LEARNING MODULE IN

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 4
Q
SPORTS

PRELIM

DARREL JAY R. GATO, LPT

January 2021

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 TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE, INC.
Mahogany St., Rabe Subd., Visayan Village
Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Philippines
Tel Fax (084) 655 – 6971 Email: [email protected]

Course Title: Physical Education 3 (SPORTS)

Course Instructor: DARREL JAY R.GATO, LPT
Email: [email protected]
Student Consultation: once a week
Mobile: 09485715250
Facebook Account: Darrel Jay Ragadi Gato
Effectivity Date: August 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended Learning (online and modular)
Time Frame: 18 weeks
Student Workload: 54 lecture hours
Requisites: 0
Credit: 2 units
Attendance Requirements: Schoology/Google Classroom, Zoom or any
other LMS

Course Syllabi: see/download course syllabus in Schoology.

Study Guide:

TIME FRAME TASKS

Prelim Grading Period Orientation with Course Facilitator

Unit 1: Introduction to Sports

 Historical Review
 Categorization of Sports
 Recreational, Competitive, and
Elite Sports
 Sport Competition
 Extreme Sports
 The Benefits of Team Sports
 The Benefits of Individual
Sports
 Technical And Tactical Skills In
Playing Sports
 Choosing a Sport
 Organization and Management
of Sports Events
 The Qualities of a Good
Leader

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Midterm Grading Period

Pre-Final Grading Period

Final Grading Period

Areas of Concern Details

Module details This instructional material is designed to

cater the non-contact mode of instruction
supplemented by online scheduled
meetings in various online platforms:
Schoology, Zoom, Messenger and
Facebook. This Blended Learning type of
modular instruction will address the new
normal that these learners are facing on
this COVID 19 Pandemic situation. The
module is divided in Five parts. The First
part shows information of the module
and course requisites of the subject. The
second part shows the details of the
module and requirements set in using the
module. While, the third part presents
the contact details for reference on
different concerns. The fourth part is the
lesson details which present the lessons,
activities, and assessment tasks to be
accomplished by the students. And, the
last part is the reference used in the
module and authorities involved in the
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 preparation, validation, and approval of
the module.

Contact Hours and Schedule Students are required to attend the

online meeting/short
lesson/monitoring/evaluation once a
week using various online platforms:
Schoology, Zoom, Google Classroom,
Messenger and Facebook. The required
duration of using the module is ___ hours
or ___ months which includes the online
sessions.

Assessment Activity Although the mode of instruction is

blended learning, students are still being
assessed on their performance in each
lessons. Submission of activity sheets,
Assignments and Quizzes shall be done
through Schoology. Examinations shall be
done on _______ of the month through
Schoology. Your academic performance
will be assessed based on the following
criteria:

Please take note that tuition permits are

still being checked before the
examination period. No exam no permit is
still in place. The Schoology online
platform has a “locked” feature which will
automatically block the student user in
submitting requirements or take
examinations if they fail to submit on the
schedule of the quiz, assignment, and
examination. Since this is system
automatic, late submissions will never be
entertained because the teachers are
directly rating the submissions in
Schoology.

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Viewing of Scores in Assessment, The Schoology platform has a feature
Activities, and Examinations where students can view their scores in
real time after the teacher rate their
submissions and examinations. The online
platform will automatically inform the
student users on how they perform in the
Assessment Activity and Examination. If a
student has concerns, clarifications, and
needs explanations on the scores
received, they could contact the teacher
through the contacts given. Students are
encouraged to be in contact with the
teacher to make the process of learning in
Blended Mode much easier. However,
students should mind the schedule of
contact hours which is only Monday to
Saturday from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM.
Inquiries done beyond the schedule shall
not be entertained by the teacher.

Grading System
Quizzes 30 Prelim Exam 25%
Attendance 25 Midterm Exam 25%
Class Standing Pre-final 25%
Exam 45____ Final 25%
Total: 100% 100%

Help Desk Contact: 0919 075 0663– Mr. Leo C. Masucol

Office of Students Affairs: 0948 571 5250 – Mr. Darrel Jay R. Gato
0919 075 0668 – Ms. Anabel Franada
Library Contact: 0948 647 3304 – Ms. Ethel Ella Mae B.
Cajilig
Clinic: 0946 007 1645 – Ms. Giliane Tasan
0919 075 0664 – Ms. Raquel A. Rerora
Guidance and Counselling: 0921 573 4417 – Ms. Maria E. Grecia
0919 075 0668– Ms. Anabel Franada
Registrar: 0919 075 0663 – Mr. Leo C. Masucol
Finance: 0919 075 0665– Ms. Melanie R. Boiser
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Instructor’s Greetings: Hello students! Welcome to
Physical Education 3 subject!

