FIPAT TA2 Part 5
FIPAT TA2 Part 5
FIPAT TA2 Part 5
FIPAT
The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology
A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA)
TA2, PART V
Contents: Systemata integrantia II Integrating systems II
Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019)
The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use
the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA
member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the
Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work.
Caput XIV: SYSTEMA NERVOSUM Chapter 14: NERVOUS SYSTEM
5983 Medulla oblongata Myelencephalon; Bulbus Medulla oblongata Medulla oblongata Mylencephalon; Bulb Endnote 869
5984 Fissura mediana anterior medullae Anterior median fissure of medulla Anterior median fissure of medulla Ventral median fissure of medulla Sulcus mediana ventralis
oblongatae oblongata oblongata oblongata
5985 Pyramis medullae oblongatae Pyramis bulbi Pyramid of medulla oblongata Pyramid of medulla oblongata Endnote 870
5986 Sulcus anterolateralis medullae Sulcus lateralis anterior medullae Anterolateral sulcus of medulla Anterolateral sulcus of medulla Ventrolateral sulcus of medulla Sulcus ventrolateralis
oblongatae oblongatae oblongata oblongata oblongata Endnote 871
5987 Funiculus lateralis medullae Lateral funiculus of medulla Lateral funiculus of medulla
oblongatae oblongata oblongata
5988 Oliva Olive Olive
5989 Sulcus retroolivaris Retro-olivary groove Retro-olivary groove Endnote 872
6111 Fasciculus proprius anterior Anterior fasciculus proprius Anterior fasciculus proprius Ventral fasciculus proprius Fasciculus anterior Flechsigi
6112 Tractus corticospinalis anterior Anterior corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Tractus pyramidalis anterior; Tract
of Türck
6113 Tractus vestibulospinalis lateralis Lateral vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract
6114 Tractus vestibulospinalis medialis Medial vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
6115 Fibrae reticulospinales funiculi Tractus reticulospinales funiculi Reticulospinal fibres of anterior Reticulospinal fibers of anterior Reticulospinal tracts of anterior Endnote 897
anterioris anterioris funiculus funiculus funiculus
6116 Tractus reticulospinalis Anterolateral reticulospinal tract Anterolateral reticulospinal tract Ventrolateral reticulospinal tract
anterolateralis
6117 Tractus reticulospinalis anterior Anterior reticulospinal tract Anterior reticulospinal tract Ventral reticulospinal tract
6118 Tractus reticulospinalis medialis Tractus pontoreticulospinalis Medial reticulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract Pontoreticulospinal tract
6119 Tractus tectospinalis Tectospinal tract Tectospinal tract
6120 Structurae centrales medullae Central structures of spinal cord Central structures of spinal cord Central cord structures
spinalis
6121 Area spinalis X Lamina spinalis X Spinal area X Spinal area X Spinal lamina X Endnote 898
6122 Commissura grisea anterior Anterior grey commissure Anterior gray commissure Ventral gray commissure Endnote 899
6123 Substantia gelatinosa centralis Central gelatinous substance Central gelatinous substance Substantia grisea centralis
6124 Commissura grisea posterior Posterior grey commissure Posterior gray commissure Dorsal gray commissure Endnote 900
6125 Commissura alba anterior Anterior white commissure Anterior white commissure Ventral white commissure
6129 SYSTEMA NERVOSUM Pars peripherica systematis PERIPHERAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS Systema nervorum periphericum
PERIPHERICUM nervosi SYSTEM SYSTEM Endnote 901
6130 NERVI NERVES NERVES
6131 Nervus motorius Motor nerve Motor nerve
6132 Nervus sensorius Sensory nerve Sensory nerve Nervus sensorialis
Endnote 902
6133 Nervus cutaneus Cutaneous nerve Cutaneous nerve Endnote 903
6134 Nervus mixtus Mixed nerve Mixed nerve
6135 Ramus cutaneus nervi Cutaneous branch of nerve Cutaneous branch of nerve
6136 Ramus articularis nervi Articular branch of nerve Articular branch of nerve
6137 Ramus muscularis nervi Muscular branch of nerve Muscular branch of nerve Endnote 904
6138 Ramus autonomicus nervi Autonomic branch of nerve Autonomic branch of nerve
6139 Ramus communicans nervi Communicating branch of nerve Communicating branch of nerve Ramus anastomoticus
Endnote 905
6140 Ramus ganglionicus nervi Ramus ganglionaris nervi Ganglionic branch of nerve Ganglionic branch of nerve
6141 Nervus autonomicus Autonomic nerve Autonomic nerve
6142 Nervus cranialis Cranial nerve Cranial nerve
6143 Nervus spinalis Spinal nerve Spinal nerve
6144 Truncus nervi spinalis Trunk of spinal nerve Trunk of spinal nerve
6145 Radix anterior nervi spinalis Radix motoria nervi spinalis; Radix Anterior root of spinal nerve Anterior root of spinal nerve Motor root of spinal nerve; Ventral Endnote 906
ventralis nervi spinalis root of spinal nerve
6146 Radix posterior nervi spinalis Radix sensoria nervi spinalis; Posterior root of spinal nerve Posterior root of spinal nerve Sensory root of spinal nerve;
Radix dorsalis nervi spinalis Dorsal root of spinal nerve
6147 Ramus anterior nervi spinalis Ramus ventralis nervi spinalis Anterior ramus of spinal nerve Anterior ramus of spinal nerve Ventral ramus of spinal nerve
6148 Ramus meningeus nervi Ramus recurrens nervi spinalis Meningeal branch of spinal Meningeal branch of spinal Recurrent branch of spinal nerve Nerve of Luschka; Sinuvertebral
spinalis nerve nerve nerve
6149 Ramus communicans griseus Grey communicating branch Gray communicating branch
nervi spinalis of spinal nerve of spinal nerve
6150 Ramus communicans albus White communicating branch White communicating branch
nervi spinalis of spinal nerve of spinal nerve
6151 Ramus posterior nervi spinalis Ramus dorsalis nervi spinalis Posterior ramus of spinal nerve Posterior ramus of spinal nerve Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
6152 Ramus posterior medialis Ramus dorsalis medialis nervi Medial branch of posterior Medial branch of posterior Medial branch of dorsal ramus of
nervi spinalis spinalis ramus of spinal nerve ramus of spinal nerve spinal nerve
6153 Ramus posterior lateralis Ramus dorsalis lateralis nervi Lateral branch of posterior Lateral branch of posterior Lateral branch of dorsal ramus of
nervi spinalis spinalis ramus of spinal nerve ramus of spinal nerve spinal nerve
6154 Nervus Nerve Nerve
6155 Epineurium Epineurium Epineurium
6156 Perineurium Perineurium Perineurium
6157 Fasciculus nervi Nerve fascicle Nerve fascicle
6158 Endoneurium Endoneurium Endoneurium
6159 Neurofibrae periphericae Peripheral nerve fibres Peripheral nerve fibers
6160 RADICES NERVORUM ROOTS OF NERVES ROOTS OF NERVES
6161 Radix nervi Root of nerve Root of nerve
6178 Nervi craniales Cranial nerves Cranial nerves Nervi cerebrales; Nervi capitales
Endnote 909
6179 Nervus terminalis Terminal nerve Terminal nerve Cranial nerve 0 Nervi terminales
Endnote 910
6180 Ganglion terminale Terminal ganglion Terminal ganglion
6181 Nervus olfactorius Nervus cranialis I Olfactory nerve Olfactory nerve Cranial nerve I Nervi olfactorii; Fila olfactoria;
Olfactory nerves; Olfactory fibre
bundles; Olfactory fiber bundles
6182 Filum olfactorium Olfactory fibre bundle Olfactory fiber bundle Olfactory nerve
6183 Nervus opticus Nervus cranialis II Optic nerve Optic nerve Cranial nerve II Fasciculus opticus
6184 Vagina externa nervi optici Outer sheath of optic nerve Outer sheath of optic nerve
6185 Vagina interna nervi optici Inner sheath of optic nerve Inner sheath of optic nerve
6186 Spatium subarachnoidale nervi Spatium leptomeningeum nervi Subarachnoid space of optic Subarachnoid space of optic Leptomeningeal space of optic Spatium intervaginale; Spatium
optici optici; Spatium subarachnoideum nerve nerve nerve vaginale; Intervaginal
nervi optici subarachnoid space
6187 Nervus oculomotorius Nervus cranialis III Oculomotor nerve Oculomotor nerve Cranial nerve III Endnote 911
6188 Ramus superior nervi oculomotorii Superior branch of oculomotor Superior branch of oculomotor
nerve nerve
6189 Ramus inferior nervi oculomotorii Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
6190 Ramus ganglionicus ciliaris nervi Radix parasympathica ganglii Branch of oculomotor nerve to Branch of oculomotor nerve to Parasympathetic root of ciliary Radix oculomotoria ganglii ciliaris;
oculomotorii ciliaris; Ramus ganglionaris ciliaris ciliary ganglion ciliary ganglion ganglion Radix brevis ganglii ciliaris; Ramus
nervi oculomotorii nervi oculomotorii ad ganglion
ciliare; Oculomotor root of ciliary
ganglion
6191 Nervus trochlearis Nervus cranialis IV Trochlear nerve Trochlear nerve Cranial nerve IV
6192 Nervus trigeminus Nervus cranialis V Trigeminal nerve Trigeminal nerve Cranial nerve V Endnote 912
6467 NERVI THORACICI Nervi spinales T1-T12 THORACIC NERVES THORACIC NERVES Spinal nerves T1-T12 Nervi thoracales
6468 Rami posteriores nervorum Rami dorsales nervorum Posterior rami of thoracic Posterior rami of thoracic Dorsal rami of thoracic nerves
thoracicorum thoracicorum nerves nerves
6469 Rami cutanei posteriores nervorum Posterior cutaneous branches of Posterior cutaneous branches of Posterior thoracic cutaneous Ramus cutaneus dorsalis
thoracicorum thoracic nerves thoracic nerves nerves
6470 Rami anteriores nervorum Rami ventrales nervorum Anterior rami of thoracic nerves Anterior rami of thoracic nerves Ventral rami of thoracic nerves
thoracicorum thoracicorum
6471 Nervi intercostales Intercostal nerves Intercostal nerves
6472 Nervus intercostalis Intercostal nerve Intercostal nerve
6473 Rami musculares nervi Muscular branches of Muscular branches of
intercostalis intercostal nerve intercostal nerve
6489 NERVI LUMBALES Nervi spinales L1-L5 LUMBAR NERVES LUMBAR NERVES Spinal nerves L1-L5
6490 (Nervus furcalis) (Furcal nerve) (Furcal nerve) Accessory spinal nerve L4
Endnote 950
6491 Rami posteriores nervorum Rami dorsales nervorum Posterior rami of lumbar nerves Posterior rami of lumbar nerves Dorsal rami of lumbar nerves
lumbalium lumbalium
6492 Rami cutanei posteriores nervorum Posterior cutaneous branches of Posterior cutaneous branches of Posterior lumbar cutaneous nerves
lumbalium lumbar nerves lumbar nerves
6493 Nervi cutanei glutei superiores Nervi superiores clunium Superior gluteal cutaneous nerves Superior gluteal cutaneous nerves Superior clunial nerves; Superior Nervi clunium superiores; Nervi
cluneal nerves clunium craniales
