Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com Current Opinion in

ScienceDirect Electrochemistry

Review Article

Electrochemical treatment of slaughterhouse and

dairy wastewater: Toward making a sustainable
process
Miguel A. Sandoval1,2 and Ricardo Salazar1

Abstract consumption (meat and dairy products) uses around

The industrial processing of meat and dairy production uses 25% of the total freshwater consumed by the whole food
large amounts of fresh water, therefore, generates a significant and beverage industry. Therefore, the environmental
volume of wastewaters. The treatment of these effluents has impact of the animal product processing industries must
been performed using different technologies from biological to be reduced. The first objective of this article is to focus
electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Under the on the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW)
circular economy concept, the lack of available freshwater re- and dairy wastewater (DWW). The characteristics of
sources has increased the interest in reusing wastewater from SWW and DWW depend on the nature of the process.
slaughterhouses, and even in the recovering of by-products. However, this type of wastewater contains high strength
This article reviews the application of electrochemical treat- of organic pollutants (reducing the amount of dissolved
ments to slaughterhouse and dairy wastewaters. In addition, oxygen), macropollutants such as phosphorous and ni-
an overview of added-value products and energy recovery trogen (eutrophication of water), and micropollutants
from these industrial wastewaters is also presented with future such as viruses and veterinary drugs (toxic to aquatic
perspectives. life). Then, the main indicators to evaluate SWW/DWW
quality are total organic carbon (TOC), biological
Addresses oxygen demand (BOD5) chemical oxygen demand
1
Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH, Facultad de Química y
(COD) total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen
Biología, Departamento de Química de los Materiales, Laboratorio de
Electroquímica Medio Ambiental, LEQMA, Casilla 40, Correo 33, (TN), and total phosphorous (TP). However, TOC and
Santiago, Chile COD removal efficiencies are the most widely used
2
Universidad de Guanajuato, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, parameters for wastewater monitoring. In addition, the
Norial Alta S/N, 36050 Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico total coliform bacteria count is an important parameter
Corresponding author: Salazar, Ricardo ([email protected])
in the disinfection analysis. Table 1 shows the main
guideline values for water reuse (irrigation) from meat
and dairy process effluents [2e4].
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662
This review comes from a themed issue on Electrochemical Technol- To achieve the permissible limits, preliminary, primary,
ogies for Wastewater Treatement secondary, and even tertiary treatment methods have
Edited by Carlos A Martínez-Huitle, Manuel Andres Rodrigo and been performed. Valta et al. [5] grouped these tech-
Ignacio Sirés nologies in land application, physicochemical treatment,
For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial biological treatment, advanced oxidation process
Available online 3 December 2020
(AOPs), and hybrid processes. Advantages and disad-
vantages of each group have been well described by
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.100662
Bustillo-Lecompte and Mehrvar [6].
2451-9103/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this review, we discuss the recent literature on SWW/
Keywords DWW treatment using electrochemical techniques, as
Slaughterhouse/dairy wastewater, Electrocoagulation, Electrochemical well as hybrid systems (Table 2). This article also pre-
advanced oxidation processes, Added-value products, Circular sents an overview of the recovery of valuable by-
economy.
products and power generation under circular economy
principles [7].
Introduction
The undeniable growth of world population is causing an Electrochemical technologies for the
expansion in the food and beverages production sector treatment of SWW and DWW
and, consequently, an increase in the discharge of Preliminary treatment is used to remove solids and large
wastewater. According to The World Bank Group [1], particles generated after the slaughtering process. One
the manufacturing of animal products for human of the primary treatments used in SWW/DWW is

www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

2 Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatement

precipitation by acid addition. Prazeres et al. [8] used An increase in j increases the concentration of oxidants
strong acids such as sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric (M(
OH)) (Eq. (3)).
acids, and they observed COD and turbidity removal
efficiencies between 87e92% and 94e96%, respec- M þ H2 O/Mð
OHÞ þ H þ þ e 3
tively. Biological SWW/DWW treatment is mainly
applied as a secondary treatment. Aerobic and anaerobic
processes are used. Bustillo-Lecompte and Mehrvar [9] The removal of recalcitrant organics may be improved by
studied a combined biological process (anaerobic baffled coupling the AO process with hydrogen peroxide (AO-
reactor and aerobic activated sludge reactor) to treat H2O2) and ultraviolet C light (AO-UVC-H2O2) [21].
meat processing effluents. They observed TOC and TN The presence of chloride ions in SWW/DWW partici-
removal efficiencies of 85 and 72%, respectively. In pates in the indirect oxidation.
addition, the biogas generation was analyzed.
Vidal et al. assessed the degradation of the organic
AOPs such as Fenton, electro-Fenton (EF), high- matter contained in real [22] and synthetic SWW [23]
frequency ultrasonication, photoelectro-Fenton (PEF), using a combined biological (anaerobic digestion)/EAOP
solar photo-Fenton, sono-Fenton, UV/H2O2, (solar PEF) process. COD removal efficiency above 91%
photocatalytic-ozonation (UV/TiO2/O3), and vacuum was achieved. Moreover, an uncolored solution was
UV-photolysis are becoming a post-treatment alterna- observed. The solar PEF is considered a clean, renew-
tive in SWW/DWW [10e18], which have reached TOC/ able, and cheap alternative. The highest removal effi-
COD removal efficiencies above 80%. However, in some ciency is based on the regeneration of ferrous ion with
cases, a poor removal was obtained, which is attributed additional generation of
OH (Eq. (4)) and the photo-
to the characteristics of SWW/DWW. According to the decarboxylation of complexes of ferric ion (Eq. (5)).
optimization of operating parameters, the recycle ratio is
highly significant to meet a maximum TOC removal FeðOHÞ2þ þ hv/Fe2þ þ
OH 4
value (if a reactor with recirculation is used), which is
attributed to the retention time. When the SWW/DWW
contains higher organic matter concentration, a contin- FeðOOCRÞ2þ þ hv/Fe2þ þ CO2 þ R
5
uous mode of operation is preferred at slow flow rate.

