Grade level 8

Grading period 2nd

Content Research Writing
Topic The Research Process

Learning Competency Describe the nature of the research process.

Activity Worksheet 8

Time Frame 7days

Critical thinking
21st Century skills Analyzing and interpreting data
Communication and collaboration
Information literacy

Overview of the Activity In this activity, the students will be familiar in

Worksheet No. 8 writing research paper following IMRADC pattern.

Through this activity, the students learn to:

• Identify the parts of a research paper.
• Know how and what should be written in the
Introduction, Methodology, Results and
Activity Learning Objectives
Discussion and Conclusion.

Reference book
Laptop with wifi
Materials Journals
Pen and paper

Karen Clyde M. Mampusti

Prepared by SST III
Bansud NHS-RSHS
[email protected]
Writing the Research Paper, the IMRaDC Way
Research papers are advised to be written
IMRaDCinformat
an that is:
(1)journal
-ready and
(2)concise (includes only the important
) details

Introduction
must present :the
Background of the study,
Statement of the problem
Objectives
Significance
L imitations of the study
WITHOUT SUB-SECTIONS!!!

Me t h o d o l o g y
should include the significant steps gathering
such as of materials, preparing
of -ups, tests and experimentations; the materials used
Official
set title of international/established procedures or tests used in the
experiments and the authors of these must
protocols
be
Tests and procedures conducted by a regulated research
indicated do notneed
institution
to be described in .detail
tests andprocedures personally designed and performed by the students
should beelaborated in details.
Include exact technical specifications for each material listed such as their
concentrations/ amount, suppliers, type, .brand,
Use aframework
model in writing
the Methodology to know the sequence of events
(in chronological order
)

Alwaysinclude the necessary procedures for waste disposal and data analysis

Results
Includes all data gathered from the experiments which can be presented
tables, graphs, figures, etc.
through
Tables, graphs, figures, etc.EACH
should
have their respective captions.
Captionsfor tables must be placed on top ofwhile,
the table
thosefigures
for
(graphs, diagrams, etc.) should be placed under
. them
No related literatures should be presented in this part of the research
paper.
Discussion
This part of the research paper usually answers the following questions:
What are the implications of the results and trends derived from data
analysis conducted?
What are established scientific knowledge that can explain or justify such
results and trends?

What are other related research that contradict such results and trends? And
what are the possible causes of these contradictions?
» What are and how did these possible errors (e.g. unwanted factors) affect
such results and trends?

Conclusion
Summarizes the results of the research
Usually, 2 to 3 sentences with no subsections
Should not generalize and should present only conclusion based on the results
and trends discussed.
Should answer the objectives presented in the introduction.
Should mention a practical application.

Other Significant Parts of a Research Paper

Recommendation
✔ It presents what else can be done to improve the research, to widen the
knowledge about this research topic, and other variables that can be tested in
relation to the research (other researchers of the same interest will usually read
this part to conceptualize their own research topic)
✔ Usually, a short paragraph with no subsections.

Acknowledgement
✔ It includes a formal and direct message of thanks to the people who
contributed significantly to the research.

Bibliography
✔ It includes all books, journals, credible websites and all other resources that
were used as reference. Citation style must be consistent.

TITLE
Science fair is not a competition of who has the longest, most jargonized, ear-banging,
eye- blinding title.
✔ Titles should be written simply but at the same time catchy and interesting
✔ Title, just by a reading or two, must already give ideas to the audience what
the research is all about

Abstract
Single paragraph that summarizes a research project (maximum of 250 words). Must
include:
✔ Short background of the study
✔ Objectives of the study
✔ Materials and methods
✔ Results
✔ Conclusion
✔ Significance.
DO NOT INCLUDE acknowledgements and details of the procedures conducted by
adviser, consultant
Do not copy and paste the different parts of the research paper to make the abstract.
Abstract is not a patchwork but an overview of the research itself.
 Do not settle on one draft of the abstract. Keep rewriting until it feels more than
ready for submission.

