BÁBOLNA TETRA-SL

COMMERCIAL LAYER
MANAGEMENT GUIDE

BÁBOLNA TETRA Ltd.

H-9651 Uraiújfalu; Petőfi u. 18, Hungary
Phone: +36 95 345 002; +36 95 345 004
Fax: +36 95 345 009
e-mail: [email protected]
www.babolnatetra.com

TETRA_borito_SL_comlayer.indd 1 1/19/09 5:20:37 PM

 BÁBOLNA TETRA-SL
COMMERCIAL LAYER
MANAGEMENT GUIDE

TETRA_borito_SL_comlayer.indd 2 1/19/09 5:20:39 PM

 CONTENTS

Introduction _____________________________________________________________________________ 2

Performance Specifications ________________________________________________________________ 3

Husbandry ______________________________________________________________________________ 4

Temperature ________________________________________________________________________ 4

Stocking Rate _______________________________________________________________________ 5

Feeding Space _______________________________________________________________________ 5

Drinking Space ______________________________________________________________________ 5

Beak Trimming_______________________________________________________________________ 6

Water Intake ________________________________________________________________________ 7

Light Intensity _______________________________________________________________________ 7

Nutrition and Body Weight Control ___________________________________________________________ 8

Body Weight Control __________________________________________________________________ 8

Feed Intake ________________________________________________________________________ 10

Body Weight Guide __________________________________________________________________ 11

Feeding Program ____________________________________________________________________ 12

Nutritional Recommendations __________________________________________________________ 13

Lighting Program ________________________________________________________________________ 14

Veterinary Control _______________________________________________________________________ 16

Recommendation for Vitamin Treatments _________________________________________________ 16

Egg Numbers ___________________________________________________________________________ 17

Rate of Lay _________________________________________________________________________ 18

Egg Weight ____________________________________________________________________________ 19

Egg Weight and Size _________________________________________________________________ 20

Egg Quality ____________________________________________________________________________ 21

Egg Production and Egg Weight Graph _______________________________________________________ 22

Hot Climate Management _________________________________________________________________ 23

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 INTRODUCTION

This guide contains information, which will help achieve the potential
performance from TETRA-SL stock. It is, however, only a guide. The
actual performance obtained will depend on a whole list of factors.
Health status, ambient temperature, management and housing system
are just some of the influences, which will modify the genetic potential
bred into the TETRA-SL.
The economics of egg production vary around the world and from one
part of a year to another. The attainment of maximum egg numbers
may not result in maximum profit if egg price differentials indicate
that management procedures should have been designed to produce
maximum egg weight. TETRA-SL is an extremely versatile brown egg-
laying hybrid, and management procedures may be modified so that it
produces the correct balance of egg numbers and egg weight to suit
a particular set of economic conditions.
Under each production parameter there is a summary of the effects
that some of the more important management factors have upon
performance. We hope that these summaries, which include recent
research findings, will give the necessary information to enable the
management protocol most appropriate for maximising profit from
your TETRA-SL to be chosen.
Laying hens are living creatures, and each is an individual, it is
therefore not possible to give any guarantee of performance, even
if the management procedures described in this guide are followed
precisely. However, adherence to the various recommendations will
ensure that the best possible performance under the circumstances,
may be attained.
Maximum performance will only be obtained when birds are kept in
controlled environment conditions. However, it is possible to adapt
management, when birds are kept in tropical open housing, to
minimize the loss of performance caused by high temperature and
natural lighting conditions. This guide includes a section devoted to
the management of TETRA-SL in hot climate open housing.

Bábolna TETRA Ltd.

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 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
(STANDARD MATURITY)

Data to 80 weeks of age in controlled environment conditions

Liveability
0 - 17 weeks of age 97-98%
17 - 80 weeks of age 94-96%

Feed Intake
0 - 17 weeks of age 5.8-6.0 kg
17- 80 weeks of age 110-115 g/day

Body Weight
At 17 weeks of age 1.44 kg
at 80 weeks of age 1.92-2.00 kg

Sexual Maturity
Age at 50% rate of lay 144 days
Age at 90% rate of lay 159 days

Egg Production
Peak production 95-96%
Egg production above 90% 16-20 weeks
Total egg production for 52 weeks of lay 319 eggs
Total egg production for 80 weeks of age 363 eggs

Egg Mass Output

Total egg production for 52 weeks of lay 20.5 kg
Total egg production for 80 weeks of age 23.5 kg
Average egg weight at 80 weeks of age 67.7 g

These specifications assume an average ambient house temperature of 20°C (68°F)

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 HUSBRANDY

It is important to note that in some countries welfare temperature heating has to be started 24 hours prior to
regulations may stipulate stocking rates and feeding placing the day-old flock. The behaviour of the chickens
and drinking spaces, which are different to those is the best indicator of the temperature especially during
given in this manual. Regulations may also prohibit or night. If the birds are calm and quiet and they spread out
restrict certain husbandry practices. equally in the house it means they feel comfortable. As the
chicks are growing the temperature can be reduced to 30-
Things to do before delivery
32 C° by the end of the first week. From the second week
of chicks
the temperature can be reduced by 2-3 C° weekly until
The risk of an infection of any kind of poultry disease can reaching 20 C°. Always measure the temperature at the
be minimized by isolating a flock from other especially bird’s level. Besides the temperature it is essential to
older flocks and by avoiding mixed-aged-flocks on the maintain proper humidity as well especially if brooding
same farm. in cages. Relative humidity has to be kept between 40-
All the building interior, including the drinking, feeding, 60% by evaporating water (floor brooding) or watering
heating and ventilation systems as well as the cages or the walks (cage brooding) if necessary.
slats and also the attached service areas and equipment
has to be cleaned, disinfected and dried properly. Brooding temperature
After reinstalling the disinfected and dried equipments Age Floor Brooding Cage Brooding
they have to be checked whether they work properly 1-4 32-33 C° 33-34 C°

and are adjusted for the right height. 5-7 30 C° 32 C°

8-14 28 C° 30 C°
Traps or poison for mice and flies have to be placed 15-21 26 C° 27 C°
inside the building out of reace of the birds. Windows 22-28 24 C° 24 C°
have to be covered by nets to keep wild birds outside 29-35 22 C° 22 C°
the building. 36-119 20 C° 20 C°
Once the farm is disinfected and ready for a new flock,
the entrance of unauthorised people and vehicles has
to be minimized.
draft too cold
24 hours before delivery the following things have to be done:
- Start heating to reach the required temperature
- Check the drinking system and water temperature
too warm appropriate
- Prepare feed ready for the birds
- Check appropriate light intensity

