Part 3 Module 1 Statistical Graphs, Charts, Tables, Percentages, Percentile

PART 3 MODULE 1
STATISTICAL GRAPHS, CHARTS, TABLES, PERCENTAGES, PERCENTILE
EXAMPLE 3.1.1
The bar graph below shows the results of a survey in which a number of dogs were asked
"What is your favorite food?" No dog gave multiple answers.
What percent of dogs said that their favorite food was cats?
A. 6% B. 17% C. 11% D. 30%
EXAMPLE 3.1.1 SOLUTION

First, we find the number of dogs who responded to the survey. We do this by
recognizing that the numbers on the horizontal axis tell how many dogs gave each of the
four responses. If we add those four numbers, we have the total number of dogs who
responded:
6 + 11 + 17 + 22 = 56
There were 56 dogs who responded to the survey (we say that in this survey the sample
size or sample population is 56, or simply that n = 56).
Now we read the graph and see that 6 of the 56 dogs gave the response "cats." Thus, we
need to find the percentage that corresponds to "6 out of 56." To do this, we divide 6 by
56, and then multiply by 100%.
6
"100% # .107 "100%
56
= 10.7%
!
The best choice is C.
Notice that when we "multiply 0.107 by 100%" what we actually do is move the decimal
point two places to the right, and append a "%" sign.
FACT: To convert a decimal number to a percent, we move the decimal point two
positions to the right, and add a percentage sign.
EXAMPLE 3.1.2
The graph below shows the distribution according to academic major of a group of
students. None of them have double majors.
Approximately what percent are majoring in something other than music?

A. 25% B. 12% C. 88% D. 94%
EXAMPLE 3.1.3
The graph below shows the percentage distribution of grades on an exam. Assuming that
828 people took the test, how many received grades of A or B?
PERCENT INCREASE OR PERCENT DECREASE

If a quantity increases or decreases, we can compute the percent increase or percent
decrease.
PERCENT INCREASE
If a quantity is increasing, we compute percent increase as follows:
amount of increase
percent increase = "100%
beginning amount
This is the same as:

ending amount – beginning amount
! percent increase = "100%
beginning amount
!
PERCENT DECREASE
If quantity is decreasing, we compute percent decrease as follows:

amount of decrease
percent decrease = "100%
beginning amount
Which is the same as:

! beginning amount – ending amount
percent decrease = "100%
beginning amount
EXAMPLE 3.1.10
In July, Gomer had 12 pet wolverines and 10 fingers. In August, he had 15 pet
! wolverines and 8 fingers.
1. Find the percent increase in his wolverines.

A. 25% B. 125% C. 30% D. 3%
2. Find the percent decrease in his fingers.

A. 80% B. 180% C. 20% D. 120%
EXAMPLE 3.1.11
(The information in this example is factual, according to the Workers Rights Council.)
1. In a sweatshop in El Salvador, a seamstress is paid 74¢ for the labor required to sew
one Liz Claiborne jacket (retail price: $198). If she were to be paid a "living wage," her
pay would for that job would increase to $2.64. Find the percent increase in her pay if
this were to happen.
2. Referring to the information in Part 1:

Suppose that the seamstress' pay is increased so that she receives a "living wage," and
suppose that the entire cost of this is passed on to the consumer. Find the percent
increase in the retail cost of the jacket.
WORLD WIDE WEB NOTE
For practice involving percent increase and decrease, visit the companion website and try
THE PERCENTS OF CHANGE.
PERCENTILE RANK
The percentile rank of a value in a distribution tells the percent of scores that were less
than the given value.
EXAMPLE 3.1.13
The information below refers to scores on a standardized exam.
Score Percentile
800 99
700 85
650 75
600 55
450 50
350 30
300 25
1. What percent of test-takers had scores that were less than 350?
2. What percent of test-takers had scores that were greater than or equal to 600?
3. Approximately what percent of test-takers had scores that were between 700 and 450?
EXAMPLE 3.1.13 SOLUTIONS

We must answer all three questions by referring to the definition of percentile rank given
above.
1. Since a score of 350 has a percentile rank of 30, the table tells us directly that 30% of
the test-takers had scores less than 350.
the test-takers had scores less than 600; this means that the other 45% of test takers had
scores greater than or equal to 600 (because 100% - 55% = 45%).
the test-takers had scores less than 700; likewise, the table tells us directly that 50% of
the test takers had scores less than 450. Now we subtract: 85% - 50% = 35%. Roughly
35% of the test-takers had scores between 450 and 700. (This answer is approximate,
because these 35% actually include the test-takers whose scores were exactly 450. The
table does not provide enough information to permit us to answer this question precisely;
despite that flaw, this phraseology is used on the CLAST).
EXAMPLE 3.1.14
The table below gives an accurate portrayal of the distribution of humans according to
IQ.
IQ Percentile
135 99
119 90
115 84
104 60
100 50
92 30
87 20
80 10
76 4
1. What percent of humans have IQs greater than or equal to119?

A. 90 B. 99 C. 9 D. 10
2. Approximately what percent of humans have IQs between 92 and 104?

A. 30 B. 50 C. 20 D. 10
3. What percent of humans have IQs less than 87?

A. 24 B. 20 C. 14 D. 10
WORLD WIDE WEB NOTE

For practice involving percentile rank, visit the companion website and try THE
PERCENTILATOR.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
1 - 2: A number of couch potatoes were asked “What is the most important thing in the
universe?” Their responses are summarized in the pie chart below.
1. What percent said “Playstation?”

