Level III of CFA Program Mock Exam 1 - Solutions (PM)

Level III of CFA Program Mock Exam 1 – Solutions (PM)
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Level III of CFA Program
Mock Exam 1
June 2020
Revision 2
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Questions Topic Minutes

1-6 Ethical and Professional Standards 18
7-12 Ethical and Professional Standards 18
13-18 Global Investment Performance Standards 18
19-24 Behavior Biases & Institutional Investor Portfolio 18
25-30 Equity Investments 18
31-36 Fixed Income Investments 18
37-42 Fixed Income Investments 18
43-50 Alternative Investments 24
51-56 Derivative Investments 18
57-60 Portfolio Performance Evaluation 12
Total 180

Questions 1 through 6 relate to Ethical and Professional Standards.
Kathy Mooney Case Scenario
Kathy Mooney works for Ace Investment Management (AIM) as a portfolio manager and
investment advisor. Mooney is one of the most senior portfolio managers at the firm and
has worked through AIM’s early development phases. After ten years since
establishment, AIM has now managed to earn a sound standing amongst its competitors,
and has attracted a diverse set of private wealth and institutional clients. Due to Mooney’s
seniority and initial assistance in founding the firm, AIM pays her a competitive base
salary along with lucrative fringe benefits. In addition, Mooney receives additional
monetary compensation when she is successful in the sales process and generation of
assets under management for AIM. Hence, during client meetings, Mooney often
mentions the services her firm offers, how they are unique, what new product offerings
AIM has launched and how they might be an attractive inclusion to their portfolios. The
assets generated through such marketing are invested in proprietary offerings such as
affiliate mutual funds and in-house investment vehicles. Mooney does not disclose this
compensation agreement to clients and prospects.
Mooney earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst designation three years
back and now participates in the CFA Examination Grading Program. Prior to
participation in the program, Mooney signed the Grader Agreement where she agreed not
to reveal or discuss examination materials with anyone except CFA Institute staff and
other graders. One month back, Mooney completed the CFA examination grading for
Level III candidates. Recently, during a conversation with some Level III candidates at
AIM who had appeared for the exam, Mooney mentioned the questions she graded and
how students performed on the questions on average.
Due to her participation in the CFA Institute Grading Program, Mooney has made
contacts with a number of professional figures in the investment community. John Reitz,
a portfolio manager and a CFA charterholder, is one such figure that Mooney has
managed to be friends with. Reitz works for an investment firm with branches nation-
wide, and is also a member of the CFA Institute Investment Performance Council (IPC).
The IPC is responsible for the creation and revision of the CFA Institute performance
presentation standards. Since Reitz has advanced knowledge of any changes or revisions
to be made in the standards, he uses this information to assist his firm in keeping up with
the changes to the standards. This ensures that his firm is in complete compliance with
the changes and is following best practice with regards to performance presentation.
Mooney believes that this is essential to provide fair and accurate information to clients
and prospects.
Mooney has been assigned the task of preparing marketing material for Ace Investment
Management to be distributed to prospective clients. In preparing the material, Mooney
plans to include the following information:

1. Ace Investment Management includes five employees that are charter holders.
Two employees are expected to complete the Level 2 examination by early 2010.
2. Ace Investment Management also recruits portfolio managers from around the
globe to bring diversity to their employee base. Two of them are John Doe and
Kelly Dustin, both of whom have CFA-equivalent program degrees.
3. AIM encourages its employees to enroll in the CFA Program to obtain the highest
set of credentials in the global investment management industry.”
After work, Mooney decided to visit her friends, Randy Singer and Tony Deale. Singer is
a successful portfolio manager and a CFA charter holder. However, after twenty years of
working in the investment industry, Singer finally decided to retire. Since he is no longer
working for any firm, nor is engaged in the investment industry, he does not file a
Professional Conduct Statement with the CFA Institute. When his friends ask him for his
contact number, Singer hands out a plain business card with his new contact details where
he uses ‘CFA’ after his name.
Deale is a young portfolio manager who recently joined an investment management firm
as a financial analyst. Deale has earned both his CFA designation and a PhD in finance
and investment. Deale completed the PhD after earning the CFA charter. When designing
his business card, Deale cited the CFA designation after listing her PhD.
Mooney has just been hired as a consultant by Jenna Levine, a chemical engineer with a
fifteen years experience with Oxy-Chemicals (OXC), a leading firm in the chemicals
industry. After her tenure at OXC, Levine joined an investment firm as a research analyst
covering the chemicals industry. During her time at the firm, Levine invested her own
portfolio in a number of firms in the chemicals industry and made significant money
based on her research. However, most of her portfolio still constitutes her ownership in
OXC, which she earned through an ESOP at the firm. Just recently, Levine was hired by
Hydro-Chemicals (HYC) to devise a strategy that would increase the firm’s operating
efficiency. As part of the strategy, Levine instructed HYC to share resources and profits
with OXC. Her detailed analysis indicated that working with OXC would reduce costs, -
eliminate excessive wastage and increase profits. The board of HYC is, however,
skeptical of the plan’s appropriateness, given Levine’s personal portfolio composition.
1. With respect to her compensation agreement, is Mooney most likely following

best practice as dictated by the Code of ethics and the Standards of Professional
Conduct?
A. No.
B. Yes, because sales efforts attempting to attract new investment
management clients need not disclose this fact.
C. Yes, because the Standards do not prohibit Mooney from generating new
business for her employer since it is obvious to clients and prospects that
she is referring to the services of AIM.

Correct Answer: A
Reference:
CFA Level III, Volume 1, Study Session 1, Reading 2.
Mooney does not follow best practice. In this case, the assets will be managed in
‘proprietary product offerings’ of the manager’s company and Mooney will
receive additional compensation for selling firm products. Although some
sophisticated investors may realize that it would be financially beneficial to
Mooney and her firm if the investor buys the product offerings of the firm, best
practice dictates that Mooney should disclose to clients that she is compensated
for referring clients to firm products. Such disclosure will meet the purpose of
Standard 6 (C) ‘Referral Fees’.
2. With respect to her discussion with Level III candidates, has Mooney most likely
violated Standard 7 (A) ‘Conduct as Members and Candidates in the CFA
Program’ of the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct?
A. Yes.
B. No, because she discussed the questions with students who had already
appeared for the exam.
C. No, because she not only discussed the questions with CFA candidates
who had already appeared for the exam and knew the questions, she
disclosed the information well after the exam was over.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
Mooney has violated the Standard by breaking the Grader Agreement and
disclosing information related to specific questions on the examination, which
compromised the integrity of the examination process.
3. Is Reitz most likely in violation with the CFA Institute Standards of Professional
Conduct?
A. Yes.
B. No, because he is assisting his firm in following best practice with respect
to CFA Institute performance presentation standards.
C. No, because he is using his volunteer position to benefit the investment
community in general.
Correct Answer: A

Reference:
Reitz is in violation of Standard 7(A) ‘Conduct as Members and Candidates in the

CFA Program’. This is because Reitz is using confidential information gained by
virtue of her volunteer position at CFA Institute to benefit himself and his firm.
By doing this, Reitz compromises the reputation and integrity of CFA Institute.
4. With respect to the marketing material that Mooney designed, which of the above
points is most likely in violation of the CFA Institute Standards of Professional
Conduct?
A. Points 2 and 3 only.

B. Points 1 and 2 only.
C. Points 1, 2 and 3.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Point 1 is in violation since one cannot cite an expected completion date of any
level of the CFA Program. Point 2 is in violation because one cannot alter the
designation to create new words or phrases. Point 3 is not in violation, since
members and candidates are not prevented from highlighting the thoroughness
and rigor of the CFA Program, or its commitment to ethical and professional
conduct.
5. Are Singer and Deale most likely in violation of the CFA Institute Standards of
Professional Conduct?
A. Only Deale is in violation.

