History of WRC 107

Using WRC 107 and NozzlePRO FEA

Presented by: Ray Delaforce

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History of WRC 107
Example
Pressure of membrane
vessel stress
analysis in a cylinder
was handled subject
by the codes,tosuch
internal
as: pressure
 ASME Section VIII, Division 1
 ASME Section VIII, Division 2
 PD 5500 (British Code)
 EN 13445 (European Code)
 AD 2000 (Merkblatter) (German Code)
 CODAP (French Code)
They mainly concentrated on primary membrane stresses (more later)
These stresses had to be below the yield stress of the metal
The strain is not to exceed about 0,2%

σ
Yield

Within this region

0,2% ε
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History of WRC 107
Stress
Exampleanalysis is reallystress
of membrane required
in a cylinder subject to internal pressure
The code allowable stress is about here, below yield
In the case of nozzles subject to external loads, the stresses can be here
That is beyond the scope of the codes
Strains go beyond 0,2%

σ
Yield

Within this region

0,2% ε
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History of WRC 107
Stress analysis is really required
WRC107 was published for this purpose

WRC107 offered a graphical method of doing the stress analysis

Here is a typical graph:
Many of the graphs are difficult to read – more of that later
WRC107 first published in 1965

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Let us look
History at some
of WRC 107 principles of stress analysis
Stress analysis is really required
WRC107 was published for this purpose

WRC107 offered a graphical method of doing the stress analysis

Here is a typical graph:
Many of the graphs are difficult to read – more of that later
WRC107 first published in 1965
 Revised 1968
 Revised 1970
 Revised 1972
 Revised 1979

Based upon the theoretical work of Prof. Biljaard of Cornell University

Attachments (nozzles) on cylinders and spheres only can be analysed
There are also geometric limitations
Using WRC 107 is very tedious and time consuming
PV Elite and CodeCalc make this analysis simple and fast

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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
Suppose
Consider the force
a bar weretodelivered
subject a tensile by this arrangement
force

Once the stress passes yield, it continues to stretch until collapse occurs

So, we could re-label the strain axis as time to collapse

This shows we must under normal conditions stay below yield

σ Fracture !

Yield

0,2% ε
TIME
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
σ = forcethe
Suppose / area
forcethus stress
were is directly
delivered related
by this to the load (force)
arrangement

If the weight were heavy enough – fracture would occur

The stress is directly proportional to the load

σ = force / area thus stress is directly related to the load (force)

σ Fracture !

Yield

0,2% ε
TIME
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
σ = forcenow
Suppose / area
we thus
havestress
table under
is directly
the weight
related to
to restrict
the loadits
(force)
movement

By definition this is a Primary Stress

 The Internal stress is directly related to the external load
 Fracture will occur as the stress increases beyond yield
The stress also exist Everywhere in the bar – membrane stress
 Everywhere designates the stress as a General Stress
 Therefore we have a General Primary Membrane stress
σ Fracture !

Yield

0,2% ε
TIME
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
The weight
Suppose nowis we
NOThave
related tounder
table the stress. Only to
the weight to the movement
restrict its movement

The weight can only descend so far

The stress is now controlled by movement

Stress does not reach fracture, because movement is limited

The weight is NOT related to the stress. Only to the movement

σ
Yield

0,2% ε
TIME
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
The weight
Now is NOTarelated
we consider to the
Cantilever stress.
subject to Only to the movement
un-restricted force

This is known as Secondary Stress

 Controlled by movement of another element
 Internal stress not related to the force in the other component
 Also called strain related
σ
Yield

0,2% ε
TIME
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
We
Nowagain
we consider
restrict the
a Cantilever
motion ofsubject
the weight
to un-restricted force
There is an internal bending stress in the beam

This bending stress can exist everywhere at this location

This stress has the following characteristics

 The internal stress is directly related to the load - Primary
 It exists Everywhere –General

This is a General Primary Bending stress

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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
We
Nowagain
look restrict
at this arrangement
the motion of the weight
The bending stress is NOT directly related to the load (weight)
The bending strain is restricted, and does not proceed to fracture
It is strain controlled, and not load controlled