A. 36.4% B. 20% C. 80% D. 63.6%
2. What percent didn’t say “Xbox?”

A. 12.0% B. 88.0% C. 21.8% D. 78.2%
3 - 4: Refer to the bar graph below, showing the religious affiliations of US presidents.
3. What percent of US presidents were Unitarian?

A. 4.0% B. 40.0% C. 9.5% D. 95%
4. What percent weren’t Presbyterian?

A. 96.0% B. 85.7% C. 14.7% D. 4.0%
5. Last year, Gog the cave man owned 44 stones and 11 sticks. This year, Gog the cave
man owns 39 stones and 42 sticks. Find the percent decrease in stones.
A. 11.36% B. 112.82% C. 88.64% D. 45.45%
6. Last year, Dorothy owned 143 ear rings and 79 nose rings. This year, Dorothy owns
41 ear rings and 150 nose rings. Find the percent increase in nose rings.
A. 89.87% B. 71.33% C. 47.33% D. 147.06%
7. Last year, Dan owned 113 vinyl LP records. This year, Dan's supply of vinyl LP
records has increased by approximately 67%. How many vinyl LP records does Dan
have now?
A. 76 B. 7571 C. 180 D. 189
8. Last year, Socrates owned 574 Pokemon cards. This year, Socrates's supply of
Pokemon cards has decreased by approximately 32%. How many Pokemon cards does
Socrates have now?.
A. 184 B. 18368 C. 542 D. 390
The table at right shows the percentile distribution IQ Percentile
of people according to IQ. 145 99
Refer to it for exercises 15 - 17. 130 97
115 84
9. What percent of people have IQs less than 85? 101 50
A. 16 B. 5 C. 4 D. 21 85 16
70 4
10. What percent of people have IQs of 130 or more? 55 1
A. 99 B. 97 C. 196 D. 3
11. Approximately what percent of people have IQs

between 101 and 130?
A. 147 B. 50 C. 47 D. 84
The table at right shows the percentile distribution Weight Percentile

of professional wrestlers according to weight (pounds). 450 98
350 85
300 50
275 40
12. Approximately what percent of wrestlers weigh 250 30
between 300 and 450 pounds? 235 25
A. 48 B. 85 C. 233 D. 35
13. What percent of wrestlers weigh less than

275 pounds?
A. 55 B. 60 C. 45 D. 40
14. What percent of wrestlers weigh 450 pounds or

more?
A. 98 B. 2 C. 198 D. 15
The table at right shows the percentile distribution Score Percentile

of final exam scores for MGF1106 Sections 01-08, 100 99
Spring 1999. Refer to it for exercises 21 - 23. 90 86
80 63
15. What percent of students had scores less than 80? 73 39
A. 78 B. 63 C. 37 D. 39 65 25
55 14
16. Approximately what percent of students
had scores between 65 and 80?
A. 88 B. 38 C. 39 D. 64
17. What percent of students had scores greater than 90?

A. 99 B. 86 C. 10 D. 14
The table at right shows the percentile distribution Math SAT Percentile
of SAT Math scores among a sample of students 660 94
enrolled in MGF1106 during Fall, 1999. 590 84
540 64
510 41
18. Approximately what percent of students had 480 23
scores between 440 and 510? 440 7
A. 41 B. 23 C. 7 D. 34
19. What percent of students had scores greater

than 590?
A. 84 B. 94 C. 16 D. 6
ANSWERS TO LINKED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 3.1.2 D
EXAMPLE 3.1.3 381 students
EXAMPLE 3.1.4 56.7 million people
EXAMPLE 3.1.5 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True
EXAMPLE 3.1.6 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True
5. False 6. True
EXAMPLE 3.1.7 A
EXAMPLE 3.1.10 1. A 2. C
EXAMPLE 3.1.11 1. 257%, 2. about 1%
EXAMPLE 3.1.14 1. D 2. A 3. B
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES

1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. A
7. D 8. D 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. A
13. D 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. D
19. C

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PART 3 MODULE 1

STATISTICAL GRAPHS, CHARTS, TABLES, PERCENTAGES, PERCENTILE

EXAMPLE 3.1.1 SOLUTION

Approximately what percent are majoring in something other than music?

PERCENT INCREASE OR PERCENT DECREASE

This is the same as:

If quantity is decreasing, we compute percent decrease as follows:

Which is the same as:

1. Find the percent increase in his wolverines.

2. Find the percent decrease in his fingers.

2. Referring to the information in Part 1:

EXAMPLE 3.1.13 SOLUTIONS

1. What percent of humans have IQs greater than or equal to119?

2. Approximately what percent of humans have IQs between 92 and 104?

3. What percent of humans have IQs less than 87?

WORLD WIDE WEB NOTE

universe?” Their responses are summarized in the pie chart below.

1. What percent said “Playstation?”

2. What percent didn’t say “Xbox?”

3. What percent of US presidents were Unitarian?

4. What percent weren’t Presbyterian?

11. Approximately what percent of people have IQs

The table at right shows the percentile distribution Weight Percentile

13. What percent of wrestlers weigh less than

14. What percent of wrestlers weigh 450 pounds or

The table at right shows the percentile distribution Score Percentile

17. What percent of students had scores greater than 90?

19. What percent of students had scores greater

ANSWERS TO LINKED EXAMPLES

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES

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