the 4% provided for in
the clause.
the payment of interest in case of non-compliance does not hold
water.
nonperformance. Nonetheless, the facts show that the right of the
vendee was violated and this
“In the situation before Us, We are of the view that the amount of P20,000.00
is
were possible for the GSIS to make partial releases of the subdivision lots
from the overall real
estate mortgage. It was only unfortunate for it not to succeed in that
regard. Hence, the sum of
CABARROGUIS VS. VICENTE
107 PHIL 340
FACTS:
Plaintiff Cabarroguis, a registered nurse and midwife, sustained physical
injuries as a result of an accident when the AC jeepney of which she was a
passenger hit another vehicle at a street corner. To avoid court litigation,
defendant Vicente, owner and operator of the jeepney entered a
compromise agreement with the plaintiff, obligating himself to pay 2,500
as actual and compensatory, exemplary and moral damages suffered by
plaintiff. Defendant has paid a total amount of 1,500 leaving a balance of
1,000. It was stipulated in the agreement that should defendant fail to
complete payment within 60 days, he would pay an additional amount of
200.00 as liquidated damages.
As defendant failed to pay, notwithstanding repeated demands,
plaintiff brought a suit in the Municipal Court of Davao and rendered
judgment in favor of plaintiff. Defendant appealed to the Court of First
Instance which ordered the defendant to pay the plaintiff the amount of
1,200 with interest at legal rate from the date of the filing of the complaint
until full payment.
ISSUE:
Did the lower court err in sentencing the defendant to pay interest
from the date of the filing of the complaint until full payment?
RULING:
No. As a rule, if the obligation consists in a sum of money, the only
damage a creditor may recover, if the debtor incurs in delay, is the
payment of the interest agreed upon or the legal interest, unless contrary
is stipulated (Article 2209). However, the creditor may also claim other
damages. Such as moral or exemplary damages, in addition to interest,
the award of which is left to the discretion of the court.
In obligations with a penal clause, as provided in Article 1226 of the
Civil Code, the penalty shall substitute the indemnity for damages and the
payment of interests. The exceptions to this rule, according to the same
article, are: (1) when the contrary is stipulated; (2) when the debtor refuses
to pay the penalty imposed in the obligation, in which case the creditor is
entitled to interest on the amount of the penalty, in accordance with
article 2209; and (3) when the obligor is guilty of fraud in the fulfillment of
the obligation.
Applying the law, it is evident that no interest can be awarded on
the principal obligation of defendant, the penalty of 200.00 agreed upon
having taken the place of the payment of such interest and the indemnity
for damages. No stipulation to the contrary was made and while
defendant was sued for breach of the compromise agreement, the breach
was not occasioned by fraud.
This case, however, takes a different aspect with respect to the
penalty attached to the principal obligation. It has been held that in
obligations for the payment of a sum of money when a penalty is
stipulated for default, both the principal obligation and the penalty can
be demanded by the creditor. Defendant having refused to pay when
demand was made by plaintiff, the latter clearly is entitled to interest on
the amount of the penalty. It is well observe that Article 2210 of the Civil
Code provides that in the discretion of the court, interest may be alleged
upon damages awarded for breach of contract. This interest is
recoverable from the time of delay that is to say, from the date of demand,
either judicial or extrajudicial. And if there is no showing as to when
demand for payment was made, plaintiff must be considered to have
made such demand only from the filing of the complaint.
Wherefore, with the modification that the interest shall be allowed
on the amount of the penalty, the decision appealed from is affirmed.