Applied Fluid Mechanics - C series

C
SERIES
Fluid Friction Measurements – C6-MKII-10

The Armfield C6-MKII-10 Fluid Friction Measurements unit DATA LOGGING & COMPUTER AIDED EDUCATIONAL
provides facilities for the detailed study of fluid friction head losses, SOFTWARE AVAILABLE
which occur when an incompressible fluid flows through pipes,
fittings and flow metering devices.

F1-10 Hydraulics Bench

The unit is designed for use with
Armfield F1-10 series of benches

C6-MKII Test pipes samples, Perspex Venturi and Orifice Plate

Experimental content
A wide range of measurements, demonstrations and training exercises are possible with the equipment:
u Confirming the relationship between head loss due to fluid friction u Demonstrating the application of differential head devices in the
and velocity for flow of water measurement of flow rate and velocity
u Determining the head loss associated with flow through a variety u Providing practical training of pressure measurement techniques
of standard pipe fittings u Enhancing understanding of the hydraulic principles involved
u Determining the relationship between pipe friction coefficients and through the use of complementary computer software
Reynolds’ number for flow through a pipe with roughened bore

U K office - email: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1425 478781 (for ROW) Issue: 3 Applications

USA office - email: [email protected] tel: +1 (609) 208-2800 (USA only) URL: http://www.armfield.co.uk/c6 ChE ME CE IP
We reserve the right to amend these specifications without prior notice. E&OE © 2020 Armfield Ltd. All Rights Reserved

armfield.co.uk
Description
Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experiments and has always Short samples of each size test pipe are provided loose so that the
found a place in the practical teaching of fluid mechanics. students can measure the exact diameter and determine the nature
of the internal finish.
With this unit, friction head losses in straight pipes of very different sizes
can be investigated over a range of Reynolds’ numbers from10³ to nearly The ratio of the pipe diameter to the distance of the pressure tappings from
10⁵. This covers the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes in the ends of each pipe has been selected to minimise end and entry effects.
smooth pipes. A system of isolating valves is provided whereby the pipe to be tested can
be selected without disconnecting or draining the system. This arrangement
In addition an artificially roughened pipe is supplied, which at the higher
enables tests to be conducted on parallel pipe configurations.
Reynolds’ numbers shows a clear departure from the typical smooth
bore pipe characteristics. An optional floor-standing Hydraulics Bench incorporates a sump tank
and volumetric flow measurement facility. Rapid and accurate flow
In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in straight pipes,
measurement is possible over the full working range of the apparatus.
a wide range of accessories are included such as pipe fittings and
control valves, a Venturi tube, an orifice plate assembly and a Pitot tube. The level rise in the measuring tank is determined by an independent
sight gauge. A 250ml capacity glass measuring cylinder is supplied for
An arrangement of six pipes provides facilities for testing the following:
measuring the flow rate under laminar conditions (very low flows).
u Four smooth bore pipes of different diameters
Each pressure tapping is fitted with a quick action self-sealing connection.
u Artificially roughened pipe Probe attachments with an adequate quantity of translucent polythene
tubing are provided so that any pair of pressure tappings can be rapidly
u 90° bends (large & small radii)
connected.
u 90° elbow
All the test pipes and fixed interconnecting pipes are fabricated in
u 90° mitre stainless steel.
u 45° elbow
u 45°Y
u 90°T
Technical details for test pipes:
u Sudden enlargement
Diameter:
u Sudden contraction
1. 19.1mm OD x 17.2mm ID
u Gate valve
2. 12.7mm OD x 10.9mm ID
u Globe valve
3. 9.5mm OD x 7.7mm ID
u Ball valve
4. 6.4mm OD x 4.5mm ID
u Inline strainer
5. 19.1mm OD x 15.2mm ID (Roughened)
u Perspex venturi
Distance between tappings: 1m
u Perspex orifice meter
Number of tapping points: 38
u Perspex pipe section with a pitot tube & static tapping

3.0 1.2
0.08
2.5 1.0
Head m H2O

Head m H2O

2.0 0.8 0.07

Friction factor l = 4f

1.5 0.6 0.06

1.0 0.4 0.05
0.5 0.2 0.04
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.03
Flow rate l/s Flow rate l/s 0.02
24mm
14mm Flow 0.01
24mm 20mm Flow

