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    Wave Equation

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    Krrish Rastogi
    The Schrodinger equation is a wave equation that describes quantum mechanics. It was developed by Schrodinger based on de Broglie's idea that particles have wave-like properties. The Schrodinger equation incorporates de Broglie's wavelength expression into the classical wave equation. Solving the Schrodinger equation yields the wave function of a particle, which can be used to determine the particle's energy and momentum. The time-independent Schrodinger equation is used to calculate these properties for stationary states of a particle.

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    Wave Equation

    Uploaded by

    Krrish Rastogi
    713 views3 pages
    The Schrodinger equation is a wave equation that describes quantum mechanics. It was developed by Schrodinger based on de Broglie's idea that particles have wave-like properties. The Schrodinger equation incorporates de Broglie's wavelength expression into the classical wave equation. Solving the Schrodinger equation yields the wave function of a particle, which can be used to determine the particle's energy and momentum. The time-independent Schrodinger equation is used to calculate these properties for stationary states of a particle.

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    The Schrodinger equation is a wave equation that describes quantum mechanics. It was developed by Schrodinger based on de Broglie's idea that particles have wave-like properties. The Schrodinger equation incorporates de Broglie's wavelength expression into the classical wave equation. Solving the Schrodinger equation yields the wave function of a particle, which can be used to determine the particle's energy and momentum. The time-independent Schrodinger equation is used to calculate these properties for stationary states of a particle.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    713 views3 pages

    Wave Equation

    Uploaded by

    Krrish Rastogi
    The Schrodinger equation is a wave equation that describes quantum mechanics. It was developed by Schrodinger based on de Broglie's idea that particles have wave-like properties. The Schrodinger equation incorporates de Broglie's wavelength expression into the classical wave equation. Solving the Schrodinger equation yields the wave function of a particle, which can be used to determine the particle's energy and momentum. The time-independent Schrodinger equation is used to calculate these properties for stationary states of a particle.

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    of 3

    Schrodinger Equation (which is a fundamental equation of quantum

    Mechanics) is a wave equation in the variable Ψ . Schrodinger used de Broglie’s ideas to


    set up a mathematical theory to describe the dual nature of matter. The essential feature
    of this theory is incorporation of de Broglie’s wavelength expression λ = h / p into the
    general classical wave equation. Thus he derived a wave function for a single moving
    particle.
    To describe the motion of a particle, a differential equation known as
    Schrodinger wave equation is used.

    Time independent Schrodinger wave equation:


    According to de Broglie’s concept, a particle of mass m moving with a velocity v
    has wavelength λ = h / mv. A particle which has wave properties describes the behavior
    of the particle is specified by a wave function Ψ is given by
     x
    − iω t − v  ---------------- (1)
    Ψ = Ae  

    If γ is the frequency then ω = 2πγ and v = γλ


     x
    −2πi  γt − 
    ∴ψ = Ae  λ ---------------(2)
    h
    Let E be the total energy and p, the momentum of the particle. Then E = hγ and λ = p
    Where p =mv . Then equation (2) becomes,
     Et xp 
    −2πi  − 
    ψ = Ae h h 

    −2πi
    ( Et −xp )
    ψ = Ae h ---------------(3)
    Equation (3) is a mathematical description of the wave equivalent of an unrestricted
    particle of total energy E and momentum p moving in X-direction.
    Differentiating equation (3) twice with respect to x, we get,

    d 2ψ 4π 2 p 2 − 2hπi ( E t− px)
    =− Ae
    d x2 h2

    d 2ψ 4π 2 p 2
    = − ψ -------------------(4)
    dx 2 h2
    The total energy e of the particle is partly kinetic and partly potential.
    1
    E = mv2 + V
    2
    p2
    Or E = +V
    2m
    p2
    Or E ψ = ψ + Vψ ------------------(5)
    2m
    − h 2 d 2ψ
    From (4), we have, p ψ =2

    4π 2 dx 2
    2
    Substituting for p ψ in equation (5), we get,
    − h 2 d 2ψ
    Eψ = + Vψ
    8mπ 2 dx 2

    d 2ψ 8mπ 2
    + ( E − V )ψ = 0
    dx 2 h2
    It is known as time independent Schrodinger wave equation in one dimension or steady
    state form of Schrodinger’s equation.
    For 3 dimensional motion of a particle, we have,
    d 2ψ d 2ψ d 2ψ 8mπ 2
    + + + ( E − V )ψ = 0
    dx 2 dx 2 dx 2 h2

    8mπ 2
    ∇ ψ+
    2
    ( E − V )ψ = 0
    h2

    This equation can be applied for determining the total energy of an electron when it is
    moving in an electric field so that its potential energy V is specified in terms of special
    coordinates. Like the other differential equations, its solutions are also governed by the
    boundary conditions. Generally, the solutions are only obtained for certain values called
    characteristic or eigen values and the corresponding wave functions are called
    characteristic or eigen functions.

    Applications of Schrodinger wave equation:


    Consider a particle of a mass m which is free to move in a one dimensional box of
    length l as shown in figure. The potential energy V of particle at bottom of box is
    constant. Let V = 0 inside the box. Let potential energy be infinite for x < 0 & x > L.
    the wave function Ψ = 0 at x = 0 & for all negative values of x, since the particle is not
    allowed over the walls of the box. Similarly, Ψ = 0 for all values of x>L. We have,
    Schrodinger’s equation as
    d 2ψ 8mπ 2
    + ( E − V )ψ = 0 -------------(1)
    dx 2 h2
    Since V = 0 inside a box, equation (1) is reduced to
    d 2ψ 8mπ 2
    + ( E − V )ψ = 0
    dx 2 h2
    or

    The suitable general solution of equation (2) is


    Ψ (x) = A Sinkx + Bcoskx -------------(3)
    From boundary condition, we have, Ψ = 0 when x = 0 then B = 0

    And also Ψ = 0 when x =L


    ie. 0 = A SinkL ⇒ A = 0 or SinkL = 0
    but A # 0 then SinkL = 0 ⇒ kL = nΠ or k = nΠ / L or k2 = n2Π 2 / L2

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