In acidic medium, the cathodic two-electron reduction EC is an electrochemical technique that aims to remove
of injected air into the solution at the cathode surface existing contaminants from SWW. Once the electrodes
prevails (Eq. (1)). It is important to note that the use of are connected to an external power supply, the oxidation
carbonaceous cathodes increases the electrogeneration process starts at the anode, generating metallic cations.
of H2O2. Therefore, in the case of Fenton-based pro- Concurrently, water is reduced to form hydrogen gas
cesses, where the highest TOC/COD removal effi- bubbles and hydroxide ions at the cathode.
ciencies are obtained due to the production of hydroxyl
radicals (
OH) (Eq. (2)) [19], pH is the most important n
MðsÞ þ nH2 O/MðOHÞn þ H2 6
factor (optimal pH value of 3). 2

O2 þ 2H þ þ 2e /H2 O2 1
A charge neutralization of pollutants present in SWW/
DWW is induced when an isoelectric point is reached by
Fe2þ þ H2 O2 /Fe3þ þ
OH þ OH  2 the coagulating agents (M(OH)n) (Eq. (6)) [24]. These
species collide resulting in fast-growing, larger, and
adsorbent flocs that induce the removal of pollutants. At
Over the last few years, different electrochemical subsequent stages, flocs are removed from water by
technologies such as electrochemical advanced oxida- physical separation processes.
tion processes (EAOPs) and electrocoagulation (EC)
have been studied to treat SWW/DWW. Electrochemical EC has been performed alone or in combination with
oxidation (EO), also called anodic oxidation (AO), is the other processes such as electroflotation, EO/reduction
simplest EAOP. Ozturk and Yilmaz [20] assessed SWW (EOR), peroxi-EC, and phytoremediation [25e34]. In
treatment through AO using a Ti/Pt anode. They found EC tests, COD removal is more notorious at the
removal efficiencies of 88, 92.2, 93.5, and 99.9% for beginning of the treatment of SWW/DWW because both
TOC, COD, TN, and color, respectively. In this type of organic pollutants and generated iron/aluminum hy-
process, the current density (j) limits the reaction rate. droxides are available in sufficiently large quantities,

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662 www.sciencedirect.com

 Electrochemical meat/dairy wastewater treatments Sandoval and Salazar 3

Table 1 during the electrolysis, have made the batch mode of

operation the most used [26,31,32,34]. However, based
Main standard effluent criteria for water reuse.
on the characteristics of SWW/DWW, the continuous
Parameter Standard
operation mode is recommended because it saves elec-
trolysis time, operating costs, and energy consumption,
Color Colorless
as well as reducing sludge generation [27,28]. Analyses
Odor Odorless of the obtained flocs have shown the presence of several
pH 6–9 elements such as carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, and ni-
Conductivity (dS m−1) <0.7 trogen, which corroborate their organic content (poly-
Total organic carbon (mg L−1) 2
saccharides and phosphodiesters) [27,34]. Moreover,
Chemical oxygen demand (mg L−1) 250
Biological oxygen demand (mg L−1) 50 Bruguera-Casamada et al. [35] analyzed the pathogen
Turbidity (NTU) 5–10 inactivation of different bacteria using EC process and
Total phosphorus (mg L−1) 2 EAOPs, they observed that sludge produced can retain
Total nitrogen (mg L−1) 8–10 active bacteria.
Oil and grease (mg L−1) 10
Total suspended solids (mg L−1) 10–30
Total coliform bacteria (MPN/100 mL) 100 In this context, the disinfection of SWW/DWW (water
microbial quality) is critical when treated water is
*MPN, most probable number.
reused for irrigation purposes. Solar photolysis and
photocatalysis, cold plasma, EF, PEF, and EC processes
have shown high deactivation efficiency (>99%) of
which allow a rapid removal of contaminants [27e heterotrophic, staphylococcus aureus, lactic acid,
29,34,34]. Subsequently, as the EC process continues, Escherichia coli, and enterococci bacteria in SWW/DWW
COD concentrations decrease because of more coagu- [35e39]. In the same vein, blood and the integumentary
lant species inside the electrochemical cell are stored; system components present in agri-food wastewaters
thereby, a stable stage is reached. Current density and contribute to odor pollution as well. Through the UV/
pH are the most important operating parameters to TiO2/O3 process, Buyukada [40] degraded the hazard-
supervise. The quantity of dissolved metal ions pro- ous and non-hazardous odor compounds contained in
duced at the anode depends on the applied current turkey SWW, such as dimethylsilanediol, diisobutyl
density and electrolysis time. Therefore, the organic phthalate, acetic acid, 2-(isobutoxycarbonyl) benzoic
matter removal increases as current density rises acid, and acetamide, among others.
[25,27,28,31,32,34]. However, higher j values produce
gas bubbling (hydrogen and oxygen production at the Meat/dairy processing, from animal husbandry to
cathode and anode, respectively), which may decrease intensive slaughtering activities, uses high quantity of
the organic compounds removal efficiency [26,31]. pharmaceuticals (Phs) and steroid hormones of envi-
During the EC process, constant changes in the pH are ronmental concern. Therefore, the SWW/DWW treat-
observed due to the production of hydroxyl ions. The ment must consider the occurrence of typical Phs, such
type and quantity of coagulant species present in the as antibiotics [41]. Mondal et al. [42] investigated the
solution are relevant because they may interact in use of different AOPs to eliminate ciprofloxacin from
distinct ways with organic matter affecting the removal synthetic water in semibatch reactors. A complete
efficiency. COD removal efficiencies above 95% have removal of this antibiotic was observed during 25 min by
been found at neutral pH together with the formation of modified photo-Fenton process (combining nano zero
where insoluble metal hydroxides [28,29,32]. SWW/ valent iron particles). Rahmani et al. [43] degraded
DWW usually displays high electrical conductivity. more than 90% through different pathways when a
However, in some cases, the addition of a supporting combined electrooxidation-ozonation process was used.
electrolyte to enhance electrolytic conductance is Bueno et al. [44] abated ciprofloxacin (>80%) using an
necessary. This helps to prevent the formation of oxide EC-peroxidation process that consisted in stainless steel
layer, dwindling the ohmic drop and consequently, the electrodes. The electrochemical sludge produced
energy consumption and process cost is diminished. (Fe3O4) after the EC process has been efficiently used
NaCl, Na2SO4, and CaCl2 have been used in agri-food to remove ciprofloxacin [45]. The removal of cyper-
wastewater treatments [25,28,33,34]. Finally, the elec- methrin (pesticide) from livestock wastewater was
trode material, the electrode configuration, and the assessed by Pinedo-Hernández et al. [46] using the EC
mode of operation influence the EC process efficiency. A process. They observed removal efficiencies of COD
combination of aluminum/iron electrodes showed better and cypermethrin of 93 and 96%, respectively, at pH 5,
performance by obtaining a lower residual concentration 29.5 V, and electrolysis time of 30 min. Ultraviolet light-
of COD [32,34]. In addition, monopolar and bipolar emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) has showed high removal
configurations have been assessed [25,27,29,32]. The efficiencies in the degradation of erythromycin and
easy installation, operation, and change of the opera- metoprolol. The effect of chlorine dosage and TiO2
tional variables (if necessary), as well as the sampling nanotubes on the photolytic degradation was studied by
www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

4 Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatement

Table 2

Comparison of different technologies and their combination for slaughterhouse and dairy wastewater treatment.