6494 Plexus lumbalis posterior Posterior lumbar plexus Posterior lumbar plexus
6495 Rami anteriores nervorum Rami ventrales nervorum Anterior rami of lumbar nerves Anterior rami of lumbar nerves Ventral rami of lumbar nerves
lumbalium lumbalium
6496 Nervus iliohypogastricus Iliohypogastric nerve Iliohypogastric nerve Nervus iliopubicus; Iliopubic nerve
6497 Ramus cutaneus lateralis nervi Lateral cutaneous branch of Lateral cutaneous branch of
iliohypogastrici iliohypogastric nerve iliohypogastric nerve
6507 NERVI SACRALES Nervi spinales S1-S5 SACRAL NERVES SACRAL NERVES Spinal nerves S1-S5
6508 Rami posteriores nervorum Rami dorsales nervorum Posterior rami of sacral nerves Posterior rami of sacral nerves Dorsal rami of sacral nerves
sacralium sacralium
6509 Nervi cutanei glutei medii Nervi medii clunium Middle gluteal cutaneous nerves Middle gluteal cutaneous nerves Middle clunial nerves; Middle Nervi clunium medii
cluneal nerves
6510 Rami anteriores nervorum Rami ventrales nervorum Anterior rami of sacral nerves Anterior rami of sacral nerves Ventral rami of sacral nerves
sacralium sacralium
6511 Divisiones posteriores ramorum Posterior divisions of anterior rami Posterior divisions of anterior rami
anteriorum nervorum sacralium of sacral nerves of sacral nerves
6512 Divisiones anteriores ramorum Anterior divisions of anterior rami Anterior divisions of anterior rami
anteriorum nervorum sacralium of sacral nerves of sacral nerves
6513 NERVUS COCCYGEUS Nervus spinalis Co COCCYGEAL NERVE COCCYGEAL NERVE Spinal nerve Co Nervus coccygicus
6514 Ramus posterior nervi coccygei Posterior ramus of coccygeal Posterior ramus of coccygeal
nerve nerve
6515 Ramus anterior nervi coccygei Anterior ramus of coccygeal nerve Anterior ramus of coccygeal nerve
6600 Divisio autonomica systematis Autonomic division of peripheral Autonomic division of peripheral Systema nervosum autonomicum;
nervosi peripherici nervous system nervous system Autonomic nervous system;
Systema nervorum sympathicum
Endnote 956
6601 PARS THORACOLUMBALIS Pars sympathica divisionis THORACOLUMBAR PART OF THORACOLUMBAR PART OF Sympathetic part of autonomic Thoracolumbar outflow;
DIVISIONIS AUTONOMICAE autonomicae AUTONOMIC DIVISION AUTONOMIC DIVISION division Sympathetic nervous system;
Systema nervosum sympathicum
Endnote 957
6602 Truncus sympathicus Sympathetic trunk Sympathetic trunk Sympathetic chain
6603 Rami interganglionici Rami interganglionares Interganglionic branches Interganglionic branches
6604 Ganglia paravertebralia Paravertebral ganglia Paravertebral ganglia
6605 Ganglia intermedia Intermediate ganglia Intermediate ganglia Accessory ganglia
Endnote 958
6606 Ganglia trunci sympathici Ganglia of sympathetic trunk Ganglia of sympathetic trunk
6607 Ganglia cervicalia Cervical ganglia Cervical ganglia
6661 PARS CRANIOSACRALIS Pars parasympathica divisionis CRANIOSACRAL PART OF CRANIOSACRAL PART OF Parasympathetic part of Craniosacral outflow;
DIVISIONIS AUTONOMICAE autonomicae AUTONOMIC DIVISION AUTONOMIC DIVISION autonomic division Parasympathetic nervous system;
Systema nervosum
parasympathicum
6662 Pars cranialis divisionis Cranial part Cranial part
autonomicae
6663 Ganglion ciliare Ciliary ganglion Ciliary ganglion Ganglion of Schacher
6664 Nervi ciliares breves Short ciliary nerves Short ciliary nerves
6665 Ganglion pterygopalatinum Pterygopalatine ganglion Pterygopalatine ganglion Ganglion sphenopalatinum;
Ganglion of Meckel
Endnote 964
6666 Rami orbitales nervi maxillaris Orbital branches of maxillary Orbital branches of maxillary
nerve nerve
6667 Ganglion submandibulare Submandibular ganglion Submandibular ganglion Ganglion submaxillare; Ganglion of
Langley
Endnote 965
6668 Ramus anterior ganglionicus Ramus ganglionaris Anterior branch of lingual nerve Anterior branch of lingual nerve Communicating branch to lingual Ramus communicans ganglii
submandibularis nervi lingualis submandibularis anterior nervi to submandibular ganglion to submandibular ganglion nerve from submandibular submandibularis cum nervo linguali
lingualis ganglion
6669 Nervi glandulares Rami nervosi glandulares Submandibular nerves Submandibular nerves Nerve branches to submandibular
submandibulares submandibulares gland
6670 (Ganglion sublinguale) (Sublingual ganglion) (Sublingual ganglion)
6671 Ganglion oticum Otic ganglion Otic ganglion Ganglion of Arnold
6686 PARS VISCERALIS DIVISIONIS Plexus viscerales VISCERAL PART OF VISCERAL PART OF Visceral plexuses
AUTONOMICAE AUTONOMIC DIVISION AUTONOMIC DIVISION
6687 Plexus thoracici Thoracic plexuses Thoracic plexuses
6688 Plexus cardiacus Cardiac plexus Cardiac plexus Plexus cardiaci profundus et
superficialis
6689 Ganglia cardiaca Cardiac ganglia Cardiac ganglia Ganglion Wrisbergi; Ganglia of
Wrisberg
6690 Plexus oesophageus Oesophageal plexus Esophageal plexus
6691 Plexus pulmonalis Pulmonary plexus Pulmonary plexus
6692 Plexus abdominales Abdominal plexuses Abdominal plexuses
6693 Plexus phrenicus Phrenic plexus Phrenic plexus
6694 Ganglia phrenica Phrenic ganglia Phrenic ganglia
6695 Plexus aorticus abdominalis Abdominal aortic plexus Abdominal aortic plexus
6696 Plexus coeliacus Coeliac plexus Celiac plexus Plexus celiacus
6697 Plexus hepaticus Hepatic plexus Hepatic plexus
6698 Plexus splenicus Plexus lienalis Splenic plexus Splenic plexus
6699 Plexus gastrici Gastric plexuses Gastric plexuses Plexus gastrici superior et inferior
6700 Plexus pancreaticus Pancreatic plexus Pancreatic plexus
6701 Plexus suprarenalis Suprarenal plexus Suprarenal plexus Adrenal plexus
6702 Plexus renalis Renal plexus Renal plexus
6703 Ganglia renalia Renal ganglia Renal ganglia
6704 Plexus uretericus Ureteric plexus Ureteric plexus Endnote 968
6705 Plexus mesentericus superior Superior mesenteric plexus Superior mesenteric plexus Plexus mesentericus cranialis
6734 OCULUS Organum visus EYE EYE Organon visus; Organum visuale
6735 Bulbus oculi Eyeball Eyeball Endnote 972
6736 Polus anterior bulbi oculi Anterior pole of eyeball Anterior pole of eyeball
6737 Polus posterior bulbi oculi Posterior pole of eyeball Posterior pole of eyeball
6738 Aequator bulbi oculi Equator bulbi oculi Equator of eyeball Equator of eyeball
6739 Meridiani bulbi oculi Meridians of eyeball Meridians of eyeball
6740 Axis externus bulbi oculi External axis of eyeball External axis of eyeball
6741 Axis internus bulbi oculi Internal axis of eyeball Internal axis of eyeball
6742 Axis opticus Optic axis Optic axis
6743 TUNICA FIBROSA BULBI OCULI Tunica externa bulbi oculi FIBROUS LAYER OF EYEBALL FIBROUS LAYER OF EYEBALL Corneosclera; Outer layer of Tunica fibrosa oculi; Tunica
eyeball externa oculi
6744 Cornea Cornea Cornea
6745 Vertex corneae Corneal vertex Corneal vertex
6746 Facies anterior corneae Anterior surface of cornea Anterior surface of cornea
6747 Facies posterior corneae Posterior surface of cornea Posterior surface of cornea
6748 Limbus corneae Corneoscleral junction Corneoscleral junction Corneal limbus
6749 Anulus conjunctivae Conjunctival ring Conjunctival ring
6750 Sclera Sclera Sclera
6751 Sulcus sclerae Sulcus sclerae Sulcus sclerae
6752 TUNICA VASCULOSA BULBI Tunica media bulbi oculi VASCULAR LAYER OF VASCULAR LAYER OF Uvea; Middle layer of eyeball Tunica vasculosa oculi; Tunica
OCULI EYEBALL EYEBALL media oculi; Muscular layer of
eyeball
6753 Iris Iris Iris
6754 Pupilla Pupil Pupil
6755 Margo pupillaris iridis Pupillary margin of iris Pupillary margin of iris
6756 Anulus minor iridis Zona pupillaris iridis Inner zone of iris Inner zone of iris Pupillary zone of iris Inner border of iris
6757 Plicae iridis Folds of iris Folds of iris Rugae iridis
6758 Anulus major iridis Zona ciliaris iridis Outer zone of iris Outer zone of iris Ciliary zone of iris Outer border of iris
6759 Margo ciliaris iridis Ciliary margin of iris Ciliary margin of iris
6760 Facies anterior iridis Anterior surface of iris Anterior surface of iris
6761 Facies posterior iridis Posterior surface of iris Posterior surface of iris
6762 Sphincter pupillae Musculus sphincter pupillae Sphincter pupillae Sphincter pupillae Sphincter pupillae muscle
6763 Dilatator pupillae Musculus dilatator pupillae Dilator pupillae Dilator pupillae Dilator pupillae muscle Musculus dilator pupillae
6764 (Membrana pupillaris) (Pupillary membrane) (Pupillary membrane)
6815 Structurae accessoriae oculi Accessory visual structures Accessory visual structures Organa oculi accessoria
6816 Lamina episcleralis Spatium episclerale Episcleral layer Episcleral layer Episcleral space Spatium interfasciale; Spatium
Tenoni; Spatium circumbulbare
Endnote 979
6817 Vagina bulbi Fascial sheath of eyeball Fascial sheath of eyeball Fascia bulbi; Capsula bulbi; Fascia
Tenoni; Tenon’s capsule
Endnote 980
6818 Ligamentum suspensorium bulbi Suspensory ligament of eyeball Suspensory ligament of eyeball Lockwood’s ligament
6819 Corpus adiposum orbitae Orbital fat body Orbital fat body Retrobulbar fat
6820 Musculus orbitalis Orbitalis muscle Orbitalis muscle Orbital muscle Müller's muscle
6821 Musculi externi bulbi oculi Extra-ocular muscles Extraocular muscles Extrinsic muscles of eyeball See Systema musculare (Ch. 4 in
Part 2 of TA2)
6822 Palpebrae Eyelids Eyelids See also Partes and Regiones
corporis humani (Ch. 1 in Part 1 of
TA2)
6823 Facies anterior palpebrae Anterior surface of eyelid Anterior surface of eyelid
6824 Limbus anterior palpebrae Anterior palpebral margin Anterior palpebral margin Limbus palpebralis anterior;
Limbus palpebralis cutaneus
6825 Limbus posterior palpebrae Posterior palpebral margin Posterior palpebral margin Limbus palpebralis posterior;
Limbus palpebralis conjunctivalis
6826 Facies posterior palpebrae Posterior surface of eyelid Posterior surface of eyelid
6827 Tarsus superior Superior tarsus Superior tarsus
6828 Musculus tarsalis superior Superior tarsal muscle Superior tarsal muscle Lamina profunda levatoris
palpebrae superioris; Müller's
muscle
Endnote 981
6829 Tarsus inferior Inferior tarsus Inferior tarsus
6830 Musculus tarsalis inferior Inferior tarsal muscle Inferior tarsal muscle
6877 Auris media Middle ear Middle ear Cavum tympani; Tympanum
Endnote 983
6878 Cavitas tympani Tympanum Tympanic cavity Tympanic cavity Tympanum Cavum tympani; Cavitas
tympanica
6879 Recessus epitympanicus Epitympanum Epitympanic recess Epitympanic recess Epitympanum
6880 Pars cupularis recessus Cupular part of epitympanic Cupular part of epitympanic Cupula of epitympanic recess
epitympanici recess recess
