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    11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi

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    Gabriel Gery
    The document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the chronology of events in Earth's history. It describes how analyzing clues in rocks from the crust has allowed scientists to infer past events. The principle of uniformitarianism, which states that geological processes have operated continuously throughout Earth's history, is a major assumption in geology. Geologists have divided Earth's history into time units based on the fossil record found in rocks. Absolute and relative dating methods are used to determine the ages of rocks and geological events.

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    11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel Gery
    65 views38 pages
    The document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the chronology of events in Earth's history. It describes how analyzing clues in rocks from the crust has allowed scientists to infer past events. The principle of uniformitarianism, which states that geological processes have operated continuously throughout Earth's history, is a major assumption in geology. Geologists have divided Earth's history into time units based on the fossil record found in rocks. Absolute and relative dating methods are used to determine the ages of rocks and geological events.

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    11-Sejarah-Geologi-Bumi

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    The document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the chronology of events in Earth's history. It describes how analyzing clues in rocks from the crust has allowed scientists to infer past events. The principle of uniformitarianism, which states that geological processes have operated continuously throughout Earth's history, is a major assumption in geology. Geologists have divided Earth's history into time units based on the fossil record found in rocks. Absolute and relative dating methods are used to determine the ages of rocks and geological events.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    65 views38 pages

    11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel Gery
    The document discusses methods that geologists use to determine the chronology of events in Earth's history. It describes how analyzing clues in rocks from the crust has allowed scientists to infer past events. The principle of uniformitarianism, which states that geological processes have operated continuously throughout Earth's history, is a major assumption in geology. Geologists have divided Earth's history into time units based on the fossil record found in rocks. Absolute and relative dating methods are used to determine the ages of rocks and geological events.

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    of 38

    Geologi Fisik

    #11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi

    A. M. Imran
    Laboratorium Sedimentologi
    Dept T. Geologi - Unhas

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    SEJARAH GEOLOGI BUMI

    Aim: How do we determine the


    chronology of earth’s events?

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Earth’s History
    • Planet Earth is approximately
    4.5 X 109 years old
    –Rocks of the crust provide clues
    to Earth’s past
    • By analyzing these clues we can
    infer events from the past
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Uniformitarianism
    • Processes going on today also took place in the past
    – Ex. - Weathering, erosion, deposition, earthquakes, volcanoes
    • The processes layering sedimentary rocks today also occurred in
    the past
    • Principle of Uniformitarianism
    – Major assumption in geology

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Geologic Time
    • Plate motions
    and mountain
    building events
    can be placed
    on the geologic
    time scale
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Geologic Time

    Geologists have
    divided Earth’s
    history into time
    units based on the
    fossil record

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Geologic Time
    A study of the fossil record shows
    – A great variety of plants, animals, and
    simpler life forms have lived on Earth
    in the past
    – That life forms have evolved through
    time
    – Most life forms of the geologic past
    have become extinct

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    There are two types of Geologic Dating

    • Absolute
    –Determines how many years old
    something is
    • Relative
    –Used to determine if one thing is
    younger or older than another

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Tools used to determine
    Absolute Age Relative Age
    • Using radiometric • Law of superposition
    dating • Use of index fossils
    • Correlation of rock
    layers

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Law of Superposition

    • Sediments are laid down


    underwater in horizontal layers
    and form sedimentary rocks

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University 10
    [email protected]
    Law of Superposition
    • In a series of sedimentary rocks the bottom
    layer is the oldest and the top layer is the
    youngest
    – Lower layers must be in place before younger
    rocks can be deposited on top of them
    – Exception: when something occurs to overturn
    layers

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University 11
    [email protected]
    Relative Age of Layers
    • Original Horizontality
    – sediments are
    deposited in parallel,
    horizontal layers.

    • Superposition-
    undisturbed layers will
    have the oldest on the
    bottom and youngest
    on top

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Vocabulary

    • Uniformitarianism • Correlation
    • Relative Time • Unconformity
    • Original Horizontality • Index fossils
    • Superposition
    • Intrusions
    • Extrusions
    • Inclusions

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    How can the older layers end up on top?

    • Faulting
    • Folding
    • Crustal Uplift

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Intrusions
    • Magma forcing its way into cracks and
    solidifying into igneous rock
    • The surrounding rock is older than he
    intrusion.

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    What is the sequence of events?
    1. Formation of sedimentary rock layers
    2. Movement / uplift along the fault
    3. Intrusion of igneous magma into the sedimentary rock
    4. Contact metamorphism where magma meets
    sedimentary rock layers

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Extrusions

    • Magma that surfaces and solidifies


    • The rock layers below the extrusion are
    older than the extrusion.
    • Another layer of deposition can lay more
    sedimentary rock above the extrusions…
    which would then be younger than the
    extrusion

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Order of events:

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Urutkan dari tertua ke termuda

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Sediments and cracks
    • Sediments have been weathered,
    eroded and deposited before they
    became part of a larger rock.

    • The sediments must


    be older than the rock.

    • Cracks, joints and veins


    form after the rock

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Inclusions
    If a sediment falls into lava, it may become included if it
    does not melt. The inclusion is older than the lava.

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Correlation
    • Matching rocks in one
    area with rocks in another
    area helps determine
    history of events on Earth.
    – Comparison of rocks –
    walking the outcrop
    – Matching up layers of rock
    separated over time

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Correlation
    • Index fossils
    – Similar fossils that existed for a brief period of time
    but appear in layers of rock (strata) all over the
    world .

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Matching
    up index
    fossils
    helps
    correlate
    layers of
    rock and
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    age them.
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Correlation

    Volcanic Ash or
    Meteorite Debris
    • A thin layer of fine
    sediment spread
    over the Earth
    that settles and is
    trapped between
    layers of rock
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Volcanic Ash layer

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Layer of Meteorite Debris

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Unconformities

    • something is missing
    • Layers of exposed rock get eroded and
    leave gaps in the geologic record
    • Four steps to unconformity:
    – Uplift
    – Erosion
    – Subsidence (submergence)
    – Deposition

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Four steps to unconformity

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Missing info in the rock layer

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Types of unconformities
    • Angular – tilted or folded layers that
    have been eroded and recovered
    • Parallel – also called disconformities,
    parallel layers separated by an
    erosional surface
    • Nonconformities – sedimentary layers
    deposited on top of eroded igneous
    layers

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Urutkan perkembangan batuan dari tertua ke yang
    termuda

    Do Now:

    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department


    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    time measurements from biggest
    to smallest:

    • Year
    • Second
    • Epoch
    • Era
    • Minute
    • Hour
    • Month
    • Eon
    • Period
    • Century
    • Decade
    • Day
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]
    Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department
    Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
    [email protected]

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