Influent Technology Optimal operating Pollutant Added-value products Reference

conditions removal (%)

Raw Precipitation with acid addition pH 6, magnetic stirring from Absorbance at 410 nm e [8]
SWW (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3). 1200e1400 to (51.9e80.8%), COD
300e400 rpm, T = 25  C, (87e92.2%), turbidity
treatment time 24 h. (93.7e96.4%), TSS
(98.4e99.4%), nitrates
(49.7e87.8%), TP
(5.6e14.1%), BOD5
(83.6e100%).
Raw Oxidation process pH 6.9, concentration Absorbance at 410 nm e [8]
SWW (Ca(ClO)2, of 1, 2, and (21.1e53.3%), COD
H2O2, CaO2). 1 g Le1, respectively. (83.9e92.9%), turbidity
89.5e94.7%), TSS
(95e99.6%), nitrates
(81.6e89.4%), TP
(21.8e75.1%), BOD5
(79.8e90.4%).
Raw Anaerobic–aerobic process pH 6.84, influent TOC TOC (84.9%), TN Methane production 2.2 L KgTOC [9]
e1
SWW (continuous mode. concentration 343 (70.6%), TSS (97.4%). (daily generation
mg Le1, flow rate 63 mL min 0.48 kW h)
e1
.
Raw UV/H2O2 Influent TOC concentration TOC (81%), H2O2 residual e [10]
SWW (photoreactor with recycle). 23.9 mg Le1, influent H2O2 (1.3%).
concentration 861.5 mg Le1,
flow rate 15.2 mL mine1,
recycle ratio 0.18,
treatment time 120 min.
Raw Anaerobic–aerobic–UV/H2O2 pH 6.6, influent TOC TOC (91.3%), TN (86.1%), Methane production 2.5 mL mgTOC [11]
e1
SWW processes concentration H2O2 residual (1.5%). (daily generation
(continuous operation mode). 626 mg Le1, influent H2O2 0.05 kW h)
concentration 350 mg Le1
, flow rate
45 mL mine1, treatment
time 6.8, 2.4, and 0.78 h,
respectively.
Raw Photoelectro-Fenton, pH 3, Ti-RuO2 anode, carbon TOC 92, 92, and 95%, e [12]
SWW solar photo-Fenton, felt cathode, current density respectively.
and Fenton/solar 2.5 mA cme2, initial H2O2
concentration 200 mg Le1,
www.sciencedirect.com

photo-Fenton processes
(batch operation mode). initial Fe2+
concentration 111.6, 55.8,
and 27.9
and 111.6 mg Le1,
respectively,
influent treatment time 60, 60,
and 80 min, respectively.
www.sciencedirect.com

Raw UV-C/H2O2/VUV process Influent TOC concentration TOC (45.7%), H2O2 e [13]
SWW (batch recirculation 213 mg Le1, residual (1%).
operation mode). influent H2O2 concentration
450 mg Le1, irradiation time
9 min,
treatment time 2.4 h
Raw Electro-Fenton process Iron electrodes, interelectrode COD (92.4%), color removal e [14]
SWW (poultry) (batch operation mode). gap 3 cm pH 4.38 and 3.4, (88.1% at 340 nm).
current density 74.1 and
67.9 mA cme2, molar ratio
(H2O2/Fe2+) 3.7 and 3.6,
H2O2/SWW ratio 1.6 and 1.4
mL Le1, treatment time
55.6 49.2 min for COD
and color removal,
respectively.
Industrial wastewater Galvanic, galvanic Fenton, Iron anodes and copper Using galvanic-Fenton process: e [15]
(include SWW) and H2O2 processes cathodes, TOC (79%), COD (71%),
(batch operation mode). electrodes, interelectrode color (76%), nitrates (48%),
gap 2 mm pH 2.8, initial BOD5 (43%).
H2O2 concentration
7840 mg Le1,
initial Fe2+

Electrochemical meat/dairy wastewater treatments Sandoval and Salazar

concentration 408 mg Le1,
treatment time 4, 2,
and 2 h, respectively.
Raw Combined high-frequency pH 7, frequency 578 kHz, power COD (49%). e [17]
SWW (poultry) ultrasound/H2O2 process density 480 W Le1.
(continuous operation mode).
Raw Combined anaerobic digestion/ pH 7, titanium dioxide TOC (92%), COD (92%), Electricity recover (4.4 W h L [18]
e1
SWW (sheep and lamb) photocatalysis process as photocatalyst, total UV color (100%), ), heat produced (6 W h L
e1
(batch and output p-cresol (90%), ).
continuous operation 625 W me2, temperature dibutyl phthalate (83%).
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

mode with recirculation). 37  C, recirculation rate

6.4 cm mine1
Raw Electrochemical oxidation pH 7, Ti/Pt mesh type anode, Ti TOC (88%), COD e [20]
SWW (cattle) process mesh (92.2%),
(batch operation mode). type cathodes, TN (93.5%),
interelectrode gap 3 mm, color (99.9%),
supporting electrolyte 0.025 TSS (99.5%).
M NaCl, current density
4.73 mA cme2,
treatment time 4 h.
Raw Electrochemical oxidation pH 7.5, BDD anode, platinum COD (48.3e95.9%), e [21]
SWW (pig) related cathode, interelectrode color (100%),
process (semicontinuous gap 3.7 mm, specific TSS (61.5%).
operation mode). charge 7.3 A h Le1,
treatment time 8 h.
Raw Combined aerobic digestion/ pH 3, Si/BDD anode, TOC (99.2%), COD Methane production 90 mL after [22]
SWW (pig and cattle) solar carbon-PTFE air (99.3%), color 30 days.
photoelectro-Fenton process diffusion cathode, (at 409 nm 100%),
(continued on next page)

5
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

6 Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatement

Table 2. (continued )
Influent Technology Optimal operating Pollutant Added-value products Reference
conditions removal (%)