6881 Cavitas tympani propria Tympanic cavity proper Tympanic cavity proper
6882 Mesotympanum Mesotympanum Mesotympanum
6883 Hypotympanum Hypotympanum Hypotympanum
6884 Recessus membranae tympanicae Recesses of tympanic membrane Recesses of tympanic membrane
6885 Recessus anterior membranae Anterior recess of tympanic Anterior recess of tympanic
tympanicae membrane membrane
6886 Recessus superior membranae Superior recess of tympanic Superior recess of tympanic Endnote 984
tympanicae membrane membrane
6887 Recessus posterior membranae Posterior recess of tympanic Posterior recess of tympanic
tympanicae membrane membrane
6888 Parietes cavitatis tympani Walls of tympanic cavity Walls of tympanic cavity
6889 Tunica mucosa cavitatis tympani Tunica mucosa tympanica Mucosa of tympanic cavity Mucosa of tympanic cavity Tunica mucosa cavi tympani
6890 Paries tegmentalis cavitatis Tegmental wall of tympanic cavity Tegmental wall of tympanic cavity Tegmental roof of tympanic cavity
tympani
6891 Paries jugularis cavitatis tympani Jugular wall of tympanic cavity Jugular wall of tympanic cavity Floor of tympanic cavity
6892 Prominentia styloidea Styloid prominence Styloid prominence
6893 Cellulae tympanicae Tympanic cells Tympanic cells
6894 Paries caroticus cavitatis tympani Carotid wall of tympanic cavity Carotid wall of tympanic cavity Anterior wall
7036 ORGANUM GUSTATORIUM Organum gustus GUSTATORY ORGAN GUSTATORY ORGAN Organon olfactus
7037 Calyculus gustatorius Caliculus gustatorius; Gemma Taste bud Taste bud
gustatoris
7038 Porus gustatorius Taste pore Taste pore
7039 Glandula gustatorius Gustatory gland Gustatory gland Von Ebner’s gland; Ebner’s gland
7083 Tela subcutanea Hypodermis; Subcutis Subcutaneous tissue Subcutaneous tissue Superficial fascia Endnote 999
7084 Panniculus adiposus Fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue Fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue
7085 Retinacula cutis Skin ligaments Skin ligaments
7086 Stratum musculosum panniculi Muscle layer of panniculus Muscle layer of panniculus Musculus cutaneus striatus
adiposi adiposus adiposus
7087 Stratum fibrosum panniculi Fibrous layer of panniculus Fibrous layer of panniculus
adiposi adiposus adiposus
7088 Stratum membranosum telae Membranous layer of Membranous layer of
subcutanei subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue
7089 Textus connectivus laxus telae Subcutaneous loose connective Subcutaneous loose connective
subcutanei tissue tissue
7090 Retinaculum caudale Retinaculum caudale Retinaculum caudale Ligamentum caudale; Retinaculum
caudale cutis
7091 Tela subcutanea abdominis Subcutaneous tissue of Subcutaneous tissue of Abdominal subcutaneous
abdomen abdomen tissue; Abdominal superficial
fascia
7092 Panniculus adiposus abdominis Fatty layer of abdominal Fatty layer of abdominal Fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue Camper’s fascia
subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue of abdomen
7093 Stratum membranosum telae Membranous layer of abdominal Membranous layer of abdominal Membranous layer of Scarpa’s fascia
subcutanei abdominis subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue of abdomen
7094 Tela subcutanea perinei Subcutaneous tissue of Subcutaneous tissue of Perineal subcutaneous tissue;
perineum perineum Perineal superficial fascia
7095 Stratum membranosum telae Membranous layer of perineal Membranous layer of perineal Membranous layer of Colles’ fascia
subcutanei perinei subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue of perineum
7096 Spatium subcutaneum perinei Saccus subcutaneous perinei Subcutaneous perineal space Subcutaneous perineal space Subcutaneous perineal pouch Endnote 1000
769 Cavum trigeminale. This is the finger-like outpouching of the Dura mater surrounding the ganglion and divisions of the N. trigeminus. [NA2, 1961]
770 Spatium subdurale and Spatium epidurale. Although these terms are in common usage, under normal circumstances the arachnoid is attached to the dura and the dura is attached to the skull; there is no
naturally occurring spaces at these interfaces at all. The occurrence of these spaces is the result of trauma or of pathological process that artifactually separates the arachnoid from the dura or the dura from the
skull. Haines D.E. 1991. “On the Question of a Subdural Space.” Anat Rec 230: 3-21. Van Denabeele F., Creemans J., and Lambrichts I. 1996. “Ultrastructure of the Human Spinal Arachnoid Mater and Dura
mater.: J Anat 189: 417-430. [TA, 1998]
771 Spatium subdurale and Spatium epidurale. Although these terms are in common usage, under normal circumstances the arachnoid is attached to the dura and the dura is attached to the skull; there is no
naturally occurring spaces at these interfaces at all. The occurrence of these spaces is the result of trauma or of pathological process that artifactually separates the arachnoid from the dura or the dura from the
skull. Haines D.E. 1991. “On the Question of a Subdural Space.” Anat Rec 230: 3-21. Van Denabeele F., Creemans J., and Lambrichts I. 1996. “Ultrastructure of the Human Spinal Arachnoid Mater and Dura
mater.: J Anat 189: 417-430. [TA, 1998]
772 Spatium subarachnoidale. This is the space deep to the outer layer of the leptomeninx and containing the arachnoid trabeculae. The spatium is bounded internally by the outer layer of the pia mater, however,
and the most appropriate designation is therefore spatium leptomeningeum, leptomeningeal space. [TA, 1998]
773 Liquor cerebrospinalis. This is another term which was added as a result of numerous requests for its inclusion. [NA2, 1961]
774 Taenia chorioidea. By the word Taenia we uniformly designate, after Reichert (1861), all those sharp edges, along which the compact substance of the brain continues into the epithelial lining of the
corresponding Telae chorioidea. .... Morphologically considered the taenia are margins of the artificial openings in the brain tube; therefore they must everywhere form closed recurrent lines. They also indicate
everywhere the lines of demarcation between intra- and extraventricular parts of the surface of the brain. The taeniae as sharp transitional seams are throughout our nomenclature differentiated from the medullary
striae which are connected with them. [BNA, 1895]
775 Tela chorioidea. In the roof of the third and fourth ventricles, as well as in a strip of the medial wall of the hemisphere, the formation of nervous tissue does not occur and the continuity of the tubes is brought
about by means of a thin epithelial lamina in which the adjoining nervous parts of the brain continue, but rapidly decrease. The epithelial parts of the wall here and there undergo complicated foldings toward the
cerebral cavities and their outer surfaces are covered throughout by highly vascular connective tissue laminae, the Telae chorioideae. [BNA, 1895]
776 Linea splendens. The linea splendens is a thickening of the pia mater around the anterior spinal artery.
777 Cerebrum. Based on ontogenesis, we have retained the three main parts of v. Baer, which we call Rhombencephalon, Mesencephalon, and Prosencephalon. The large brain or Cerebrum of anatomy
comprises the two last named parts. The Prosencephalon is divided into the Diencephalon and Telencephalon. [BNA, 1895] Although more recent IFAA terminologies have narrowed the definition of cerebrum,
making it a synonym of telencephalon, the working group has opted to essentially restore the older definition, making cerebrum the adult equivalent of the prosencephalon (forebrain). This is consistent with usage
of the adjective cerebral, and allows division of the developing brain into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain, and the adult brain into cerebrum, truncus cerebri, and cerebellum.
778 Facies superolateralis hemisphaerii cerebri. [Facies superolateralis cerebri]. This is regarded as a better and more informative designation than the B.N.A. and P.N.A. term Facies convexa. [NA2, 1961]
779 Margo superior hemisphaeriii cerebri. The margins or borders of the cerebral hemispheres were not named in previous editions. Actually it would be more correct to place the surfaces [facies] and borders
[margines] under Hemispherium. [NA3, 1966]
781 Telencephalon. The parts of the hemispheres early differentiating from each other are: the Pallium, the Corpus striatum and the Rhinencephalon. All the other parts, Fornix, horn of Ammon, Corpus callosum,
etc., arise later and their history needs here no discussion. [BNA, 1895]
782 Incisura preoccipitalis. This notch is found near the posterior end of the Inferolateral border of the hemisphere. A line joining the notch to the “Sulcus parieto-occipitalis externus” is taken as the boundary line
between the occipital lobe behind, and the parietal and temporal lobes in front. [PNA, 1955]
783 Sulcus rhinalis. This sulcus is often present and merits inclusion in the list. [NA2, 1961]
784 Sulcus lunatus. This Sulcus which, when present, limits the extent of the Striate area on the “Facies convexa cerebri”, lies at, or near, the posterior end of the “Sulcus calcarinus”. [PNA, 1955] This is a
variable feature in the human occipital lobe. [NA4, 1977]
785 Gyrus lingualis. This B.N.A. term was dropped from P.N.A. It has now been reinstated and it indicates the posterior part of the Gyrus parahippocampalis. [NA2, 1961]
786 Gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis. This gyrus is separated from the Gyrus temporalis inferior by the Margo inferior [inferolateralis]. [NA3, 1966] Usage of this term varies markedly in the literature. The majority
appears to favor use of the occipitotemporal sulcus as the border between the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus.
787 Gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis. The Gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis is continuous with the Gyrus lingualis and the Gyrus parahippocampalis. [NA5, 1983]
788 Insula. [Lobus insularis]. The new term is preferred by many. Insula remains as an official alternative. [NA4, 1977]
789 Limen insulae. The ridge forms also in the mature brain a sharp demarcation between the region of the Insula and Substantia perforata lateralis and joins in an arch like manner the frontal and temporal lobes.
Broca calls it le bord falciforme du lobe limbique; Schwalbe calls it the Inselschewelle – Limen insulae. The Limen insulae is to be considered part of the Rhinencephalon just like the Striae olfactoriae laterales.