B. Only Singer is in violation.
C. Both Singer and Dealer are in violation.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Singer is in violation of Standard 7 (B) ‘Reference to CFA Institute, the CFA

Designation, and the CFA Program’. By failing to file his Professional Conduct
Statement, Singer’s membership is suspended and he gives up the right to use the
CFA designation. Even though he is retired, he needs to obtain a ‘retired’ status
from the CFA Institute (for which he has to pay reduced dues) before he can
regain the right to use the CFA designation.

Deale is not in violation. Deale is free to cite the CFA designation either before or
after listing his PhD.
6. To avoid the conflict of interest arising due to her personal portfolio composition,
Levine should least likely:
A. sell her investments in chemical-related stocks.

B. invest in mutual funds specializing in the chemicals industry.
C. establish a blind trust with an investment policy specifying that her
account hold a certain percentage of firms in the chemicals industry.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
By selling her investments and investing in a mutual fund, Levine can avoid
conflicts of interest arising due to her personal portfolio. By investing in a mutual
fund, she would share in a portfolio that would be much more diversified (thereby
removing materiality) and would also not be a party in any investment decision-
making. However, establishing a blind trust is not exactly appropriate as an
avoidance measure. In this case, although Levine would not know the exact nature
of future transactions in her portfolio, she could reasonably anticipate their
general direction because of the account policies and guidelines. In any event, she
could still be perceived as having a conflict, which would require that she disclose
it to her clients.

Questions 7 through 12 relate to Ethical and Professional Standards.
Capital Market Advisors (CMA)Case Scenario
Capital Market Advisors (CMA) is an asset management firm established in Houston,

Texas. The firm has been providing investment management services for more than ten
years now, and has managed to earn a reputable standing in the investment community.
Portfolio managers at the firm are not only considered to be technically proficient, they
are also known to follow the highest standards of ethical and professional conduct. For
these reasons, CMA also provides investment firms wanting to adopt adequate
compliance procedures regarding professional conduct, with consultants and qualified
compliance officers. Eric Green, a portfolio manager at CMA, was hired as a consultant
by Dominick Tavella, the CEO of Growth Equity Management (GEM). During a
conversation with Green, Tavella mentioned that their firm had recently adopted and
implemented the Asset Manager Code of Professional Conduct. To confirm the accurate
implementation of the Code, Green gathered the following information:
1. Many portfolio managers at GEM maintain multiple business relationships with

their clients, and such relationships are adequately disclosed.
2. Instead of establishing an independent compliance department, GEM has
designated one of its employees as a compliance officer, who has complete
authority with regards to the implementation of the Code.
3. GEM creates a restricted list of securities. Employees need to seek approval prior
to trading in these securities. However, employees at GEM are not required to
provide their compliance officer with copies of trade confirmations each quarter.
In addition to the above information, Green also reviewed the firm’s methods of
determining end-of-period valuations and returns for portfolio assets. Green evaluated the
valuation procedures for their private wealth funds managed as separate accounts, as well
for the pooled institutional funds. He found out that GEM hires competent and qualified
managers for the management of their private wealth funds, who perform thorough
analysis and due diligence before making recommendations. In addition, the managers
use widely accepted valuation methods to appraise portfolio holdings and apply them on
a consistent basis. GEM’s pooled accounts are supervised by a board of directors
consisting of the firm’s most senior and experienced portfolio managers. The board is
responsible for approving the asset valuation policies and procedures and reviewing
valuations.
As a part of his comprehensive analysis of the firm, Green held a meeting with Tavella to
discuss the firm’s disclosure policies. One of the disclosures related to costs made to
existing clients stated:
“A base fee equal to 2% of assets under management is charged annually. In addition,

investors will also have to pay an incentive fee of 25% on all profits, realized and
unrealized, above the threshold return. The threshold return will be determined at the start

of the client relationship, in the investment policy statement. In addition, the incentive fee
will be recouped by investors if subsequent to the payment, the portfolio incurs losses.”
In addition, GEM also disclosed to each client the actual fees and other costs charged to
them, but did not disclose the itemizations of such charges.
As their discussion continued, Green found out that as part of their risk management
process, GEM hires an independent third-party to verify portfolio information provided to
clients. The confirmation of portfolio information is done for their pooled vehicles, and
takes the form of an audit performed by the third party verifier. Since such an audit is
carried out to help portfolio managers at GEM identify potential problems, and not for
their clients, GEM does not disclose to its clients the results of the audit. However, it does
regularly inform them about the dates of the review process, and how such a process
helps the managers at the firm identify problems as early as possible. GEM believes this
will enhance their credibility.
Tavella then made the following comments:
Statement 1: “GEM ensures that no client bears a financial loss by the misallocation of
transactions by any GEM’s employee. To ensure this, GEM credits short-
term interest to all accounts for which shares were incorrectly allocated,
and removes short-term interest from those accounts that should have
received shares and in which shares are put on a back-dated basis.”
Statement 2: “Before allocating trades, GEM determines clients’ investment objectives.

Those with similar investment objectives receive similar allocations when
new purchases are made, no matter what the size of the portfolio.”
7. Are the procedures at Growth Equity Management in accordance with the Asset
Manager Code of Professional Conduct?
A. Yes.
B. Only procedure 1 is in accordance with the Code.
C. None of the procedures are in accordance with the Code.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:

The procedures are in accordance with the Code. The Code does not preclude
managers from maintaining multiple business relationships with a client as long as
the conflicts of interest are disclosed. Also, Managers are required to develop
policies and processes designed to ensure that client transactions take precedence
over employee or firm transactions. This can be done through several methods,
one of which is the creation of a restricted list. Managers could require employees
to provide compliance officers with trade confirmations each quarter (but it is not
a must). In addition, Managers may designate an existing employee to serve as the
compliance officer with complete authority. Not all firms need entire compliance
departments (it depends on the size of the firm, the complexity of products etc.).
8. With respect to the asset valuation procedures, is Growth Equity Management in

accordance with the Asset Manager Code of Professional Conduct?
A. No.
B. Only with respect to the private wealth accounts.
C. Only with respect to the pooled accounts.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
GEM is not in accordance with the Code with respect to asset valuation
procedures. In case of private wealth funds, the portfolio managers are themselves
responsible for determining end-of-period valuations and returns for portfolio
assets. This gives rise to a conflict of interest since most managers are paid an
additional fee calculated as a percent of the annual returns earned on the assets.
An independent third party should perform such valuations.
In case of the pooled accounts, the board of directors is not independent; they are
portfolio managers at the firm. Hence, the function of the board should be
undertaken by an independent third party. If the board were composed of
independent members, then they could take on such a responsibility.
9. Is GEM’s disclosure related to costs most likely in accordance with the Asset
Manager Code of Professional Conduct?
A. Yes.
B. No, because it does not disclose the itemizations of fees and costs.
C. No, because it did not disclose the average or expected expenses or
fees clients are likely to incur.
Correct Answer: A

Reference:
GEM’s disclosure is in accordance with the Code. Managers must disclose to

existing clients the actual fees and other costs charged to them, and use plain
language in explaining the methods of determining the fixed and contingent fees
and explain the transactions that will trigger the imposition of these expenses. The
itemizations of such charges are only to be provided if and when requested by
clients. Also, the average or expected expenses or fees must be disclosed to
prospective clients, not existing ones.
10. Is GEM’s policy regarding the audit of their pooled accounts most likely in
accordance with the Asset Manager Code of Professional Conduct?
A. Yes.
B. No, because GEM will need to seek approval of the particular clients
whose funds are submitted for the audit, prior to the start of such a
process.
C. No, because GEM’s disclosure policy regarding the audit is
inadequate.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
If a Manager submits its funds or accounts for an annual review or audit, it must
disclose the results to clients. Such disclosure enables clients to hold Managers
accountable and alerts them to any potential problems.
11. Which of Tavella’s statements is most likely in accordance with CFA Institute
Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct?
A. Statement 1 only.
B. Statement 2 only.
C. Neither Statement 1 nor statement 2.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
CFA Level III, Volume 1, Study Sessions 1 and 2, Readings 2 and 4.
Statement 1 is not in accordance, since clients in no instance should suffer a loss

because of an allocation error by the manager. Therefore, even though shares are
put in an account on a back-dated basis, short-term interest should not be removed
from the portfolio.