“The harder the battle, the sweeter the victory.”

-Les Brown-

Course overview: This subject deals with the individual

and team sports. It also includes the facilities and
equipment, the skill mechanics and rules of the different
sports.

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LET’S BEGIN!
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO)
After studying all materials and resources presented in the course,
students should be able to:
1. Apply knowledge and skills learned throughout the curriculum
in real world settings.
2. Analyze situations and apply the principles of appropriate
leadership skills and behaviors related to sport management
and sport leadership responsibilities through group
conferencing.
3. Perform the basic skills and techniques of a sport through
video presentation.
Introduction
Playing sports can make you stronger and healthier, contributing
to lower obesity rates, according to the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services. Athletes tend to have lower body mass indexes, but
non-athlete participants will still benefit from developing muscles and
burning calories. Active people tend to have lower rates of diabetes and
high blood pressure. Exercising regularly through sports programs
could contribute to better heart and lung function. Learning to play
sports as a child might carry over into being a more active adult,
according to Sports and Development.

Sports also play the important role of imparting character values,

according to Sport and Development.org. Playing sports can help teach
honesty, teamwork and fair play. Learning to follow rules and
respecting teammates and opponents can also be useful. Experiencing
the role of a graceful winner and loser teaches people about being
humble, and competition in general can teach individuals about self-
respect, confidence and managing stress.

Participating in organized sports has been shown to improve

health, fitness and academic performance in kids while also relieving
stress and teaching important lessons like good sportsmanship,
teamwork and perseverance. While sports in general are clearly great
for kids, does it matter if your child plays a team or an individual sport?
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After all, we all know kids who are naturally drawn to individual sports
like tennis, swimming or golf while others zero in on team sports like
soccer, softball or basketball.

Unlocking of Difficulties/Key Words

Transgressive - involving a violation of accepted or imposed boundaries,
especially those of social acceptability.
Referee - an official who watches a game or match closely to ensure
that the rules are adhered to and (in some sports) to arbitrate on
matters arising from the play.
Regimens - a regular course of action and especially of strenuous
training.
Intrinsic motivation - is the act of doing something without any
obvious external rewards. You do it because it’s enjoyable and
interesting, rather than because of an outside incentive or pressure to
do it, such as a reward or deadline.
Replenish - is defined as to make something full or complete again.
Strenuous - describe something done with lots of energy or force.

UNIT ONE
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this learning module, students should be able to:
 Identify similarities and differences among sports by making
Venn diagram,

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  describe the different skills to be used in playing the game
through video presentation, and
 perform the basic and fundamental skills of the sport following
the proper form and techniques through group conferencing.

Lecture Notes

Historical Review

Physical activities were always a part of human leisure activity.

Those that held first place among primitive people were activities of
warlike nature and of hunting. In time of peace, dance and recreational
pastimes took place. The ancient Greeks admired the beauty of human
body, and the Romans loved military and gladiatorial games and
professional exhibitions. The middle Ages were famous for their knight
tournaments and religious festivals.

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 Sport (or sports) is all forms of usually competitive physical
activity which, through casual or organized participation, aim to use,
maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing
entertainment to participants, and in some cases, spectators. Sport is
generally recognized as activities which are based in physical
athleticism or physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions
such as the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this
definition, and other organizations such as the Council of Europe using
definitions precluding activities without a physical element from
classification as sports.

Some people say that sport is a physical activity governed by rules

and played by individuals seeking to outperform opponents, while
others can understand sport as organized spontaneous exercises or
games, or as a competitive or non-competitive process through which
an individual obtains physical skills, mental relaxation and bodily
fitness.

Sport gives people enjoyment, happiness, friendship, satisfaction,

health, fitness, popularity, recognition, the feeling of victory and success,
but on the other hand, it may be boring, cause sadness, sorrow,
disappointment, fatigue, exhaustion, injuries, illness, and in some cases
even death.

