Methodology

METHODOLOGY
• Research methodology refers to specific procedures or techniques used to

identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In
a research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically
evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability.
Introduce the Chapter
• This chapter will cover the research design, Population and Locale of the
Study, Data gathering tools, Data gathering procedure/s, Treatment
of Data and Ethical Considerations.
Research Design
• The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate
the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby,
ensuring you will effectively address the research problem;
• it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of

data. Note that the research problem determines the type of design you
should use, not the other way around! (de Vaus, D. A, 2006)
• The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence
obtained enables you to effectively address the research problem
logically and as unambiguously as possible.
• The methods section describes actions to be taken to investigate a research
problem and the rationale for the application of specific procedures or
techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information applied
to understanding the problem, thereby, allowing the reader to critically
evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability.
Experimental
variables
•Independent variable- Presumed Cause
•Dependent Variable- Presumed Effect
Population and Locale of the Study
• Population are the SUBJECTS OF THE STUDY OR RESPONDENTS
TO THE STUDY
• They may be taken through Universe Population/Universal

Population/Total Enumeration or Sampling
Sampling
• 1. Simple Random Sampling
• Simple random sampling requires using randomly generated numbers to
choose a sample. More specifically, it initially requires a sampling frame, a
list or database of all members of a population. You can then randomly
generate a number for each element, using Excel for example, and take the
first n samples that you require.
• 2. Stratified Random Sampling
• Stratified random sampling starts off by dividing a population into groups
with similar attributes. Then a random sample is taken from each group.
Stratified Random Sampling
How do we stratify?
• Example: We wish to stratify the age of Panpacific University employees by
age.
• Stratum Composition
• Less than 25 years old
• 25-34 years old
• 35-44 years old
• 45-54 years old
• 55 years of age or older
3. Cluster Random Sampling
• Cluster sampling starts by dividing a population into groups,

or clusters. What makes this different that stratified sampling is that each
cluster must be representative of the population. Then, you randomly
selecting entire clusters to sample.
Cluster Random Sampling
4. Systematic Random Sampling
• Systematic random sampling is a very common technique in which you

sample every k’th element. For example, if you were conducting surveys at a
mall, you might survey every 100th person that walks in, for example.
• If you have a sampling frame then you would divide the size of the frame, N,
by the desired sample size, n, to get the index number, k. You would then
choose every k’th element in the frame to create your sample.
Data-gathering Instruments/Tools
• Questionnaire (self-constructed or preformed)
• Self-Constructed- Check for validity and reliability
• - You can use the CVI Formula
• CVI- Content Validity Index
Remember!!!
• In constructing your questionnaire, always go back to your research questions
for reference.
• Step/s in computing the CVI
• 1. Prepare your questionnaire
• 2. Tap experts to the field of your study
• 3. They will check for relevancy
• Items to be tested Degree if relevance
• 1. 4 3 2 1
• 2. 4 3 2 1
• 3. 4 3 2 1
•4 4 3 2 1
• 5. 4 3 2 1
• Table 1: The number of experts and its implication on the acceptable
cut-off score of CVI Number of experts Acceptable CVI values Source
of recommendation
• Two experts At least 0.80 Davis (1992)

• Three to five experts Should be 1 Polit & Beck (2006), Polit et al.,
(2007)
• At least six experts At least 0.83 Polit & Beck (2006), Polit et al.,
(2007)
• Six to eight experts At least 0.83 Lynn (1986)
• least nine experts At least 0.78 Lynn (1986)
Observation
• 1. Prepare your observation checklist for things that you want to know.
• 2. Prepare your standard/s
• 3. Rate your work
• Ex. Observation checklist on a prepared e-calculator
• Standards: It should be able to calculate up to……..
• Work/Project:
Interview
• May be structured or unstructured.
• Have an interview Guide
Treatment of Data
• Go back to your research questions
• What is your treatment for research question 1, 2,3 etc.
• Hint: If you see the words degree, extent, level, etc.-------AWM
• Simple questions of what……. Frequency Count & percentages
• Statistical Research Questions- like significant relationship or
significant difference, look for appropriate formula.
• Test for relationship-------Pearson’s Product moment of Correlation, etc.
Ethical Considerations
• Introduce your topic on this matter.
• Example: This study has considered the importance of ethics thus,
anonymity, informed decision (consent) confidentiality were observed.
• Explain how anonymity was observed.
• How did you go about with informed decision
• How was confidentiality considered? Etc.
You are now ready with your research proposal.
Congratulations and thank you for listening.

Methodology

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METHODOLOGY

• Research methodology refers to specific procedures or techniques used to

• it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of

• They may be taken through Universe Population/Universal

• Cluster sampling starts by dividing a population into groups,

• Systematic random sampling is a very common technique in which you

• Two experts At least 0.80 Davis (1992)

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