(semicontinuous operation interelectrode gap 0.5 cm, BOD5(99.1%),

mode). current density 50 mA cme2, TSS (100%),
temperature 35  C, turbidity (99.6%).
supporting
electrolyte 0.05 M Na2SO4,
initial H2O2 concentration
11.62 mM,
treatment time 180 min.
Synthetic SWW Combined aerobic digestion/ pH 2.8, DSA (Ti/Ru0$3Ti0$7O2) COD (91%), e [23]
solar anode, TSS (100%),
photoelectro-Fenton process carbon-PTFE air diffusion turbidity (80%).
(semicontinuous operation cathode, interelectrode gap
mode). 0.5 cm,
current density 25 mA cme2,
temperature 35  C,
supporting
electrolyte 0.05 M Na2SO4,
initial Fe2+ concentration
1 mM,
solar UVA radiation 37 W m
e2
,
treatment time 180 min.
Synthetic DWW Electrocoagulation Aluminum electrodes, bipolar COD (80%), e [25]
(recirculation configuration, flow rate phosphate (98%),
operation mode). 28.3 L mine1, TSS (100%),
supporting electrolyte 0.1 turbidity (100%).
M NaCl, current density 0.65
A me2,
charge loading 0.59 F me3,
pH 6, treatment time 180 min.
Raw SWW (poultry) Electrocoagulation/ Aluminum anode and graphite COD (76e85%), e [26]
electroflotation cathode color (93e99%),
(batch operation (current reversal), TSS (95e99%), turbidity
mode). interelectrode (95e99%).
gap 0.5 cm, current density
3 mA cme2,
pH 6.4, treatment time
75 min.
Raw SWW (poultry) Electrocoagulation Iron electrodes (horizontal and COD (88.5 and 96.26 for e [27]
(continuous operation vertical arrangements), horizontal and vertical
www.sciencedirect.com

mode). interelectrode gap arrangements, respectively.

2.1 cm, bipolar configuration, BOD5 (97%), f
flow rate ecal coliforms (100%),
0.5 L mine1, current density TSS (85%).
4 mA cme2, pH 7.9e8.2,
treatment time
12 and 16 min for horizontal
and vertical arrangements,
respectively.
www.sciencedirect.com

Raw SWW (poultry) Electrocoagulation and Iron electrodes, monopolar Electrocoagulation: e [28]
peroxy-electrocoagulation configuration, COD (89.4%).
(continuous operation mode). treatment time 90 min. Peroxy-electrocoagulation:
Electrocoagulation: current COD (95.5%).
density
40 mA cme2, pH 7.1, flow
rate 0.05 L mine1.
Peroxy-electrocoagulation:
current
density 50 mA cme2, pH 3,
flow rate 0.03 L mine1, initial
H2O2
concentration 0.2 M, initial
polyaluminum chloride
0.5 g Le1.
Raw SWW/DWW Combined system Electro-oxidation: pH 6.3 and Electro-oxidation: e [29]
electrooxidation 2.7 for COD (97% and 88% for
and electrocoagulation SWW and DWW, SWW and DWW,
(semicontinuous respectively, respectively).
operation mode). Si/BDD electrodes, Electrocoagulation:
monopolar and COD (89% and 74% for
bipolar configuration, SWW and DWW,
inter-electrode space 1 mm, respectively).

Electrochemical meat/dairy wastewater treatments Sandoval and Salazar

current Coupled system
density 35.7 mA cme2, electrooxidation/
treatment time 3 h. electrocoagulation:
Electrocoagulation: pH 6.3 COD (97% and 92% for
and 7 for SWW and DWW,
SWW and DWW, respectively).
respectively, mild steel Coupled system
electrodes, electrocoagulation/electro-
monopolar configuration, oxidation: COD (98.7%
inter-electrode space 3 mm, and 96.6% for SWW
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

current density 5 mA cme2, and DWW, respectively).

treatment time 3 h.
For coupled system,
treatment time 4 h.
Raw DWW Combined system In monopolar configuration: pH In monopolar configuration: e [31]
electrocoagulation 4, COD (57.5%) and
and electrooxidation titanium oxide and aluminum turbidity (98.72%).
(batch operation mode). electrodes, interelectrode In bipolar configuration:
space COD (78.2%) and t
7.5 mm, current intensity 2 A, urbidity (94.5%).
treatment time 60 min.
In bipolar configuration: pH 4,
titanium oxide and aluminum
electrodes, interelectrode
space
7.5 mm, current intensity 3 A,
treatment time 100 min.
(continued on next page)

7
Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

8 Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatement

Table 2. (continued )
Influent Technology Optimal operating Pollutant Added-value products Reference
conditions removal (%)

Raw DWW Combined system pH 7, iron and aluminum Electrocoagulation e [32]

electrocoagulation electrodes, COD (86.4%).
-phytoremediation. interelectrode space 1 cm, Combined system
(batch operation mode). monopolar series electrocoagulation-
configuration, phytoremediation,
applied voltage 5 V, COD (97.9%).
treatment time 2 h.
Synthetic DWW Electrocoagulation pH 7, aluminum electrodes, COD (63.8%), e [33]
(batch operation mode). interelectrode phosphates
space 2 cm, current (94.9%), and
intensity 0.2 A, supporting turbidity (99%).
electrolyte 0.25 g Le1 CaCl2,
treatment time 10 min.
Raw DWW Electrocoagulation pH 7.7, iron and aluminum COD (55%), e [34]
(batch operation mode). electrodes, interelectrode TOC (60%),
space TN (90%),
1 cm, current intensity 1 A, turbidity (100%).
supporting electrolyte 2 g L
e1
,
treatment time 1 h.
Raw SWW (cattle) Electrocoagulation pH 5, iron and aluminum COD (92.8%). e [46]
(continuous operation mode). electrodes,
applied voltage 29.5 V,
supporting electrolyte 2 g L
e1
,
treatment time 30 min.
Synthetic and raw SWW (cattle) Aerobic –anoxic process pH 6.7, graphite rod and In synthetic SWW: Nitrogen recovery (100%), [60]
(continuous operation mode). granules COD (98%), power generation 135.2 W m
e2
as anode and cathode, NH+4 (99.9%),
respectively, treatment time nitrates (100%).
120 days. In real SWW:
COD (99%),
NH+4 (99.3%),
nitrates (100%).
Synthetic and raw SWW (cattle) Aerobic –anoxic process Temperature 37  C, treatment COD (48e70%), Biohydrogen 378e390 mL H2 (g [69]
(batch operation mode). time Nitrogen (>95%), volatile solids)e1
6 and 1 day, respectively, phosphorous
Scenedesmus obliquus (63e99%).
bacteria, pH 6.8.
Raw municipal wastewater Electrohydrolysis process pH 8.3, aluminum and COD (84%), BOD5 (75%), color Hydrogen production 475 mL [70]
www.sciencedirect.com

(batch operation mode). copper electrodes, (86%), TSS (86%), turbidity

monopolar (82%), total coliform (40%).
configuration,
voltage 8 V,
treatment time 4 h.
Raw SWW (cattle) pH 6.8e7, Temperature 38  C, Biogas produced 322 mL (g [71]
treatment time 100 days. COD)e1
 Electrochemical meat/dairy wastewater treatments Sandoval and Salazar 9

Tae-Kyoung [47] and Ye [48]. Finally, norfloxacin and

ofloxacin removal has been widely researched. EO, Eþ-
[72]

ozonation, Fenton-like, photo-catalytic, photo-electro-

chemical, and hybrid processes have highly shown
removal efficiencies in several aqueous matrices [49e
57]. Table 2 shows the different technologies, alone or
Methane gas production rate

hybrid, to treat SWW/DWW as well as the value-added

products after the processes.