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 CATEGORIZATION OF SPORT

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Sport can be categorized from various standpoints. We can distinguish

various categories in sport activities according to:

 the purpose, aim or objective of the sport: 1) recreational

sport/ sport for all, competitive sport, elite sport/ top
performance sport, 2) amateur sport, professional sport
 the sport facility or environment used: e.g. indoor sports,
outdoor sports, water sports, underwater sports, aquatics, air
sports, sports on the ice, track and field events in athletics, street
sports, school sport
 the equipment or gear used: e.g. racquet sports/ games,
technical sports, motor sports, cycling sports, skiing sports, para
sports, ball games, goal games, equestrian (horse riding), shooting
sports
 the abilities and health of participants: sport for the disabled
 the number of participants: individual sport, team sport
 the sex (gender) of participants: men’s/ male sport, women’s/
female sport
 the age of participants: sport of children, junior sport, senior
sport, sport of veterans
 the participants’ approach to sport: active sport, passive sport
(spectators)
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  the required courage, physical exertion and highly
specialized gear: extreme sports, action sports, adrenaline sports
 the usual, typical or prevailing season of practising the sport:
summer sports, winter sports, all-season sports
 the regional criteria: local sport, regional sport, national sport,
traditional sport, Olympic sport, worldwide/ global sports
 the importance, popularity and publicity in media: major
sports, minor sports
 the way of performance: contact sports, combat sports, Martial
arts

RECREATIONAL, COMPETITIVE AND ELITE SPORT

Recreational sport is also called sport for all and is done for
various purposes, but mainly for fun and entertainment in leisure time.
An increasing number of people are becoming health-conscious and do
recreational sport activities and various keep-fit exercises to maintain
or improve their physical as well as mental fitness and health, to affect
their flexibility, to strengthen their muscles and shape the body, to delay
aging symptoms, etc. Some people desire to learn new skills or
experience new feelings through sport activities. Some people might
have social reasons for their participation in sport including the need of
integration, friendship, team work, support, recognition etc.

Competitive sport is done mainly for performance, for achieving

good results in competitions, defeating opponents and becoming the
winner or record holder. People who do competitive sport train hard
and regularly and participate in various forms of competition. They are
organised and belong to different sport teams, clubs, associations or
federations.

The highest level of competitive sport is elite sport (top

performance sport). Elite athletes must sacrifice almost everything to

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their sport. It lasts many years to become an excellent sportsman. Such
a process means years of hard everyday training, effort and drudgery,
years of pain and stress as well. Financial and social background is a
necessity. Elite athletes are often professionals who make living through
sport. They follow principles of sport training to make progress,
including various regeneration programmes.

SPORT COMPETITION

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It is an organized sport event in which participants competitors

want to become winners, strive to achieve the best possible results, to
show an excellent performance, to beat opponents, to set or break
records, or want to test their abilities and skills and compare them with
those of the other competitors. Those who enter for competitions are
obliged to keep (observe) the rules. Breaking (violating) the rules is
penalized or punished in various ways.

Officials are people who conduct competitions, assess

performances of competitors, referee games, and decide the result of a
competition. They are called different names, such as referees, judges,
or umpires. The referee is used in connection with e.g. basketball,
boxing, football, hockey, rugby, squash, and wrestling. The umpire acts
in badminton, baseball, cricket, swimming, tennis, and volleyball. There
is a panel of judges in sports like gymnastics or figure skating.

Competitions have various forms with respect to particular sport

areas. We speak about races in athletics, cycling or skiing, players and
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teams play matches, participate in tournaments, leagues, or cups, horse
riders or motor-bikers have their trophies, motor racers compete in
rallies, windsurfers, yachtsmen and row men take part in regattas,
boxers fight in bouts, the name combat or contest is used in some
combat sports, etc. Major competitions are called championships.

