Rosary College of Commerce & Arts

Navelim, Salcete-Goa

T.Y.B.B.A

End Term – November 2020

Name: Prabhav Sharma

Roll No: R-18-46

Class: TYBBA

Term: 9

Course Code: BBON030

Course Name: Individual and Society

Date: November 7 , 2020

Batch: 2018-2021

Total Number of Pages : 9

1. The key purpose of social policy is to make sure that everyone in society lives away from
violence in peace and harmony. It is aimed at ensuring social justice, social development,
social balance, social inclusion and social peace through social policies. The following
are the aims of social policies:

● Social Justice:​ The aim of social justice is to establish equal opportunities for all
people without eliminating liberties and ensuring a fair distribution of income. The
aim of justice is, in particular, to provide services such as schooling, taxes, social
security, equal opportunity and fair and adequate pay. By removing social and ethnic
inequalities, the provision of social balance is feasible. The factors which hinder
social reconciliation must be removed for the establishment of social peace. The aim
of social integration is to ensure that social disintegration prevention steps are taken.
Social democracy, which has been introduced as the key goal of social policy, refers
to the defence of the rights of individuals by taking account of the balance of equality
in the form of democratic freedoms.

● Social Balance:​ This aims to ensure social balance, if everyone lives in peace and
equilibrium in society. Social gaps need, therefore, to be minimised. In particular, in
terms of opportunities, the disparities and inequalities of individuals living in different
regions cause this equilibrium and harmony to deteriorate. One of the key priorities of
social policy practitioners is to reduce disparities at the level of growth and ensure
that everybody benefits from the same social services.

● Social Peace:​ Social stability is assured by measures aimed at removing the factors
contributing to the degradation of the social structure's equilibrium. The social
differences created by the free market , especially in the capitalist system, can impede
solidarity within society. Policies to eradicate the negative impact on the psychology
of culture should be introduced in order to establish a society governed by peace and
reconciliation.

● Social Integration:​ Global integration aims to the minimization of political and

economic variables that have a negative effect on society's stability and solidarity.
Themes that impact social resolution in this context are schooling, community, and
moral values.
 ● Social Democracy: ​The basic rights and freedoms of individuals can be protected in a
democratic order by the rule of law within the context of democratic freedoms. To
secure the rights of individuals to work and participate, the aim of democracy must be
accomplished.

2. Inequality between women and men has been clearly identified as one of the causes
blocking development over the last two decades. The following are few areas where
gender inequality is most common:

● Education inequalities: ​Indian women do not gain equality in education. The female
literacy rate lags behind the male literacy rate, while literacy rates are rising. For
women, literacy stands at 65.46 percent, compared with 82.14 percent for men.
Parents' beliefs that schooling for girls is a waste of time as their daughters will
inevitably live with the families of their husbands are an underlying cause for such
low literacy rates. Therefore, there is a strong belief that daughters will not directly
benefit from the educational expenditure because of their traditional obligation and
position as housewives.

● Health and survival inequalities:​ Girl babies are sometimes killed for a variety of
reasons, financial reasons being the most common. The economic reasons include
gaining power as men as the key earners of money, future pensions, as she will split
ways with her family when the girl is married and the most important one, the
payment of dowry. Although it is illegal by Indian law to request dowry, in some
socio-economic groups it is still a common practise that leads to female infanticide, as
baby girls are seen as an economic burden.

To minimise infant mortality and improve educational outcomes for the next generation,
higher levels of female education and literacy have been identified. The inclusion of women
in positions of political leadership seems to improve girls' schooling. The wellbeing of
children is shaped by the bargaining power of women in the household. Lower fertility rates,
also linked to higher educational attainment for women, can have a positive impact on
development, although growth is undermined by gender disparity in education.
The following are the ways through which we can eradicate gender inequalities in our
society:
● Make education gender sensitive:​ Much progress has been made in increasing
access to education, but progress has been slow in enhancing the gender awareness of
the education system, including ensuring that positive stereotypes are encouraged by
textbooks. For girls to come out of schools as people who can form a more equitable
society, this is critically necessary. There is a tendency in some nations to believe that
things are okay as long as there is an equal number of girls in classrooms.