Circular economy. The recovery of valuable

61.5 L daye1

by-products
TOC, total organic carbon; BOD, biological oxygen demand; COD, chemical oxygen demand; TSSs, total suspended solids; TN, total nitrogen; TP, total phosphorous.

To achieve the goals of circular economy (CEcon) and

sustainability of water reuse, energy, and resource re-
covery, the management of SWW/DWW is crucial. The
evaluation of the technological advances must consider
the target operational principles of CEcon: reuse, recy-
TOC (96%), TSS (98%), TN
(78%) in continuous mode.

cling, and recovery (3Rs) [7]. Gallego-Schmid and

TOC (89%) in batch mode.

Zepon-Tarpani [58] reviewed 43 research articles that

deal with the managing of wastewater treatments in
Volatile solids (66%)

developing countries through the life cycle assessment.

and fat, oil and
grease (85%).

They found that an increase of these studies is needed

to minimize the environmental impact because SWW/
DWW contains high valued resources. The nitrogen re-
covery from these effluents through bioelectrochemical
systems (based on the ammonia/ammonium recovery)
may contribute to diminish the energy consumption of
the polluted water treatment [59]. Mohammed and
Ismail [60] reported recovery efficiency of nitrogen of
100% at nitrate loading rate of 0.0106 kg-N m3 day1
after 39 days of continuous operation using a microbial
fuel cell/aerobic/anoxic reactor. Shahzad et al. [61]
developed a detailed economic analysis using the
time 10 h.
pH 6.9e7.1,

retention
hydraulic

slaughtering waste streams as raw material for poly-

hydroxyalkanoate, a biopolymer with plastic-like prop-
erties. The recovery of nutrients as nitrogen,
phosphorous, and potassium, present in SWW/DWW
could contribute to minimize the quantities of fertil-
izers and to prevent the environmental damage. In the
(semicontinuous operation
Anaerobic digestion process

Anaerobic digestion process

same context, the sludge produced after the SWW

(batch andcontinuous

treatment can be used as starting material in the pro-

operation mode).

duction of ceramic tiles [62]. Figure 1 shows the overall

SWW/DWW treatment considering the circular econ-
omy concept. If products or by-products of SWW/DWW
are difficult to reuse, then the clean renewable power/
mode).

energy generation should be the essential purpose. Fat,

oil, and grease (FOG) from SWW/DWW may be
converted to biodiesel which is an eco-friendly alterna-
tive fuel [63e65]. Moreover, electricity generation from
slaughterhouse residues and animal manure [66e68],
biohydrogen, and hydrogen gas production from SWW
Synthetic and raw SWW

(poultry, swine, and cattle), and municipal wastewaters

[69,70] had been investigated.

The anaerobic digestion process transforms organic

(buffalos)

matter into carbon dioxide and methane, which makes it

the most used technology to produce energy from
wastewaters [71e74].

www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

10 Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatement

Figure 1

Electrochemical treatment of SWW/DWW considering the concept of circular economy: decontamination of wastewater, use of renewable energies and
electricity generation, and added-value products recovery/generation.

Conclusions and perspectives the recovery of value-added products and electricity

In this article, we have presented a short review of the generation after electrochemical treatment of waste-
recent literature of the treatment of meat and dairy water from the meat/dairy industry.
processing industries effluents, which contain high
organic matter concentration. The work has been Declaration of competing interest
focused on the application of electrochemical technol- The authors declare that they have no known competing
ogies of industrial wastewater for removing TOC, COD, financial interests or personal relationships that could
and the main contaminants considering the 3Rs as a have appeared to influence the work reported in this
priority. We discussed that the reuse, recycling, and re- article.
covery of water, energy, and nutrients is important today
to minimize environmental impact, to enhance the Acknowledgements
sustainability of the process, and to close the water cycle Miguel A. Sandoval is grateful to Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a,
in the meat industrial and slaughtering sector. We have México (CONACYT) for granting the postdoctoral scholarship, No.
386022. Ricardo Salazar thanks Dirección de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y
highlighted the environmental impact of electrochemi- Tecnológicas (DICYT, Universidad de Santiago de Chile for supporting the
cally treated water in: (i) that pollutant-free SWW/ project 021942SG_POSDOC.
DWW can be recycled/reused at an affordable price for
irrigation; (ii) electricity consumption in continuous References
operation mode is a key parameter that can be reduced Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review,
have been highlighted as:
by producing energy from SWW/DWW, which has good
potential for biogas production; (iii) take advantage of * of special interest
* * of outstanding interest
some nutrients present in SWW/DWW as nitrogen (in
form of urea, ammonium, and nitrate), phosphorous (in 1. Gerbens-Leenes PW, Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY: The water
the form of phosphate and phosphoric acid), and po- footprint of poultry, pork, and beef: a comparative study in
different countries and production systems. Water Resour Ind
tassium (in the form of potassium chloride, potassium 2013, 1e2:25e36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2013.03.001.
sulfate, potassium phosphate, and potassium nitrate) to
2. World Bank Group: Environmental, Health and safety (EHS)
irrigate crop fields (fertigation). Further socio-economic guidelines for meat processing. General EHS guidelines: envi-
studies are needed to better understand the effect of ronmental wastewater and ambient water quality; 2007.