EXTREME SPORTS

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The question of what is an extreme sport and whether the term

“extreme sport” should be used to label particular sports can be viewed
from a variety of angles. “Extreme sport” appears to be used
interchangeably with “high risk sport” in much of the research
literature. Both “high risk” and “extreme sport” are defined as any
“sport where one has to accept a possibility of severe injury or death as
an inherent part of the activity” (Breivik et al., 1994). In the same
manner, classification of extreme or high risk could partly be due to
peak static and dynamic components achieved during competition
(Mitchell et al., 2005), which may result in bodily changes such as high
blood pressure (e.g., Squash vs. Archery). A further classification would
consider physical risk (e.g., BASE Jumping vs. Darts) as a defining
feature of any “extreme or high risk sport” (Palmer, 2002). However,
the implication that those who engage in extreme sport are exclusively

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high-risk taking participants is an over simplification which requires
careful consideration. Part of the difficulty in being able to define
extreme sport is, according to Kay and Laberge (2002). There are so
many contradictory factors aside from risk. It is suggested here that
there are spatial, emotional, individualistic and transgressive
dimensions to consider in these sports. Terms such as “alternative,”
“action,” “adventure,” and “lifestyle” are also used to describe
extreme sport; however, none of these terms categorically encompass
what extreme sport actually entails.

The Benefits of Team Sports

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Kids who play team sports show increased cooperation and

teamwork and foster a sense of community. There's also a sense of
shared responsibility for the outcome, which means that having a bad
day isn't the end of the world. Teammates learn to support each other
through good games and bad, something that might be most important
during a losing streak.

Research shows that athletes have improved performance in a

group, so playing team sports can encourage a child to give his or her
best effort for their teammates.
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 The Benefits of Individual Sports

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Individual sports foster mental strength and kids who play show
increased resilience. Kids learn to motivate themselves by working
through challenging training sessions or dips in performance and
results. After all, there's nobody else to hide behind on a bad day, so
athletes learn to deal with poor results.

On the flip side, when an athlete wins in an individual sport, they

have a strong sense of accomplishment. Beyond bragging rights,
participating in individual sports can increase a sense of personal
mastery. Athletes improve and develop new skills, leading to improved
performance and confidence.

Individual sports also allow for independence and can be a great

fit for a kid who doesn't like to rely on someone else's skills to perform
well.

Some individual sports allow flexibility with training times and

regimens. Athletes can focus on their own training needs, whether that
means addressing a personal weakness or improving a favorite shot–
something that can be difficult during team training.

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Five (5) positive benefits of individual sports:
1. Youth athletes in individual sports learn to be self-reliant. Their
success is entirely dependent on their own efforts. If they want to win,
they can’t count on someone else carrying them through the
competition. If they lose a match, individual sport athletes can’t blame
anyone else for their failure. This teaches them to be responsible for
their own action and decisions.

2. Individual sports can teach players how to be comfortable in

the spotlight. All eyes are on them during play and they can’t hide out in
a crowded field. Being comfortable performing solo in front of a crowd
can come in hand for school and work presentations later in life.

3. Even individual sports have “teams.” For instance, each member

of a gymnastics squad competes as an individual, but their individual
scores feed into the overall score for the whole team. Their efforts still
affect the success of their team, even if they are competing on their own.

4. Individual sports teach players how to motivate themselves.

There is no team pressuring them to improve, the drive has to come
from within. This kind of intrinsic motivation is oftentimes much more
powerful than external motivation.

5. Individual sports allow athletes to compete at their own pace.

For instance, if your 12 year old decides they want to start playing
football, they’ll be competing against other 12-14 year olds, some who
have been playing football since they were 6. However, if your 12 year
old decides they want to start karate, they’ll be practicing/competing
with people of a similar skill level. There isn’t as much pressure to
“catch up” with the other players.

What does one need to know in playing sports?

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 An individual sport relies on the individual while team relies on
teammates. In playing any types of sports, it is important to have focus,
clear understanding of the game, and work ethics in mastering the skills.

Some of the important aspects to consider in learning a sport are:

1. History- the inventor of the sport, country of origin, and

development of the game.

2. Court dimensions/Venue- where the games are played

(indoor, outdoor, or both), size different designs for male or
female, and safety procedures for the players.

3. Equipment and Gear- proper protective gears, uniforms,

and outfits which also involve safety of players and the officials.

4. Technical and Tactical Skills- technical skills are the

basics of playing the game (e.g., basketball- dribble, shoot, pass)
while tactical skills are the strategies to take advantage during the
game.

5. Rules of the Game- set of rules on how the game is

played, violations, penalties, how to score points, and how many
players are allowed, etc.

6. Officiating- officials of the game, their duties and

responsibilities of calling for violations, penalties, points, etc. and
regulating fair play.

TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS IN PLAYING SPORTS

In playing any sport, learning and developing skills help athletes

improve in the game. These skills involve physical training and games
strategies.