We have a Secondary bending stress

σ
Yield

0,2% ε
TIME
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
Now look
Sum up at this
what we arrangement
have learned so far:
The rod is heated, so it expands

Again the stress is controlled by the strain

This is also a Secondary stress – also called an Expansion stress

σ
Yield

0,2% ε
TIME
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
Sum up what
Consider we have
a nozzle learned
in a shell so far:
subject to an external moment

Primary stress Secondary stress

Directly related to the Relate to the strain induced
imposed load: eg σ= F/A in the component – strain
controlled
If the load is great, failure The strain is restricted so
can occur failure does not occur

Often from expansion of

another component –
example, thermal expansion

There is one more stress category we have deal with

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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
Consider a nozzle in a shell subject to an external moment
The shell deforms to accommodate the moment like this
Notice how it pulls the shell to the left, giving rise to a membrane stress
This stress fades away rapidly from the nozzle to shell junction

The bending stress is ignored

for the moment

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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
Summing
Consider awhat weinhave
nozzle learned
a shell so to
subject far:an external moment
The shell deforms to accommodate the moment like this
Notice how it pulls the shell to the left, giving rise to a membrane stress
This stress fades away rapidly from the nozzle to shell junction

That stress does not exist everywhere, therefore it is LOCAL

This is a Local Primary Membrane stress

Over this distance

The
16 bending stress is treated as Secondary stress
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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
Summing what we have learned so far:
ASME Section VIII, Division 2 gives them symbols
These stresses can exist in combination

Stress type Symbol Allowable stress

General Primary Pm S
Membrane

Local Primary
Membrane PL 1,5S

Primary Bending Pb 1,5S

Secondary:
 Local Membrane Q 3S or 2Sy
 Local Bending

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Let us look at some principles of stress analysis
This is thewhat
Summing ‘Hopper’ diagram
we have fromso
learned ASME
far: Section VIII, Division 2
ASME Section VIII, Division 2 gives them symbols
These stresses can exist in combination

Stress type Symbol Allowable stress

Primary Pm S

Primary + Local Pm + PL 1,5S

Primary + Local Pm + PL + PB 1,5S

Primary + Local Pm + PL + PB + Q 3S of 2Sy

+ Secondary

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Let us107
WRC look
Force
at some
and principles
Moment Convention
of stress analysis
This is the ‘Hopper’ diagram from ASME Section VIII, Division 2

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WRC of
Type 107 Force and
Loading per Moment Convention
normal stress analysis
P MT

Nozzle removed – here is the hole

Labeling convention

DU
VL MC
AU BU A B
C ML VC
CU
AL BL Radial force P
Longitudinal force VL
CL Circumferential force VC
Longitudinal moment ML
U = upper surface (outside)
Circumferential moment MC
L = lower surface (inside) Torsional moment MT

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Type
WRC of Loading
107 per normal
Demonstration stress analysis
(First)
Sustained load
 Loads that are there for long periods
 Pressure
 Weight (on an attachments)
Occasional
 Loads that are momentary (lasting a short time)
 Wind loading
 Seismic loading
 Because they are short lived – add 20% to allowable stress
Expansion
 Strain controlled
 From thermal expansion of piping
 Always Secondary Stresses

Operating loads
 These are commonly Sustained + Thermal (eg: CAESAR II)

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WRC 107 Does
Demonstration
not discuss
(First)
Pressure Thrust on the nozzle

Here are the regions around the nozzle

Here are the final stress final stress Categories

S
1,2S
1,5S
1,8S 1,8=1,2 x 1,5
3S
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WRC 107
There is a Does
stressnot
concentration
discuss Pressure
at theThrust
Nozzleon
tothe
Shell
nozzle
junction
dO

P
Thrust F = PπdO2/4 , this can be added in PV Elite (Demo)

Before After

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Adding
There isthe scf (Pressure
a stress Indices)
concentration at the- Nozzle
(Demo)to Shell junction

