Column-Ppt Slides

Objectives
 Understand the behavior of columns and concept of

critical load and buckling
 Determine the axial load needed to buckle a so-called
‘ideal’ column
 Determine the ‘effective length’ of a column with
various end-conditions
 Design a realistic column against buckling
Structural Failures
• Buckling Failure
– The more slender the member, the smaller is
its buckling load.
APPLICATIONS
Structural Failures
– Solid blocking in a wood frame wall to prevent
the buckling of studs
– Lateral buckling of slender beams or joists
• In wood floor joists (which are quite slender),
lateral buckling is prevented by using solid
blocking between joists.
Structural Failures
– Horizontal ties in a
reinforced concrete
column prevent the
buckling of vertical
reinforcement due to
the compressive load
on the column.
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS (cont)
APPLICATIONS (cont)
My notes
IDEAL COLUMN
• Ideal column
– It is perfectly straight before loading
– Both ends are pin-supported
– Loads are applied throughout the centroid of the cross section
• Behavior
– When P < Pcr, the column remains straight.
– When P = Pcr,
d 2v
EI 2  M   Pv
dx
d 2v  P 
  v  0
dx  EI 
2
 P   P 

v  C1 sin  x   C2 cos
 x 
 EI   EI 
IDEAL COLUMN (cont)
• Since v = 0 at x = 0, then C2 = 0
 P 
• Since v = 0 at x = L, then C1 sin  L   0
 EI 
 P 
• Therefore, sin  L   0
 EI 
 P 
• Which is satisfied if sin  EI L   n
 
n 2 2 EI
• Or P 2
where n  1,2,3,...
L
IDEAL COLUMN (cont)
 2 EI
• Smallest value at P is when n = 1, thus Pcr 
L2
 2E
• Corresponding stress is  cr 
KL / r 2
• Where r = √ (I/A) is called ‘radius of gyration’
• (L/r) is called the ‘slenderness ratio’.
• The critical-stress curves are

hyperbolic, valid only for σcr
is below yield stress
EXAMPLE 1
The A-36 steel W200 46 member shown below is to be used as
a pin-connected column. Determine the largest axial load it can
support before it either begins to buckle or the steel yields.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• From Appendix B,
A  5890 mm2 , I x  45.5 106 mm4 , I y  15.3 106 mm4
• By inspection, buckling will occur about the y–y axis.
 2 EI  2 200 106 15.3 104 1 / 10004

Pcr    1887.6 kN
L2 42
• When fully loaded, the average compressive stress in the column is
Pcr 1887.6 1000
 cr    320.5 N/mm2
A 5890
• Since this stress exceeds the yield stress,
P
250   P  1472.5 kN  1.47 MN (Ans)
5890
COLUMNS HAVING VARIOUS END-CONDITIONS
• Consider the moment-deflection equation for the

cantilevered column, which is fixed at the base.
d 2v
EI 2  P  v 
dx
P
EIV   v    where  
2 2 2
EI
• The solution is v  C1 sin x   C2 cosx   
• Since v = 0 at x = 0, so that C2  
• Also, v'  C1 cosx   C2 sin x 
• Since v’ = 0 at x = 0, so that C1  0
(cont)
v   1  cosx x  0
• Hence
• Since v = δ at x = L, thus
 cosL   0
n
 cosL   0 or L 
2
• The smallest critical load

occurs when n = 1, thus
 2 EI  2 EI
Pcr  or Pcr  with k  2
4L 2
kL 2
• k is called the ‘effective-length factor’

(cont)
• k for various end conditions:
EXAMPLE 2
A W150 24 steel column is 8 m long and is fixed at its ends as
shown in Fig. below. Its load-carrying capacity is increased by
bracing it about the y–y (weak) axis using struts that are
assumed to be pin connected to its mid-height. Determine the
load it can support so that the column does not buckle nor the
material exceed the yield stress. Take Est = 200 GPa and σY =
410 MPa.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Effective length for buckling about the x–x and y–y axis is
KL x  0.58  4 m  4000 mm

KL y  0.78 / 2  2.8 m  2800 mm
• From the table in Appendix,
 
I x  13.4 106 mm4
Iy  1.8310  mm
6 4
• Applying critical load equation,
 2 EI  2 20013.4106 
Pcr x    1653.2 kN (1)
KL 2
x
4000 2
 2 EI  2 2001.83106 
Pcr x    460.8 kN (2)
KL 2
y
2800 2
Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• By comparison, buckling will occur about the y–y axis.
• The average compressive stress in the column is
Per 460.8103 
 cr    150.6 N/mm2  150.6 MPa
A 3060
• Since this stress is less than the yield stress,
buckling will occur before the material yields.
• Thus, Pcr  461 kN (Ans)
• it can be seen that buckling will always

occur about the column axis having the largest
slenderness ratio, since it will give a small critical stress
ALLOWABLE STRESS IN DESIGN PRACTICE
• Practically, columns are not perfectly straight as assumed in
theory. By performing experimental tests on a large number of
axially loaded columns, the results may be plotted and a design
formula developed by curve-fitting the mean of the data.
• Note: The experimental curve is similar to that determined from the

secant formula. It accounts for the influence of an “accidental”
eccentricity ratio on the column’s strength.

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Objectives

 Understand the behavior of columns and concept of

• (L/r) is called the ‘slenderness ratio’.

• The critical-stress curves are

A  5890 mm2 , I x  45.5 106 mm4 , I y  15.3 106 mm4

• By inspection, buckling will occur about the y–y axis.

 2 EI  2 200 106 15.3 104 1 / 10004

• Consider the moment-deflection equation for the

• The solution is v  C1 sin x   C2 cosx   

• Also, v'  C1 cosx   C2 sin x 

• The smallest critical load

• k is called the ‘effective-length factor’

KL x  0.58  4 m  4000 mm

• Applying critical load equation,

Copyright ©2014 Pearson Education, All Rights Reserved

• The average compressive stress in the column is

• Thus, Pcr  461 kN (Ans)

• it can be seen that buckling will always

• Note: The experimental curve is similar to that determined from the

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