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 Technical Skills

These are basic or fundamental skills needed to play the

game. These are required in all sports. It advances in degrees or levels
as a player practices or gets used to doing the skill. Examples of these
are dribbling, passing, and shooting in basketball, and ball reception,
attacking/spiking, and setting volleyball.

Tactical Skills

These are decision-making skills or strategies used in

different situations during the game. These may vary depending on the
trainer or coach, skill level of an athlete, or the strength and weakness of
the opposing team. A basic example is the use of quick pass and
movement against a taller but slower opponent in basketball. The use of
tactical decision during a game is called game sense.

Five Steps in Teaching Tactical Skills

1. Distinguishing the important decisions.

2. Establishing essential knowledge for athletes.
3. Recognizing the signals in situations.
4. Giving appropriate tactical options.
5. Planning a Practice Game.

In planning a training/practice, an individual must consider the

following:

1. Preparation/Planning
 Date, time, and duration of training/practice
 Objective/goal
 Equipment needed during training/practice
2. Training Proper
 Warm-up/Stretching
 Teaching new skills/practice of previously taught skills
 Scrimmage/Practice game
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  Cool down and assessment

Choosing a SPORT

An activity/sport should be chosen based on an individual’s

preference and lifestyle. Some of the considerations that will guide an
individual in their choice of sports include:

1. Weather extremities (hot/cold) for an outdoor sports activity.

2. Enjoyment derived from the activity.
3. Previous activities tried and enjoyed.
4. Financial capacity or budget. Activities like ice skating, golf, and
scuba diving require financial investment on equipment and
actual activity.
5. State of health and level of fitness. Demands of physical activity
may be excessive for the body, having a conditioning is
recommended.
6. Other alternative activities that will give motivation.

What are the health-related and skill

related fitness in sports/physical activity?

Health-related physical fitness is the aerobic capacity, muscular

strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition of an
individual.

Skill-related physical fitness is sometimes called sports fitness

or motor fitness. The skill-related physical fitness is called as such
because people who possess them find it easy to achieve high levels of
performance in motor skills. The components of skill related physical
fitness are agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and
speed.

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 The table below presents examples of sports and movement in
each component of skill-related fitness.

Skill-Related Fitness
Component
Example of Sports Movement
Agility  Basketball  Changing directions to
 Tennis escape a defender
 Changing directions to hit
the ball
Balance  Cycling  Riding a bicycle
 Gymnastics  Performing on the balance
beam

Coordination  Table Tennis  Hitting the ball

 Baseball  Catching a ball
 Soccer  Kicking a soccer ball
Reaction time  Swimming  Start to jump/ dive on the
 Basketball pool when the signal start
 Getting the rebound
Speed  Athletics  Running the 100m event
 Badminton  Receiving a drop shot
 Baseball  Stealing a base
Power  Baseball  Throwing a fast ball
 Powerlifting  Lifting weights

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 What are the safety measures to

avoid unnecessary injuries in playing

games or sports?

In taking part in any physical activity, it is essential to first

observe safety measures to avoid unnecessary injuries. Although certain
injuries may not be avoided, most injuries can be prevented by
observing good judgment. The following are safety measures to avoid
injuries.

1. Safety Equipment. Have the appropriate gears for the type of

activity such as clothing, shoes, and protective gears that
would prevent uneasiness and harm. Also take into
consideration the activity area.
2. Hydration. Keep your body hydrated with enough water or
fluids during exercise or activity especially during hot weather.
Drink a cup of water minutes before exercise and every 15
minutes during your exercise to help your body replenish lost
fluids.
3. Perform moderate-intensity physical activity. It is better to
perform physical activities with moderate intensity on a
regular basis rather than occasional strenuous activities.
Maintain an exercise routine within comfort. Forcing yourself
with too much intensity just to attain goals quickly is a mistake.
4. Weather Condition. Wear appropriate clothes for the weather.
The clothing you wear have to make you feel cool at the start of
exercise. Wear light-colored clothes during sunny days as not
to absorb too much heat and avoid overheating, and put on sun
protection. During cold weather, a thermal suit will help you
keep warm. Avoid using thick clothes for it constrains
perspiration and can cause your body temperature to go up.

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Organization and Management of Sports Events

What is Management?

Management deals with the tasks and accountabilities to

accomplish the objectives through cooperation. It requires harmonious
effort amongst members to fulfil the target objective.