Statement 2 is not in accordance, since even if clients have identical investment

objectives, the accounts may have different cash reserves, dissimilar inclinations
toward leverage, and distinct minimum transaction size. All these factors must be
taken into account (and other constraints too) in the decision-making process.
12. Which of the following is most likely a requirement to be in compliance with

Standard I(A) ‘Knowledge of Law’ of the CFA Institute Standards of Professional
Conduct?
A. A member of candidate should have knowledge of and be aware of all

the facts giving rise to violations of applicable laws, rules or the Code
and Standards.
B. A member or candidate has to leave his or her employer if all
intermediate steps of reporting and disassociating from an unethical
activity fail to work.
C. When dissociating from a violation, a member of candidate should
document the violation and urge his or her firm to bring a stop to the
activity.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Level III, Volume 1, Study Session 1, Reading 2.
In extreme cases, disassociation may require a member of candidate to leave his

or her employer. However, the Standard recognizes that members and candidates
may not recognize violations if they are not aware of all the facts giving rise to the
violations. The Standard applies when members and candidates know or should
know that their conduct may contribute to a violation of applicable laws, rules or
the Code and Standards. Also, option C is a recommended procedure, not a
requirement.

Questions 13 through 18 relate to Global Investment Performance Standards.
Patrick Campbell Case Scenario
Patrick Campbell has just been hired as a consultant by Walter Investment Firm (WIF),
an asset management firm in operation for seven years. In order to gain a competitive
advantage in its industry, in March 2010, the firm came into compliance with the Global
Investment Performance Standards (GIPS). WIF believes that being GIPS compliant will
increase their clients’ confidence in their investment performance results and will provide
them with an increased ability to compete in foreign markets. The CEO at WIF,
Christopher Carter, hired Campbell to analyze their investment reporting and calculation
methodologies, and to identify any errors that would prevent their compliance with the
GIPS. As part of his evaluation process, Campbell talked to Carter to gather some
information. Carter shared the following information:
• WIF values portfolios on the date of all large external cash flows, and uses an
internally determined criterion to define ‘large’. Although this criterion requires
judgment and hence, is not documented, it is applied consistently from one period to
the next. WIF values composites every year using calendar year-end valuation dates.
The composite returns are calculated by asset-weighting the individual portfolio
returns.
• The Growth Equity Composite includes two portfolios that have an objective of
earning a 2% excess return relative to a growth equity index fund including domestic
U.S. stocks. Both portfolios are managed using a semi-active management approach.
Exhibits 1 and 2 display information about the two portfolios.
Exhibit 1
Portfolio A
Market Value After
Date Market Value ($) Cash Flow ($)
Cash Flow ($)
05/31/09 495,000
06/13/09 550,000 135,000
06/22/09 715,000
06/30/09 867,000

Exhibit 2
Portfolio B
Market Value After
Date Market Value ($) Cash Flow ($)
Cash Flow ($)
05/31/09 730,400
06/13/09 789,304
06/22/09 883,000 $65,000
06/30/09 1,450,394
• The firm’s Market Oriented Composite invests in stocks that have P/BV and P/E
ratios equal to those of an average stock in the market. The composite includes a
number of portfolios, including both fee-paying and non-fee paying discretionary
portfolios. Some of the portfolios included in the composite are also part of other
composites offered by the firm. WIF makes no disclosure related to the non-fee
paying portfolios but they are subject to the same rules as fee-paying portfolios.
• WIF also offers real estate and private equity investment vehicles to its clients. WIF
has invested a pension fund in direct real estate, and values this investment at market
value at least quarterly. In addition, when a presentation about the investment’s
returns is made to the board of the pension fund, WIF discloses the income and
capital appreciation component returns in addition to the total return, for the portfolio
investment, but not for the benchmark.
• WIF’s maintains a real estate closed-end fund composite which commenced on 30

December 2009 with its first legally binding and closed capital call of $2,500,000. An
additional capital call was made on June 30, 2010 (Quarter 2) followed by two cash
distributions to the composite’s investors. The investors will receive ownership of the
portfolio’s assets at the end of the two years (31 December 2011). Exhibit 3 displays
some transactions that took place in the portfolio during the two years.
Exhibit 3
WIF’s Closed-End Fund Composite Transactions
Quarter
Additional investment 2 -$1,000,000
Cash distribution 4 $650,000
Cash distribution 7 $490,000
Ending value 8 $4,200,000
In the real estate composite’s prospectus WIF has presented the composite’s since
inception internal rate of return (SI-IRR) calculated in accordance with the GIPS
provisions. The SI-IRR of the composite’s benchmark is quoted to investors on request.
The vintage year of the fund has been identified as 2009 in the fund’s prospectus.

13. Are Walter Investment Firm’s calculation methodologies most likely in

accordance with the Global Investment Performance Standards?
A. Only with respect to composites.

B. Both with respect to portfolios and composites.
C. Neither with respect to portfolios nor with respect to composites.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
WIF’s calculation methodologies are not in accordance with the GIPS. For
periods beginning January 1, 2010, firms must value portfolios on the date of all
large external cash flows. External cash flows must be treated in a consistent
manner within the firm’s documented composite specific policy. Whatever limits
are established by WIF to explain ‘large’, it should be documented. For periods
beginning January 1, 2010, firms must value composites at least monthly, with
composite returns calculated by asset weighting the individual portfolio returns.
14. The Growth Equity Composite return for the month of June based on the
beginning assets plus weighted cash flows method using the modified Dietz
method is closest to:
A. 45.39%.
B. 67.61%.
C. 53.20%.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Weight for portfolio A’s cash flow: 30-13/30 = 0.5667
Weight for portfolio B’s cash flow: 30-22/30 = 0.26667
Composite return using the beginning assets plus weighted cash flows method:
(867,000+1,450,394) - (495,000+730,400) – (135,000+65,000)/495,000+730,400

+(135,000×0.5667)+(65,000×0.2667) = 67.61%

15. With respect to the Market Oriented Composite, is WIF most likely in accordance
with GIPS?
A. Yes.
B. No, because GIPS do not permit firms to include a portfolio in more than
one composite.
C. No, because the treatment of non-fee paying portfolios is not GIPS
compliant.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
Firms are permitted to include a portfolio in more than one composite, provided it
satisfies the definition of each composite. However, if WIF includes non-fee
paying portfolios in the composite, the portfolios should be subject to the same
rules as fee-paying portfolios. WIF is also required to disclose the exact
percentage of composite assets represented by the non-fee paying portfolios.
16. Is the treatment of the pension fund’s investment in direct real estate most likely
GIPS compliant?
A. Yes.
B. No, because real estate investments must be valued at market value at least
once every month.
C. No, because the income and capital appreciation components must also be
disclosed for the benchmark.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
The treatment is GIPS compliant. For periods beginning January 1, 2008, real
estate investments must be valued at least quarterly. Also, GIPS only recommends
the disclosure of income, capital and total returns for the benchmark.
17. Using Exhibit 3, the SI-IRR for the WIF real estate composite over the
measurement period, which is in accordance with the GIPS standards, is closest
to:
A. 6.4%.
B. 13.4%.
C. 28.1%.

Correct Answer: C
Reference:
The SI-IRR is calculated using the IRR function keys (see below):
CF0 = - $2,500,000
C01 = 0
C02 = - $1,000,000
C03 = 0
C04 = $650,000
C05 = 0
C06 = 0
C07 = $490,000
C08 = 4,200,000
CPT IRR = 6.3915%
6.1395% is the quarterly IRR. The GIPS real estate provisions require us to
annualize the SI-IRR. The annualized SI-IRR is 28.12%.
18. Is WIF in compliance with the GIPS standards with respect to the details included
in the fund’s prospectus?
A. Yes.
B. Only with respect to the vintage year.
C. Only with respect to presenting the composite’s SI-IRR.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
WIF is in compliance with the GIPS standards with respect to the vintage year of
the composite. The GIPS provisions require firms to disclose the vintage year of
closed end fund composite and how the vintage year is defined. The GIPS
glossary defines two methods for determining the vintage year: 1) The year of the
fund’s first capital call from its investors and 2) the year when the first committed
capital from outside investors is closed and legally binding. Given that December
30, 2009 is the first date on which capital is first called from investors and the
committed capital is closed and legally binding, the vintage year is defined as
2009.
WIGF has violated the GIPS standards by not presenting the SI-IRR of the
composite’s benchmark.