Temperature
During the first 3 or 4 days chickens need 32-34 C° Behaviour of the chicks is the best indicator of the
appropriate temperature
depending on the brooding system. To reach the required

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 Stocking Rate (a) Floor systems

(a) Floor systems Age

Feeder space Birds per 40
Environmental factors, such as type of housing, per bird cm dia circular
(weeks)
ventilation and temperature, have a greater effect upon (cm) feeder
stocking rate than genetic make-up. Slatted floors, 3.5 70
0-2
for example, will allow a tighter stocking rate than plus extra feeders in first week
litter, while high temperature, especially if combined 3-18 7.0 35
with high relative humidity, necessitates a more liberal >18 10.0 30
stocking rate. The following recommendations are given
as a guide for litter units with an average temperature (b) Cage systems
of about 20°C (68°F) at bird height. These rates should
be reduced by 2% for each 1°C (2°F) rise in temperature Age Feeder space per bird
above 20°C (68°F). (weeks) (cm)
2.0
Age Deep litter Slats 0-2
plus extra feeders in first 3-5 days
(weeks) Birds per m2 3-8 4.0
0-8 15 16 9-18 8.0
9-18 10 12 >18 10.0
>18 7 8

(b) Cage systems Drinking Space

Water is an essential nutrient by itself. It can also
Stocking rates in cage systems are mainly determined influence all other nutrient intakes by controlling feed
by body weight and temperature. intake. For example, a restriction on water intake will
cause a voluntary reduction in feed intake. Therefore
Age Birds Area per bird
the provision of an adequate number of well distributed
(weeks) per m2 (cm2)
drinking points is a key factor in egg production. In hot
0-8 66 150 climates the need for an adequate supply of drinkers is
9-18 29 350 even more important, as at high temperatures evapora-
>18 18 550 tive cooling plays a dominant role in the maintenance of
a normal body temperature.
Feeding Space The drinking space recommended below must be
increased in hot climates, and when water control is
Insufficient feeding space during rearing will produce practised. In these situations there will be abnormally
uneven birds at sexual maturity, and result in reduced heavy demands for water at certain times of the day.
egg output in lay. The following should be regarded as the To ensure that all birds find water when initially housed
minimum requirements for satisfactory performance. there should be a minimum light intensity of 20 lux at
bird level. This is especially important at day old and
where a change of drinking system occurs when
moving birds into the laying house. It is also

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 recommended that extra drinkers are provided beak trimming is best performed with a precision
during the first week of life to minimize the incidence of machine between 6 and 8 days of age. Only healthy
non-starters or starve-outs. birds can be beak trimmed. Electrolytes and vitamin K
should be used in the drinking water before and after
(a) Floor systems the procedure as well as deeper feed in the feeders.

Age Birds Trough space per Beak trimming, when done correctly, minimizes feed
(weeks) per nipple bird (cm) wastage and checks undesirable behaviour. It does not
8 fountains
directly affect egg production. However, if performed
0-2 incorrectly, it will reduce feed intake and, in turn,
plus extra fountains (50 birds per fountain)
adversely affect egg output. Faulty techniques include
3-18 8 2.5
trimming at the wrong age, cutting only one mandible,
>18 8 4.5
the removal of too much beak and unsatisfactory
cauterization.
(b) Cage systems
Care must be taken that all birds are correctly and
It is recommended that nipple and cup drinkers are uniformly beak trimmed. Each bird should mature with
located so that each cage of birds has access to at a rounded, but slightly shortened beak and well able to
least 2 drinkers. conduct normal feeding activity.

Age Birds Trough space per

(weeks) per nipple bird (cm)
0-8 15 2.5
9-18 8 5.0
>18 4 10.0

Beak Trimming

Beak trimming (often incorrectly termed debeaking)

need not be carried out routinely when TETRA-SL
birds are kept in controlled environment housing. But It is also important that the operation is conducted
if experience from previous flocks suggests that it in compliance with any welfare regulations, which
is necessary, it will be worthwhile first checking all may exist. In some countries the procedure may be
other aspects of management, before embarking on prohibited.
a program of beak trimming. The provision of more
feeders and drinkers, more space per bird or improved
ventilation may be the correct action. However, in open
sided housing, routine beak trimming is recommended,
as both bright light intensities and high temperatures
may predispose undesirable behaviour. When essential,

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 Water intake at 20 C°
Age (weeks) Daily water intake (litre per 100 birds)
1 2
2 4
4 6
6 8
8 10
10 12
12 14
14 16
16 18
18 20
20 22
22 25

Light Intensity
Genetic progress, as well as changes in ration Management, and in some countries welfare regula-
specifications, appear to have contributed to the ability tions, require the light intensity to be sufficiently bright
of the modern egg-laying hen to perform perfectly to properly inspect the flock for health and remove dead
satisfactorily at light intensities that would have been and sick birds. The light intensity should also be high
considered too low in the past. This gives the poultry enough to check that the drinking system is functioning
farmer the opportunity of reducing light intensity, correctly and that the house is acceptably clean.
rather than beak trimming, to control undesirable bird
behaviour. A light intensity of 10 lux (1 foot candle) in the laying
house at feed trough level seems to be a satisfactory
compromise between the need to control bird behaviour
and feed wastage, and the requirements for bird
inspection and maximization of egg output.

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 NUTRITION AND BODY WEIGHT CONTROL

Chick Starter (0 - 8 weeks)

Essentially a Starter ration aims to produce a good

skeleton, good organ development and help promote
an active immune system. This is achieved by feeding
the starter ad libitum with the correct balance and
absolute levels of essential amino acids, and a minimum
concentration (1.25%) of linoleic acid for growth,
development of the immune system, feathering and
skin condition.
Normally it is adequate to feed the Starter ration for 6
weeks, however, if for whatever reason body weight
is substantially less than 500 grams at 6 weeks it is
advisable to continue feeding Starter until body weight At least 2% of a flock has to be measured
is on target.
As TETRA-SL pullets are not liable to overweight, ad
Grower (8 - 15) libitum feeding can be used during the whole rearing
period if the measured average bodyweight is close to
Whilst the Grower ration will be the lowest density the target (±5%) and the flock is uniform.
ration that the bird receives, it is important that all In case the measured average bodyweight despite the
nutrients are correctly included. Feed restriction is not ad libitum feeding is under the target weight, the feed
recommended during this period as it may be difficult intake has to be increased by running the feeders more
to achieved the correct body weight at first egg, often or by using higher nutrient feed formula until the
particularly if early sexual maturity is desired. Feeding target is reached.
ab libitum is suggested but it is essential to monitor the In case the measured average bodyweight is above
body weights weekly during this period. the target, the feed intake should not to be increased
until the target is reached. Never reduce the daily feed
Body weight control intake.