[BNA, 1895] This term has been repositioned. Previously it was placed amongst olfactory structures. [NA3, 1966]
790 Lobus limbicus. Consists of structures which form a continuum on the most medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere. These structures are not located internal to a bone of the same name and, therefore, do
not share this feature with most other lobes of the hemisphere. However, structures forming the limbic lobe, as is the case for other lobes of the cerebral hemisphere have functions that are characteristic of, and
unique to, that lobe and are separated from adjacent structures by named fissures. When the term lobus limbicus is not used, its constituent parts are considered as the medial portions of the frontal, parietal, and
temporal lobes. [TA, 1998]
791 Area subcallosa. This area corresponds to the B.N.A. “Area parolfactoria (Brocae)”. [PNA, 1955]
792 Gyrus fornicatus. Gyrus fornicatus, subdivided into G. cingulii and G. hippocampi, corresponds to the “grand lobe limbique” of Broca. This lobe Broca divided into a “Circonvolution du corps calleux” and a
“circonvolution de l’hippocampe.” Schwalbe in his neurology has called Broca’s lobe limbique the Lobus falciformis and beside attributed to it the formation of the marginal arch, the Corpus callosum, the Fornix,
including the Fimbria and Fascia dentata, and the Septum pellucidum. [BNA, 1895]
793 Gyrus cinguli. The Gyrus cinguli is surrounded by the Sulcus cinguli. [BNA, 1895]
794 Gyrus parahippocampalis. This term was regarded as more accurate than the B.N.A. term “Gyrus hippocampi”. [PNA, 1955] The new term is more exact. Gyrus hippocampi remains, for the present, as an
official alternative. [NA4, 1977]
796 Gyrus dentatus. This gyrus is hidden from the surface since it lies in the depths of the Fissura hippocampi. It is a constituent part of the olfactory cortex. [PNA, 1955]
797 Alveus hippocampi. This is the thin layer of white matter covering the ventricular surface of the Hippocampus. [NA2, 1961]
798 Gyrus fasciolaris. This represents the transitional area between the Dentate gyrus and the Indusium griseum. [PNA, 1955]
799 Indusium griseum. This designates the thin layer of grey matter on the upper surface of the Corpus callosum. When traced round the Splenium, it becomes continuous with the “Gyrus fasciolaris” and thus with
the Dentate gyrus. [PNA, 1955]
800 Pars basalis telencephali. [Rhinencephalon]. The comparative anatomical investigations of Broca (1879), of Zuckerkandl (1887) and of W. Turner (1890) as well as my (His, 1889; 1892) ontogenetic
investigations, have proved that the olfactory brain or Rhinencephalon is to be distinguished as a part independent from the rest of the hemisphere – the Pallium. The bulk of the olfactory part of the brain increases
or decreases according to the development of the sense in question. .... From the basal part of the [embryonic] anterior olfactory lobe are developed: the Bulbus, the Tractus and the Trigonum olfactorium which we
include in a narrower anatomical sense under Lobus olfactorius. [BNA, 1895] Rhinencephalon, despite its amorphous meaning, is retained at the request of many. [NA4, 1977] The term rhinencephalon has been
omitted because it is no longer in common use and the areas/structures listed under this designation in previous terminologies subserve considerably more than just olfactory functions. These structures now
appear under headings which specify their proper anatomical location (Lobus frontalis; Pars basalis telencephali). This new section includes structures that in previous terminology lists have been scattered
throughout other sections. It is noted, however, that the pars basalis telencephali includes some structures that may also be referred to as parts of the nuclei basales (e.g., pallidum ventrale, striatum ventrale). In
the pars basalis telencephali, the pars sublenticularis amygdalae, the nuclei striae terminalis, the substantia innominata, the striatum ventrale and the pallidum ventrale form a continuous grey complex [TA, 1998]
This section continues to be a heterogeneous collection of pallial and subpallial structures because there does not appear to be a consensus on rearrangement of these structures.
801 Stria diagonalis. [Bandaletta diagonalis]. This term was required by many workers, but Latinization is difficult. Since the French term is derived from a Latin feminine, this gender has been used. [NA4, 1977]
802 Corpus amygdaloideum. This term replaces the B.N.A. “Nucleus amygadalae” for it is in fact a composite nucleus and consists of a number of parts, which have not been named. [PNA, 1955] This was listed
as a component part of the nuclei basales in previous terminologies, and functions largely outside activities governed by the nuclei basales. Consequently, it is listed here in the correct location within the pars
basalis telencephali. [TA, 1998]
803 Corpus striatum. [Nuclei basales telencephali]. Some textbooks state, without qualification, that the substantia nigra and nucleus subthalamicus are parts of the basal nuclei of the telencephalon. Since this
affiliation is based on functional, not structural or developmental, grounds it is inappropriate to include these structures under this heading. The substantia nigra and the nucleus subthalamicus are parts of the
mesencephalon and diencephalon, respectively. [TA, 1998]
804 Corpus nuclei caudati. The Committee felt that the caudate nucleus deserves to have a body as well as a head and a tail! [NA2, 1961]
805 Capsula interna. The pars frontalis and the Pars occipitalis have been changed to “Crus anterius” and “Crus posterius”, and the “Pars sublentiformis” and “Pars retrolentiformis” are added. [PNA, 1955] This is
the broad lamina of white matter which lies on the convex medial surface of the Nucleus lentiformis. Medially it is bounded by the Caput nuclei caudati and by the Thalamus. It is subdivided into anterior and
posterior crura with a so-called genu between them, and also into sublentiform and retrolentiform parts. [NA2, 1961]
806 Crus posterius capsulae internae. Consists of what were historically called thalamolentiform, sublentiform, and retrolentiform parts. However, as each contains different and functionally unique fibre
populations, these parts are frequently called, respectively, the posterior limb, the sublentiform (or sublenticular) limb, and the retrolentiform (or retrolenticular) limb of the internal capsule. [TA, 1998]
808 Tapetum. Commissural fibres of the corpus callosum on the superolateral aspect of the cornu occipitale of the ventriculus lateralis. [NA4, 1977]
809 Commissura hippocampi. [Commissura fornicis]. This term replaces the B.N.A. “Commissura hippocampi”. [PNA, 1955]
810 Fibrae corticonucleares. The term corticobulbar, as commonly used in the past, refers to axons originating in the cerebral cortex and innervating motor nuclei of cranial nerves of the medulla oblongata, pons,
and by extension, the midbrain. Since bulbus specifically refers to the medulla oblongata, application of the term corticobulbar to these fibres in the midbrain is incorrect. The term corticonuclearis followed by bulbi,
pontinis, or mesencephali replaces corticobulbar and specifies cortical axons that innervate motor and/or sensory nuclei of cranial nerves. [TA, 1998]
811 Fibrae corticomesencephalicae. Axons arising in the cerebral cortex that innervate mesencephalic structures such as the substantia nigra, tegmentum mesencephali, and the tectum. [TA, 1998]
812 Cornu frontale. In view of the difficulties of applying positional adjectives in the primate forebrain, the Subcommittee approved the substitution of frontale, etc. for anterius, etc. [NA4, 1977]
813 Atrium ventriculi lateralis. The expansion of the ventriculus lateralis where the pars centralis meets the cornu occipitale and the cornu temporale. [TA, 1998]
814 Lamina affixa. The layer of substance which covers the V. terminalis continues as a thin lamella over the adjoining part of the optic thalamus as Lamina affixa. The width of the lamina affixa at first increases
from in front backwards and then decreases; it attains at it maximum 5-6 mm. The Lamina affixa is, as lately emphasized by Hochstetter, like the epithelium of the lateral vascular plexus and like the fornix and the
Septum pellucidum, a remnant of the medial wall of the hemisphere. [BNA, 1895]
815 Taenia chorioidea ventriculi lateralis. At the Foramen Monroi, the Taenia thalami turns backward into the Taenia chorioidea. The layer of substance which covers the V. terminalis continues as a thin lamella
over the adjoining part of the optic thalamus as Lamina affixa. Then with a free projecting margin it passes over as the Taenia chorioidea into the epithelium of the Plexus chorioideus lateralis. In the inferior horn
the Taenia chorioidea lies close to the Stria terminalis. The Taenia chorioidea descends alongside the Cauda corporis striati into the inferior horn as far as its anterior end. [BNA, 1895]
816 Fissura chorioidea. There were many requests for the inclusion of this term. It lies between the upper surface of the thalamus and the lateral edge of the Fornix in the central part of the lateral ventricle and
between the Stria terminalis and the edge of the Fimbria hippocampi in the inferior horn. [NA2, 1961]
817 Taenia fornicis. [Taenia fornicis et fimbriae]. The Taenia chorioidea descends alongside the Cauda corporis striati into the inferior horn as far as its anterior end. Here it turns into the margin of the Fimbria
hippocampi and is continued into the Taenia fornicis. The two taeniae of the fornix finally join in the median line above the foramen of Monro. [BNA, 1895] Many anatomists have written to ask what this means. It
denotes the line of attachment of the choroid plexus to the fornix. [NA2, 1961]
818 Bulbus cornus occipitalis. [Bulbus cornus posterioris]. This is the bulge produced by the splenial fibres of the Corpus callosum as they sweep backwards into the Lobus occipitalis. [NA2, 1961]
819 Tractus opticus. The Radix medialis and Radix lateralis of this tract have now been designated. [NA2, 1961]
820 Epithalamus. The Epithalamus comprises the habenular structures and the Corpus pineale. [BNA, 1895] The corpus pineale was renamed glandula pinealis and is now listed with the glandulae endocrinae.
821 Thalamus. In the B.N.A. only three of the Nuclei of the thalamus were included, but these have been extended by the subdivision of the “Nucleus lateralis thalami” and the inclusion of the “Nucleus centralis
thalami”. [PNA, 1955] It is certain that no arrangement under this heading will please everyone! Nevertheless additions and rearrangements have been made in an attempt to satisfy the majority. [NA3, 1966] It is
probably impossible to draw up a completely satisfactory nominal list of thalamic nuclei. Doubtless the nomenclature set out here will require amendments as disagreements between the experts are solved. [NA4,
1977]
823 Nuclei campi perizonalis. [Nuclei areae H, H1, H2]. These are the areas of Forel. [NA4, 1977] Fibres in the medial field (also called the prerubral field or area) and the dorsal field (fasciculus thalamicus) and
ventral field (fasciculus lenticularis) comprise, respectively, the fields of Forel H, H1, and H2. Cell bodies insinuated among these fasciculi constitute the nuclei listed here. [TA, 1998]
824 Area preoptica. [Pars optica hypothalami]. We differentiate that part of the Hypothalamus ... belonging to the Telencephalon as Pars optica. [BNA, 1895]
825 Hypothalamus. Only the well documented nuclei of the Hypothalamus are included in this list, but their importance is steadily increasing with expanding knowledge of the cortical areas with which they are
connected. [PNA, 1955]
826 Tractus habenulointerpeduncularis. [Fasciculus retroflexus]. This fasciculus takes origin in the “Nucleus habenulae” and runs downwards and forwards, across the lateral side of the red nucleus, to reach the
“Nucleus interpeduncularis”. [PNA, 1955]
827 Ansa lenticularis. This term includes the substantial group of fibres which descend from the inferior aspect of the Globus pallidus of the Lentiform nucleus in close relationship with the “Pedunculus inferior
thalami”, which consists mainly of afferent fibres to the thalamus. [PNA, 1955] Incidentally the ansa lenticularis, ansa peduncularis, the pedunculus and the subthalamic nucleus were previously included under
Sectiones hypothalami. It seemed more logical to place them in the subthalamic region, or perhaps under “Corpus striatum”. [NA3, 1966]
828 Commissurae supraopticae. This name is suggested for the commissural fibres which, in the human brain, represent the combined commissures of Gudden, Meynert and Ganser. [PNA, 1955] These
commissures, associated with the names of van Gudden, Meynert and Ganser, are probably in fact decussations. At least three supraoptic ‘commissures’ have been described, the most central being apparently
absent in primates. Details of their connexions in the human brain are uncertain. [NA4, 1977]
829 Fibrae periventriculares hypothalami. These fibres arise from the Hypothalamus and descend through the “Tegmentum” of the mid-brain and the “Formatio reticularis” of the Pons, and Medulla oblongata.