Importance of Management

1. Assists individuals to realize their objectives or goals.

2. Provides guidelines in the collaborative strengths of people.
3. Defines the group’s development, efficiency and
accomplishment of goals.
4. Defines whether members within the group are connected,
cooperating and productive.

Importance of Management is Sports Events

1. Management gives a grasp and value to the essential ideas of

the field’s discipline.
2. Understanding management helps an individual consider
having a career in a certain field.
3. Majority of physical educators do certain management work;
thus, skills in management will provide better performance.
4. Management is vital to collaborative effort.
5. A grasp of management facilitates continuity.
6. Management skills help foster good human relations.

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What are the functions of management?

Management involves five major functions: planning, organizing,

staffing, leading, and controlling.

1. In Planning, program strategies are laid to achieve the desired

outcome. It includes processes such as forecasting, developing
objectives, and programming, scheduling, budgeting, and
formulating procedures.
2. Organizing aids in developing a group structure with definite
scope of work for every member. This includes the development
of the organizational structure, delegation of responsibilities and
work, and the relationship among individuals.
3. Staffing is the recruitment, selection, and retention of members
wherein they are given appropriate assignment with proper
training and professional development. It also concerns
establishing an ideal work environment and ensuring human
resources to get the work done.
4. Leading is directing the organization to motivate and empower
individuals in carrying out the program. Leading includes
decision-making, communication, selection of people, and
enhancing performance of individuals.
5. Controlling ensures proper plan execution within the goals of the
organization. It requires monitoring, assessment, evaluation, and
feedback which can lead to re-engineering, reframing, or
rewarding. Managers should continuously be in control of what is
happening under his/her jurisdiction.

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 The Qualities of a Good Leader

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1. Administrative mind – having an open mind and objectively

evaluating circumstances.
2. Integrity – trustworthy of classified information; truthful, genuine,
and committed to his/her words.
3. Good human relations – gets along with others while instilling
good relations.
4. Healthy and fit – for an uninterrupted flow in getting a demanding
job done.
5. Ready to take on responsibility – accountable to tasks and handling
of personnel
6. Awareness of work – know- how on specific field of organization.
7. Intellectual capacity – competitiveness in thinking and logical
reasoning; effective at imparting and applying knowledge.

Focus Question

ACTIVITY 1
The following statements are common reasons of people who do
not regularly engage in physical activity. Rank the statements according
to how much you agree with them, with “1” being the best statement
that describes you, and “7” for the statement that does not hold true for
you.
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____ Exercise is hard and tiring.
____ I would rather do something else than exercise.
____ I think I do not look good when I exercise.
____ I do not have the money to enroll in a fitness center or gym.
____ My parents do not encourage me to exercise.
____ I have a very busy schedule.
____ I do not know any sport or exercise.

What are your top 3 barriers? Write specific ways on how you can
overcome these barriers?
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2: Group Work

Interview a physically active person that you know. Ask the
interviewee for information on the following areas listed below. Write a
narrative about the interview and report your findings to the class.
Include areas you think the individual can work on and personal lessons
learned from the interview.
1. Reasons for adopting a healthy lifestyle
2. Benefits acquired from the change
3. Barriers he/she experienced
4. Details of his/her exercise program
5. Ultimate fitness goal

ACTIVITY 3: Extreme Sports

1. What is a common feature of extreme sports?
2. Why do people enjoy extreme sports?
3. What extreme sports are considered popular?
4. What every-day situations may be as dangerous as the extreme
sports are?
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Related Readings
SCHOOL SPORT AND COMPETITION

FROM "PLAY UP AND PLAY THE GAME" TO "WIN AT ALL COSTS"

Organized sport in American schools has its origin in the

athleticism movement that developed in private schools for boys in
Britain (called Public Schools) in the mid- to late 19th century. During
this time period a system of institutionalized games became associated
with the philosophy of muscular Christianity, characterized by a belief
in God, country, playing by rules and playing fairly, and accepting
amateurism as the highest form of sport. The idea that participation in
sport “build character” was the basis of this philosophy. Teachers were
put in charge of sports teams and participation became compulsory.
Since these activities were school sponsored, they were, by definition, of
educational value.

The muscular Christianity movement was exported to the British

Empire as the graduates of the Public School system took up
administrative and teaching positions in the colonies. Schools were set
up for the sons of the local elites in British colonial possessions, and
organized sports were practised in these schools in much the same way
as in Britain. Sport became central to the education of the sons of
American elites in a similar manner, since in the mid-nineteenth century
private schools following the British model were developed in the East
Coast region of the United States.