Body weight, especially prior to first egg, is a very Grower feed can be used on the 8th week if the body
important factor in determining the performance that weight of the pullets is around 700 g. Normally by the
will be achieved during the laying period. Therefore a 15th week the average body weight of the pullets is
regular body weight control is essential. At least 2% around 1300 grams.
of a flock has to be measured not less than every two
weeks. Birds have to be weighed in the morning hours It is essential that TETRA-SL grows well from day
and on the same day of the week before feeding. one, as optimum skeletal development and adequate
The growth of a flock is normal and the birds can deposition of muscular and adipose tissues must
be considered equal if the difference between the be completed before the bird commences sexual
individual and average weight is not more than 10%. maturation. It therefore follows that the shape of the
body weight curve will depend on the anticipated age for

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 sexual maturity. The bird must develop its reproductive The importance of obtaining the correct body weights for
organs in the period 15-20 days before it lays its first given ages and stages of sexual development dictates
egg, irrespective of when maturity occurs. The ovary that sample body weighing of the flock is conducted
and oviduct will weigh about 100-150 grams, and this at regular intervals during the rearing period. It is
will be in addition to the 8-12 grams daily growth that particularly important that the body weight is on target
takes place at about this age. Body weight at first egg before a flock is changed from the Chick Starter to the
will therefore increase by 80-90 grams for each 10-day Grower ration. It is also vital that early maturing flocks
delay in maturity. are fed ad libitum throughout the rearing period if the
Once an individual bird starts to lay it is quite normal extra body weight gain necessary for these birds is to
for its body weight to plateau, or even fall, for several be achieved.
weeks after first egg. In the period when a flock is It will be seen from the TETRA-SL Body Weight Guide
starting to produce there will be three types of bird, (a) that early maturing flocks will initially have a faster
birds that have yet to develop sexually and growing at body weight gain than later maturing flocks. Because
8-10 grams per day, (b) birds undergoing development individual body weights tend to plateau as soon as
of the reproductive system and growing at 15 grams birds come into production and sexually immature
per day and (c) birds that are in lay, and having little or birds continue to gain weight, the flock body weight
no body weight gain. The effect that this has upon the averages cross over. As a result the earlier maturing
mean daily growth rate of a flock is shown in the graph birds then become lighter than later maturing birds. The
describing the daily body weight gain before and after body weight differences will persist throughout the life
50% rate of lay. of the flock.
Body weight at first egg is a key factor in the
determination of egg weight. The average egg weight TETRA-SL Body Weight (Early, Standard and Late Maturity)
in the laying year increases by 1.4-1.5 grams for each gram TETRA-SL Body Weight Guide
100-gram increment of body weight. 2 100
2 000 Late
It is a common phenomenon in brown egg laying birds 1 900
Standard
Early
that at about 15 weeks of age birds voluntarily reduce 1 800

daily feed intake, and as a consequence reduce daily 1 700

1 600
body weight gain. It follows therefore that body weights 1 500
must be on target by this age if suboptimal weights are 1 400

to be avoided. Birds, which commence egg production 1 300

1 200
with body weights below optimum, frequently dip in egg 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Age in Weeks
production at or soon after peak rate of lay.
Oestrogen production by the ovary causes a retardation
of skeletal growth. It is therefore extremely important Pre-Lay (16 - 18 weeks)
that the skeleton has been allowed to develop optimally
before the bird commences lay. Failure to permit In the 2-3 weeks before first egg enormous physiological
satisfactory bone growth during the rearing period will changes take place within the bird. During this time the bird
predispose both skeletal disorders and shell quality is depositing medullar bone, which will be involved in shell
problems during adult life. calcification once the bird is in lay. It is vital, therefore that

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 9 1/20/09 9:00:26 AM

 calcium intake is optimal at this stage if shell quality and Layer 2 (>60 weeks)
bone strength is to be maximized later in the laying cycle.
There is also an increased demand for energy and amino In the later stages of the laying cycle egg mass output is
acids to furnish the development of the ovary and oviduct. decreasing, body weight gain is almost completed and
Individual daily body weight gain will increase from about feed intake is adequate. At this stage it is possible to
10 grams per day to as much as 15 grams per day in the minimize feed costs by feeding a lower nutrient density by
period 3-15 days before first egg. As the body weight has controlling the ratio of the components.
to be between 1500-1550 g before starting of lay, it is most
important that feed intake is ad libitum whilst this ration is TETRA-SL Feed Intake
being fed, and that management factors, which depress
feed intake are avoided or their consequences minimized Feed intake is greatly influenced by environmental factors
as much as possible. and changes in consumption levels, without changes in
formulation, will result in changes in egg output.
Laying hens primarily alter their daily feed intake to
Because reproductive development and medullar bone
accommodate changes in their requirement for energy.
deposition have a temporal relationship to sexual maturity,
Therefore factors such as ambient temperature, which
any change in flock maturity must be matched by a similar
alter the bird’s demand for energy, automatically alter the
change in the introduction of the Pre-Lay ration.
bird’s intake of feed. If there has been no modification of
the ration formulation, changes in daily intake will result
Layer 1 (>19 weeks)
in changes in all nutrient intakes, and changes in the
intake of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, yolk colorants,
Early in the laying cycle feed intake is often relatively low,
anticoccidials etc. will correspondingly affect bird
yet the demands for egg mass output and the continued
performance.
increase in body weight will be at peak. Layer 1 ration must
therefore be adequately formulated to satisfy the large
The energy level of the ration itself will influence feed
demand for nutrients, when daily feed intake is probably
intake. TETRA-SL will reduce feed intake when the energy
less than 114 grams. concentration of the ration is increased, and conversely
increase intake when the energy level is decreased.
It is important that a layer ration includes a source of
calcium, which is hard and relatively ‘large’, e.g. oyster The laying hen does not totally adjust intake at the extremes
shell, to provide calcium during the part of the day when of temperature or dietary energy. At high temperatures
the bird is not feeding. This will be in addition to a more or with high-energy concentrations it tends to reduce
soluble form of calcium carbonate, e.g. limestone flour, energy intake too much and egg output suffers. At very
which will be more readily absorbed across the gut low ambient temperatures, or on very low energy rations,
wall. Both forms of calcium are required in the ration to the bird does not take in enough energy, and egg output is
maximize shell quality. again reduced. Energy/amino acid ratios should be kept
constant when the energy level of the ration is changed
Where it is not possible to feed a Pre-Lay ration Layer 1 to ensure a satisfactory intake of protein, and amino acid
may be introduced 3 weeks before anticipated start of egg concentrations should be increased when increasing
production. temperatures result in lower daily feed intakes.