[PNA, 1955]
830 Fasciculus medialis telencephali. A new term for the ‘medial forebrain bundle’, the main pathway for longitudinal connexions in the hypothalamus. [NA4, 1977]
831 Tractus hypothalamohypophysialis. [Tractus supraoptiohypophysialis et paraventriculohypophysialis]. These two new terms are needed for well-authenticated hypophysial connexions. [NA4, 1977]
832 Adhaesio interthalamica. In the B.N.A. this structure was termed the “Massa intermedia”. The term “Adhaesio interthalamica” indicates its position and the fact that it is a secondary connexion, and is a true
adhesion. [PNA, 1955]
833 Sulcus hypothalamicus. At the anterior end of the aquaeduct the marginal grooves are continued on either side into the Sulcus Monroi, which in a strictly characteristic manner divides the lateral wall of the third
ventricle into an inferior and a superior part, - the Thalamencephalon and Hypothalamus. The Sucli Monroi terminate on either side in the Recessus opticus. [BNA, 1895]
834 Taenia thalami. The Taenia of the third ventricle forms with that of the lateral ventricle a continuous strip in which we can distinguish three main parts: the Taenia thalami, the Taenia chorioidea and the Taenia
fornicis and fimbriae. The Taenia thalami begins in front of the C. pineale and follows on either side the free margin of the Stria medullaris; it continues into the narrow epithelial plate which lines the Plexus
chorioideus medius on its under surface. At the Foramen Monroi, the Taenia thalami turns backward into the Taenia chorioidea. [BNA, 1895]
835 Arbor vitae cerebelli. It was decided to include this because of popular demand. [NA2, 1961]
837 Folia cerebelli. The Folia cerebelli correspond to the Gyri of the cortex of the cerebrum. [PNA, 1955]
838 Fissura secunda. It was inconsistent to list the Fissura prima and omit the Fissura secunda. It is sometimes referred to as the postpyramidal sulcus. [NA3, 1966] It separates pyramis and uvula in the vermis
cerebelli. [NA4, 1977]
839 Fissura posterolateralis. This fissure is situated on the inferior surface of the cerebellum. It lies posterior to the “Flocculus” and its “Pedunculus” and, extends medially, posterior to the “Nodulus”. It is the
earliest of the cerebellar fissures to appear in the embryo, separating the rudiments of the “Nodulus” and the “Flocculi” from the “Corpus cerebelli”. [PNA, 1955]
840 Vestibulocerebellum. [Archicerebellum]. These terms have considerable currency and were added at many requests. Inconsistencies of spelling are important here. Paleo- (America) or Palaeo- (European)
are variants, the latter being a truer rendering of the Greek. Archi- is a stem meaning ‘leader’, e.g., archiepiscopacy; it does not mean ancient or old. The correct stem is archaeo- (archeo-), as in archaeology or
archetype. The best spelling is therefore archaeocerebellum and archaeopallium. [NA4, 1977] The terms vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum reflect the fact that neurons in the vestibular nuclei and ganglia,
and the nuclei of the spinal cord project directly to cerebellar structures. Since nuclei of the pars basilaris pontis project directly to the cerebellum, the term pontocerebellum is preferred over cerebrocerebellum, and
is, consequently, consistent with vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum. As originally conceived, the terms archicerebellum, paleocerebellum and neocerebellum referred to the flocculonodular, vermis, and
hemisphere, respectively. Experimental studies reveal that these terms do not correlate with the terms vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum and pontocerebellum and do not identify cerebellar regions that have
their own unique connections. Their continued use is not encouraged. [TA, 1998]
841 Lobulus centralis vermis. The Committee felt that lobulus was a more appropriate name for this small structure than lobus. [NA2, 1961]
842 Cortex cerebelli. The layers of the cerebellar cortex have been reduced to two – the Stratum moleculare and Stratum granulosum. The “Stratum gangliosum” does not really form a separate layer as it lies in
the deepest part of the Stratum moleculare. [PNA, 1955]
843 Nuclei cerebelli. The terms “dentate,” “emboliform,” “globose,” and “fastigial” are used for the nuclei of the human cerebellum and, frequently, for these nuclei in nonhuman primates. The terms “lateral,”
“anterior interpositus,” “posterior interpositus” and “medial cerebelli nuclei” are, respectively, synonymous with the above terms and are commonly used to describe the cerebellar nuclei in nonprimate mammals and,
occasionally, in primates. Rudeberg S.-I. 1961. Morphogenetic Studies on the Cerebellar Nuclei and their Homologization in Different Vertebrates including Man. Diss. Tornblad Institute of Comparative
Embryology and Institute of Zoology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden: pp. 1-148. [TA, 1998]
844 Pedunculus cerebellaris superior. In harmony with the changes already effected, the B.N.A. term “Brachium conjunctivum” becomes the “Superior cerebellar peduncle”. [PNA, 1955]
845 Pedunuculus cerebellaris inferior and Corpus restiforme. The B.N.A. term “Corpus restiforme” has been discarded and replaced by the more informative term, “Pedunculus cerebellaris inferior”. (Cf.
“Pedunculus cerebellaris medius” and “Pedunculus cerebellaris superior”.) [PNA, 1955] In previous terminology lists these two structures were considered synonymous. However the pedunculus cerebellaris
inferior is composed of two functionally/structurally distinct parts. Corpus restiforme is located on the dorsolateral aspect of the medulla oblongata and contains a variety of cerebellar afferent fibres. Corpus
juxtarestiforme joins the corpus restiforme as they enter the cerebellum and contains only interconnections between vestibular structures and the cortex cerebelli and nucleus fastigii. Haines D.E. 1975. “Cerebellar
Corticovestibular Fibers of the Posterior Lobe in the Prosimian Primate, the Lesser Bushbaby (Galago senegalensis).” J Comp Neurol 160:363-398. [TA, 1998]
846 Truncus encephali. A new term to express the concept ‘brain stem’, including myelencephalon (med. obl.), metencephalon (pons), and mesencephalon. Rhombencephalon = myelencephalon +
metencephalon. [NA4, 1977] The identification of brainstem nuclei generally follows Olszewski and Baxter’s Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brainstem, 3rd edition (Büttner-Ennever JA and Horn AKE, eds.). Basel:
Karge, 2014. Minor and less familiar nuclei are not listed here, so interested users are referred to this source or Terminologia Neuroanatomica for more complete treatment of brainstem nuclei.
847 Lemniscus medialis. This term was given in the P.N.A. under Sectiones pontis and Sectiones mesencephali, but was omitted by mistake under Sectiones medullae oblongatae. [NA2, 1961]
849 Lemniscus spinalis. Contains a variety of ascending axons and, in this respect, contains essentially the same population of axons that comprise the tractus anterolaterales. These are synonymous terms. [TA,
1998]
850 Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis. This fasciculus receives its principal contributions from the Vestibular nuclei, and it lies close to the median plane and immediately ventral to the central grey matter. It sends
numerous fibres to the Nuclei of the III, IV, VI, and XI Cranial nerves and appears to function in connection with movements of the eyes and head, resulting from stimulation of the equilibratory apparatus. {PNA,
1955]
851 Fasciculus longitudinalis posterior. [Fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis]. This fasciculus contains some of the descending periventricular fibres which arise in the Hypothalamus and run downwards in the central
grey matter, passing dorsal to the “Nucleus n. trochlearis”. Although readily recognizable in sections of the Mesencephalon and Pons, it is more difficult to identify at lower levels. [PNA, 1955] This fasciculus
extends throughout the brain stem and is associated with the name of Schutz. It is given in the Appendix under Tractus nervosi projectionis, but in P.N.A. and the previous edition of N.A. it appeared only under
Mesencephalon and Pons and not under Medulla oblongata. These omissions have now been rectified. [NA3, 1966]
852 Pedunculus cerebri. This term comprises one half of the mid-brain and it is divisible into a tegmental part and a crus cerebri, or ventral part. These two are separated from one another in the substance of the
mid-brain by a layer of grey substance termed the “Substantia nigra”. [PNA, 1955] The cerebral peduncle contains both ascending and descending cerebral tracts. The Gross Anatomy Working Group considered
removing this term from TA2 because its frequent misusage as a synonym for crus cerebri is a source of confusion, but ultimately decided to retain the term in its traditional meaning.
853 Crus cerebri. This term is preferred to the former pedunculus cerebri pars anterior for clarity. [TA, 1998]
854 Substantia nigra. This is not a component of the tegmentum mesencephali. It is ventrolateral to the tegmentum and separates this area from the fibre bundles of the crus cerebri. Some authors include the
substantia nigra as part of the basis pedunculi, a convention followed here. [TA, 1998]
855 Tegmentum mesencephali. Tegmentum = partes dorsales of the pedunculi cerebri. On each side it extends from the subst. nigra to the level of the aqueductus mes. [NA4, 1977]
856 Nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini. The nucleus extends into the upper part of the Pons. [NA3, 1966] The term tractus has been omitted from this term as an unnecessary complication. It still remains
too lengthy and could be improved to nu. mesencephalicus trigeminalis. [NA4, 1977]
857 Nucleus parabigeminalis. Located on the lateral aspect of the midbrain, adjacent to the inferior colliculus. It receives inputs from, and projects to, the superior colliculus. [TA, 1998]
858 Decussationes tegmenti. These decussations include the ventral tegmental decussation of the rubrospinal and rubrotereticular tracts, and the dorsal tegmental decussation of the tectospinal tract. [PNA, 1955]
859 Aquaeductus mesencephali. The aqueduct in in the mesencephalon (and its flow is away from the cerebrum, not towards it!). [NA4, 1977]
860 Colliculus superior. Includes two cellular layers and one layer of axons within the intermediate grey layer. [TA, 1998]
861 Decussatio trochlearis. [Decussatio nervorum trochlearium]. Awkward genitives such as this could be avoided by using the obvious adjective. [NA4, 1977]
862 Nucleus sensorius principalis nervi trigemini. Many anatomists complained that the previous term Nucleus sensorius superior n. trigemini was misleading as the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve
extends more cranially. The adjective “principalis” was accepted as the best of several alternatives. [NA3, 1966] Many variant names for this nucleus, each with some advantages, have been used or suggested.