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662 www.sciencedirect.com

 Electrochemical meat/dairy wastewater treatments Sandoval and Salazar 11

3. US EPA: Effluent limitations guidelines and new source per- 18. Brooms T, Apollo S, Otieno B, Onyango MS, Kabuba J,
formance standards for the meat and poultry products point Ochieng A: Integrated anaerobic digestion and photo-
source category. U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency (US EPA) Fed. degradation of slaughterhouse wastewater: energy analysis
Regist. 2004, 69:173. and degradation of aromatic compounds. J Mater Cycles
Waste 2020, 22:1227–1236, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-
4. CEC: Urban wastewater treatment directive 91/271/EEC, 01019-0.
Council of the European Communities (CEC). Off. J. Eur.
Communities L 1991, 135:40e52. 19. Brillas E: A review on the photoelectro-Fenton process as
efficient electrochemical advanced oxidation for wastewater
5. Valta K, Kosanovic T, Malamis D, Moustakas K, Loizidou M: remediation. Treatment with UV light, sunlight, and coupling
Overview of water usage and wastewater management in the with conventional and other photo-assisted advanced tech-
food and beverage industry. Desalin Water Treat 2015, 53: nologies. Chemosphere 2020, 250:126198, https://doi.org/
3335–3347, https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.934100. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126198 0045-6535.
6. Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Mehrvar M: Slaughterhouse wastewater 20. Ozturk D, Yilmaz AE: Treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater
characteristics, treatment, and management in the meat with the electrochemical oxidation process: role of operating
processing industry: a review on trends and advances. parameters on treatment efficiency and energy consumption.
J Environ Manag 2015, 161:287–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/ J Water Process Eng 2019, 31:100834, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jenvman.2015.07.008. j.jwpe.2019.100834.
7. Suarez-Eiroa B, Fernandez E, Mendez-Martínez G, Soto- 21. Alfonso-Muniozguren P, Cotillas S, Boaventura RAR, Moreira FC,
Onate D: Operational principles of circular economy for Lee J, Vilar VJP: Single and combined electrochemical
sustainable development: linking theory and practice. J Clean oxidation driven processes for the treatment of slaughter-
Prod 2019, 214:952–961, https://doi.org/10.1016/ house wastewater. J Clean Prod 2020, 270:121858, https://
j.jclepro.2018.12.271. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121858.
8. Prazeres AR, Fernandes F, Madeira L, Luz S, Albuquerque A, 22. Vidal J, Huiliñir C, Salazar R: Removal of organic matter
Simões R, Beltrán F, Jerónimo E, Rivas J: Treatment of contained in slaughterhouse wastewater using a combina-
slaughterhouse wastewater by acid precipitation (H2SO4, HCl tion of anaerobic digestion and solar photoelectro-Fenton
and HNO3) and oxidation (Ca(ClO)2, H2O2 and CaO2). J Environ processes. Electrochim Acta 2016, 210:163–170, https://doi.org/
Manag 2019, 250:109558, https://doi.org/10.1016/ 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.064.
j.jenvman.2019.109558.
23. Vidal J, Carvajal A, Huiliñir C, Salazar R: Slaughterhouse
9. Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Mehrvar M: Treatment of actual slaugh- * * wastewater treatment by a combined anaerobic digestion/
terhouse wastewater by combined anaerobic-aerobic pro- solar photoelectro-Fenton process performed in semi-
cesses for biogas generation and removal of organics and continuous operation. Chem Eng J 2019, 378:122097, https://
nutrients: an optimization study towards a cleaner doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122097.
production in the meat processing industry. J Clean Prod A combined semicontinuous anaerobic digestion/SPEF process to
2017, 141:278–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/ remove COD from synthetic slaughterhouse wastewater.
j.jclepro.2016.09.060.
24. Garcia-Segura S, Eiband MMSG, de Melo JV, Martínez-
10. Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Ghafoori S, Mehrvar M: Photochemical Huitle CA: Electrocoagulation and advanced electro-
degradation of an actual slaughterhouse wastewater by coagulation processes: a general review about the funda-
continuous UV/H2O2 photoreactor with recycle. J Environ mentals, emerging applications, and its association with
Chem Eng 2016, 4:719–732, https://doi.org/10.1016/ other technologies. J Electroanal Chem 2017, 801:267–299,
j.jece.2015.12.009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.047.
11. Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Mehrvar M: Treatment of an actual 25. Bassala HD, Dedzo GK, Njine-Bememba CB, Tchekwagep-
slaughterhouse wastewater by integration of biological and Seumo PM, Dazie JD, Nanseu-Njiki CP, Ngameni E: Investiga-
advanced oxidation processes: modeling, optimization, and tion of the efficiency of a designed electrocoagulation
cost-effectiveness analysis. J Environ Manag 2016, 182: reactor: application for dairy effluent treatment. Process Saf
651–666, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.044. Environ 2017, 111:122–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.psep.2017.07.002.
12. Páramo-Vargas J, Gutiérrez Granados S, Maldonado-Rubio MI,
Peralta-Hernández JM: Up to 95 % reduction of chemical 26. Paulista LO, Presumido PH, Peruço-Theodoro JD, Novaes-
oxygen demand of slaughterhouse effluents using Fenton Pinheiro AL: Efficiency analysis of the electrocoagulation and
and photo-Fenton oxidation. Environ Chem Lett 2016, 14: electroflotation treatment of poultry slaughterhouse waste-
149–154, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-015-0534-2. water using aluminum and graphite anodes. Environ Sci Pollut
Res 2018, 25:19790–19800, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-
13. Naderi KV, Bustillo-Lecompte CF, Mehrvar M, Abdekhodaie MJ:
2184-y.
Combined UV-C/H2O2-VUV processes for the treatment of an
actual slaughterhouse wastewater. J Environ Sci Heal B 2017, 27. Gomes AJG, Atambo DO, Das KK, Cocke DL, Das KP: Elec-
52:314–325, https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1281650. * trochemical remediation of chicken processing plant waste-
water. J Environ Chem Eng 2018, 6:6028–6036, https://doi.org/
14. Davarnejad R, Nasiri S: Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment
10.1016/j.jece.2018.09.039.
using an advanced oxidation process: optimization study.
Horizontal and vertical EC reactor configurations to treat chicken SWW
Environ Pollut 2017, 223:1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/
using iron electrodes.
j.envpol.2016.11.008.
28. Eryuruk K, Un UT, Ogutveren UB: Electrochemical treatment of
15. Alcalá-Delgado AG, Lugo-Lugo V, Linares-Hernández I, Martínez- * wastewaters from poultry slaughtering and processing by
Miranda V, Fuentes-Rivas RM, Ureña-Nuñez F: Industrial
using iron electrodes. J Clean Prod 2018, 172:1089–1095,
wastewater treated by galvanic, galvanic Fenton, and
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.254.
hydrogen peroxide systems. J Water Process Eng 2018, 22:
EC in a continuous flow reactor to treat poultry SWW using iron
1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.01.001.
electrodes.
16. Reza-Rahmani A, Mousavi-Tashar A, Masoumi Z, Azariana G:
29. Ghazouani M, Akrout H, Jellali S, Bousselmi L: Comparative
Integrated advanced oxidation process, sono-Fenton treat- * * study of electrochemical hybrid systems for the treatment of
ment, for mineralization and volume reduction of activated
real wastewaters from agri-food activities. Sci Total Environ
sludge. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 2019, 168:120–126, https://
2019, 647:1651–1664, https://doi.org/10.1016/
doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.069.
j.scitotenv.2018.08.023.
17. Abdelhay A, Othman AA, Albsoul A: Treatment of COD removal efficiency analysis of EOR, EC, and EOR/EC process
slaughterhouse wastewater using high-frequency ultra- from poultry SWW and DWW.
sound: optimization of operating conditions by RSM. Environ
30. Reilly M, Cooley AP, Tito D, Tassou SA, Theodorou MK: Elec-
Technol 2020, 30:1–9, https://doi.org/10.1080/
trocoagulation treatment of dairy processing and
09593330.2020.1746409.