Part 1
Application:

Direction: Identify the part that shows the 1Background of the study, 2Statement of the
problem, 3Objectives, 4Significance and 5Limitations of the study by reading and
understanding the sample Introduction below.
Red=Background of the study, Green= Statement of the Problem, Blue= Limitation of the study,
Black=Significance of the study

INTRODUCTION:

Aging in Biology is the cumulative changes in an organism, organ, tissue, or cell leading to a decrease
in function capacity. In humans, aging is associated with degenerative changes in the skin, bones,
heart, blood vessels, lungs, nerves, and other organs and tissues and this could happen either in
normally or pathologically. Pathological aging often occurs due to the too much exposure in the UV
rays and unhealthy food intake and other environmental factors have been also observed to affect
aging the same as what Fenske and Clifford (1990) argued in their article “Skin changes of aging:
Pathological implications” that skin changes caused by the natural aging process (intrinsic aging), as
opposed to environmental assault (extrinsic aging), and these are now recognized and delineated.
Aging nowadays happens abnormally and pathologically and human skin is the first one to suffer and
demonstrate its effects.
Human skin is naked and is constantly directly exposed to the air, solar radiation, other environmental
pollutants, or other mechanical and chemical insults, which are capable of inducing the generation of
free radicals as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) of our own metabolism. A free radical can be
defined as a chemical species possessing an unpaired electron (Cheeseman & Slater, 1993). On the
other hand, oxidative stress is the term referring to the imbalance between generating of ROS and the
activity of the antioxidant defence (Halliwell & Gutteridge, 1999). Severe oxidative stress can cause
cell damage and death.
According to Poljšak and Dahmane (2012), ROS are usually of little harm if intracellular
mechanisms that reduce their damaging effects work properly. Most important mechanisms include
anti-oxidative enzymatic and non-enzymatic defences as well as repair processes. But the problem
arises with age, when endogenous anti-oxidative mechanisms and repair processes do not work
anymore in an effective way.
Antioxidant, a molecule which neutralizes harmful free radical compounds that damage living
cells. Antioxidants can act as enzymes in the body tissue, and vitamin supplements. These antioxidants
could be obtained from plants rich in phenols and with abundant flavonoids presence since several
studies have suggested that plants are potential sources of natural antioxidant agent that play important
roles in human health such as preventing oxidative damages and reduce the risks of chronic disease
(Asadujjaman, Hossain, & Kumar Karmakar, 2013).
Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (Pennywort) is a plant that could self-pollinate and self-fertile for
having hermaphrodite flowers. This plant has the same genus with Hydrocotyle asiatica L. (Takip-
kohol) which is Arraliccae and genus of Hydrocotyle. Unlike the Takip-kohol that had been reviewed
already regarding its phytoconstituents, nutrients and antioxidants capacity, Pennywort has not yet been
examined and analysed regarding its phytonutrient potentials except for the limited details regarding
its appearance like pennies for its petite round shape and being a small creeping perennial herb native
to N. Africa, Europe, Florida, and west to the Caspian region; in Britain it is the only native
Hydrocotyle, growing in wet places such as fens, bogs and marshes and now in a fast growing status in
the Philippines. Pennywort can grow up to 0.1 m (0ft 4in) by 0.5 m (1ft 8in) and it suits at acid, neutral
and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very acid soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or
no shade. It prefers moist or wet soil and the edible parts are the leaves (Plants For A Future, 2012).
The present study aims to evaluate and investigate the presence and amounts of necessary
phytonutrients like β-carotene, Riboflavin, Retinol, Vitamin C and Vitamin E in Hydrocotyle vulgaris
L. (Pennywort) as well as its possible free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant capacity. The
result of the study could give necessary implications on the possible formulation of a bio cosmetic that
could serve as an antidote for pathological aging since all the indicators for the evaluation of the plant
material address the need of the human body as protection from oxidative damages and other external
factors that result human aged abnormally. Meanwhile the potential spreadability and pH level of the
extracts from Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (Pennywort) will also be tested in the conduct of the study as
preliminary screening of physicochemical properties.
On the other hand, results of the current study could be a new leap for plant pharmacology
since no previous investigations and analyses had been conducted for Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.
(Pennywort) regarding the indicated phytonutrients in this study.