863 Nuclei vestibulares. Certain of these nuclei occur at pontine and medullary levels and are hence mentioned in both places. [NA4, 1977]
864 Ventriculus quartus. The fourth ventricle is divided into three parts: a Pars inferior [Calamus scriptorius], a Pars intermedia, and a Pars superior. The most inferior part belongs to the Medulla oblongata and is
surrounded by the Corpora restiformia. At the point where these are surrounded by the N. cochleae and the Recessus lateralis, the Pars intermedia begins, and further on is elongated into the region between the
Brachia pontis. This is the broadest part of the rhomboid fossa, but it passes over into the narrow portion at the upper end of the Fovea superior. This narrow portion, the Pars superior, belongs to the Isthmus and
is bounded by the Brachia conjunctiva [cerebelli], and is arched over by the Vellum medullare anterius. [BNA, 1895]
865 Sulcus limitans. Two lateral longitudinal grooves early mark off the margin of the ventral and dorsal halves of the cerebral tube (the basal plates and alar plates of my former papers). These are the Sulci
limitantes. All motor nuclei lie ventral or medianward of the Sulci limitantes, but the so-called sensory ganglia lie dorsal or lateralward from them. [BNA, 1895]
866 Velum medullare superius. [Velum medullare anterius]. This constitutes the uppermost part of the roof of the fourth ventricle. It is a median unpaired structure and the adjectival term “anterius” is based on
morphological grounds and is misleading since this velum lies considerably above the level of the “Velum medullare posterius” and only very slightly in front of it. [PNA, 1955]
867 Velum medullare inferius. [Velum medullare posterius]. This is a bilateral structure attached medially to the lateral aspect of the Nodulus of the cerebellum. The adjectival term “posterius” is well established but
its basis is morphological, and it is misleading. [PNA, 1955]
868 Tela chorioidea ventriculi quarti. The Taenia ventriculi quarti begins at the Obex, passes in front of the end of the Funiculus gracilis and the Funiculus cuneatus, and goes obliquely over upon the Corpus
restiforme, which laterally surrounds it. As the margin of the Processus lateralis it descends deeply toward the base, but further on joints the cerebellum following the stalk of the Flocculus and the Velum medullare
posterius. Its medial end piece forms a point which tongue like ascends over the Nodulus. [BNA, 1895] This term has been added. [NA2, 1961]
869 Medulla oblongata. The portion between the spinal cord and the caudal border of the pons, this being the medulla oblongata. Strong O.S. and Elwyn A. 1943. Human Neuroanatomy. Baltimore, Maryland:
Williams & Wilkins; Kuhlenbeck H. 1975. The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates. Vol. 4. “Spinal Cord and deuterencephalon.” Basel: S. Karge. [TA, 1998]
870 Pyramis medullae oblongatae. The pyramids, according to the older concept of Burdach, are externally marked off parts of the Medulla oblongata. The so-called pyramidal cords, in the older sense, are fibrous
cords which appear upon superficial inspection as a prolongation of the fibrous masses belonging to the pyramids. [BNA, 1895]
871 Sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae. From the floor of this sulcus there emerge the rootlets of the Hypoglossal nerve, which represents the somatic efferent fibres at this level. [PNA, 1955]
872 Sulcus retroolivaris. [Sulcus posterolateralis medullae oblongatae]. This sulcus lies dorsal to the olive and from its floor there emerge the rootlets of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves, which
represent the splanchnic efferent fibres at this level. [PNA, 1955] The term sulcus retroolivaris was added in NA4 (1977), ending the confusion between the posterolateral sulcus and the sulcus associated with
cranial nerves IX-XI.
873 Tuberculum trigeminale. Corresponds to descending tract or radix spinalis of the trigeminal nerve. [NA4, 1977]
874 Nucleus cuneatus accessorius. This nucleus lies lateral to the Nucleus cuneatus. It gives origin to the Fibrae arcuatae externae, which reach the cerebellum through the Pedunculus cerebelli inferior,
conveying afferent impulses from the muscles of the upper limbs. [PNA, 1955]
875 Nucleus posterior nervi vagi. The cranial pole of this dorsal vagal nucleus is sometimes identified as the nucleus dorsalis nervi glossopharyngei. [NA5, 1983]
877 Hilum nuclei olivaris inferioris. Hilum is the original form and is retained in botanical usage. Hilus was an anatomist’s corruption of this term. Since it is probably an abbreviation of ‘nihilum’ (a ‘little nothing’), it
is desirable to return to the widely popular hilum. [NA4, 1977]
878 Formatio reticularis medullae oblongatae. In the P.N.A. this was called Substantia reticularis, but under Medulla spinalis it was termed Formatio reticularis: reticular formation is undoubtedly the more popular
term. Incidentally it was decided that the time had not yet come to attempt to name all the nuclei which have been described in the reticular formation. [NA2, 1961]
879 Tractus pyramidalis. In P.N.A. and the previous editions of N.A. there were inconsistencies in naming this tract. Thus in the Medulla spinalis it was termed Tractus corticospinalis (pyramidalis), under Medulla
oblongata it appeared as Fibrae pyramidales, under Pons the terms Fibrae corticospinales and Fibrae corticonucleares were used and in the Mesencephalon we had the term Trr. corticospinales. After deliberation
the I.A.N.C. decided to use the terms now appearing in the list. [NA3, 1966] Collectively these fibres [Fibrae corticospinales et corticonucleares] have been commonly known as the fasciculus (tractus) pyramidalis.
Since the term tractus implies a uniformity of connexions and functions now known to be incorrect, the new terms are preferable. Fasciculus preferred because of the mixed nature of this ‘tract’. [NA4, 1977]
880 Decussatio pyramidum. In the upper part of the medulla oblongata the Fissura mediana anterior lies between the pyramids, but it is interrupted below the pyramids by the “Decussatio pyramidum”, in which
approximately two-thirds of the descending pyramidal fibres cross from one side to the other. Most of the decussation occurs within the substance of the medulla oblongata and is therefore a striking feature of
transverse sections made below the pyramid. [PNA, 1955]
881 Fibrae arcuatae internae. These fibres arise in the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus and pass ventrally round the central grey matter to form the great sensory decussation, “Decussatio lemniscorum”. [PNA, 1955]
882 Pars cervicalis medullae spinalis. [Segmenta medullae spinalis]. Numbers are noted with each segmental region. This is not to teach the obvious but to suggest a convenient (if unscholarly) international
abbreviation. Thus segmentum cervicale 5 may serve in print for segm. cerv. quintum in speech. [NA5, 1983]
883 Substantia grisea medullae spinalis. [Columnae griseae]. It must be understood clearly that, as these columns are elongated in the long axis of the vertebral column, they can only be seen in their entirety in
longitudinal sections. It is, however, customary to examine the spinal cord in a series of transverse sections, and then the individual columns are seen as “cornua”. [PNA, 1955] The columnae griseae and cornua
are really synonyms, but the latter term is usually reserved for appearances in transverse sections of the spinal cord. Although cornu is much used, columna is perhaps preferable on all occasions. [NA5, 1983]
884 Processus reticularis spinalis. [Formatio reticularis medullae spinalis]. This formation lies lateral to the grey matter from which, in the lateral column, the Cornu laterale projects. It consists of numerous small
islets of grey matter intersected by white fibres, which run both vertically and horizontally. The vertical fibres descend from the formatio reticularis of the hindbrain and from upper segments of the spinal cord. The
horizontal and oblique fibres are heterolateral in origin. [PNA, 1955]
885 Zona intermedia medullae spinalis. At most cervical and lumbosacral levels, the cells comprising spinal lamina VII extend into the anterior horn. At other levels spinal lamina VII is restricted to the intermediate
zone. [TA, 1998]
886 Substantia intermedia centralis. This is the grey matter which surrounds the central canal and extends laterally to become continuous with the “Substantia intermedia lateralis”. [PNA, 1955]
887 Nucleus thoracicus posterior. [Nucleus thoracicus]. The older term nucleus dorsalis was misleading and very few wished to retain it. [NA2, 1961] Usual extent is segm. C7 to L2. [NA4, 1977]
888 Substantia intermedia lateralis. This is the grey matter which is continuous medially with the “Substantia intermedia centralis” and intervenes between the anterior and posterior cornua. The “Cornua laterale” is
an outgrowth from its lateral aspect. [PNA, 1955]
891 Substantia alba medullae spinalis. The term Funiculus is used for the large division of the cord; Fasciculus for its single tracts. [BNA, 1895] The terminology of the tracts of the Medulla spinalis has undergone
considerable alteration and expansion. The word “Fasciculus”, signifying individual bundles of nerve fibres with the same functional significance, has been discarded almost entirely and replaced by the word
“Tractus”. [PNA, 1955] Although the substantia grisea was named in the P.N.A. the Substantia alba was not. An attempt was made to introduce more consistency into the naming of various elements of the
Medulla spinalis and Encephalon. Thus “funiculus” was used for the anterior, lateral and posterior columns of the Medulla which contain groups of tracts, and in general the term “tractus” was preferred to
“fasciculus” to denote individual bundles of nerve fibres with the same functional significance. However, “fasciculus” was not entirely discarded. [NA2, 1961] The term funiculus has been reserved for the “white”
columns. Tractus is the preferable term for bundles of nerve fibres of like connexions, but fasciculus is still customary for certain tracts. [NA5, 1983] Within the white matter of the spinal cord, tractus corticospinalis,
raphespinalis, spinocerebellares, and vestibulospinales are referred to as “anterior”, “lateral”, “medial”, or “posterior” according to their relative positions in the spinal cord white matter. [TA, 1998]
892 Funiculus posterior. Fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus are commonly, and collectively, referred to as the dorsal column nuclei and fasciculi. [TA, 1998]
893 Fasciculus cuneatus. This term is an example of the retention of “fasciculus”. In the P.N.A. this was termed Funiculus cuneatus in the Medulla oblongata and Fasciculus cuneatus in the Medulla spinalis. This
and a similar inconsistency in naming the Fasciculus gracilis have now been corrected. [NA2, 1961]
894 Fibrae spinocuneatae and Fibrae spinograciles. These terms designate those fibres that arise from cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and ascend in the cuneate and gracile fasciculi to terminate in their
respective nuclei in the medulla. These are commonly, and collectively, referred to as postsynaptic dorsal column fibres. [TA, 1998]
895 Fibrae spinocuneatae and Fibrae spinograciles. These terms designate those fibres that arise from cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and ascend in the cuneate and gracile fasciculi to terminate in their
respective nuclei in the medulla. These are commonly, and collectively, referred to as postsynaptic dorsal column fibres. [TA, 1998]
896 Tractus spinothalamicus lateralis and Tractus spinothalamicus anterior. These terms are retained in this edition. However, it is acknowledged that the combined area of the spinal cord white matter occupied by
these two tracts, as classically described, represent what is now known as the anterolateral system. [TA, 1998]
897 Fibrae reticulospinales. The status of the reticulospinal tracts in mankind is still sub judice. [NA4, 1977]
898 Area spinalis X. This region of the spinal cord was called an “area” in the original description. Consequently, “area” is preferred over “lamina”. Rexed B. 1954. “A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Spinal Cord in
the Cat.” J Comp Neurol 100:297-379.
899 Commissura grisea anterior and Commissura grisea posterior. These are thin sheets of grey matter that extend across the midline adjacent to the central canal. [TA, 1998]
900 Commissura grisea anterior and Commissura grisea posterior. These are thin sheets of grey matter that extend across the midline adjacent to the central canal. [TA, 1998]
901 Systema nervosum periphericum. As in the case of the vessels it was agreed that “Rami musculares” and “Rami cutanei” should be omitted from the list, with certain exceptions where the nerve concerned
might not have been regarded as likely to give off such branches. [NA2, 1961]
902 Nervus sensorius. In all terms employing sensorialis the alternative sensorius was regarded by some as preferable, being closer to the usual English equivalent – sensory. [NA4, 1977]
903 Nervus cutaneus. The branches of cutaneous nerves are generally omitted from the list, but their parent trunks, when specifically named, are included. [PNA, 1955]
904 Ramus muscularis. In many situations (cf. arteries) the muscular branches, when not specifically named, are omitted from the list in order to save unnecessary printing. [PNA, 1955]
906 Radix anterior nervi spinalis. It was generally agreed that the B.N.A. “Radix anterior” and “Radix posterior” should be replaced by these terms, “Radix ventralis” and “Radix dorsalis”. [PNA, 1955]
907 Plexus visceralis. The synonym visceralis for autonomicus has been added in response to numerous requests. [NA4, 1977] Not all autonomic plexuses are in fact visceral, but are better described as
perivascular. Thus the term plexus visceralis has been separated from plexus autonomicus.