● End child marriage:​ It is appropriate, if not expected, for girls to marry at a young
age in some cultures. Worldwide, 12 million girls marry before the age of 18 every
year. Child marriage affects girls the most and is motivated largely by gender
inequality and poverty. As it forbids women from making decisions about their own
lives, this practise is a violation of human rights. It deprives young girls of childhood
and education, but it has other troubling consequences as well. Girls coerced into
marriage may be sexually abused by their husband and have an increased risk of
sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, malaria, and childbirth death.

● End violence and sexual assault against women:​ Laws prohibiting domestic abuse
and sexual harassment occur in an unprecedented number of nations. These rules,
however, are frequently neglected, jeopardising the rights of women and girls to their
protection and justice. Every day, a family member or intimate partner kills 137
women around the globe. This figure is a shocking example of the magnitude of
violence against women. Women are more likely than men to encounter sexual
violence. At some stage in their lives, nearly 15 million girls aged 15 to 19 worldwide
have been raped. Women and girls are vulnerable to human trafficking, in addition to
sexual abuse, as they account for 71 percent of all victims of human trafficking.
Females are trafficked as child brides and/or sold as sex slaves in many instances. An
serious breach of human rights is the level of sexual harassment against women and
young girls.
3. The following are the factors of social change:

● Demographic Factors: ​Population shifts, both in terms of number and composition,

have a far-reaching effect on culture. Changes in population size can bring about a
change in people's economic lives. In the Indian context, we note that the rise in the
population has led to an increase in unemployment , poverty, urbanisation, slum
numbers and an increase in the rate of crime, social tensions and the pressure on
infrastructure. These, in turn, have resulted in the lack of sufficient services, the
growth of nuclear families and the perceptible alteration of social relations over time.

● Technological Factors:​ A long-lasting transition in culture has also been caused by

technological advancement. Technology was simple in earlier times and communities
were simple too. Manual labour was defined by traditional society and the unit of
production was the family. Output was for domestic use at that time. In economic
transactions, there was neither a regulating profit motive nor whatever was generated
was brought into the market. Today, modern industrial relations have given birth to
industries, companies and financial markets, multinationals, banks and industrial
workers unions.

● Ideational Factor: ​The progress of science and the secularisation of thought have
made a major contribution to the development of the vital and revolutionary character
of the modern outlook, among the cultural factors influencing social change in
modern times. We no longer observe many customs or habits solely because they
have tradition's age-old authority. On the opposite, our ways of living have become
more and more dependent on rationality. For example, after independence, the
principles of directive-equality, fraternity, democracy and justice laid down in our
constitution-have not only revolutionised Indian society, but have also greatly
affected the relationships between family members. Social philosophers, who
believed in the power of ideas, argued that unless there is also a shift of ideas within
society or ideas about society and nature, no material or social forces will cause
change. In modern times, it has also changed not just the way we think, but the
substance of ideas. The values of self-betterment, liberty , equality and democratic
participation have mostly been developed over the past two or three centuries. These
 principles, like reformation movements and revolutions, have helped to mobilise
cycles of social and political change.
● Economic Factor:​ Of the economic influences, the effect of industrialization is the
most far-reaching. The entire way of life, organisations, associations and community
life has been revolutionised by it. Production levels were fairly stagnant in
conventional production systems because they were tailored to customary, customary
needs. The continuous revision of production technology, a phase into which research
is gradually drawn, is enabled by modern industrial capitalism. We can easily see the
influence of industrialization (science and technology) on the Indian family (joint
family) structure and the caste system.

● Political Factor: ​The form of political organisation and social change have a direct
relationship. As such, there was no political body capable of mobilising the
population in hunting and gathering societies; there were limited social changes.
However, the presence of independent political institutions, such as representatives,
lords, kings and states, greatly influences the direction of society 's growth in all other
forms of society. For instance, even though this impoverishes much of the population,
a ruler may prefer to channel resources into building his castle. Political growth has
undoubtedly affected economic change in the last two or three decades as much as
economic change has influenced politics. In stimulating economic growth rates,
governments are now playing a major role. A high degree of state interference in
development occurs in all industrial societies.