Questions 19 through 24 relate to Behavioral Biases of Individuals and Managing

Institutional Investor Portfolios.
High-Rise Investment Management (HRIM) Case Scenario
Bill Coss is head of the trading division at High-Rise Investment Management (HRIM), a
reputable Canadian asset management firm. Bill supervises more than twenty financial
experts at his department. During his recent manager performance evaluation, Bill
observes the following behavior of one of his managers named Philips Lomas.
“Philips examines historical charts of companies’ share prices to identify trends. Though
he observes data from a larger time-series but often wrongly extrapolate recent
performance of the stocks”.
Bill’s half-sister Christine Mills works in a commercial bank and is invited by High-Rise
Investment Management to deliver a lecture on ‘Portfolio Management Process from the
perspective of Banks”.
She defines bank as a financial intermediary that take deposits and make loans. Her
presentation comprises of three parts.
Part 1: Investment Strategy and Risk Measures
The investment strategy of financial institutions should be made focusing on volatility

and convexity of assets and liabilities, degree of leverage, amount of common equity
capital, etc.
As banks are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates, therefore banks tend to reduce
asset-liability mismatches. She explains in detail the relation among asset-liability
mismatch, size of the bank and interest rate shock.
A junior analyst asks the following question, “If a bank’s liabilities duration is greater
than the bank’s asset duration, how positive interest rate shock affect the market value of
bank’s net worth?”
Part 2 Liquidity Requirements

Banks generally have lower liquidity needs due to their:
a) goal to exist in perpetuity

b) long-term nature of liabilities
c) predictable nature of cash outflows

Part 3: Tax Concerns and Legal & Regulatory Factors

• Tax Concerns:
Banks evaluate performance of taxable and tax-exempt investments on an after-
tax basis to maximize their after-tax returns.
• Legal & Regulatory Factors:

Banks are subject to fewer regulations; however, it is prudent to consider state
or federal regulation that might influence the investment portfolio of a bank.
At the end of the session Daniel, a portfolio manager at HRIM inquired about the primary
return objective of a bank’s securities portfolio.
19. Philips’s portfolio would most likely indicate which behavioral bias?
A. Framing bias
B. Availability bias
C. Representativeness
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
C is correct. Philips is subject to representativeness where people tend to make

decisions based on small set of samples, which is not representative of big
population. People look for similar patterns and stereotype the recent past
investment performance.
A is incorrect. In framing bias, people evaluate the information to make decision

based on how the information is framed (frame of reference of the information).
B is incorrect. In availability bias, people estimate the probability of outcome

based on how easily they recall the outcome.
20. Consequences of Philips’ behavioral bias may include:
A. Slow to react new information.

B. Avoid dealing with complex information.
C. Overweighting stocks of well-known companies.
Correct Answer: B
B is correct. People who suffer from representativeness bias (by looking for
similar patterns in new information or extrapolating the recent trends) often find it
difficult to deal with complex information.

Reference:
21. With respect to Part 1 ‘Investment Strategy and Risk Measures’, the most suitable
response of the junior analyst’s question is that as a result of positive interest
shock, the bank’s net worth will:
A. increase
B. decrease
C. remain unchanged.
Correct Answer: A
If a bank’s duration of liabilities is higher than the duration of assets, positive

interest rate shock i.e. unexpected increase in rates will result in an increase in
the bank’s net worth.
Reference:
22. With respect to Part 2 ‘Liquidity Requirements’, Christine is most likely:
A. correct.
B. incorrect.
C. incorrect about c only.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Christine incorrectly stated liquidity requirements of banks. Banks have

substantial liquidity requirements regarding meeting net deposit withdrawals.
23. With regards to Part 3 ‘Tax Concerns and Legal & Regulatory Factors, Christine
is most likely:
A. correct.
B. incorrect about ‘Tax concerns’ only.
C. incorrect about ‘Legal and regulatory factors only.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:

C is correct. Banks are heavily regulated and are required to comply with all the
state and federal banking regulations.
Banks’ securities portfolios are fully taxable therefore they evaluate performance
of taxable and tax-exempt investments on an after-tax basis to maximize their
after-tax returns.
24. Which of the following is least likely the return objective of a bank’s securities
portfolio?
A. To maintain substantial liquidity.

B. To earn positive interest rate spread.
C. To preserve the real value of its investment portfolio.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
The return objective of a bank can be divided into one of three categories:
• To earn or maintain positive interest rate spread
• To maintain substantial liquidity
• To maximize return earned on excess cash or residual holdings

Questions 25 through 30 relate to Equity Investments.
Smithson Asset Management (SAM) Case Scenario
Smithson Asset Management (SAM) is an institutional portfolio management firm based

in the U.S. SAM has traditionally been biased towards fixed income securities in its
fund’s holdings. Senior asset manager, Raul Gonzales, is seeking to change this by
revising the allocation to include equity securities. He instructs Charles Solanki, manager
of Angular Fund’s investment portfolio, to follow through with the revised allocation.
Angular Fund (AF)

The AF is a defined benefit pension fund characterized by a below average risk tolerance
due to a funding deficit, a low active to retired employees ratio, and deteriorating
financial circumstances of the plan sponsor, Angular Limited.
Gonzales has instructed Solanki to allocate equities to clients’ portfolios. Based on AF’s
risk tolerance, Solanki adopts a passive exposure to equity market and benchmarks the
equity allocation to S&P 500 equity index.
Gonzales then asks Solanki about the various approaches to create index tracking equity
portfolio. Solanki describes the following two approaches.
Approach 1:
One approach is full replication and I would like to share with you two important facts
about this approach.
Fact 1: Full replication is easy to comprehend; however, index must have constituents
that are readily available for trading.
Fact 2: To construct a portfolio using this approach, we need data such as the constituent
stocks, their relevant identifiers, shares outstanding and price.
Approach 2:
Another way to track an index using only a subset of stocks is to divide the index along
multiple dimensions, creating groups. Each stock is then placed into the group that best
describes it. Finally, a manager can select a number of stocks from each group, ensuring
that the selected stocks have a market capitalization equal to the total market
capitalization of all the stocks in that group.
Gonzales then adds that I’m not in favor of full replication or blended approach so let’s
select between sampling or optimization. Can you differentiate optimization approach
from stratified sampling?
Solanki replies:

“If lowering the amount of portfolio’s tracking error is the prime objective, then
optimization is preferable over stratified sampling. However, if we construct a portfolio
using optimization approach, it is likely that our portfolio includes securities from
different sectors whose returns are strongly correlated.”
Gonzales discusses with Solanki the sources of income as well as the various costs
associated with equity portfolios. Gonzales is particularly interested about enhancing
portfolio return through stock lending.
With regards to the advantages of Security lending, Solanki told Gonzales the following:
Advantage 1: Stock loans are collateralized with either cash or other high-quality
securities therefore stock lending transaction provide complete financial
protection to the lenders.
Advantage 2: Security lending program is hassle free as there is no administrative cost

involved.
Advantage 3: Although dividends on loaned stocks are received by stock borrower,

however, the stock borrower compensates the lender for the full dividend
payment.
25. Which of the following reasons explain why Gonzales has been motivated to
consider equities in the firm’s asset allocation? For:
A. meeting social responsibility investing (SRI) concerns.

