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    Homework 4: Ordinary Differential Equations

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    Goosline Alfredo Pereira
    This document describes several homework problems involving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and dynamical systems modeling: 1) Analyze the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, finding steady states and studying their stability using linearization and Lyapunov functions. Simulate the model in Python. 2) Find conditions on parameters for a given system to be Hamiltonian and write the related gradient system. 3) Find periodic solutions and stability of limit cycles for a given planar system. 4) Show that a Hopf bifurcation occurs in the Van der Pol system at a specific parameter value. 5) Analyze steady states and bifurcations in a beetle population model and sketch

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    Homework 4: Ordinary Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Goosline Alfredo Pereira
    57 views2 pages
    This document describes several homework problems involving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and dynamical systems modeling: 1) Analyze the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, finding steady states and studying their stability using linearization and Lyapunov functions. Simulate the model in Python. 2) Find conditions on parameters for a given system to be Hamiltonian and write the related gradient system. 3) Find periodic solutions and stability of limit cycles for a given planar system. 4) Show that a Hopf bifurcation occurs in the Van der Pol system at a specific parameter value. 5) Analyze steady states and bifurcations in a beetle population model and sketch

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    This document describes several homework problems involving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and dynamical systems modeling: 1) Analyze the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, finding steady states and studying their stability using linearization and Lyapunov functions. Simulate the model in Python. 2) Find conditions on parameters for a given system to be Hamiltonian and write the related gradient system. 3) Find periodic solutions and stability of limit cycles for a given planar system. 4) Show that a Hopf bifurcation occurs in the Van der Pol system at a specific parameter value. 5) Analyze steady states and bifurcations in a beetle population model and sketch

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    57 views2 pages

    Homework 4: Ordinary Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    Goosline Alfredo Pereira
    This document describes several homework problems involving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and dynamical systems modeling: 1) Analyze the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, finding steady states and studying their stability using linearization and Lyapunov functions. Simulate the model in Python. 2) Find conditions on parameters for a given system to be Hamiltonian and write the related gradient system. 3) Find periodic solutions and stability of limit cycles for a given planar system. 4) Show that a Hopf bifurcation occurs in the Van der Pol system at a specific parameter value. 5) Analyze steady states and bifurcations in a beetle population model and sketch

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    F11MT Modelling and Tools

    Homework 4: Ordinary Differential Equations


    1. Consider the Lotka-Volterra model
    dv
    = a1 v − b1 wv,
    dt (1)
    dw
    = a2 vw − b2 w,
    dt
    where a1 , a2 , b1 and b2 are positive constant parameters.

    ˆ Define steady state solutions of the model, verify which steady states (equilibriums) are
    hyperbolic and study their stability. Use the Hartman-Grobman theorem to describe (ge-
    ometrically) the behavior near the critical points of the system and sketch the phase plane
    portrait of the system of ODEs for (v, w) ∈ R2 , using both pen & paper and Python.
    ˆ Show that
    V (v, w) = a2 v − b2 ln(v) + b1 w − a1 ln(w) + K
    is a Lyapunov function for the non-trivial equilibrium point, where K is a constant, and
    determine the stability of that equilibrium point. Explain why construction of a Lyapunov
    function is needed to determine the stability of the non-trivial equilibrium point.
    ˆ Simulate the dynamics of the system (1) in Python for different values of parameters, e.g.
    a1 ∈ (0, 2], b1 ∈ (0, 1.5], a2 ∈ (0, 1.2], b2 ∈ (0, 1.2]. Use theoretical results on the stability of
    equilibrium points to demonstrate different types of dynamics characteristic for the Lotka-
    Volterra model, e.g. convergence to a steady state, existence of periodic solutions.

    5 marks
    2. Find conditions on δ and µ that ensure that the system
    dp
    = δp + q + q 2 ,
    dt
    dq
    = µq + p + p2 .
    dt
    is a Hamiltonian system and construct a suitable Hamiltonian. Write the related gradient system.
    2 marks

    3. Find the periodic solutions of the system


    dx p
    = −y + x sin( x2 + y 2 ),
    dt
    dy p
    = x + y sin( x2 + y 2 ).
    dt
    Determine the radius and period of all periodic solutions and identify which periodic solutions
    are (Poincaré) stable limit cycles and which are unstable.
    3 marks

    4. For the Van der Pol system


    dx
    = y,
    dt
    dy
    = −x + γ(1 − x2 )y
    dt

    1
    show that there is a Hopf bifurcation from the equilibrium point (0, 0) at γ = 0. State and check
    all conditions that need to be satisfied for the existence of a Hopf bifurcation.
    2 marks
    5. A model for the population dynamics of a species of beetle with density u is
    du
    = u(1 − u)(µ − u2 ), (2)
    dt
    where µ is a real parameter.

    ˆ Compute the steady states of (2) and determine their stability.


    ˆ Identify and name any bifurcations. Sketch a bifurcation diagram illustrating the position
    and stability of these steady states. Indicate the flow induced by (2).

    3 marks
    6. Consider equation
    dw
    = F (µ, w), with F (µ, w) := w(µ − g(µ, w)), (3)
    dt
    where F, g : R2 → R are smooth functions.
    ˆ Suppose that for some µ0 we have that g(µ0 , 0) 6= µ0 . Using the Implicit Function Theorem,
    show that (µ0 , 0) cannot be a bifurcation point for (3).
    ∂g
    ˆ Suppose that g(0, 0) = 0 and | 6= 1. Using the Implicit Function Theorem, show
    ∂µ (0, 0)
    that (0, 0) is a bifurcation point for (3).
    2 marks
    7. Consider the Lorenz system
    dx
    = σ(y − x),
    dt
    dy
    = rx − y − xz, (4)
    dt
    dz
    = xy − bz,
    dt
    where σ, r, b are positive parameters.
    ˆ Determine the equilibrium points of (4) and show that the trivial equilibrium point (0, 0, 0)
    exists for all r and is stable for r < 1.
    ˆ Use the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to show that non-trivial equilibriums are stable if
    σ+b+3
    1<r<σ , if σ > b + 1,
    σ−b−1 (5)
    1<r if σ ≤ b + 1.
    [Routh-Hurwitz criterion: if the characteristic equation for the matrix in the linearised
    equation is given by
    λ3 + bλ2 + cλ + d = 0,
    then the steady state is asymptotically stable if b > 0, d > 0, and bc > d. If one or more of
    there inequalities are reverse, then the equilibrium point is unstable.]
    ˆ Show that at r = 1 the origin undergoes a pitchfork bifurcation.
    3 marks

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