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    COAL Lec 7 Flow Control Instructions - Chap6

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    ZALIL INSAN
    This document discusses various computer organization and assembly language topics including: 1) Conditional and unconditional jump instructions that allow transferring control to different parts of a program based on flag conditions or unconditionally. 2) Loop instructions that allow repetitive execution of a block of code. 3) Common conditional jump instructions like JG, JL, JE, etc and how they check status flags. 4) The CMP instruction that performs an implied subtraction and sets status flags without modifying operands. 5) High-level language structures like IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE, and looping structures like FOR, WHILE, REPEAT that can be implemented using jumps and flags

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    COAL Lec 7 Flow Control Instructions - Chap6

    Uploaded by

    ZALIL INSAN
    54 views23 pages
    This document discusses various computer organization and assembly language topics including: 1) Conditional and unconditional jump instructions that allow transferring control to different parts of a program based on flag conditions or unconditionally. 2) Loop instructions that allow repetitive execution of a block of code. 3) Common conditional jump instructions like JG, JL, JE, etc and how they check status flags. 4) The CMP instruction that performs an implied subtraction and sets status flags without modifying operands. 5) High-level language structures like IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE, and looping structures like FOR, WHILE, REPEAT that can be implemented using jumps and flags

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    COAL Lec 7 Flow Control Instructions - Chap6

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    This document discusses various computer organization and assembly language topics including: 1) Conditional and unconditional jump instructions that allow transferring control to different parts of a program based on flag conditions or unconditionally. 2) Loop instructions that allow repetitive execution of a block of code. 3) Common conditional jump instructions like JG, JL, JE, etc and how they check status flags. 4) The CMP instruction that performs an implied subtraction and sets status flags without modifying operands. 5) High-level language structures like IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE, and looping structures like FOR, WHILE, REPEAT that can be implemented using jumps and flags

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    54 views23 pages

    COAL Lec 7 Flow Control Instructions - Chap6

    Uploaded by

    ZALIL INSAN
    This document discusses various computer organization and assembly language topics including: 1) Conditional and unconditional jump instructions that allow transferring control to different parts of a program based on flag conditions or unconditionally. 2) Loop instructions that allow repetitive execution of a block of code. 3) Common conditional jump instructions like JG, JL, JE, etc and how they check status flags. 4) The CMP instruction that performs an implied subtraction and sets status flags without modifying operands. 5) High-level language structures like IF-THEN, IF-THEN-ELSE, CASE, and looping structures like FOR, WHILE, REPEAT that can be implemented using jumps and flags

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    CSC222-Computer Organization

    & Assembly Language


     Conditional and Unconditional Jump Instructions
     Loop Instruction
    Conditional Jump
     Syntax:
    Jxxx destination_label
    where xxx represents the condition
     If condition is true, the next instruction to be executed is the
    one at destination_label.
     If condition is false, the instruction immediately following the
    jump is done next.
     Note: The destination_label must precede the jump
    instruction by no more than 126 bytes.
     To implement a conditional jump, the CPU looks at the FLAG
    register (set by last instruction executed by the processor).
     JMP instructions themselves do not affect flags.
    2
    Unconditional Jump
     Syntax:
    JMP destination_label
     Purpose: To Transfer control to another part of the program.
     Example:
    ORG 100h
    .CODE
    MOV AX, 2
    MOV BX, 2
    JMP LABEL_SUB
    ADD AX, BX ;this instruction will never execute
    LABEL_SUB:
    SUB AX, BX
    RET

    3
    Categories of Conditional Jump
     Signed Jumps: are used when a signed interpretation is
    being given to result.
    Symbol Description Condition for Jumps
    JG/JNLE Jump if greater than ZF = 0 and SF = OF
    Jump if not less than or equal to
    JGE/JNL Jump if greater than or equal to SF = OF
    Jump if not less than
    JL/JNGE Jump if less than SF <> OF
    Jump if not greater than or equal to
    JLE/JNG Jump if less than or equal to ZF = 1 and SF <> OF
    Jump if not greater than

    4
    Contd..
     Unsigned Jumps: are used for an unsigned interpretation of
    result
    Symbol Description Condition for Jumps
    JA/JNBE Jump if above than ZF = 0 and CF = 0
    Jump if not below than or equal to
    JAE/JNB Jump if above than or equal to CF = 0
    Jump if not below than
    JB/JNAE Jump if below than CF = 1
    Jump if not above than or equal to
    JBE/JNA Jump if below than or equal to ZF = 1 and CF = 1
    Jump if not above than

    5
    Contd.
     Single-Flag Jumps: which operate on settings of individual
    flags.
    Symbol Description Condition for Jumps
    JE/JZ Jump If Equal ZF = 1
    Jump If Equal to Zero
    JNE/JNZ Jump If Not Equal ZF = 0
    Jump If Not Equal to Zero
    JC Jump If Carry CF = 1
    JNC Jump If Not Carry CF = 0
    JO Jump If Overflow OF = 1
    JNO Jump If Not Overflow OF = 0
    JS Jump If Sign Negative SF = 1
    JNS Jump If Sign Non Negative SF = 0
    JP/JPE Jump if parity even PF = 1
    JNP/JPO Jump if parity not even/jump if parity PF = 0
    6
    odd
    CMP Instruction
     CMP (compare) instruction performs an implied subtraction of a source
    operand from destination operand. Neither operand is modified.
    CMP destination, source
     FLAGS

    CMP Result ZF CF

    Destination < 0 1
    Source
    Destination > 0 0
    Source
    Destination = 1 0
    Source

