Pakapa-Kapa As An Approach in Philippine Psychology

"PAKAPA—KAPA" AS AN
APPROACH IN PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGY

AMARYLLIS T. TORRES*
Institute of Social Work and Community Development

University of the Philippines
Pakapa-kapa is a suppositionless approach to social scientific investigation charac-

terized b y groping, searching and probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cul-
tural data to be able-to obtain order, meaning and directions for research. There are un-
obtrusive procedures for checking out the reliability and validity of data gathered through
the pakapa-kapa approach. The problem of observer/investigator effect can be solved
by having more than a single investigator study the same event or concept, and having
more experienced field researchers do the research. Replicabiity can be achieved, as
well, using this approach. In other words, the author was able to show the toundness
and usefulness of pakapa-kapa as an approach in Philippine psychology.
The method of pakapa-kapa in Philippine Psychology may be defined

as a suppositionless approach to social scientific investigations. As implied
by the term itself, pakapa-kapa is an approach characterized by groping,
searching, and probing into an unsystematized mass of social and cultural
data to be able to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research.
Although the concept of pakapd-kapa is indigenous to Philippine so-
ciety, in the sense that it is a method (or pamamaraan) used to describe pro-
duction activities (pagkapa ng isda sa tubig), social relations (kinakapa ang
daan tungo sa mas mahusay na pakikipag-ugnayan sa isang grupo), and indi-
vidual activities (pagkapa sa dilim), we can find parallel concepts in the gene-
ric literature of social science. Thus, in his initial entry into primitive com-.
munities, the ethnomethodologist also is kumakapa-kapa. Eventually, how-
ever, the uncertainty and ambiguity of anthropological data. become mini-
mized as he explores, decodes, and tries to understand the symbols of social
interaction existent in the group. The scientist is eventually able to group
data into meaningful categories and to use these in further studies.
Pakapa-kapa, therefore, implies an exploration into cultural, social
or psychological data without the chains of overriding theoretical frame-
works borrowed from observations outside the focus of investigation. It can
also be related to so-called unobtrusive techniques, because the actual
procedures for collecting information may range from pagmamasid, pag-
tatanung-tanong, pagsubok, pagdalaw, pakikilahok, and pakikisangkot.
Thus, simple observation, documentation, intervention and participation
can all be used in this "groping" method.
As a non-experimental or uncontrollable procedure, pakapa-kapa
shares with other field approaches the same criticisms levelled against them
by scientific psychologists. Hence, reliability, validity and data contamina-
tion become crucial issues vis-a-vis pakapa-kapa as a method.
*Si Amaryllis T. Torres ay Associate Professor sa Institute of Social Work and Community
Development, Unibersidad fig Pilipinas at Professorial Lecturer din sa Departamento ng Sikolohiya,
U. P.
172 TORRES
Problem of Reliability and Validity
Reliability basically means repeatability of observations under the

same/similar situational conditions. Validity, on the other hand, refers to
the "truth" or accuracy of observations or measurements.
If we proceed from the elemental definitions of reliability and validity
divest of their associated statistical operations, we can see that procedures
can be set up to measure and to insure the reliability and validity of pakapa-
kapa procedures. For example, in pagmamasid (similar to non-participant
observation), one may test the reliability of observations or concept identi-
fication by repeating the observation several times and finding out whether
the same conclusions emerge. This would be equivalent to a test-retest ap-
proach. Or in pagtatanung-tanong, two equivalent probe questions may be
presented to informants to find out whether similar responses will be gene-
rated by some event or concept under study.
Similarly, validity of concept domains can be established through re-
peated samplings of different informants. The commonalities of lexical
domain can then constitute the "construct." Criterion validity is also pos-
sible by manipulating situations (pakikialam) in such a way that the beha-
vioral concommitants of a construct become probable. If, as predicted,
a contrived situation repeatedly results in the same behavior, then the pre-
dictive or concurrent validity of a concept/variable would be established.
Obviously, if the methodology of science is at the level of pakapa-
kapa, standardized measures of reliability and validity would be inad-
missible. Nonetheless, nonstatistical measures can still be used. Essential-
ly, as discussed, this involves unobtrusive procedures for checking out
the reliability and validity of data - using equivalent or repeated probes and
observations, cross-checking documents, sampling from as many informants
as possible (singly or in panels/groups), and other similar approaches.
Observer/Investigator Effect
Since pakapa-kapa stimulates anthropological techniques, the problem