10

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 BODY WEIGHT GUIDE

Depth of feed in the trough, number of feeding per day TETRA SL Body Weight Guide
and texture of feed affect feed intake. Consumption levels
Age Sexual maturity
are positively correlated with depth of feed in the trough
and feeding per day. Increasing depth of feed and number (weeks)
Early (g) Standard (g) Late (g)
of times per day that feed is given to the birds will help 1 70 70 70
maintain feed intake during hot weather. Birds also tend 2 125 125 125
3 195 195 195
to eat more feed when it is given in a crumbed or pelleted
4 280 280 280
form.
5 380 380 390
6 480 480 480
Boredom and copy feeding are factors, which tend to 7 585 585 585
increase the feed intake of birds kept in cages. This is ironic, 8 690 690 690
as caged birds require less energy for body temperature 9 790 790 790
maintenance and activity than birds kept under extensive 10 885 885 885
systems. 11 975 975 975
12 1 060 1 060 1 060
13 1 140 1 140 1 140
Feed intake is correlated with day length. TETRA-SL will
14 1 220 1 220 1 220
consume about 1.5 grams more per day feed for each 15 1 295 1 295 1 295
extra hour of light. This will not be totally wasted as egg 16 1 375 1 370 1 370
numbers will be increased (about 3 eggs to 72 weeks) and 17 1 455 1 440 1 440
average egg weight increased (about 0.1 grams per egg). 18 1 555 1 520 1 515
19 1 655 1 600 1 585
Feed consumption is also influenced by changes in 20 1 725 1 700 1 670
21 1 750 1 800 1 770
sexual maturity. The combined effect of daylength (which
22 1 770 1 870 1 870
is involved in determining age at first egg) and sexual
23 1 790 1 900 1 935
maturity is shown in the following table. 24 1 810 1 920 1 955
25 1 830 1 930 1 965
Effect of age at first egg and daylenght on daily feed intake 26 1 840 1 940 1 975
(% change from 150 days and 12 hours) 27 1 860 1 945 1 985
28 1 880 1 950 1 990
Early maturing birds have smaller body weights during the 29 1 900 1 955 1 995
30 1 920 1 960 2 000
laying year and produce less total egg output than later
maturing birds, both factors reduce nutrient demand.

11

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 FEEDING PROGRAM
(STANDARD MATURITY)

Age Body Weight Feed Cummulative

(weeks) Type of Ration
(g) (g/bird/day) Feed (kg)

1 70 9 0.06
Chick Starter
2 125 22 0.21
3 195 26 0.40
4 280 31 0.62
5 380 36 0.87
6 480 39 1.14
7 585 44 1.45
8 690 48 1.79
9 790 51 2.15
Grower
10 885 54 2.53
11 975 56 2.92
12 1 060 59 3.33
13 1 140 63 3.77
14 1 220 68 4.25
15 1 295 72 4.75
16 1 370 76 2.28 Pre-Lay
17 1 440 78 5.83
18 1 520 80 6.40
19 1 610
Ad libitum feeding Layer
20 1 725

The feed quantities given in the table assume the use of rations, which have specifications similar to those detailed on
page 15, feed intake and body weight gain resulting from it is affected by many nutritional and environmental factors
(see Feed Intake section, page 10) As a result, feeding the quantities and types of rations described in the schedule
will not necessarily produce the body weights desired. If body weights vary significantly from those given in the guide
on page 11, appropriate changes should be made to the daily feed allocation.

If a non-standard maturity is chosen, the quantities of feed given above will need adjusting to produce the desired
body weights. Early maturing birds will need more feed and late maturing birds will need less feed.

12

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 NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS

Ration Chick Grower Pre-Lay Layer 1 Layer 2

Age of bird (weeks) 0-8 9-15 16-18 19-60 >60
Metabolizable Energy (MJ/kg) 11.5 11.3 11.5 11.5 11.3
Metabolizable Energy (kcal/kg) 2 750 2 700 2 750 2 750 2 700
Crude Protein (%) 19 16 17 17.7 16.5
Amino acids
Lysine (%) 1.00 0.65 0.80 0.85 0.75
Methionine (%) 0.45 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.35
Methionine + Cystine (%) 0.75 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.60
Tryptophan (%) 0.22 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.17
Threonine (%) 0.65 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.50
Minerals
Calcium (%) 1.00 1.00 2.50 3.75 4.00
Phosphorus (total) (%) 0.70 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.65
Phosphorus (available) (%) 0.45 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.40
Sodium (%) 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17
Fatty acids
Linoleic (%) 1.25 1.00 1.20 1.30 1.30
Added Vitamins
Vitamin A (iu/kg) 12 000 10 000 12 000 12 000 12 000
Vitamin D3 (iu/kg) 3 000 2 500 3 000 3 000 3 000
Vitamin E (iu/kg) 30 20 25 25 25
Vitamin K (mg/kg) 3 2 2 2 2
Thiamine (B1) (mg/kg) 2 2 2 2 2
Riboflavin(B2) (mg/kg) 6 4 6 6 6
Pyridoxine (B6) (mg/kg) 4 2 3 3 3
Vitamin B12 (mcg/kg) 20 10 20 20 20
Pantothenic Acid (mg/kg) 12 8 8 8 8
Niacin (mg/kg) 40 30 30 30 30
Biotin (mcg/kg) 100 100 100 100 100
Foline (mg/kg) 2 1 1 1 1
Choline (mg/kg) 400 300 400 400 400
Added Minerals
Manganese (mg/kg) 100 100 100 100 100
Zinc (mg/kg) 80 80 80 80 80
Iron (mg/kg) 50 50 50 50 50
Copper (mg/kg) 8 8 8 8 8
lodine (mg/kg) 1 1 1 1 1
Selenium (mg/kg) 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