www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662

12 Electrochemical Technologies for Wastewater Treatement

slaughterhouse wastewaters. Energy Procedia 2019, 161: using stainless steel electrodes. J Environ Chem Eng 2018, 6:
343–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.02.106. 2855–2864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.04.033.
31. Turan NB: The application of hybrid 45. Ghanbari F, Zirrahi F, Olfati D, Gohari F, Hassani A: TiO2
electrocoagulation–electrooxidation system for the treat- nanoparticles removal by electrocoagulation using iron
ment of dairy wastewater using different electrode connec- electrodes: catalytic activity of electrochemical sludge for the
tions. Separ Sci Technol 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/ degradation of emerging pollutant. J Mol Liq 2020, 310:
01496395.2020.1788596. 113217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113217.
32. Akansha J, Nidheesh PV, Gopinath A, Anupama KV, Kumar MS: 46. Pinedo-Hernández J, Marrugo-Negrete J, Dõéz S: Removal of
* Treatment of dairy industry wastewater by combined aerated cypermethrin and chemical oxygen demand from livestock
electrocoagulation and phytoremediation process. Chemo- wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chem Eng Technol 2020,
sphere 2020, 253:126652, https://doi.org/10.1016/ 43–2:211–217, https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201800742.
j.chemosphere.2020.126652.
47. Tae-Kyoung K, Taeyeon K, Youngho C, Kyung-Duk Z: Energy-
33. Tchamango SR, Ngayo KW, Belibi Belibi PD, Nkouam F, efficient erythromycin degradation using UV-LED (275 nm)/
Ngassoum MB: Treatment of a dairy effluent by classical chlorine process: radical contribution, transformation prod-
electrocoagulation and indirect electrocoagulation with ucts, and toxicity evaluation. Water Res 2020, 185:116159,
aluminum electrodes. Separ Sci Technol 2020, https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116159.
10.1080/01496395.2020.1748889.
48. Ye Y, Feng Y, Bruning H, Yntema D, Rijnaarts HHM: Photo-
34. Chezeau B, Boudriche L, Vial C, Boudjema A: Treatment of catalytic degradation of metoprolol by TiO2 nanotube arrays
dairy wastewater by electrocoagulation process: advantages and UV-LED: effects of catalyst properties, operational pa-
of combined iron/aluminum electrodes. Separ Sci Technol rameters, commonly present water constituents, and photo-
2020, 55:2510–2527, https://doi.org/10.1080/ induced reactive species. Appl Catal B Environ 2018, 220:
01496395.2019.1638935. 171–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.08.040.
35. Bruguera-Casamada C, Araujo RM, Brillas E, Sires I: Advan- 49. Jojoa-Sierra SD, Silva-Agredo J, Herrera-Calderon E, Torres-
tages of electro-Fenton over electrocoagulation for disinfec- Palma RA: Elimination of the antibiotic norfloxacin in
tion of dairy wastewater. Chem Eng J 2019, 376:119975, municipal wastewater, urine and seawater by electro-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.136. chemical oxidation on IrO2 anodes. Sci Total Environ 2017,
575:1228–1238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.201.
36. Afsharnia M, Kianmehr M, Biglari H, Dargahi A, Karimi A: Disin-
fection of dairy wastewater effluent through solar photo- 50. da Silva SW, Navarro EMO, Rodrigues MAS, Bernardes AM,
catalysis processes. Water Sci Eng 2018, 11:214–219, https:// Pérez-Herranz V: The role of the anode material and water
doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2018.10.001. matrix in the electrochemical oxidation of norfloxacin.
Chemosphere 2018, 210:615–623, https://doi.org/10.1016/
37. Hee-Jun K, Chan-Hee W, Hyun-Woo K: Pathogen deactivation j.chemosphere.2018.07.057.
of glow discharge cold plasma while treating organic and
inorganic pollutants of slaughterhouse wastewater. Water Air 51. Mora-Gomez J, Ortega E, Mestre S, Pérez-Herranz V, García-
Soil Pollut 2018, 229:237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018- Gabaldón M: Electrochemical degradation of norfloxacin
3895-x. using BDD and new Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic anodes in an
electrochemical reactor in the presence and absence of a
38. Simas A, Mores R, Steffens J, Dallago RM, Kunz A, Michelon W, cation-exchange membrane. Separ Purif Technol 2019, 208:
Fongaro G, Viancelli A: Electrodisinfection of real swine 68–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.017.
wastewater for water reuse. Environ Chem Lett 2019, 17:
495–499, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0782-z. 52. Yu H, Dou D, Zhang X, Zhang L, Dong H, Yu H: Degradation of
Norfloxacin in saline water by synergistic effect of anode and
39. Cotillas S, Llanos J, Moraleda I, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA: cathode in a novel photo-electrochemical system. J Clean
* Scaling-up an integrated electrodisinfection- Prod 2020, 242:118548, https://doi.org/10.1016/
electrocoagulation process for wastewater reclamation. j.jclepro.2019.118548.
Chem Eng J 2020, 380:122415, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.cej.2019.122415. 53. Wang H, Cheng Z, Zhu N, Yuan H, Lou Z, Otieno P, Li W: pH-
Bipolar hybrid EC reactor to disinfect urban wastewater. dependent norfloxacin degradation by E+-ozonation:
radical reactivities and intermediates identification. J Clean
40. Buyukada M: Removal, potential reaction pathways, and Prod 2020, 265:121722, https://doi.org/10.1016/
* * overall cost analysis of various pollution parameters and j.jclepro.2020.121722.
toxic odor compounds from the effluents of Turkey
processing plant using TiO2 –assisted UV/O3 process. 54. Kaur R, Kushwaha JP, Singh N: Electro-oxidation of ofloxacin
J Environ Manag 2019, 248:109298, https://doi.org/10.1016/ antibiotic by dimensionally stable Ti/RuO2 anode: evaluation
j.jenvman.2019.109298. and mechanistic approach. Chemosphere 2018, 193:685–694,
Removal and possible reaction pathways of hazardous odor com- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.065.
pounds contained in a turkey SWW using photocatalytic-ozonation
process. 55. Gupta G, Umar A, Kaur A, Sood S, Dhir A, Kansal SK: Solar light
driven photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin based on ul-
41. Shao B, Chen D, Zhang J, Wu Y, Sun C: Determination of 76 trathin bismuth molybdenum oxide nanosheets. Mater Res
pharmaceutical drugs by liquid chromatography–tandem Bull 2018, 99:359–366, https://doi.org/10.1016/
mass spectrometry in slaughterhouse wastewater. j.materresbull.2017.11.033.
J Chromatogr A 2009, 1216:8312–8318, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.chroma.2009.08.038. 56. Liu J, Wu X, Liu J, Zhang C, Hu Q, Hou X: Ofloxacin degrada-
tion by Fe3O4-CeO2/AC Fenton-like system: optimization, ki-
42. Mondal SK, Saha AK, Sinha A: Removal of ciprofloxacin using netics, and degradation pathways. Mol Catal 2019, 465:61–67,
modified advanced oxidation processes: kinetics, pathways https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2018.12.020.
and process optimization. J Clean Prod 2018, 171:1203–1214,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.091. 57. Patidar R, Srivastava SV: Mechanistic and kinetic insights of
synergistic mineralization of ofloxacin using a sono-photo
43. Rahmani AR, Nematollahi D, Samarghandi MR, Samadi MT, hybrid process. Chem Eng J 2021, 403:125736, https://doi.org/
Azarian G: A combined advanced oxidation process: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125736.
electrooxidation-ozonation for antibiotic
ciprofloxacin removal from aqueous solution. J Electroanal 58. Gallego-Schmid A, Zepon-Tarpani RR: Life cycle assessment of
Chem 2018, 808:82–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/ wastewater treatment in developing countries: a review.
j.jelechem.2017.11.067. Water Res 2019, 153:63–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.watres.2019.01.010.
44. Bueno F, Borba FH, Pellenz L, Schmitz M, Godoi B, Espinoza-
Quiñones FR, de Pauli AR, Módenes AN: Degradation of cip- 59. Rahimi S, Modin O, Mijakovic I: Technologies for biological
rofloxacin by the Electrochemical Peroxidation process removal and recovery of nitrogen from wastewater. Biotechnol