The British “play up and play the game” mentality may have been
the initial philosophy behind playing sport in America, but during the
late 19th and early 20th century this philosophy became modified, and
winning became more important. Social historian Donald Mrozek
(1983) has traced the origins of this “victory philosophy” in sport to the
spirit of social efficiency, the idea that individuals could work together
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like the parts of a machine to produce a positive social environment.
Contemporary business and educational leaders in America
enthusiastically accepted this philosophy. Victory in sport was seen as
“the greatest of all manifestations of social efficiency” and was used by
the political leaders of the time such as T. Roosevelt as a metaphor for
victory by the nation in a broader political context. Sports, particularly
“American” team sports such as baseball and football, gave the
opportunity for action, and as a result of action, success and victory.
Winning in sport became an “invented tradition” of America,
symbolizing moral superiority and national dominance.

This winning philosophy quickly became part of organized sport

at American universities, as the unique system of American
intercollegiate athletics developed. During the first two decades of 20th
century universities began to hire professional coaches whose job was
to help the sports teams win games. This system of intercollegiate
athletics is much the same today then, although now the financial stakes
for the universities are much higher.

The winning philosophy also became part of a system of high

school sports organized along the same lines as college, but until
recently without the high financial stakes. Sport became an essential
part of the expansion of American secondary education to meet the
great influx of immigrants during the early 20th century. In America
almost everyone comes from somewhere else, so the need to develop a
sense of community, i.e. to invent the idea of being “American”, was an
important educational goal. Sport became a valuable consensual ritual
in American schools, a ritual which created a sense of solidarity and
community, and it still performs this function today. There is nothing
like winning sporting events to bring the school together and develop
community pride. The town can collectively celebrate the success of the

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high school sports teams, and through that success all community
members can think of themselves as “winners”.

Please watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E0Z54n2vjs

Learning / Assessment Activities

ASSESSMENT

Are you living an active lifestyle? According to WHO, a person who

engages in various physical activities can complete at least 10, 000 steps
every day. Track the number of steps you take each day using a
pedometer. Rate your physical activity level based on the following
categories:

Numbers of Steps Classification

Less than 5,000 Sedentary
5,000 to 10,000 Slightly Active
More than 10, 000 Active

Record the number of steps you took each day for the entire week and
compute the average steps per day. Identify your physical activity level
and answer the following questions.

1. Would you consider yourself as an active person? Why?

2. In what days of the week were you most active? Which days were
you least active?
3. Are you willing to make some changes to become a more active
person?

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Sports Participation
Have you participated in any sports? If yes, list the sports and
describe your participation.

List of Sports Participated Describe your Participation in the Sports

Use a Venn diagram to find similarities and differences between

Individual and Team sports.

Team Individual

Strong Grasp Progressing Not in Evidence

3 2 1
Text support of All statementsMost statements Few or none of
comparison are supported are supported the statements
statements by the text. by the text. are supported
by the text.
Placement of All statements Most statements Few statements
statements noting are placed in the are placed in the
within the similarities are correct circle, correct circle.
Venn diagram placed in the but student
center circle and mixed up a few
all statements statements.
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 that note
differences are
placed in the
correct outer
circle.
Number of Student is able Student is able Student makes
quality to make five or to make 3–4 two or fewer
statements more comparison comparison
comparison statements in statements in
statements in each circle. each circle.
each circle.

References

Lualhati Fernando-Callo, Peter Fermin Dajime. 2016. Physical Education

and Health. First Edition. Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.
Bachelor of Physical Education. In University of Alberta. Retrieved May
5, 2007 from http://www.physedandrec. ualberta.ca/pdfs/2005bpe.pdf

Sport and Fitness Administration & Management. In University of

Northwood. Retrieved March 23, 2007 from
http://www.universities.com/OnCampus/Northwood_University_Midla
nd.html

Corbin, C., Corbin, W., Welk, G., Welk, K. (2004). Concepts of Physical
Fitness. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies

Active Kids Sports. 2016. Retrieved from

https://www.activekids.com/sports/articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-
team-and-individual-sports
Sports Engine. 2018. Retrieved from https://sportssignup.com/blog/5-
benefits-of-individual-sports

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