13

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 LIGHTING PROGRAM

TETRA-SL will perform extremely well under a wide not possible to delay maturity by delaying the
variety of lighting conditions. It is probably incorrect introduction of light increases. To successfully retard
to talk about a specific lighting program for TETRA- maturity in the TETRA-SL it is important that birds
SL, but rather to consider a lighting program as being are reared on a decreasing light program during the
specific for the production of a particular package of first part of the growing period. The amount of delay
egg output. Program should therefore be designed in maturity depends on how long it takes to reach
to give the performance that best suits market minimum daylength. Each extra week of decreasing
demands. daylength will result in a further one-day delay in
The principle function of a lighting program is to age at first egg. It is important to note that sexual
influence the age at which a flock of birds becomes maturity delayed by controlling body weight gain will
sexually mature. Age, and more particularly not result in any increase in egg weight.
body weight, at first egg is the main factor, which
Lighting program for increasing
determines the package of egg output. Egg numbers
egg numbers
during the laying year decrease by 3-4 eggs for each
10-day delay in age at first egg. Average egg weight TETRA-SL can be readily brought into lay at an
over the laying year will increase by about 1.4 g for earlier age than normal by giving light increases at
each 10-day retardation of sexual maturity. a younger age. However, it is really body weight at
first egg, which controlls egg output. Therefore it
Standard lighting program is vital that early maturing birds are fed ad libitum
especially once a light increase has been given. It
It is desirable, even when no specific change in is not recommended to give increases in daylength
maturity is required, that the lighting program includes before 15 weeks of age.
a sufficiently large increase in daylength to trigger a
Initial light increase before maturity
uniform development of the ovary and reproductive
tract within the flock. Small increases in daylength It is possible to give the increase in daylength, which
result in a wide range of individual ages at first egg, is given to initiate sexual maturity, as one abrupt
and this makes nutritional management of the flock jump rather than a series of weekly increases. This
more difficult. Larger light increases stimulate feed has the benefit of stimulating feed intake at a time
intake at a time when there is a massive increase when nutrient demand is increasing rapidly.
in nutrient demand for growth of the reproductive
Maximum daylenght
organs, and for deposition of medullar bone. Lighting
program is only effective if direct sunlight is blocked TETRA-SL will perform satisfactorily on a 12-hour
out of the building otherwise the time of maturity light 12-hour dark light cycle. The provision of longer
can vary. Due to this reason flocks moved to laying periods of light will increase both egg numbers and
in autumn will start produce eggs a little later than egg weight. The decision will be an economic one,
stated in this management guide. as feed intake will increase by about 1.5 grams per
day for each extra hour of light. Mortality rates are
Lighting program for increasing egg also likely to be higher, and recent findings suggest
weight that increasing the light period may adversely
affect shell quality. However, 16-17 hour daylengths
TETRA-SL will mature at about 19-20 weeks of age, make help maintain appetite during periods of high
even when no light increase is given. It is therefore temperature.

14

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 14 1/20/09 9:00:29 AM

 LIGHTING PROGRAM FOR DIFFERENT MATURITY

LIGHTING PROGRAM FOR DIFFERENT MATURITY

Sexual Maturity
Age
Early Standard Late
0-2 days 23 23 23
3-5 days 14 14 18
6-8 days 12 12 18
9-11 days 10 10 16
12-14 days 8 8 16
3 weeks 8 8 15
4 weeks 8 8 14
5 weeks 8 8 13
6 weeks 8 8 12
7 weeks 8 8 11
8 weeks 8 8 10
9 weeks 8 8 9
10 weeks 8 8 8
11 weeks 8 8 8
12 weeks 8 8 8
13 weeks 8 8 8
14 weeks 8 8 8
15 weeks 8 8 8
16 weeks 11 8 8
17 weeks 12 8 8
18 weeks 13 9 8
19 weeks 14 10 9
20 weeks 14 11 10
21 weeks 14 12 11
22 weeks 14 13 12**
23 weeks 14 14 13
24 weeks onwards 14 14 14

**If egg weight becomes important after egg production has started daylength may be increased by 1 h per week to 16 hours.

15

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 15 1/20/09 9:00:29 AM

 VETERINARY CONTROL

TETRA-SL hybrids can only perform their genetic potential - Minimize the entrance for unauthorised people and
if the risk of an infection of any kind of poultry disease vehicles.
is minimized. This risk can be minimized by keeping the - Isolate the flock from other especially older flocks
following rules: - Avoid mixed-aged-flocks on the same farm.
- Follow a thorough clean-out program before placing - Keep wild birds, mice, rats and insects off the
a new flock building.
• Remove equipment and supplies from the building - Keep every building clean on the farm
– wash, sanitize and store them in a clean area. - Regular veterinary control is essential.
• Remove all manure, old feed and rubbish.
• Clean out the house blow or sweep down the
dust, feather and other accumulated rubbish.
• Completely wash the house with high-pressure water.
• Disinfect the house perfectly.
• Apply insect and vermin control.
• Fumigate with Formaldehyde.
• Use dry and mould-free litter.

Recommendation for Vitamin Treatments

Age Vitamin Method
4-6. Day A-, D3-, E- and B-vitamin complex Drinking Water
4. Week A-, D3-, E- and B-vitamin complex Drinking Water
7. Week (after selection) A-, D3-, E- and B-vitamin complex Drinking Water
12. Week A-, D3-, E- and B-vitamin complex Drinking Water
19. Week (after housing) A-, D3-, E- and B-vitamin complex Drinking Water
In every 4-6 weeks during laying period A-, D3-, E- and B-vitamin complex Drinking Water
For different location a different vitamin treatment and vaccination program has to be designed considering the
maternal immunities, local disease exposures, available vaccines and local veterinarian regulations.

16

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 16 1/20/09 9:00:30 AM

 EGG NUMBERS

TETRA-SL has been bred to produce an extremely increases to around 50 kJ (12 kcals) per 1°C (1.8°F)
high number of eggs. Egg production, however, is a rise. Each gram of egg requires 28 kJ (6.7 kcals) of
character, which has relatively low heritability. This energy, therefore, reductions in energy availability
means that environmental factors such as health, for egg production will result in lower rates of lay.
nutrition, lighting and temperature have a large Increasing the energy concentration of the ration
effect upon the number of eggs actually produced. will not increase daily energy intake; instead it will
reduce daily feed intake and depress egg production
Egg output is influenced by both dietary energy and by limiting further the bird’s intake of protein.
protein. Increasing the protein concentration of the
ration, and ensuring that amino acids are correctly The following chart shows the combined effects of
balanced, will minimize, but not prevent, reductions age at first egg (50% rate of lay) and daylength in the
in rate of lay when high temperatures cause a drop laying period on number of eggs produced to 72 weeks
in feed intake. of age.