B. reducing the impact of inflation on corporate taxation.
C. preserving the purchasing power of the fund during periods of inflation.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
C is correct. Equities are sought by investors for their inflation hedging

capabilities; the returns on equities are sufficient to preserve the purchasing power
during periods of inflation. Evidence from many markets indicates that using long
measurement periods, equities on average do have value as an inflation hedge.
B is incorrect. Corporate income taxes and capital gains taxes are typically not
inflation indexed, so inflation can cut into after-tax real returns unless share prices
fully reflect the interaction of inflation and taxation.
A is incorrect. Socially responsible investing concerns involve integrating ethical

values and societal concerns with investment decisions. Gonzales’ is least likely

to recommend an increased allocation to a collective asset class due to these

concerns.
26. With regards to Approach 1, Solanki is most likely:
A. correct.
B. incorrect about fact 1.
C. incorrect about fact 2.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
A is correct. Solanki is correct with respect to both facts.
One advantage of using full replication approach is that it is easy to comprehend.

However, full replication approach requires that index constituents are available
for trading.
To construct a portfolio using full replication approach, managers require data

such as constituent securities, their relevant identifiers, shares outstanding and
price. Additional data such as constituents’ dividends and total return facilitate
management of the portfolio.
27. With regards to portfolio construction, Solanki’s Approach 2 is most likely:
A. optimization.
B. blended approach.
C. stratified sampling.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
C is correct. Approach 2 is about stratified sampling.
28. Is Solanki correct with respect to the process of approach 2:
A. Yes.
B. No, he is incorrect about dividing the stocks along multiple dimensions.
C. No, he is incorrect about the fact that the selected stocks’ market
capitalization is equal to the total market capitalization of all the stocks in
that group.

Correct Answer: C
Reference:
He is incorrect about the fact that the selected stocks’ market capitalization is
equal to the total market capitalization of all the stocks in that group.
Under stratified sampling approach, a manager would build a portfolio by

selecting a sample of stocks from each group and ensuring that the sum of the
weights of the stocks purchased from each group corresponds to the ‘group’s
weight’ in the index. Since stratified sampling is applied when managers may
have less funds to invest, and so can replicate by making sure the weights in the
portfolio and the index are the same, instead of matching the total market caps.
Passive equity managers applying stratified sampling approach tend to weight

portfolio holdings proportionally to each stratum’s weight in the index.
29. With regards to Gonzales question about the difference between optimization and
stratified sampling, Solanki’s reply is most likely:
A. correct.
B. incorrect because optimization approach takes into account covariances
among portfolio constituents.
C. incorrect because stratified sampling is preferable over optimization, if
lowering the amount of portfolio’s tracking error is the prime objective.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
B is correct. Optimization approach involves a lower amount of tracking error

compared to stratified sampling approach. Another advantage of using
optimization approach is that the optimization takes into account covariances of
portfolio constituents whereas stratified sampling does not take into account the
covariances among the portfolio stocks of different industry sectors.
30. With regards to the advantages of security lending, Solanki is most likely correct
about advantage:
A. 3 only.
B. 1 and 2 only.
C. 1 and 3 only.
Correct Answer: A

Reference:
Solanki is correct with respect to Advantage 3 only. Dividends on loaned stocks

are received by stock borrower, however, the stock borrower make sure that the
lender is compensated for the full dividend payment.
Stock loans are collateralized with either cash or other high-quality securities to
provide some financial protection to the lenders. However, as with any other
investment, collateral would be subject to market risk, liquidity risk, operational
risk, liquidity risk.
There is administrative cost involved in the security lending program that can
reduce the collateral income generated.

Questions 31 through 36 relate to Fixed-Income.
Jimmy Pickens Case Scenario
Jimmy Pickens works at SkyLine Capital Specialists (SLCS), an investment firm in the
U.S. established by a group of experienced financial analysts and investment
professionals. Pickens is a senior portfolio manager at the firm who heads a team of more
than ten fixed income analysts. During his lunch break, Pickens was called by David
Pressman, a fixed income manager at SLCS. Pressman wanted help in analyzing the
immunization of a single liability that was due in fifteen years. He had short-listed three
bond portfolios composed of coupon-bearing government bonds for this purpose, with the
objective of minimizing structural risk over the investment horizon. Exhibit 1 displays the
risk and return characteristics of the three portfolios.
Exhibit 1: Immunization Portfolios Risk and Return (based on aggregation of bond cash
flows)
Cash flow yield Annualized Annualized

stated on a semi- convexity Macaulay duration
annual bond basis
Portfolio A 9.11 145.06 15.01

Portfolio B 8.97 122.10 15.02
Portfolio C 8.99 133.90 14.9
*All portfolios have the same market value
After Pickens assisted Pressman with his calculations, he talked about how single and
multiple liabilities could be immunized to lock in a guaranteed rate of return over a
particular time horizon. When talking about multiple liability immunization, Pickens
made the following comment:
Statement 1: “To assure multiple liability immunization in the case of parallel rate
shifts, managers selecting securities to be included in the portfolio must
not only keep track of the matching of money duration between assets and
liabilities but also maintain a specified distribution for assets in the
portfolio.”
Pickens then talked about the various methods of immunizing multiple liabilities. He
made the following comment:

Statement 2: “Perfect cash flow matching is less risky than horizon matching which in
turn is less risky than multiple liability immunization. However, cash flow
matching is the most costly to implement, whereas multiple liability
immunization is the least.”
In addition to the liability due in fifteen years, Pressman was also held in charge of
devising an effective strategy that would pay off the debt liabilities of Stone-Wash
Corporation (SWC), one of SLCS’s institutional clients. The market value of the portfolio
of multiple liabilities equaled 23.56 billion with a modified duration of 7.54, convexity of
69.13 and BPV of $12.36 million respectively. During a meeting with SWC’s board of
directors, Pressman suggested three different portfolios to pay off the debt. The portfolios
consisted of investment grade corporate bonds with maturities ranging from 5 to 12
years. The market value of all three portfolios was deemed sufficient to cover the
liabilities. Exhibit 2 displays key characteristics of the three portfolios.
Exhibit 2: Duration Matching Strategy
Portfolio A Portfolio B Portfolio C

Modified Duration 7.55 7.56 7.54
Convexity 65.10 74.20 69.14
BPV (in US 12.40 12.43 15.77
$millions)
Pickens is currently managing a $75.18 million government bond portfolio to immunize

corporate debt liabilities that have a market value of $76.45 million. The durations of the
asset and liability portfolios equal 11.30 and 11.37, and their BPVs’ equal $55,320 and
$59,890 respectively. To close the duration gap, Pickens has decided to use a futures
contract with a BPV per 100,000 of notional principal of 10.04837 and a conversion
factor of 0.7699.
Pickens is also managing a fixed income portfolio for Ryan Wicker, a chemical engineer
working for Triple-E Chemicals (TEC) in USA. The portfolio is worth $3 million, and
Wicker has instructed Pickens to use a long-term bond index as a benchmark for his
portfolio. The index includes long-term corporate bonds, long-term government bonds,
and long-term callable issues. To match the portfolio’s risk factors with those of the
benchmark, Pickens is using a multifactor model technique to identify the set of factors
that drive the index’s returns. Two of the risk factors that Pickens has identified are the
spread duration and the sector duration. To ensure that the indexed portfolio closely
tracks the benchmark with regards to these risk factors, Pickens matched the percentage
weight in the various sectors and qualities of the benchmark index. Also, since Pickens
knows that duration only captures the effect of small interest rate changes, he not only
matched the duration, but also the convexity of the index, especially to replicate the
index’s exposure to call risk.