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662 www.sciencedirect.com

 Electrochemical meat/dairy wastewater treatments Sandoval and Salazar 13

Adv 2020, 43:107570, https://doi.org/10.1016/ Analyze of the impacts related to the production of electricity from
j.biotechadv.2020.107570. slaughterhouse residues.
60. Mohammed AJ, Ismail ZZ: Slaughterhouse wastewater bio- 67. El-Nahhal YZ, Al-Agha MR, El-Nahhal IY, El-Aila NA, El-Nahal FI,
* * treatment associated with bioelectricity generation and ni- Alhalabi RA: Electricity generation from animal manure.
trogen recovery in hybrid system of microbial fuel cell with Biomass Bioenergy 2020, 136:105531, https://doi.org/10.1016/
aerobic and anoxic bioreactors. Ecol Eng 2018, 125:119–130, j.biombioe.2020.105531.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.10.010.
Bioelectrochemical integrated system to recover nitrogen. 68. Santagata R, Viglia S, Fiorentino G, Liu G, Ripa M: Power gen-
eration from slaughterhouse waste materials. An emergy
61. Shahzad K, Narodoslawsky M, Sagir M, Ali N, Ali S, accounting assessment. J Clean Prod 2019, 223:536–552,
Rashid MI, Ibrahim-Ismail IM, Koller M: Techno-economic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.148.
feasibility of waste biorefinery: using slaughtering
waste streams as starting material for biopolyester 69. Ferreira A, Marques P, Ribeiro B, Assemany P, de Mendonça HV,
production. Waste Manag 2017, 67:73 – 85, https:// * * Barata A, Oliveira AC, Reis A, Pinheiro HM, Gouveia L:
doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.047. Combining biotechnology with circular bioeconomy: from
poultry, swine, cattle, brewery, dairy and urban wastewaters
62. Ferreira A, Fagnani KC, Alves HJ, Colpini LMS, Kunh SS, to biohydrogen. Environ Res 2018, 164:32–38, https://doi.org/
* Nastri S, Conserva LRS, Melchiades FG: Effect of incorporating 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.007.
sludge from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater Analysis of the biomass produced from different wastewaters and
treatment system in ceramic mass for tile production. Environ biohydrogen production
Technol Inno 2018, 9:294–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.eti.2017.11.010. 70. Yarõmtepe CC, Türen B, Oz NA: Hydrogen production from
Elaboration of bricks using the sludge produced from poultry municipal wastewaters via electrohydrolysis process.
slaughtering. Chemosphere 2019, 231:168–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.chemosphere.2019.04.220.
63. Dimian AC, Kiss AA: Eco-efficient processes for biodiesel
production from waste lipids. J Clean Prod 2019, 239:118073, 71. Schmidt T, McCabe BK, Harris PW, Lee S: Effect of trace
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118073. element addition and increasing organic loading rates on the
anaerobic digestion of cattle slaughterhouse wastewater.
64. Riazi B, Mosby JM, Millet B, Spatari S: Renewable diesel from Biores Technol 2018, 264:51–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/
* oils and animal fat waste: implications of feedstock, tech- j.biortech.2018.05.050.
nology, co-products and ILUC on life cycle GWP. Resour
Conserv Recycl 2020, 161:104944, https://doi.org/10.1016/ 72. Loganath R, Mazumder D: Performance study on organic
j.resconrec.2020.104944. carbon, total nitrogen, suspended solids removal and biogas
Renewable diesel from poultry fat, beef tallow, and soybean oil. production in hybrid UASB reactor treating real slaughter-
house wastewater. J Environ Chem Eng 2018, 6:3474–3484,
65. Ndiaye A, Arhaliass J, Legrand G, Roelens A, Kerihuel A: Reuse https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.031.
* * of waste animal fat in biodiesel: biorefining heavily-degraded
contaminant-rich waste animal fat and formulation as diesel 73. Hernández-Fydrych VC, Benítez-Olivares G, Meraz-
fuel additive. Renew Energy 2020, 145:1073–1079, https:// Rodríguez MA, Salazar-Peláez ML, Fajardo-Ortiz MC: Methane
doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.030. production kinetics of pretreated slaughterhouse waste-
A waste fat (free fatty acids and triglycerides) biorefining strategy for water. Biomass Bioenergy 2019, 130:105385, https://doi.org/
use as a diesel fuel additive. 10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105385.

66. Santagata R, Ripa M, Ulgiati S: An environmental assessment 74. Vilvert AJ, Saldeira-Junior JC, Bautitz IR, Zenatti DC,
* of electricity production from slaughterhouse residues. Andrade MG, Hermes E: Minimization of energy demand in
Linking urban, industrial, and waste management systems. slaughterhouses: estimated production of biogas
Appl Energy 2017, 186:175–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/ generated from the effluent. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2020,
j.apenergy.2016.07.073M. 120:109613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109613.

www.sciencedirect.com Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 2021, 26:100662