Egg output is the product of egg numbers and egg

weight, and has a curvilinear relationship with Light Age at 50% rate of lay (days)
nutrient intake, in particular the daily intake of (hours) 140 144 148
protein. For each additional increment of protein 8 299 295 291
the bird progressively produces more egg output, 10 305 301 297
until an optimum protein intake is reached, at which 12 311 307 303
point egg output plateaus. Conversely for each 14 317 313 309
incremental reduction in protein intake the bird 16 323 319 315
will produce progressively less egg output. Initially
when the supply of protein is limiting TETRA-SL will
TETRA-SL increases it’s egg numbers by about
respond by reducing egg numbers and egg weight
3 eggs for each one hour increase in daylength.
equally, but when protein intake is more than
It must be remembered, however, that longer
10% below optimum the major response will be a
daylengths also result in larger feed intakes;
reduction in rate of lay. The response to changes
daily feed intake will increase by approximately
in nutrient intake will be the same whatever the
1.5 grams for each extra hour of light per day.
cause. Factors, which affect nutrient intake, include
Advances in sexual maturity will increase egg
disease, nutrient concentrations in the ration, feed
numbers by about 3-4 eggs to 72 weeks of age
palatability, temperature, day length, light intensity
for every 10-day younger age at first egg. Earlier
and age at first egg.
sexual maturity, achieved through modifications
of the lighting program, also increases daily feed
TETRA-SL will reduce its daily intake of energy by
intake and reduces average egg weight. It is,
15-20 kJ (3.6-4.8 kcals) for each 1°C (1.8°F) rise
therefore, very important that a full analysis of
in ambient temperature between 20 and 26°C (68
feed costs and egg prices is performed before a
- 79°F). Above 26°C (79°F) the bird changes to a
decision is made regarding the lighting schedule.
predominantly evaporative type of cooling and the
rate of reduction in energy intake progressively

17

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 17 1/20/09 9:00:30 AM

 RATE OF LAY
(STANDARD MATURITY)

Age Egg Production (Hen-Housed) Egg Production (Hen-Day)

(weeks) Percent Eggs per Hen Cummulative Percent Eggs per Hen Cummulative
18 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0
19 7.0 0.49 0.5 7.0 0.49 0.5
20 25.0 1.75 2.2 25.0 1.75 2.2
21 50.9 3.56 5.8 51.0 3.57 5.8
22 74.8 5.23 11.0 75.0 5.25 11.1
23 88.7 6.21 17.2 89.0 6.23 17.3
24 92.6 6.48 23.7 93.0 6.51 23.8
25 93.5 6.54 30.3 94.0 6.58 30.4
26 94.4 6.61 36.9 95.0 6.65 37.0
27 95.3 6.67 43.5 96.0 6.72 43.8
28 94.7 6.63 50.2 95.5 6.69 50.4
29 94.1 6.59 56.8 95.0 6.65 57.1
30 93.6 6.55 63.3 94.5 6.62 63.7
31 93.5 6.54 69.9 94.5 6.62 70.3
32 93.4 6.54 76.4 94.5 6.62 76.9
33 92.8 6.50 82.9 94.0 6.58 83.5
34 92.7 6.49 89.4 94.0 6.58 90.1
35 92.1 6.45 95.8 93.5 6.55 96.6
36 92.1 6.45 102.3 93.5 6.55 103.2
37 91.5 6.40 108.7 93.0 6.51 109.7
38 90.9 6.36 115.0 92.5 6.48 116.2
39 90.3 6.32 121.4 92.0 6.44 122.6
40 89.8 6.29 127.6 91.5 6.41 129.0
41 89.2 6.24 133.9 91.0 6.37 135.4
42 88.6 6.20 140.1 90.5 6.34 141.7
43 88.0 6.16 146.2 90.0 6.30 148.0
44 87.5 6.12 152.4 89.5 6.27 154.3
45 86.9 6.08 158.5 89.0 6.23 160.5
46 86.3 6.04 164.5 88.5 6.20 166.7
47 85.8 6.01 170.5 88.0 6.16 172.9
48 85.2 5.96 176.5 87.5 6.13 179.0
49 84.6 5.92 182.4 87.0 6.09 185.1
50 84.1 5.89 188.3 86.5 6.06 191.1
51 83.7 5.86 194.1 86.2 6.03 197.2
52 83.3 5.83 200.0 85.9 6.01 203.2
53 83.0 5.81 205.8 85.6 5.99 209.2
54 82.6 5.78 211.5 85.3 5.97 215.1
55 82.1 5.75 217.3 85.0 5.95 221.1
56 81.8 5.73 223.0 84.7 5.93 227.0
57 81.4 5.70 228.7 84.4 5.91 232.9
58 81.0 5.67 234.4 84.1 5.89 238.8
59 80.7 5.65 240.0 83.8 5.87 244.7
60 80.3 5.62 245.7 83.5 5.85 250.5
61 79.9 5.59 251.3 83.2 5.82 256.4
62 79.6 5.57 256.8 82.9 5.80 262.2
63 79.2 5.54 262.4 82.6 5.78 267.9
64 78.8 5.52 267.9 82.3 5.76 273.7
65 78.4 5.49 273.4 82.0 5.74 279.4
66 78.1 5.47 278.8 81.7 5.72 285.2
67 77.7 5.44 284.3 81.4 5.70 290.9
68 77.4 5.42 289.7 81.1 5.68 296.5
69 77.0 5.39 295.1 80.8 5.66 302.2
70 76.6 5.36 300.4 80.5 5.64 307.8
71 76.2 5.33 305.8 80.2 5.61 313.4
72 75.9 5.31 311.1 79.9 5.59 319.0
73 75.6 5.29 316.4 79.6 5.57 324.6
74 75.1 5.26 321.6 79.3 5.55 330.2
75 74.8 5.24 326.9 79.0 5.53 335.7
76 74.5 5.22 332.1 78.7 5.51 341.2
77 74.2 5.19 337.3 78.4 5.49 346.7
78 73.8 5.16 342.5 78.1 5.47 352.1
79 73.4 5.14 347.6 77.8 5.45 357.6
80 73.1 5.12 18
352.7 77.5 5.43 363.0