Pressman is keen to understand the application of contingent immunization as an

alternative to the more traditional duration matching approaches to managing a set of
liabilities. He understands that duration matching is actually just hedging interest rate risk
over the desired investment horizon. However, he is somewhat perplexed about the
course of action a manager should take if interest rates are expected to fall and he/she is
hedging using interest rate futures.
31. Which of the following portfolios should Pickens most likely recommend to
Pressman for immunizing the liability due in 15 years?
A. Portfolio A.
B. Portfolio B.
C. Portfolio C.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Although the cash flow yield is higher for Portfolio A relative to Portfolio B, and
the duration is closer to the horizon for the liability, Portfolio A would still not be
the best option. This is because, first, the difference between the yields (and
duration) is very minimal. Second, since the objective is to minimize structural
risk, the most appropriate portfolio would be the one with the lowest convexity
(even though higher convexity is a desirable property). This would ensure that the
dispersion of cash flows is minimized. Hence, Portfolio B would be the most
appropriate choice (Portfolio C has the highest convexity and would be least
appropriate).
32. Pickens is most accurate with respect to:
A. Statement 1 only.
B. Statement 2 only.
C. both statements 1 and 2.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:

Statement 1 is correct. To assure multiple liability immunization in the case of

parallel shifts, the necessary conditions include:
• The money duration of the portfolio must equal the money duration of the
liabilities.
• The distribution of durations of individual portfolio assets must have a wider
range than the distribution of the liabilities.
Statement 2 is correct. Cash flow matching (if perfectly matched) will have no
reinvestment risk and hence, will be the least risky strategy. Horizonmatching
involves cash flow matching in the first few years so it is less risky than multiple
liability immunization. However, cash flow matching is the costliest to implement
and multiple liability immunization is the least, with horizon matching in
between.
33. The most appropriate portfolio to carry out an effective duration matching strategy
for paying off SWC’s liabilities would be:
A. Portfolio A.
B. Portfolio B.
C. Portfolio C.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Portfolio C’s BPV is considerably higher than the desired BPV. Given that its
modified duration is also higher, it does not seem like a good option. Even though
Portfolio A’s duration and BPV are very close to those of the liabilities, a key
condition for immunization of multiple liabilities is that the convexity of the
assets needs to be greater than the liabilities. Portfolio A does not meet that
criterion. Hence, Portfolio B is the best choice.
34. With regards to his attempts to match the risk factors of Ryan Wicker’s bond
portfolio to those of the benchmark, Pickens is most accurate with respect to the
matching of the:
A. spread duration and sector duration only.

B. sector duration and call risk only.
C. neither the spread duration and sector duration, nor the call risk.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:

In order to match the spread duration of the benchmark index, Pickens should
match the amount of the index duration that comes from the various quality
categories. Matching just the percentage weights of the qualities will not ensure
that the portfolio and the benchmark have the same spread duration contributions
of the various qualities.
Similarly, simply matching the weights of the various sectors of the benchmark
index is not enough to ensure that the portfolio and benchmark have the same
sector durations; Pickens needs to match the amount of the index duration that
comes from the various sectors (sector duration contributions).
To match the index’s exposure to call risk, Pickens attempted to match the
convexity of the index; however, this is rarely attempted because to stay matched
can lead to excessively high transaction costs. A feasible method would be to
match the sector, coupon, and maturity weights of the callable sectors.
35. Which of the following is closest to the number of contracts that Pickens needs to
transact in to close the duration gap of the government bond portfolio and the
corporate debt liabilities?
A. Sell 275 contracts.

B. Buy 350 contracts.
C. Buy 455 contracts.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
BPV of cheapest to deliver bond: 10.04837/0.7699 = 13.051526
59,890 – 55,320/13.051526 = 350.150626
Pickens should purchase 350 contracts to close the duration gap.
36. Given Pressman’s expectations about the future course of market interest rates,
the best hedging strategy given contingent immunization would involve:
A. Over-hedging the position.

B. Under-hedging the position.
C. Precisely hedging the position.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:

Given that rates are expected to fall, the manager should over-hedge because
futures prices rise as rates go down. This would further increase the surplus and
reduce the cost of retiring the debt liabilities (if predictions are correct).

Questions 37 through 42 relate to Fixed-Income.
Rosewood Investment Case Scenario
Rosewood Investment Company is an asset management firm in Texas. Candice Price

works as a portfolio manager at the firm and manages portfolios for many of the firm’s
clients. Price recently implemented a strategy for a client by buying a call on a stock
currently selling for $50. She simultaneously sold a call on the same stock with the same
time to expiration as the long call. The long call has an exercise price of $55 with an
option premium of $15. The short call has an exercise price of $65 with an option
premium of $7. The options will expire in one month. During a meeting with the client,
Price made the following comments:
Statement 1: “The position can lose 80% of its maximum profit because only 20% has
been hedged .”
Statement 2: “Between the two option strike prices, the exercise value of the spread will
rise steadily as the underlying price increases.”
One of Price’s clients has implemented a bear put spread. When asked about the
outcomes of the strategy, Price mentioned that such a strategy would earn a maximum
profit if both puts expire in the money. He also said that the breakeven price is such that
leaves one put in the money and the other out of money.
37. Price is most accurate with respect to:
A. statement 1 only.
B. statement 2 only.
C. neither statement 1 nor statement 2.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Statement 1 is incorrect. Out of the total $18 [($65 - $55) + $15 – $7] bull call
position, only
$8 ($15 – $7) is hedged or 44.44% ($8/$18). This means that the position can still
lose 55.56% of its maximum profit.
Statement 2 is correct. Between the two strike prices of $65 and $55, for every unit
increase up to the higher strike price, the exercise value of this spread steadily
increases by 1.

38. If at expiration of the calls the price of the underlying is $62, the profit to Price’s
client will be closest to:
A. $7.
B. – $1.
C. $15.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
If the price of the underlying is $62, the profit equals:

max(0,ST-X1) – max(0,ST-X2) –C1 +C2
max (0,62 – 55) – max(0,62 – 65) – 15+7 = 7 – 0 – 15+7 = – $1
39. For the position Price took, the maximum profit and maximum loss is closest to:
Maximum Profit Maximum Loss

A. $2 $8.
B. $8 – $2.
C. $28 $22.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
Maximum profit equals:

X2 – X1 – C1 + C2
65 – 55 – 15+7 = $2
Maximum loss equals:

C1 – C2
15 – 7 = $8
40. For the position Price took, the breakeven stock price at expiration is closest to:
A. $47.
B. $77.
C. $63.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:

The breakeven price equals:

X1 + C1 – C2
= 55+15 – 7 = $63
41. Is Price most likely accurate about the maximum profit and breakeven price of a
bear put spread?
Maximum Profit Breakeven Price

A. Yes No.
B. No Yes.
C. Yes Yes.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
The maximum profit for a bear put spread occurs when both the puts (the long put
and the short put) are in the money. The breakeven price falls between the exercise
prices of the two puts, so that one is in the money and the other is out of money.
42. Which of the following about option strategies is most accurate?
A. Bull spreads with American puts are riskier compared to those with
European puts.
B. The worst outcome for a bear put spread occurs when the stock price is
less than the exercise price of the short put.
C. The maximum a bull call spread can gain is the difference between the
exercise prices of the short call and the long call.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
A bull spread position with American puts is riskier compared to one with European
puts because the short put could be exercised early when the long put is not in the
money. The other two options are incorrect. The worst outcome for a bear put spread
occurs when the underlying’s price is greater than the exercise price of the long put
(and the options expire out of money). The maximum a bull call spread can gain is the
difference between the exercise price of the short call and the long call less the initial
cash outlay.

Questions 43 through 50 relate to Alternative Investments.
Brian Riley Case Scenario
Brian Riley is a manager at BR Fund of Funds (FoF) based in Washington, D.C. The FoF
is currently using Equity Market Neutral (EMN), Event Driven and Specialist strategies.
EMN manager is in discussion with his assistant, who is a CFA level III student,
regarding the characteristics of Equity Market Neutral strategy of managing hedge funds.
The manager made the following statements:
Statement 1: EMN strategy involves generating alpha with no beta exposure,

irrespective of market movements.
Statement 2: High liquidity makes EMN strategy suitable for liquid alternatives as well
as limited partnership hedge funds.
Statement 3: Market neutral portfolios can be up to 300% long vs. 300% short
He classified himself as macro-oriented market neutral manager.
Event driven (ED) strategy manager is currently evaluating two investments. First is a
merger arbitrage opportunity involving a friendly takeover of Texel Limited by Aspire
Corporation Limited. Aspire has offered to acquire Texel with stock for stock acquisition
method. Share prices are $50 and $20 for Aspire and Texel respectively. Aspire would
trade 1 share of its own with 2 shares of Texel. Shortly after announcement, the share
price of Aspire fell to $45 and Texel’s share price has risen to $23. The ED manager
plans to buy 15000 shares to Texel and short sell 7500 shares of Aspire.
Second: the manager had invested in Scott Company’s equity which was going through
reorganization 8 months ago and became a majority shareholder. He now expects that the
company will shortly go into liquidation, based on its deteriorating financial situation.
Shareholders will be entitled to a minimum amount, if any, in case of liquidation. The
manager wants to earn return on this opportunity and considering possible alternatives.
The special strategy (SS) manager plans to invest in life settlement policy being sold by a
broker after evaluation. Details of the policy are listed below:
Exhibit 1: Life Settlement Policy