908 Plexus perivascularis. Only the larger perivascular plexuses have been named. Since they are invariably named after the vessels which they accompany, the manufacture of terms for smaller plexuses is a
simple process. [NA4, 1977]
909 Nervi craniales. This name may not be altogether satisfactory, but it was regarded as preferable to the B.N.A. “Nervi cerebrales”. [PNA, 1955] Neither cranialis nor encephalicus were considered entirely
satisfactory, but the former is familiar and the easier to speak. [NA4, 1977]
910 Nervus terminalis. [Nervi terminales]. These were first noted in Selachian fishes and are now known to exist in all classes of vertebrates except Cyclostomes. They lie near the medial margins of the olfactory
tracts and bulbs and in Man they are usually embedded in the pia mater overlying the gyri recti. [NA2, 1961]
911 Nervus oculomotorius. These Roman numerals provide familiar abbreviations for those who use, for example, the nervus cranialis tertius (III) as a synonym for the preferable nervus oculomotorius. The use of
such numerals is to be deprecated. [NA4, 1977]
912 Nervus trigeminus. Radix sensoria and Radix motorius have replaced the P.N.A. terms Portio major and Portio minor. [NA2, 1961]
913 Nervus frontalis. The branches of this nerve are now named so that they conform with the names of the corresponding arteries and veins. [PNA, 1955]
914 Nervus pharyngeus. [Ramus pharyngeus nervi maxillaris]. In the P.N.A. this was named the N. pharyngeus – a misleading term as it is a small twig and not one of the main pharyngeal nerves. [NA2, 1961]
915 Nervus palatinus major. Another instance of the name being changed to conform with those of the canal and foramen in which it lies. [NA2, 1961]
916 Nervi palatini minores. These include the medial and posterior palatine nerve of the P.N.A. and they pass through the Canales palatini minores. [NA2, 1961]
917 Ramus communicans lacrimalis nervi zygomaticotemporalis. The zygomatic nerve sends it branch into the lacrimal gland directly in a majority of cases, and communicates with lacrimal nerve in approximately
40%. Scott G et al. Patterns of innervation of the lacrimal gland with clinical application. Clin Anat 27:1174-7, 2014.
918 Ramus meningeus nervi mandibularis. The meningeal branches of the divisions of the Trigeminal nerve have all been altered to make them more informative. [PNA, 1955]
919 Nervus buccalis. The name of this sensory branch of the Mandibular nerve has been changed to obviate confusion. This is the sensory branch to the cheek. [PNA, 1955]
920 Nervus meatus acustici externi. The name of the meatus has been changed and this modification is dependent on it. [PNA, 1955]
921 Nervus facialis. These two nerves [Nervi facialis et intermedius], though usually separate trunks, form a common trunk. Consequently, some authorities favour the term nervus intermediofacialis especially
since they are, in fact, two radices of the same cranial nerve. [NA4, 1977]
923 Geniculum nervi facialis. This indicates the sharp bend on the facial nerve in its passage through the Temporal bone. [PNA, 1955]
924 Nervus petrosus major. The additional adjective in the B.N.A. – “superficialis” – was regarded as unnecessary and has been deleted. [PNA, 1955]
925 Ramus lingualis nervi facialis. The stylohyoid and lingual branches of the facial nerve sometimes arise together. The lingual branch is inconstant. [NA2, 1961]
926 Nervus vestibulocochlearis. It was generally agreed that it was desirable to name this nerve so as to indicate the different functions of its two constituent parts. [PNA, 1955] There was a very mixed reception
for the P.N.A. term “Statocusticus”. It was generally agreed that it was desirable to indicate the different functions of the two constituent parts of the nerve and vestibulocochlear was accepted as the best
suggestion. [NA2, 1961]
927 Nervus ampullaris anterior. Throughout, the Canales semicirculares have been named “anterior”, “lateralis”, and “posterior”, and the names of these nerves harmonise. [PNA, 1955]
928 Nervus glossopharyngeus. The ganglia are now named “Ganglion superius” and “Ganglion inferius”, and a similar change has been effected in the case of the Nervus vagus. It is believed that this
simplification of the names of these ganglia will be appreciated by medical students. [PNA, 1955]
929 Nervus petrosus minor. This nerve arises from the tympanic plexus and carries glossopharyngeal fibres to the Ganglion oticum. Formerly it was known as the lesser superficial petrosal nerve and should not be
confused with the N. petrosus major (formerly known as the greater superficial petrosal nerve) which carries fibres from the N. facialis to the Ganglion pterygopaltinum (formerly termed the sphenopalatine ganglion).
[NA2, 1961]
930 Nervus sinus carotidis. [Nervus sinus caroticus]. The innervation of the carotid sinus has now been named. [PNA, 1955]
931 Rami cardiaci thoracici. The vagus nerve normally gives off superior and inferior cervical cardiac branches and others which arise about or below the level of the thoracic inlet, including contributions from the
recurrent laryngeal nerves. [NA3, 1966]
932 Nervus accessorius. It was felt desirable to insert the “Radices craniales” and “Radices spinales”, and both are included, in addition to the “Ramus internus” (which joins the Vagus nerve), and the “Ramus
internus” (which has always been termed, in English, “the accessory nerve”). [PNA, 1955] The rami internus et externus are the terminal branches of the truncus formed by the radices, the ramus internus forming
the vagal nerve, the ramus externus supplying the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles [NA4, 1977]
933 Nervus hypoglossus. The Ramus descendens hypoglossi has been omitted as it is not derived from the Nucleus of the Hypoglossal nerve, but from the Plexus cervicalis. [PNA, 1955] The superior root of the
ansa cervicalis, and the branches to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles have been listed as branches of the hypoglossal nerve. Although the fibers in these branches are derived from cervical spinal nerves C1
and C2, they travel with the hypoglossal nerve to these branches.
934 Radix superior ansae cervicalis. In this and the following term Radix was preferred to the P.N.A. “Ramus” as these are the roots and not branches of the Ansa cervicalis. [NA2, 1961]
935 Ramus thyreohyoideus nervi hypoglossi. The nerve to thyrohyoid is derived from fibers of the anterior rami of the 1st and 2nd cervical nerves, the superior root of the ansa cervicalis, that join the hypoglossal
nerve after its emergence from the hypoglossal canal. Woodburne, RT and WE Burkel, 1994. Essentials of Human Anatomy, 9th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Romanes, G.J., 1964. Cunningham's
Textbook of Anatomy, 10th ed. London: Oxford University Press.
937 Ansa cervicalis. This loop was formerly termed the “Ansa hypoglossi” but it is well-known now that all the branches which are derived from the Ansa take origin in the Cervical nerves 1, 2, and 3. [PNA, 1955]
938 Nervus transversus colli. In the B.N.A. this nerve was termed “Nervus cutaneus colli” but there are so many cutaneous nerves of the neck that it was felt that a distinctive term was necessary here. [PNA, 1955]
939 Nervi supraclaviculares. These have been renamed medial, intermediate and lateral, because this is more accurate than the B.N.A. and P.N.A. terms anterior, medial and posterior. [NA2, 1961]
940 Truncus superior plexus brachialis. There was general agreement that it was desirable to name the three trunks of the brachial plexus, “Truncus superior”, “Truncus medius”, and “Truncus inferior”. [PNA,
1955]
941 Divisio anterior trunci superioris. [Divisio ventralis]. If only for morphological reasons, it is necessary to add the ventral and dorsal divisions of the three trunks. [NA4, 1977]
942 Nervi phrenici accessorii. Additional contributions to the phrenic nerve are so common that it is essential to name them. [PNA, 1955]
943 Nervus pectoralis lateralis. These [Nn. pectorales] were omitted from the P.N.A. [NA2, 1961]
944 Ansa pectoralis. The nerve loop connecting the lateral and medial pectoral nerves across the axillary artery has been referred to as the ansa pectoralis. Loukas M, Louis RG Jr, Fitzsimmons J, Colborn G. The
surgical anatomy of the ansa pectoralis. Clin Anat. 19:685-93, 2016.
945 Nervus cutaneus lateralis inferior brachii. Only one lateral cutaneous brachial nerve was named in the P.N.A. (the branch of the N. axillaris), whereas both the radial and axillary nerves supply such branches.
Both are now reocgnized. [NA2, 1961]
946 Nervus axillaris. Although as a general rule the term “Rami musculares” has been omitted, it has been included in several places under the branches of the great limb-plexuses. [PNA, 1955] A minority wished
to have N. circumflexus included as an official alternative, mainly to conform with the terms used for the adjacent arteries. [NA2, 1961]
947 Ramus palmaris nervi ulnaris. This nerve is variable in size, position and distribution. It usually arises from the ulnar nerve in the distal third of the forearm, pierces the deep fascia at a variable point, and
passes downwards to supply the cutaneous structures of the medial part of the palm. The corresponding Ramus palmaris n. mediani supplies the outer part of the palm, and these two palmar branches often
communicate with each other. [NA2, 1961] The redundant term for the same branch – Ramus cutaneus palmaris – has now been deleted. [NA3, 1966]
948 Radix medialis nervi mediani. The constancy with which the median nerve arises by two roots, one from the “Fasciculus lateralis” and one from the “Fasciculus medialis”, justifies the inclusion of the terms
“Radix medialis” and “Radix lateralis”. [PNA, 1955]
949 Nervus subcostalis. The anterior primary ramus of he twelfth thoracic nerve is not intercostal but subcostal, and its course and relationships differ considerably from those of the other Rami ventrales (Nn.
intercostales) of the Nn. thoracici. [NA2, 1961]
950 Nervus furcalis. This term is introduced for a variant lumbar spinal nerve that arises near spinal nerve L4. The name, which has also sometimes been used for the anterior ramus of spinal nerve L4, indicates
that the nerve forks to join both the lumbar and sacral plexuses.
951 Nervus perinealis. [Nervi perineales]. These nerves usually have identifiable medial and lateral branches, which may be so named if desired. [NA4, 1977]
953 Nervus suralis. This term was placed in parenthesis in the B.N.A. list, but it was agreed that it was sufficiently constant to justify the removal of the brackets. [PNA, 1955]
954 Nervus cutaneus dorsalis lateralis. There were doubts about retaining this term as it indicates the continuation of the N. suralis which supplies the lateral border and adjacent part of the dorsum of the foot.
[NA2, 1961] This is really the continuation of the N. suralis. [NA4, 1977]
955 Rami calcanei mediales. In the P.N.A. this term was shown as a branch of the N. suralis. The Rami calcanei laterales are branches of this nerve, but the corresponding medial rami come from the N. tibialis.
[NA2, 1961]
956 Divisio autonomica. [Systema nervosum autonomicum]. The term “autonomicum” has been substituted at all appropriate places for “sympathicum”, as the latter term now has a more limited meaning. It was
recognized by the I.A.N.C. that the designation “Autonomicum” is not perfect, but it was selected as the best of a number of alternatives – vegetative, visceral, splanchnic, organic, involuntary, etc. Some nerves,
such as the vesical, vaginal and middle rectal, which were included under Systema nervosum periphericum in the B.N.A. have been transferred to the Systema nervosum autonomicum. Recognition has been given
to the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The term “orthosympathetic” is almost universally shortened to sympathetic, and the Committee followed this common usage.