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 18 1/20/09 9:00:31 AM

 EGG WEIGHT

As a result of many generations of selective about 0.1 grams in average egg weight for each extra
breeding TETRA-SL possesses excellent egg weight one hour of light per day, but this will be linked to a 1.5
characteristics. However, the demands of egg markets grams per day increase in feed intake.
worldwide are both varied and changeable. This means
that the modern laying hen must be adaptable and The following chart shows the combined effects of age
responsive to management manipulations designed to at first egg (50% rate of lay) and daylength in the laying
change it’s primary egg weight characteristics. TETRA- period on average egg weight to 72 weeks of age.
SL is extremely versatile, and well able to respond to
the various lighting and nutritional treatments used to
change egg weight. Light Age at 50% rate of lay (days)
(hours) 140 144 148
The single most influential factor, which can change 8 61.4 62.8 64.3
egg weight, is age at sexual maturity; delays in maturity 10 61.6 63.0 64.4
increase egg weight and advances in maturity reduce 12 61.8 63.3 64.7
egg weight. However, it is important to note that egg
14 62.1 63.5 64.9
weight is only affected when changes in sexual maturity
16 62.4 63.8 65.2
are effected by alterations to the lighting program (see
Lighting section, page 14). Maturity, which is retarded
by controlling feed intake, will not improve egg weight. Egg weight changes can be effected by modifications
This is because it is the larger body weight, and not of the layer ration. Maximum daily egg output will
older age, of sexually delayed birds, which increases require the bird to consume about 1000 mg total Lysine
egg weight. Therefore control of nutrient intake during and 500 mg total Methionine per day, but such intakes
the rearing period cannot affect egg weight, because of amino acids are unlikely to be economic, due to the
there is no increase in body weight at first egg. Average law of diminishing returns. Practical intakes to obtain
egg weight over the laying year is increased by about the most economic egg weight will be about 950 mg
1.4 grams for each 10 day delay in age at first egg, and total Lysine and 450 mg total Methionine per day.
correspondingly decreased by about 1.4 grams for each Linoleic Acid intake is also important for maximizing
10 day advance in maturity. When lighting programs are egg weight, but again it is unlikely that the amounts
used to alter sexual maturity it is most important that the necessary to give the best response biologically are
flock is fed ad libitum, because birds brought into lay economically justified. A minimum inclusion rate of
at an early age require nutrients to develop the ovary 1.3% is recommended for satisfactory egg weight (see
and oviduct at a younger age, and birds held back, to Nutrition section, page 8).
increase egg weight, must start lay at a heavier body When egg prices and raw materials costs suggest
weight (see Body weight section, page 8). Often birds a reduction in protein are economically desirable,
will take about two weeks to settle into production, and reductions in egg numbers are likely to be greater than
during this period they will lay eggs slightly smaller than reductions in egg weight, especially when the resulting
birds already in lay - this is perfectly normal. amino acid intake falls below 90% of that necessary for
maximum egg output.
Once in lay the number of hours of light each day will
also influence egg weight. There will be an increase of

19

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 19 1/20/09 9:00:32 AM

 EGG WEIGHT AND SIZES
(STANDARD MATURITY)

Average Egg Sizes (% of all Eggs)

Age XL L M S
Egg Weight
(weeks) Extra Large Large Medium Small
(g) >73g 63-73g 53 - 63 g <53 g
19 45.2 0.0 0.0 5.7 94.3
20 48.1 0.0 0.0 13.7 86.3
21 50.4 0.0 0.9 28.6 70.5
22 52.7 0.0 1.5 45.1 53.4
23 55.0 0.0 7.3 55.9 36.8
24 57.3 0.1 12.2 67.5 20.2
25 58.8 0.3 21.7 62.6 15.4
26 60.2 0.8 29.1 61.5 8.6
27 60.9 1.3 34.3 58.3 6.1
28 61.6 1.5 38.0 55.2 5.3
29 62.0 1.6 40.6 53.7 4.1
30 62.4 1.9 42.3 52.1 3.7
31 62.7 2.0 45.6 49.9 2.5
32 63.0 2.2 48.1 47.5 2.2
33 63.3 2.4 50.0 45.7 1.9
34 63.6 2.7 52.7 43.0 1.6
35 63.8 2.9 53.2 42.5 1.4
36 64.0 3.0 55.9 39.8 1.3
37 64.2 3.3 57.1 38.5 1.1
38 64.4 3.5 58.4 37.1 1.0
40 64.8 3.9 60.6 34.5 1.0
42 65.2 4.7 62.1 32.3 0.9
44 65.5 5.5 63.9 29.7 0.9
46 65.8 6.1 64.2 28.9 0.8
48 66.1 7.4 64.5 27.4 0.7
52 66.5 8.6 64.6 26.2 0.6
56 66.9 9.3 64.8 25.4 0.5
60 67.1 10.7 64.9 24.0 0.4
64 67.3 11.8 65.0 22.9 0.3
68 67.4 12.6 64.8 22.3 0.3
72 67.5 13.4 64.7 21.6 0.3
76 67.6 13.9 64.5 21.3 0.3
80 67.7 14.2 64.2 21.3 0.3

20

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 20 1/20/09 9:00:32 AM

 EGG QUALITY

TETRA-SL has undergone rigorous selection for Poor shell quality may be improved by modifications
improvement in all internal and egg shell quality of the lighting regime. Ephemeral lighting programs
traits. However, egg quality is very complex and (e.g. 28 hour light-dark cycles), and repeating short
much research is still required to fully understand cycles (e.g. a repeating 3-hour light, 3-hour darkness
the biological mechanisms involved to egg formation. cycle) will increase shell weight and thickness. It is
Many factors are known to affect shell quality in possible to interchange between these types of non-
addition to the genetic make-up of the bird; age of 24 hour lighting and conventional lighting without any
bird, position of egg within the sequence, egg weight, problems. However, when ephemeral and short cycle
bird behaviour, lighting regime, nutrition, disease, repeating patterns are used in the first half of the
drugs, temperature, housing/egg collection system laying period there will be a reduction in rate of lay,
and feeding patterns. but a compensatory increase in egg weight.

The egg shell is not a uniform layer of calcium Recent research has indicated that long daylengths
carbonate, but a complex multilayer structure. Defects may be detrimental to shell quality. Shell weight
on the shell surface can be the result of a poorly appears to decrease with increasing daylengths, and
formed mamillary layer, this is the layer of cones when combined with the larger egg weight observed
which form the foundation of the shell structure, and/ under long photoperiods, reduces shell thickness.
or an unsatisfactorily constructed palisade layer. Long photoperiods also increase the incidence of
body-checked eggs. These are caused by contractions
Calcium is the main mineral involved in shell deposition,
of the uterus (shell gland), when the shell of the
but other nutrients play part too. These include
egg is fragile, cracking the shell round the equator.
Chlorine, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Vitamin
Calcification then takes place on top of the cracks to
D3, Manganese, Magnesium, Fluorine and Zeolite A
form the typical equatorial bulge. Manipulations of the
(a sodium alumino silicate compound). It is important
lighting program to minimize activity at the end of the
to have the right balance of minerals as well as the
light period will help alleviate this problem.
correct absolute quantities. The Calcium:Phosphorus
ratio, for example, needs to be widened as the flock Shell quality will be reduced by high ambient
ages, however, if too wide there may be adverse temperatures, especially over 32°C (90°F) and high
effects on rate of lay. Calcium particle size affects relative humidity. Any attempt to maximize nutrient
transit time in the gut, and absorption into the blood intake will help to minimize the decline in quality;
stream. Ideally at least half of the calcium carbonate however, the problem is not only caused by low
in the ration should have a large particle size. calcium intakes. A reduction in blood flow to the
uterus caused by vasodilatation and a decrease in
In the 15-20 days before an individual hen lays its first
bicarbonate availability due to respiratory alkalosis
egg medullar bone will be deposited in the long bones
will aggravate the problem.
of the skeleton. Medullar bone comes partly from the
ration and partly from trabecular bone, and is the source
of calcium for shell formation. It is vital therefore that
the ration fed to the birds during the period approaching
sexual maturity that calcium levels in the ration are
increased (see Nutrition section page 8).