Agreement:
Direction: Construct an introduction out of the rationale sample below.
Soil pollution can be generated by the presence of human-made chemicals or

other changes in the natural soil environment. Specifically, this could be caused by

industrial activities, agricultural chemicals, or inappropriate disposal of waste.

Consequently, pollution caused by petroleum products is one of the most common

problems in the environment. The crude oil contamination has been a serious problem in

our environment throughout the world. These pollutions can also lead to more serious

problems to us especially when it comes to agriculture. It can cause poor harvest for the

agriculturists and farmers. As shown by Bada and Olarinre (2012) pollution with crude

oil has a negative impact not only on soil characteristics, but could also increase the

heavy metal content of vegetation growing on the impacted land. The toxic trace

elements can be differentiated from other pollutants, since they cannot be biodegraded

but can be accumulated in living organisms, thus causing various diseases and disorders

even in relatively lower concentrations. They are also known to have effect on plant

growth, ground cover and have a negative impact on soil micro flora (Khan et al., 2015).

The exploration, extraction, refining, transport, and use of petroleum and derivative

products has resulted in soil pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons, which is of critical

environmental concern worldwide (Khan et al., 2013). The existence of petroleum

hydrocarbons in soil and water is of worldwide distress because of their high

carcinogenic, mutagenic, and deleterious effects on environment and human health (Khan

et al., 2013; Nwaichi et al., 2015).

Traditionally, soil remediation has been known to be among the most expensive

treatments in the world. Thus, various strategies have been opted to investigate the most

cost-effective solution to deal with contaminated sites. Among the highly potential

approach is bioremediation since many studies have reported of its effectiveness in

removing numerous pollutants from many contaminated sites. It is mainly involved bio-

stimulation where organic or inorganic components were introduced to enhance

indigenous microbial growth that directly degrades the contaminants (Agamuthu, Tan &

Fauziah, 2013), while phytoremediation uses plants to remediate the contaminants,

therefore, the process is environmentally friendly. These remediation processes are not

only cost-effective but also low in maintenance. Moreover, phytoremediation is the use

plants and their associated microorganisms, soil amendments and agronomic techniques
to clean up environmental contaminants (Wang et al., 2012; Gerhardt et al., 2009). Plants

promote dissipation of contaminants by immobilization, removal and promotion of

organic compounds microbial degradation (Megharaj et al., 2011). Biological

remediation methods using plants (that is, “phytoremediation”, a green technology) have

been recognized as excellent alternatives (Khan et al., 2004; Jain et al., 2011).

Phytoremediation, based on the synergistic actions of plants and their associated

microorganisms, has been recognized as a powerful approach for the restoration of sites

contaminated with hydrocarbons (Weyens et al., 2009; Nanekaret al., 2015; Marecik et

al., 2015; Ashrafet al., 2017). In phytoremediation, vegetation offers nutrients and

habitation; while in return, the bacteria improve plant health and enhance the

biodegradation of organic contaminants in the rhizosphere and/or endosphere (Abhilash

and Yunus 2011; Sessitsch et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2014).

Consequently, plants viability is a critical issue in the successful application of

phytoremediation. If the contaminant in its present concentration is not phytotoxic,

cultivation of plants can be a valuable tool in soil remediation (Merkl et al., 2004).

Grasses and legumes have been selected and used for phytoremediation of petroleum-

polluted soils because of their tolerance to petroleum pollution. Grasses in particular are

regarded as candidate plants for efficient phytoremediation because they have fibrous

roots (Kaimi et al., 2007) that can loosen soil aggregates and effectively introduce

oxygen, which is needed to activate alkanes by terminal oxidation by alkane

hydroxylases (van Beilen et al., 2003), along root channels from the atmosphere.

In this study, the researcher will examine the effects of the organic matters as soil

amendments in phytoremediation. Therefore, the current study aims to show the

influence of the organic matters in soil with the use of Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. (Manila

grass) in treating crude oil-contaminated soil.