[PNA, 1955] The subcommittee for the Nervous System have completely re-arranged this section to achieve a more logical order. [NA4, 1977] The term systema nervosum autonomicum is not used in this to avoid
ambiguity. For some it parallels the somatic nervous system and has central and peripheral components; for others it is a part of the peripheral nervous system. In addition some consider it to have efferent
elements only, while others recognize afferent elements as well. There are very many connections between somatic nerves and autonomic ganglia and between autonomic structures in the head. Examples are the
connections between the superior cervical ganglion and the sensory trigeminal ganglion, between the nerve plexus around the internal carotid artery and cavernous plexus and the abducens nerve and between the
pterygopalatine and the ciliary ganglion. Of these connections, on n. pinealis has been named. [TA, 1998]
957 Pars thoracolumbalis divisionis autonomicae. [Pars sympathica]. Since the term “sympathetic” has almost entirely displaced “orthosympathetic”, the latter term has been dropped. (In the interests of easy
Latin-English equivalence, sympathicum would be better rendered as sympatheticum.) [NA4, 1977]
958 Ganglia intermedia. These are most commonly found on Rami communicantes in the cervical and lumbar regions. They are infrequent in the thoracic and sacral region. [NA2, 1961]
959 Ganglion vertebrale. Terms such as Ganglia intermedia, Ganglion vertebrale, Ganglion impar, Rami communicantes, Nn. cardiaci thoracici, Nn. terminales, Nn. splanchnici pelvini, Plexus entericus and Plexus
uretericus, referring to constantly occurring and generally recognised structures, have been added. [PNA, 1955] A small ganglion is almost constantly found on one or other of the cords interconnecting the middle
and inferior cervical ganglia (or Ganglion cervicothoracicum) of the Truncus sympathicus. Most commonly it lies anterior to the A. vertebralis near its point of entry into the Foramen transversarium of the sixth
cervical vertebra. In French literature it is termed the “ganglion intermédiaire”, but ganglion vertebrale is a better name because of the relationship to the vertebral artery and because it avoids confusion with the
ganglia intermedia. [NA2, 1961]
960 Ganglion cervicothoracicum. The seventh and eighth cervical sympathetic trunk ganglia are fused in 75-80% of persons with the first or even the second thoracic ganglia to constitute this ganglion. The B.N.A.
term Ganglion cervicale inferius is therefore misleading. [NA2, 1961]
961 Nervi cardiaci thoracici. These filaments arise from the second to the fourth or occasionally fifth thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia. Accelerator and pain fibres to and from the heart pass thtough these nerves.
[NA2, 1961]
962 Nervus pinealis. Previously known under the name of n. conarii, referring to the old name of the pineal gland, conarium. [TA, 1998]
964 Ganglion pterygopalatinum. The name has been changed to conform to the bony fossa in which the ganglion lies. [PNA, 1955]
965 Ganglion submandibulare. This change conforms to the changed name for the salivary gland. [PNA, 1955]
966 Pars vagalis divisionis autonomicae. The anterior and posterior vagal trunks arise from the plexus oesophageus and descend on the oesophagus to reach the corresponding surfaces of the stomach. Both
trunks contain fibres from both the right and left vagus nerves and the distinctive term “Truncus” has been employed on this account. [PNA, 1955]
967 Nervi splanchnici pelvici. It is now known that these nerves carry efferent and afferent fibres to and from the pelvic viscera and are not concerned solely with the innervation of the erectile tissue in the genitalia.
[NA2, 1961] The synonym [Nervi erigentes], though preserved because of its persisting wide usage, is functionally undesirable, since these nerves supply much more than the external genitalia. [NA4, 1977]
968 Plexus uretericus. A number of visceral plexuses, not mention in the B.N.A. but which are now generally recognized, have been added to the lists. They are well-defined structures and contain a profusion of
nerve bundles arranged in meshworks or plexuses. The plexus uretericus is a good example of this type of autonomic plexus. [NA2, 1961]
969 Plexus hypogastricus superior. In accordance with modern usage the plexus hypogastricus has been subdivided into superior and inferior parts, the former corresponding to the “N. presacralis,” referred to
frequently by surgeons and gynaecologists, and the latter to the pelvic plexus lying alongside the rectum, cervix uteri, and bladder. These parts are interconnected on each side by the “Nn. hypogastrici”; these form
elongated narrow networks rather than nerves. [PNA, 1955] The superior part of the hypogastric plexus is, of course, a median, singular structure, whereas the inferior part is bilateral. Some authorities regard the
superior part as dividing immediately into right and left inferior hypogastric plexuses. Here, an interconnecting stand (itself plexiform) is regarded as intervening between the superior and inferior hypogastric
plexuses, and the strand is named N. hypogastricus. [NA4, 1977]
970 Plexus entericus. In the B.N.A. only the myenteric and submucous plexuses were named. In the P.N.A. subserous, myenteric and submucous components of the Plexus entericus were recognized, and these
can be subdivided further, although names for these minor subdivisions (following the general policy of the I.A.N.C.) have not been included. [NA2, 1961]
971 Organa sensuum. Under Organa sensuum a number of B.N.A. terms (mainly minute or microscopic features under eponymous designations) have been omitted. A number of new terms have been added,
e.g., names for various parts of the internal ear. [PNA, 1955] Many histological terms which appeared in this section in the 3rd edition have been transferred to Nomina Histologica. [NA4, 1977]
972 Bulbus oculi. The term “bulbus” has been used in many places where “oculus” was used in the B.N.A., e.g., Axes bulbi externus et internus, Tunica vasculosa bulbi, Musculi bulbi, etc. [PNA, 1955]
973 Musculus ciliaris. Controversy persists regarding classification (by their directions) of the fibres of this muscle. F. radiales and F. longitudinales have been added, but the latter are, according to some experts,
identical with F. meridionales. Some authorities recognize four major groups of fibres and would change M. ciliaris to M. quadriceps oculi, but the Committee rejected this. It is not the responsibility of the I.A.N.C. to
dogmatize but only to provide acceptable terminology. A more satisfactory terminology for this muscle must await agreement amongst the experts. [NA4, 1977]
974 Discus nervi optici. The term “papilla” used in the B.N.A. and P.N.A. is misleading as the area is not normally raised. [NA2, 1961]
975 Excavatio disci nervi optici. In the previous edition of N.A. the term Papilla n. optici was changed to Discus n. optici, but Excavatio papillae was not altered. This inconsistency is now corrected. [NA3, 1966]
976 Spatia zonularia. In regard to the mode of insertion of the fibres of the Zonula Zinnii into the lenticular capsule and the spaces lying between the fibres (formerly described as Canales Petiti) compare the paper
recently published by Schön (Zonula and Ora serrata. Anatomischer Anzeiger, X:360 ff.). [BNA, 1895]
978 Spatium retrozonale. This new term describes the part of the camera postrema immediately behind the zonula ciliaris which contains humor aquosus and communicates with the camera posterior via the spatia
zonulares. [TA, 1998]
979 Lamina episcleralis. [Spatium episclerale]. This is truly an episcleral and not an intervaginal space. [NA3, 1966]
980 Vagina bulbi. The I.A.N.C. decided that the correct term is Vagina bulbi and not Vaginae bulbi as given in the P.N.A. and the previous edition of N.A. [NA3, 1966]
981 Musculus tarsalis superior. [Lamina profunda musculi levatoris palpebrae superioris]. This is the reputedly nonstriated lamina attached to the Tarsus superior.
982 Auris. Organum auditus is now termed Organum stato-acusticum. [PNA, 1955] The terms “Organum status et auditus” and “Nuclei n. stato-acutici” used in the first edition of Nomina Anatomica did not
conform, and both aroused more unfavourable comment than any other new terms introduced in P.N.A. It was decided that vestibulocochlear was a better and more euphonious description. [NA2, 1961]
983 Auris media. In the 3rd edition Auris media and Cavum tympani were regarded as synonymous. The Committee approved the view that the latter is a part of the former. Auris media could be conveniently
divided into a Cavitas tympanica, Adnexa mastoidea, and Tuba auditiva, as suggested by the French Commission. [NA4, 1977]
984 Recessus superior membranae tympanicae. Recessus memb. tymp. superior is the median tympanic recess of W. Krause or upper tympanic recess of Prussak. This is the space over the Processus brevis of
the Malleus between the Membrana flaccida and the neck of the Malleus, and under the Lig. mallei externum. Anteriorly the space is cut off from the anterior tympanic recess while posteriorly it is connected with
the posterior recess. [BNA, 1895]
985 Ponticulus promontorii. Ponticulus promontorii is a thin bony bridge from the Eminentia pyramidalis to the Promontorium (Lang J 1992 Klinische Anatomie des Ohres. Springer, Wien - New York). [TNA, 2017]
986 Canalis semicircularis anterior. The B.N.A. term Canalis semicircularis superior has been changed to Canalis semicircularis anterior, and the “Ductus” and “Ampulla” have also been renamed accordingly.
[PNA, 1955] This is also still named Can. s. superior. [NA4, 1977]
987 Crus osseum commune. By mistake these [Crura ossea] were termed “Crura ampullaria” in the P.N.A. (cf. Ampullae osseae). [NA2, 1961]
988 Labyrinthus membranaceus. On the advice of our Organa Sensuum Sub-Committee some changes have been made. Thus the Ductus endolymphaticus and Ductus perilymphaticus have had [Aqueductus
vestibuli] and [Aquaeductus cochleae] added respectively as official alternatives, because the latter terms are still in widespread use. The terms Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani, which were listed previously
under Cochlea, have now been placed under Spatium perilymphaticum. [NA3, 1966] To conform with the arrangement in Nomina Histologica this section is now divided into vestibular and cochlear parts. [NA4,
1977]
989 Ductus cochlearis. Under Organa sensuum a number of B.N.A. terms (mainly minute or microscopic features under eponymous designations) have been omitted. A number of new terms have been added,
e.g., names for various parts of the internal ear. [PNA, 1955]
990 Crista spiralis. This structure is reputedly not a ligament. The new term conforms with Nomina Histologica; the older term is retained, for the present, as a synonym. [NA4, 1977]
991 Integument commune. Under Integumentum commune, in accordance with the decision reached by the I.A.N.C., all eponyms given in B.N.A. are omitted. The term “Glandula mammaria”, has been added, for
it was felt that the term “Mamma”, which is translated into the “Breast” in English, is not sufficiently specific. [PNA, 1955] Many terms now appearing in Nomina Histologica have been omitted from this section.
[NA4, 1977]
993 Stratum papillare. Stratum is a better and more accurate term than the “Corpus” used in the P.N.A. [NA2, 1961]
994 Pili. The significance of the words Lanugo, Capilli, etc., may be taken for granted. Vibrissae are the hairs of the nose, Tragi the hairs of the external auditory canal, Hirci the axillary hairs. [BNA, 1895]
995 Tragi. Tragi are the hairs of the external auditory canal. [BNA, 1895]
996 Vibrissae. Vibrissae are the hairs of the nose. [BNA, 1895]
998 Perionyx. This term has been added to the list. [NA3, 1966]
999 Tela subcutanea. None of the layers of subcutaneous tissue is present throughout the body. The fatty layer is most widely present. At some sites a layer of skin muscles may be found in it. Where it is thick, it
has a membranous layer on its deep surface and may be lamellated by one or more fibrous layers within it. It is absent from the eyelids, the clitoris/penis and much of the pinna and is represented only by its
muscular layer in the scrotum. [TA, 1998]
1000 Spatium subcutaneum perinei. The subcutaneous perineal pouch is a potential space between the membranous layer of perineal subcutaneous tissue and the superficial layer of the investing fascia of
perineal muscles. Extravasations or collections in the subcutaneous pouch may track, deep to the membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue, into the anterior abdominal wall, along the clitoris/penis and/or into the
labia or scrotum. [TA, 1998]
1001 Mamma. The separate term mamma masculina has been omitted because the breast in the male contains no unique elements but those of the female breast developed to a lesser extent. [TA, 1998]
1002 Glandula mammaria. This term has been added, for it was felt that the term “Mamma” which is translated into the “Breast” in English, is not sufficiently specific. [NA2, 1961]
1003 Processus lateralis. This is an addition in the 4th edition. [NA4, 1977]
1004 Ligamenta suspensoria mammaria. These fibrous bands were formerly known as the ligaments of Cooper. They have been added to the list on account of their clinical importance. [NA2, 1961]