The stress increases at the junction like this:

SC

SA

SA is the average stress, SC is the increases stress

SC /SA is known as the stress concentration factor (scf)
It is usually about 3

ASME VIII, Division 2 calls the scf by the name of Pressure Index

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Adding
We nowthe scftwo
have (Pressure Indices)
analyses - (Demo)

SC

SA

It now FAILS, we can fix the problem be adding a re-pad (Demo)

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WRC107
We now have
deficiencies
two analyses

Nozzle junction Edge of the pad

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Introduction to NozzlePRO FEA analysis
WRC107 deficiencies

It only considers 4 points around the nozzle

The method is only an approximation

We need better tools to get a better answer

The answer if FEA !

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Introduction
Setting the nozzle-vessel
to NozzlePRO inFEA
Global
analysis
Units

Now we set the same nozzle up in CodeCalc (Demo)

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 What is a direction cosine ?
Setting the nozzle-vessel in Global Units

Radial force P
B Longitudinal force VL
+x +y Circumferential force VC
C
Longitudinal moment ML
A Circumferential moment MC
Torsional moment MT

Radial force P is in the +X direction

Longitudinal force VL is in the -Y direction from B to A
Circumferential force VC is in the +Z direction from D to C

We need to know the Orientation of the Nozzle and the Vessel

+x and +y are known as Direction Cosines

We need to understand Direction Cosines
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 What is a direction cosine ?

These
Let us angles define
construct the directionworld,
a 3 dimensional cosinesor system
The axes can be thought of as the corners of a box
y

z
Label the 3 directions by the letters x, y and z
A vector can be represented by an arrow from the origin

The vector can be represented by r, defines magnitude & direction

The magnitude (length) is defined as |r|, or simply r

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 What is a direction cosine ?

Let theangles
These direction cosines
define be represented
the direction cosinesby Vx, Vy and Vz

ay
φy r
φx
ax
x
az φz
z

Now, put in the distances along the axes of the vector

ay
The direction cosine of y is defined as cos( φy ) =
r
ax az
Similarly cos( φx ) = , and cos(φz ) =
r r
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 What is a direction cosine ?

Let the direction cosines be represented by Vx, Vy and Vz

Then Vx = cos( φx) , Vy = cos(φy) and Vz = cos( φz)

y

ay
φy r
φx
ax
x
az φz
z

Now, if Vy = 1, it follows that φy = 0O because cos(0O) = 1

But, if Vx = 0, and Vz = 0, then φx = 90O and φz = 90O

The vector would then point in the direction of +y

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 What is a direction cosine ?

Let the direction cosines be represented by Vx, Vy and Vz

Then Vx = cos( φx) , Vy = cos(φy) and Vz = cos( φz)

y

ay

φx=90O
φz=90O ax
x
az

Now,
If Vz =
if 0,
VyVx
= 1,
=1 it and
follows
Vy =that
0, the
φy vector
= 0O because
would point
cos(0along
O) = 1 x axis

But, if Vx = 0, and Vz = 0, then φx = 90O and φz = 90O

The vector would then point in the direction of +y

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 What is a direction cosine ?

Let the direction cosines be represented by Vx, Vy and Vz

Then Vx = cos( φx) , Vy = cos(φy) and Vz = cos( φz)

y

ay

φyx=90O
φz=90O ax
x
az φ =90O
z

If Vx
Vz = 0, Vx
Vy = 1
0 and Vy
Vz = 1,
0, the vector would point along z
x axis

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 What is a direction cosine ?

We justdirection
Let the set the direction cosine
cosines be to 1 for the
represented particular
by Vx, Vy anddirection
Vz

Then Vx = cos( φx) , Vy = cos(φy) and Vz = cos( φz)

y

ay

φz=90O
φyx=90O ax x
az φ =90O
x

If Vx = 0, Vy = 0 and Vz = 1, the vector would point along z axis

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 What is a direction cosine ?

We just set the direction cosine to 1 for the particular direction

B
+x
C +y

Thank you forA watching are there

any questions

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