Surrender value $1 million
Monthly premium $12,500
Remaining years of contract 10
Actuarial life expectancy 7
Required rate of return 20%
Claim amount $3 million

The FoF is measuring its performance for the last quarter and the returns generated by
EMN, ED and SS funds are 20%, (5%) and 15% respectively.
FoF charges 1% management fee and 10% incentive fee while individual funds charge
1% management fee and 20% incentive fee.
43. Which of the following statements made by the EMN manager is most likely
correct?
A. Statement 1
B. Statement 2
C. Statement 3
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
EMN strategy involves generating alpha with no beta exposure in market

vulnerability and weakness. High liquidity makes EMN strategy suitable for limited
partnership hedge funds only due to high leverage.
44. Which of the following statements about macro-oriented market neutral manager
is most likely correct?
A. They consider fundamental and macro-economic factors for portfolio

construction.
B. Their source of alpha is through sector rotation.
C. They adjust positions on a daily or even hourly basis using algorithm
based models
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Macro-oriented market neutral managers specialize in generating alpha through sector

rotation.
45. Using the information provided about the acquisition, calculate how much
incremental benefit the manager could have earned, if he had used soft catalyst
event driven approach?
A. $84,600
B. $79,800
C. $82,500

Correct Answer: C
Reference:
If he had taken the position in anticipation of acquisition offer, the prices would not
have been reflected the potential acquisition. Incremental benefit could have been
(23-20)*15000 + (50-45)*7500 = $82,500
46. Which of the following alternative approaches the ED manager is most likely to
implement?
A. Selling the equity and buying senior secured debt

B. Short sell the equity and buy senior secured debt
C. Buy put options on equity and call options on senior secured debt
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
Selling equity will deteriorate the market price further before the manager could close
its position because of majority shareholding. Short selling will have the same impact.
Options will generate return on equity and debt, both.
47. Based on exhibit 1, the present value of future expected benefit is approximately
equal to?
A. $1.7 million
B. $1.1 million
C. $1.5 million
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
Calculate PV: N=84 (7*12), PMT= 12,500, I/Y=1.667% (20/12), FV=$3 million
CPT à PV
PV= $1,679,445

48. Which of the following statements about life settlement policy is least likely
correct?
A. Life settlement policies require expert knowledge and skills

B. Surrender value is paid to the beneficiary by the intermediaries
C. The policy is a detailed special contract which is less standardized than
other financial contracts
Correct Answer: B
Reference:
Surrender value is offered by the insurance company to the beneficiary which is

relatively lower.
49. Given equal distribution of funds, the FoF’s net of fee return is approximately
equal to?
A. 4.99%
B. 5.22%
C. 4.76%
Correct Answer:
Reference:
Net of fee returns of individual funds:

EMN Fund= 20-1-3.8 = 15.2% where 3.8= (20-1)*0.2
ED Fund= -5-1-0 = -6%
SS Fund= 15-1-2.8 = 11.2% where 2.8= (15-1)*0.2
Gross return of FoF = (15.2-6+11.2)/3= 6.8%
Net return of FoF= 6.8-1-0.58 = 5.22% where 0.58 = (6.8-1)*0.1
50. Which of the following is most likely a benefit of investing in FoF?
A. It provides economies of scale and liquidity efficiencies

B. Reallocation of funds to different strategies is a lot easier and quicker
C. Netting risk is absorbed by the GP of the hedge fund
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
B and C are the benefits of multi strategy fund

Questions 51 through 56 relate to Derivative Investments.
Victor Solanki Case Scenario
Victor Solanki is the manager of a fixed-income fund comprising domestic corporate and
government-issued debt as well as US equities indexed to the S&P500. The fund is
valued at a total of $30 million. The allocation to fixed income is 60% and is further
divided as 60% domestic corporate bonds and 40% government-issued bonds.
Solanki would like to increase the corporate bond allocation by 10% using bond futures
contracts and decrease the government bond allocation by the same amount using another
set of futures contracts. The corporate bond allocation has a modified duration of 4.5.
Solanki has summarized relevant data pertaining to bond futures in Exhibit 1 below.
Exhibit 1:
Data Relevant to Bond Futures
Futures contract beta 1
Multiplier $125
Contract size $150,000
Cheapest-to-deliver (CTD) bond price $118
CTD modified duration 7.77
Conversion factor 0.89751
BPVCTD 137.5290
Solanki fears that the implied volatility of the S&P 500 index will increase and would
like to protect the firm’s equity position against tail risk. He is contemplating employing
two alternative strategies:
Strategy 1: Establish a long position in front-month VIX futures currently priced at

127.45 and a short position in the second month VIX futures priced at 125.75
when the VIX currently stands at 125.99. The third month VIX futures is
priced at 123.44.
Strategy 2: Establish a long position in a 3-month variance swap on the S&P 500 index
with a vega notional of $10 million and a (unannualized) strike of 35%. The
annual interest rate is 1.20%.
While explaining Strategy 1 to his subordinate Mary Graham, Solanki states, “This
strategy can yield an additional return for my investment portfolio if the VIX futures
curve remains in backwardation and volatility expectations remain unchanged as the
front-month futures contract approaches expiration.”

Mary then illustrates the following various factors that cause continuous change in the
shape of the VIX futures curve.
i) current volatility situation

ii) investors’ expectations about future level of volatility
iii) trading activity of VIX futures contracts by market participants
51. Increasing the corporate bond allocation will require Solanki to:
A. buy 3 bond futures contracts.

B. buy 4 bond futures contracts.
C. sell 35 bond futures contracts.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
A is correct. Solanki will need to buy 4 bond futures contracts to increase the
corporate bond allocation by 10%.
The current corporate bond allocation is $10.80 million ($30 million × 60% × 60%).
Solanki would like to increase the corporate bond allocation to $11.88 million ($10.8
million × 110%), an increase of $1.08 million. The target basis point value BPVT is
calculated below:
BPVT = MDURT × 0.01% × MVP = 4.5 × 0.01% × $1.08 million = $486
BPVCTD is 137.5290 and the conversion factor is 0.89751. Solanki will convert cash
into corporate bonds, so the BPVP is 0. BPVHR = [(BPVT – BPVP)/BPVCTD] × CF =
(486 – 0/137.529) × 0.89751 = 3.1716 or approximately 3 contracts.
52. Based solely on the information provided in Strategy 1, the VIX futures curve
appears to be in a state of:
A. stability.
B. contango.
C. backwardation.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:

C is correct. The VIX futures curve is in a state of backwardation as the VIX futures
contracts demonstrate a decrease in price with maturity.
53. Solanki is advised by one of his colleagues to consider a direct investment in the
VIX to maximize hedging benefits. Is the colleague’s advice a plausible
investment strategy?
A. No, one cannot directly invest in the VIX.

B. Yes, a direct investment is a less costly strategy.
C. No, an investment in the VIX is only profitable if the front-month futures
price is higher than the second-month futures price.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
A is correct. A direct investment in the VIX is not a feasible investment strategy

because investors cannot directly invest in the VIX but must use VIX futures or
options.
54. Solanki’s statement to his colleague regarding the additional yield generated by
the strategy is:
A. correct.
B. incorrect, the strategy will generate rolling costs.
C. incorrect, the strategy will generate negative roll returns.
Correct Answer: A
Reference:
A is correct. Assuming that volatility expectations remain constant, when the VIX
futures curve is in backwardation, the VIX futures price will get pulled closer the VIX
spot price and they will increase in price as they approach expiration. Therefore,
Solanki can expect to generate roll-down profits as a result of his long VIX futures
position.
55. Assuming the swap is executed, if the (unannualized) realized volatility at

contract expiration is 40%, Solanki will:
A. make a payment of $53.57 million to the swap counterparty.