of observer bias is also pre-eminent among its problems. One frequent criti-
cism levelled against field observation is that documents often fall to indi-
cate which aspects are interpretative and which are factual. In fact, in cur-
rent interests on the psycho-history of psychological investigations (see
Annual Review of Psychology 1978) it is pointed out that all theoretical
systems strongly reflect the personal experiences and biases of the formu-
lator. If this can be said of abstract nomological networks, it can be said
even more of observations in the field.
Related to this is the other problem of data collection being affected
by the person of the investigator himself. For example, the sex and itatus
of the psychologist doing field work can lead to particular typ es of pheno-
mena being generated artificially and temporarily. This would.be akin to the
experience of extension workers, whose presence in communities temporari-
ly results in technology adoption, only to be revised or ignored upon his
departure.
PAKAPA-KAPA AS AN APPROACH 173
The problem can be solved in two ways. Interpretative bias can be mini-
mized by having more than a single investigator study the same event/con-
cept. In this way, several viewpoints can be brought to bear on the data to
insure reliability and validity. Related to this, investigators must sufficient-
ly imbibe the language, culture and values of the group being studied to
optimize the accuracy. and relevance of their interpretations.
The other aspect of observer bias - contaminating data - has been mi-
nimized by experienced field workers. What is usually done is to make exten-
sive efforts to become identified as a member of the community rather than
as a visitor. As an "insider," as an ordinary member of the group, responses
and events tailored to the investigator's expectations become less probable.
Discovery and Identification of Concepts vs. Hypothesis-Testing
Considering the present involvement of Filipino psychologists in the
task of indigenizing the science, pakapa-kapa is a welcome and warranted
study approach. First, the presuppositionless approach results in putting
aside, even if only momentarily, so-called "universal" concepts of psycho-
logy. Instead, pakapa-kapa leads to discovering cultural particularities.
Second, pakapa-kapa enables the Filipino psychologist to be more creative
in his tools and data base. With this approach, he is not tied down to ex-
perimental and other similar techniques. Neither is he hampered by the use
of procedures which hiay locally be irreleyant, difficult to apply, or cost-
ly. Instead, pakapa-kapa works along traditionally accepted probe procedures.
Since our thesis is that Filipino psychology has, in the past, become ste-
rile and irrelevant because of attempts to pattern it after a Western mold,
pakapa-kapa - or the generation of a broad data base of concepts and
behavior - is more warranted at this stage of our science than is hypothesis-
testing. Our present concerns need to be focused on discovering and map-
ping out the important and relevant aspects of behavior that require re-
search. When this "catalogue of variables" becomes available, only then will
it become justified to test our hypotheses toward developing a theoretic
base for Filipino pyschology.
Replicability of Conclusions
Replicability of findings is important within the purview of a science
which aspires to generalize its observations. Such replication is considered
vital to the development of psychology and is almost always a standard
expectation in experimental psychology.
In field research, replicabiity is also of equal importance for giving
credence and importance to obtained concepts. Only in such a manner can
we range the values, identify the variations of personality, and explicitly
describe what are common or unusual in our culture.
As with the issue of reliability and validity, replicability can be under-
taken with pakapa-kapa. For example, representative samples from the same
ethnic community may be probed separately to find out whether a concept
is linguistically translated in similar ways. Direct and systematic replications
174 TORRES
can then be undertaken by sampling from essentially similar veins or across

population sectors.
In conclusion, we see that pakapa-kapa has a place in psychology, in a
science which recently undertook the burdensome task of re-examining its
data, its theoretical biases and its orientation. Pakapa-kapa has a value in the
effort to sieve through our mass of pseudoetic psychological information in
the Philippines, and to find clear and untarnished directions for the study of
Filipino behavior. Eventually, the concepts and variables identified through
this probe procedure will, give way to hypotheses, theories and explanations
rooted in Filipino culture and society. Then, when that time comes, we may
seek to employ the more powerful and universally accepted methods of psy-
chologic science.

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"PAKAPA—KAPA" AS AN

APPROACH IN PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGY

Institute of Social Work and Community Development

Pakapa-kapa is a suppositionless approach to social scientific investigation charac-

The method of pakapa-kapa in Philippine Psychology may be defined

Problem of Reliability and Validity

Reliability basically means repeatability of observations under the

Since pakapa-kapa stimulates anthropological techniques, the problem

can then be undertaken by sampling from essentially similar veins or across

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