    7
    CMP Instruction Examples
     Destination < Source:
    mov ax, 5
    cmp ax, 10 ;CF = 1, ZF = 0
     Destination = Source
    mov ax, 1000
    mov cx, 1000
    cmp cx, ax ; ZF = 1, CF = 0
     Destination > Source
    mov ax, 105
    cmp ax, 0 ; ZF = 0 and CF = 0

    8
    High Level Language Structures
     Branching Structure
     IF-THEN
     IF-THEN-ELSE
     CASE
     Branching with Compound Conditions
     AND CONDITIONS
     OR CONDITIONS
     Looping Structures
     FOR LOOP
     WHILE LOOP
     REPEAT LOOP

    9
    IF-THEN
    ;Code in Assembly Language:

    False True ORG 100h


    AX < 0 .CODE
    MOV AX, FFFEh
    CMP AX, 0
    JNL END_IF
    NEG AX
    END_IF:
    Replace AX
    MOV AH, 4CH
    by –AX
    INT 21H

    End

    10
    IF-THEN-ELSE
    ;Code in Assembly Language:

    False True ORG 100h


    .CODE
    AL <= BL
    MOV AH, 1
    INT 21H
    MOV BL, AL ;first input in BL
    INT 21H ;second input in AL

    Display the Display the MOV AH, 2


    character in BL character in AL CMP AL, BL ;If AL <= BL
    JNBE ELSE_
    MOV DL, AL ;then
    JMP DISPLAY
    ELSE_:
    End MOV DL, BL
    DISPLAY:
    INT 21H
    11
    CASE
    CASE AL ;Code in Assembly Language:
    ORG 100h
    < 0: put -1 in BL .CODE
    MOV AH, 1
    = 0: put 0 in BL INT 21H ;input in AL
    CMP AL, 0 ;case
    > 0: put 1 in BL JL NEGATIVE
    JE ZERO
    END_CASE JG POSITIVE
    NEGATIVE:
    MOV BL, -1
    JMP END_CASE
    ZERO:
    MOV BL, 0
    JMP END_CASE
    POSITIVE:
    MOV BL, 1
    JMP END_CASE
    END_CASE:
    MOV AH, 4Ch
    INT 21h
    12
    AND Condition
     An AND condition is true if and only if both conditions are
    true.
     Consider following Pseudo code:
    Read a character (into AL)
    IF (‘A’ <= character) and (character <= ‘Z’)
    THEN
    display character
    END_IF

    13
    Contd..
    ORG 100h
    .CODE
    MOV AH, 1
    INT 21H
    ;character in AL
    CMP AL, ‘A’ ;if AL >= ‘A’
    JNAE END_IF
    CMP AL, ‘Z’ ;and AL <= ‘Z’
    JNBE END_IF
    MOV AH, 2
    MOV DL, AL ;then
    INT 21H
    END_IF:
    MOV AH, 4Ch
    INT 21H

    14
    OR Condition
     An OR condition is true if at least one of the conditions is
    true.
     Consider following Pseudo code:
    Read a character (into AL)
    IF (character = ‘y’) OR (character = ‘Y’)
    THEN
    display it
    ELSE
    terminate the program
    END_IF

    15
    Contd..
    ORG 100h
    .CODE
    MOV AH, 1
    INT 21H ;character in AL
    CMP AL, ‘y’
    JE THEN
    CMP AL, ‘Y’
    JE THEN
    JMP ELSE_
    THEN:
    MOV AH, 2
    MOV DL, AL
    INT 21H
    ELSE_:
    MOV AH, 4Ch
    INT 21H

    16
    Looping Structures
     FOR LOOP ORG 100h
    .CODE
    ;initialize CX
    MOV CX, 80
    TOP: MOV AH, 2
    ;body of the loop MOV DL, ‘*’
    LOOP TOP TOP:
    INT 21H
    LOOP TOP

    MOV AH, 4Ch


    INT 21H

    17
    Contd..
     FOR LOOP
     Executed at least once.
     If CX contains 0, the loop instruction decrements CX (CX = FFFFh)
    and the loop is then executed 65535 times!
     To prevent this, use instruction JCXZ before the loop.
    ;initialize CX
    JCXZ SKIP
    TOP:
    ;body of the loop
    LOOP TOP
    SKIP:

    18
    Contd..
     WHILE LOOP
    WHILE condition DO
    ;statements
    END_WHILE
     WHILE LOOP checks the terminating condition at the top of
    the loop, so don’t forget to initialize variables.
     Example:
    Initialize count to 0
    Read a character
    WHILE character <> carriage return Do
    count = count + 1
    read a character
    END_WHILE
    19
    Contd..
    ORG 100h
    .CODE
    MOV DX, 0
    MOV AH, 1 ;read first character
    INT 21H
    Note: Requires 2 Jumps:
    o Conditional Jump at top
    WHILE_:
    CMP AL, 0Dh o JMP at the bottom
    JE END_WHILE
    INC DX Also, If terminating condition is false, loop
    INT 21H is not executed.
    JMP WHILE_
    END_WHILE:
    MOV AH, 4Ch
    INT 21H

    20
    Contd..
     REPEAT LOOP
    REPEAT
    ;statements
    UNTIL condition
     First statements are executed, then the condition is checked.
     If true, the loop terminates; if false, control branches to the
    top of the loop
     Example:
    REPEAT
    Read a character
    UNTIL character is a blank

    21
    Contd..
    ORG 100h
    .CODE Note: Requires only one Conditional
    MOV AH, 1 ;read first character Jump at the end
    REPEAT_:
    INT 21H Also, If terminating condition is false, still
    CMP AL, ‘ ‘ loop is executed at least once.
    JNE REPEAT_
    MOV AH, 4Ch
    INT 21H

    22
    For Practice(Book Ytha Yu)
     Example given in section 6.5
     Ch 6 Exercise: Q1, Q2, Q4

    23

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