B. make a payment of $73.89 million to the swap counterparty.
C. receive a payment of $53.57 million from the swap counterparty.

Correct Answer: C
Reference:
C is correct. If Solanki purchases the swap, he would have purchased $10 million
vega notional of a 3-month variance swap on the S&P500 index with a volatility
strike of 35%. The value of the swap at expiry is calculated as follows:
𝑉𝑒𝑔𝑎 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 $10,000,000

𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = = = 142,857.14
2 × 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 2 × 35
SettlementT = Variance notional × (Realized Variance – Variance strike)

= $142,857.14 × (402 – 352) = $53,571,427.50 ≈ $53.57 million
Since the payment amount is positive, the swap seller will pay the swap buyer,
Solanki, $53.57 million to settle the swap.
56. Which of the Mary’s illustrated factors regarding always changing shape of the
VIX futures is/are correct?
A. ii) is correct.
B. ii) and iii) are correct.
C. All three are correct.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
C is correct. All the factors stated by Mary reflect changes in the shape of the VIX
futures curve.

Questions 57 through 60 relate to Portfolio Performance Evaluation.
Gerard Asset Managers (GAM) Case Scenario
Gerard Asset Managers (GAM) is a medium sized firm which has been in the asset
management business for only twelve months. The firm’s clients include both individual
and institutional clients. The clients are roughly divided between the two types.
The firm has no formal performance evaluation process but would like to develop one in
the near future. Its’ largest institutional client is particularly keen on analyzing the
performances of the investment managers and asset categories it employs.
Apart from the institutional client, senior investment manager, Carl Lester, would like to
install a formal system such that investment managers can analyze their individual
performances independently. He believes such a system will allow the managers to
improve upon their performances. However, he is not sure of what process the
institutional client and investment managers can use for evaluating the performances of
their interest.
Doug Richards, CFA is another investment manager who has been recently employed by
GAM. He has proposed a method to Lester, which involves presenting benchmark and
portfolio economic sector holdings as well as their respective benchmark and portfolio
returns. Richards has provided a sample of this method below based on actual client data
for illustration purposes.
Economic Portfolio Benchmar Portfolio Sector Sector Sector Inter

Sectors Sector k Sector Return Benchmar Allocatio Selection -action
Weights Weights (%) k Returns n Effect Effect Effect
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Financial 50.00 60.00 –4.55 –4.00 0.40 -0.33 0.06

Technology 45.00 30.00 2.23 3.76 0.56 –0.46 –0.23
Health Care 5.00 10.00 2.21 1.89 –0.09 0.03 -0.02
Total 100.00 100.00 –0.11 1.65 0.87 –0.76 –0.19
57. The performance evaluation method which is most appropriate for the institutional
client and the investment managers is:
A. micro attribution analysis.

B. macro and micro attribution analysis, respectively.
C. micro and macro attribution analysis, respectively.
Correct Answer: B

Reference:
Macro attribution analysis is conducted by the fund sponsor who wishes to assess the
effectiveness of the investment managers it deploys. Thus, such an analysis can be
used to assess the performances of the allocations to asset categories and investment
managers. Macro attribution analysis will prove useful for the institutional client.
Micro attribution analysis can be used by investment managers to analyze their

individual performances. Such an analysis considers the decisions of the individual
portfolio manager.
58. The interaction return for the Technology sector can be attributed to:
A. holding portfolio stocks, whose aggregate performance was lower than the
aggregate performance of the stocks in the sector benchmark.
B. overweighting a sector in the portfolio, which has outperformed its
corresponding benchmark sector.
C. overweighing a sector in the portfolio, which has underperformed its
corresponding benchmark sector.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
The Interaction return for the Technology sector is attributable to overweighting the
sector in the portfolio by 15.00% (45.00 – 30.00%) while the sector in portfolio has
underperformed the corresponding technology sector in the benchmark by 1.53%
(2.23 – 3.76%).
59. The Sector Allocation effect return for the Financial Sector can be attributed to:
A. underweighting a sector in the portfolio, which has underperformed its

corresponding sector benchmark.
B. underweighting a sector, which has performed poorly relative to the
overall benchmark.
C. holding portfolio stocks, whose aggregate performance was higher than
the aggregate performance of the stocks in the sector benchmark.
Correct Answer: B
Reference:

The Sector allocation effect return for the financial sector can be attributable to
underweighting the sector, which has performed poorly relative to the overall
benchmark.
The return on the overall benchmark is 1.65% and the benchmark return for the
financial sector is - 4.00%. The decision to underweight the sector by 10.00% (50.00
– 60.00%) which underperformed relative to the overall benchmark resulted in a
positive contribution to the portfolio.
60. The Sector Selection effect return for the Healthcare sector can be attributed to:
A. underweighting a sector which has performed poorly relative to the overall

benchmark.
B. overweighting a sector which has performed better relative to the overall
benchmark.
C. holding portfolio stocks, whose aggregate performance was higher than
the aggregate performance of the stocks in the sector benchmark.
Correct Answer: C
Reference:
The Sector Selection return for the Healthcare sector can be attributed to holding
portfolio stocks, whose aggregate performance was higher than the aggregate
performance of the stocks in the sector benchmark.
The return of the portfolio’s healthcare sector is 2.21% while the return for the
benchmark’s healthcare sector is 1.89%. A positive return contribution of 0.32%
(2.21 – 1.89%) implies that the healthcare stocks held in the portfolio outperformed
the healthcare stocks held in the benchmark.

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Level III of CFA Program Mock Exam 1 – Solutions (PM)

Copyright © 2010-2020. FinQuiz.com. All rights reserved. Copying, reproduction

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Questions Topic Minutes

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Questions 1 through 6 relate to Ethical and Professional Standards.

Kathy Mooney Case Scenario

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1. With respect to her compensation agreement, is Mooney most likely following

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Reitz is in violation of Standard 7(A) ‘Conduct as Members and Candidates in the

A. Points 2 and 3 only.

A. Only Deale is in violation.

Singer is in violation of Standard 7 (B) ‘Reference to CFA Institute, the CFA

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A. sell her investments in chemical-related stocks.

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Questions 7 through 12 relate to Ethical and Professional Standards.

Capital Market Advisors (CMA)Case Scenario

Capital Market Advisors (CMA) is an asset management firm established in Houston,

1. Many portfolio managers at GEM maintain multiple business relationships with

“A base fee equal to 2% of assets under management is charged annually. In addition,

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Tavella then made the following comments:

Statement 2: “Before allocating trades, GEM determines clients’ investment objectives.

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8. With respect to the asset valuation procedures, is Growth Equity Management in

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GEM’s disclosure is in accordance with the Code. Managers must disclose to

Statement 1 is not in accordance, since clients in no instance should suffer a loss

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Statement 2 is not in accordance, since even if clients have identical investment

12. Which of the following is most likely a requirement to be in compliance with

A. A member of candidate should have knowledge of and be aware of all

In extreme cases, disassociation may require a member of candidate to leave his

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Questions 13 through 18 relate to Global Investment Performance Standards.

Patrick Campbell Case Scenario

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• WIF’s maintains a real estate closed-end fund composite which commenced on 30

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13. Are Walter Investment Firm’s calculation methodologies most likely in

A. Only with respect to composites.

Weight for portfolio A’s cash flow: 30-13/30 = 0.5667

Weight for portfolio B’s cash flow: 30-22/30 = 0.26667

(867,000+1,450,394) - (495,000+730,400) – (135,000+65,000)/495,000+730,400

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CPT IRR = 6.3915%

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Questions 19 through 24 relate to Behavioral Biases of Individuals and Managing

High-Rise Investment Management (HRIM) Case Scenario

Part 1: Investment Strategy and Risk Measures

The investment strategy of financial institutions should be made focusing on volatility

Part 2 Liquidity Requirements

a) goal to exist in perpetuity

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Part 3: Tax Concerns and Legal & Regulatory Factors