4. Types of socializations that occur in the life of an individual are the following:

● Primary socialization:​ This process starts with the birth of a child and ends at the
stage where a mature personality is developed. The child learns the basic "rules of
life" at this point, adapts to the fundamentals of social communication, and studies it.
Family, relatives, teachers, colleagues, and associates take an active role in shaping
the character at this time. It turns out that family is an integral part of this stage. After
all, in a family, a person starts to learn the fundamentals of life. Here, for the first time
, a person learns something new and learns to talk first and foremost. The parents'
social level influences the child's social level for the next 20 years. An individual
 works independently on their authority in society only after that. The Internet may
also play an important role at this point. It is now everywhere in the age of new
technology, and one should not underestimate its impact on children. They are more
focused, especially in adolescence, on what happens on social networks.Often the
moral foundations that were laid by parents are violated because of the Internet.

● Secondary socialization: ​The growth of an already mature personality consists of

this process. The research and work of the individual are correlated with this level.
People are starting to identify themselves as a tiny community of people belonging to
a big society. An individual begins to reflect their group's values and behaviour. In
actions and style of communication, the person is no longer alone but has found
individuals who are close to them. The educational, formal and official institutions of
individuals take an active role in secondary socialisation. In the second half of human
life, they lay the ideological foundations for human behaviour and prevail. Although
an individual will hold the values that the family has laid down throughout their life,
when a person moves to another place of residence, ideological attitudes can even
truly shift.

● Developmental socialization:​ An individual develops their social skills at this point.

In their social growth, the individual is focused on achieving maximum heights. Via
trial and error, a person applies the skills of society and learns the level of
socialisation. An individual will decide which abilities they will need during
developmental socialisation, which ones must be eliminated, and which ones can be
developed for a long time.

● Anticipatory socialization: ​The person has now found out the skills they have
acquired and started applying them to society. People are consciously using the
abilities they have acquired, most of which have become a habit. At this point, an
individual's definite style of communication is created by the people from the nearest
environment. Now a person understands how to develop a relationship in the future
with society.

● Resocialization: ​This stage in the sociological phase we are addressing is considered

to be the final one. During this time , individuals reject the patterns they have
 developed over the years. A person rejects their normal style of communication and
relationship building with individuals. They are now developing a new behaviour
model on which they can depend. And then, in a loop, all repeats.

5. A social value indicator is social status. More precisely, it refers to the relative degree of
respect, honour, presumed competence, and deference granted in a society to individuals,
groups , and organisations. Status is focused on assumptions about who thinks that
members of a group have comparatively greater or less social importance.

Status is the position that an individual in a group or society is supposed to hold; and his
'job' is the actions that we expect from the individual holding such a person. Society itself
works out an organised division of labour by giving various individuals different roles in
it and assigning actions that would normally be expected of that person to each such
position.

Rights and obligations bestowed on a specific status by society will be typified and
impersonal, and never personalised. Therefore, if she were to occupy the position of a
mother, we would have a common idea of the role that any woman would have to
perform, and, similarly, an impersonal norm of conduct is required of a student, a
teacher, an office executive or the individual who holds the status of the highest
executive in the nation.

People find that status can mainly be of two kinds:' ascribed' or acquired or acquired
inherited property. If the status of a person is decided at his birth, it will be called an
ascribed status. Birth eventually and conclusively decides the sex and age of the infant,
as well as its ethnic and family history. While age is a life-changing factor, others remain
unchanged.
A person may be born into a rank, as if he were born rich or poor, but through the
exercise of his talent, abilities or experience, he may 'acquire' another status in his
lifetime. As we shall look up in a later chapter, if society can be divided into many
economic groups or divisions, people will be poor, rich or middle class.
However, only in those societies that are not very rigid about preserving the differences
between inherited statuses, achieved statuses would be important; and no universal
observation can be made on the issue of rigidity, because standards, norms and ideas
vary from one status to another. However, we can also speak in terms of 'multiple
statuses' now that inherited as well as acquired statuses are significant in most societies.
An typical middle-class man is a husband and father at home; and in public life, apart
from being a TV newsreader, he can be an educator, a debater and an actor on the stage.
He may also be a major member of a social club and an assistant in the boutique
company of his wife. He may not, however, be as successful in playing a role in a
specific status as he may be in respect of another. He may be an exceptional educator, a
decent performer, but a bad business office executive.

Each person adorning a status has to play a role in some sense of the word or the other,
as if he were dramatising it. In his status and in deciding his relationship with other
members of his party, the position of an individual is the actions expected of him.