21

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 21 1/20/09 9:00:33 AM

 100,0

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 22
90,0

80,0

70,0

60,0

50,0

22
40,0

30,0
EGG PRODUCTION HEN-HOUSED (%)
EGG WEIGHT (g)

20,0

10,0
EGG PRODUCTION AND EGG WEIGHT GRAPH

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

1/20/09 9:00:33 AM
 HOT CLIMATE MANAGEMENT

In the open house system of poultry keeping effects of solar radiation. Obviously with open housing
practised in tropical climates it is not possible little can be done to reduce air temperature within the
for the TETRA-SL to express its genetic potential house. The second approach is probably the easier to
fully. However, there are various modifications to
implement, as alterations to ration specification and
the management recommendations for controlled
lighting schedules are already part of normal stock
environment conditions, which will minimize the loss
of performance. management.
The two main problems encountered when keeping Housing
birds at high temperatures are the difficulties of
getting enough nutrients into the bird and the change 1. Use roofing materials, which have good insulation
in method of heat loss used by the bird to maintain properties and reflect solar radiation. Natural materials
its body temperature after panting begins at about like palm thatch usefully reduce penetration of solar
28°C (82°F). Laying hens reduce their intake of energy
heat. Where metal roofs are unavoidable they can be
as ambient temperatures rise because of the lower
painted with a solar reflective product, or be fitted
demand for heat production at higher temperatures.
The difficulty for the egg producer is that voluntary with a sprinkler along the ridge to reduce the heat
energy intake falls curvilinearly whilst heat production radiated through to the house interior. Where water is
falls linearly, resulting in less energy being available at hand premium sprinkler systems can incorporate a
for egg production at high temperatures, particularly recycling pump.
above 28°C (82°F).
2. Roof overhangs should be long enough to prevent
ME Heat loss Egg direct sunlight falling on the birds, at least in the
°C/°F
intake (kJ/d) (kJ/d) energy (kJ/d) hottest part of the day. Ridge outlets should be fitted
20/68 1260 953 307 to permit bird heat to escape, ideally these should
22/72 1232 915 317 open away from the sun. Roofs should be as high as
24/75 1198 876 322 possible to minimize the temperature at bird level and
26/79 1156 838 318 maximize the natural airflow to the ridge.
28/82 1105 800 305
3. Mount fans vertically to create horizontal air
30/86 1043 761 282
movement at bird’s level (Safety guards must be
32/90 968 723 245
34/93 879 685 194 fitted). At air speeds of 2m/sec direct heat is doubled
36/97 774 647 162 (plumage will be ruffled at this speed). This type of
38/100 651 608 43 cooling must not be used when ambient temperature
exceed 40°C (104°F).
The table clearly illustrates the peak availability of
energy for egg production at 24°C (75°F), and the 4. Fogging the inside of the house with fine water
decline in energy available for egg production after droplets will reduce the air temperature and moisten
about 28°C (82°F). the fleshy parts of the bird’s head, so improving heat
loss. Nozzle size should be small enough to ensure that
There are two approaches to minimizing performance the water droplet size is not too big; nozzles working
losses, (a) reducing the temperature of the bird’s at 140 kPa (20 Ibs/in) will use 3.4 litres (0.75 gallons)
microclimate, and (b) maximizing nutrient intake. The per hour and produce a smoke-like mist.
first method ideally requires consideration before
the poultry unit is built, as house design is involved. 5. Vegetation and trees may be planted around the
However, existing units can be modified to reduce the buildings to provide shade and reduce the amount of

23

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 23 1/20/09 9:00:34 AM

 sunlight reflected from the ground. Care must be taken Air Water to
not to restrict the natural airflow into the house. temp Water intake energy ratio
°C/°F (ml/bird/day) (ml/MJ)
Bird management
20/68 210 165
1. Radiative heat transfer between birds will be 25/77 250 210
reduced by providing the birds with more space. 30/86 320 305
Stocking rates should be reduced by 2% for each 1°C 38/95 420 505
(2°F) rise in temperature above 20°C (68°F). 40/104 535 1050
2. Natural daylengths in tropical areas vary seasonally
Obviously any factor, which restricts water intake,
from 11-13 hours. An extension of the daylength into the
should be avoided. Water-cooling may be considered
cooler part of the day with artificial lighting will have
if feasible.
two beneficial effects upon feed consumption. Firstly,
feed intake is positively related to daylength, and 3. While temperatures are below 28°C (82°F) the
secondly it is negatively correlated with temperature. concentration of metabolizable energy in the feed
It is, however, undesirable to have daylengths longer may be increased in proportion to the decline in feed
than 17 or 18 hours. If the provision of extra light is intake. Beyond 28°C (82°F) energy levels in the ration
started before the birds start egg production, the should be reduced to encourage feed intake and
increase in daylength will act as a stimulator of sexual facilitate inclusion of protein.
maturity. The timing of this light increase should be
4. Protein requirements for egg production may be
carefully considered as early maturity will reduce
regarded as being independent of temperature.
egg weight, and reduced egg weight will already be
Rations should therefore be formulated to provide the
anticipated because of high temperatures and low
amino acid intake required for the egg output potential
energy intakes.
made possible by the energy intake/heat production
Nutrition surplus (1 gram of egg requires 6.69 kJ energy).

1. Use any management technique, which stimulates

feed intake; for example frequent feed deliveries.
Avoid stale or unpalatable feed.

2. One of the major nutrients for consideration is

water. Restrictions on water intake, whether caused
by physical means, insufficient drinkers, high water
temperature or poor quality, will adversely affect
feed intake. This will obviously result in a reduction
in all other nutrients. Water requirements increase
curvilinearly with temperature (see table for an adult
layer).

24

TETRA_SL_comlayer2.indd 24 1/20/09 9:00:34 AM

 BÁBOLNA TETRA-SL
COMMERCIAL LAYER
MANAGEMENT GUIDE

TETRA_borito_SL_comlayer.indd 2 1/19/09 5:20:39 PM

 BÁBOLNA TETRA-SL
COMMERCIAL LAYER
MANAGEMENT GUIDE

BÁBOLNA TETRA Ltd.

H-9651 Uraiújfalu; Petőfi u. 18, Hungary
Phone: +36 95 345 002; +36 95 345 004
Fax: +36 95 345 009
e-mail: [email protected]
www.babolnatetra.com

TETRA_borito_SL_comlayer.indd 1 1/19/09 5:20:37 PM