21° 14°
45° bevel 103 104 105

Examples of typical results obtained by comparing test data with published results Moody diagram obtained from typical results
Ordering options Minimum computer requirements
In order to complete the full range of experiments possible with the The C6-MkII-ABASIC and the C6-MkII-DTA-ALITE require a PC, running
C6MkII, it is necessary to measure pressures over a greater range than Windows 7 or above and a spare USB port (not supplied by Armfield).
a single instrument can provide.
Armfield recommend the use of a water manometer for the low-
pressure measurements and an electronic pressure meter for the
high-pressure measurements.
Order Codes:
u H12-2: Liquid manometer (water)
u H12-8: Portable pressure meter (electronic)
Also available for use with data acquisition instruments is a software
package, which performs all the necessary calculations from readings
entered manually.
Order code:
u C6-MkII-ABASIC: Educational software for fluid friction
measurements (manual data entry) C6MKII Software diagram screen (above) Exercise table (below)
u Automatic Data Acquisition
C6-MkII-DTA-ALITE: Computer Data Capture Unit
The C6-MkII-DTA-ALITE is a small data logging unit, which enables
the recording of data to a suitable PC (not supplied).
The unit comprises an interface device with USB port and cable,
a turbine-type flow meter complete with associated pipework,
and two independent pressure sensors with quick-release fittings.
The 32/64-bit compatible software features real-time data display on
a mimic diagram of the apparatus, tabular and graphical display of
logged data and calculated parameters, plus full educational help texts
detailing operational procedures and practical exercises.
Note: The electrical sensors supplied with the C6MkII have been selected to
measure over the full range of the C6 pressures and flow rates. However, in
order to obtain accurate results at very low flows or differential pressures,
it may be necessary to use a volumetric flow measurement method and/or
a pressurised water manometer.

C6-MKII-10
Quality fittings and taps

A wide range of measurements, demonstrations

and training exercises are possible with the equipment
 Ordering options
u C6-MkII-10: Basic Fluid Friction Measurements
This comprises the framework containing the pipes and fittings.
It requires an Armfield F1-10 Hydraulics Bench plus an
instrumentation system (see below).

Optional accessories
F1-10: Hydraulics Bench
H12-8: Digital Pressure Meter
H12-2: Liquid Manometer
C6-MkII-A-BASIC: Education software for manual data entry
C6-MkII-DTA-ALITE: Data logging accessory with software for C6-MkII

Recommended instruments
C6MKII Stainless steel pipe section and test pipe samples Stop watch
Vernier calliper

Ordering specification
u A unit for the detailed study of fluid friction head losses,
which occur when an incompressible fluid flows through pipes,
fittings and flow metering devices
u A substantial floor-standing tubular steel frame supports
test circuits comprising:
- Four smooth-bore pipes of different diameters
ranging from 4.5mm ID to 17.2mm ID
- Artificially roughened pipe
- 90° bends (large & small radii)
- 90° elbow
F1-10-2 Hydraulics Bench - 90° mitre
With digital flow meter - 45° elbow, 45°Y, 90°T
- Sudden enlargement
Complementary products - Sudden contraction
- Gate valve
C1-MkII: Compressible Flow Bench
- Globe valve
C2: Subsonic Wind Tunnel - Ball valve
C3-MkII: Multi-pump Test Rig - Inline strainer
C4-MkII: Multi-purpose Flume - Perspex venturi
C7-MkII: Pipe Surge and Water Hammer - Perspex orifice meter
- Perspex pipe section with a pitot tube & static tapping
C9: Flow Meter Demonstration Unit
- 38 tapping points
C10: Laminar Flow Table
u All fixed pipes fabricated in stainless steel
C11-MkII: Flow in Pipe Networks
u Suitable for studying Reynolds’ numbers from 10³ to nearly 10⁵
F1-18: Energy Losses in Pipes
u A system of isolating valves, quick-release manometer connection
F1-21: Flow Meter Demonstration valves and self-sealing pressure tappings ensure fast, accurate results
F1-22: Energy Losses in Bends u Data logging accessory available
u Computer aided learning program available
Overall dimensions
u A user instruction manual provides installation, commissioning and
Dimensions C6MKII-10 maintenance data, together with student exercises
Length 1.10m u The unit is designed for use with a Hydraulics Bench (F1-10)
Width 2.25m
Height 0.43m Ordering codes
Packed and crated shipping specifications C6MkII-10: Basic Fluid Friction Measurements
Volume 1.4³Kg
Gross weight 2.9Kg Armfield standard warranty applies with this product

Knowledge base An ISO 9001:2015 Company Aftercare

> 28 years expertise in research & development technology Installation
Commissioning
> 50 years providing engaging engineering teaching equipment Products certified Training
Benefit from our experience, just call or email to discuss your Service and maintenance
laboratory needs, latest project or application. armfield.co.uk Support: armfieldassist.com