CE223g-JZa Dynamics

Course Description
Under this course, Kinetics and kinematics of a particle; kinetics and kinematics of rigid
bodies; work energy method; and impulse and momentum will be discussed.

After completing this course, you will be able to:

1. Discuss the principles governing the motion of particles, velocity and acceleration;
2. Discuss the principles of Newton's Second Law and its Applications;
3. Explain kinematics of rigid bodies, its energy and momentum

Kinematics of Particles

Kinematics
Kinematics is the study of motion without regard to the forces or other factors that
influence the motion. The position, velocity, acceleration, and time are related for the
motion of a particle that occupies a point in space. Actually, a particle could be a bead
on a wire or an airplane in the sky. It is only the motion that is of interest in this chapter.
The relationship between the motion and the forces needed to create the motion will be
studied in later chapters.

Rectilinear Motion
Rectilinear motion is motion of a point P along a straight line, which for convenience
here will be chosen as the x axis. Vector symbols are unnecessary in this part.
The position of point P at any time t is expressed in terms of its distance x from a fixed
origin O on the x axis. This distance x is positive or negative according to the usual sign
convention.
The average velocity υ av of point P during the time interval between t and t + ∆t during
which its position changes from x to x + ∆x is the quotient ∆x/∆t. Mathematically this is

(1)
The instantaneous velocity υ of point P at time t is the limit of the average velocity as the
increment of time approaches zero as a limit. Mathematically this is

(2)
 The average acceleration a av of point P during the time interval between t and t + ∆t during
which its velocity changes from υ to υ + ∆υ is the quotient ∆υ/∆t. Mathematically this is

(3)
The instantaneous acceleration a of point P at time t is the limit of the average acceleration as
the increment of time approaches zero as a limit. Mathematically this is

(4)

(5)
For constant acceleration a = a 0, the following formulas are valid:

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

• where υ0 = initial velocity

• υ = final velocity
• a0 = constant acceleration
• t = time
• s = displacement
 Simple harmonic motion is rectilinear motion in which the acceleration is negatively
proportional to the displacement. Mathematically this is written as

(10)

As an example, Eq. (10) is satisfied by a point vibrating so that its displacement x is

given by the equation

(11)

• where b = amplitude in meters

• ω = constant circular frequency in radians per second
• t = time in seconds
Thus, since x = b sin ωt, then υ = dx/dt = ωb cos ωt and a = d 2x/dt 2 = −ω 2bsinωt =
−ω 2x. That is, a = −k 2x, where k = ω, a constant, and the motion is simple harmonic.
Units
Solved Problems
1. A rocket car moves along a straight track according to the equation x = 3t3 + t + 2,
where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine the displacement, velocity, and
acceleration when t = 4 s.
SOLUTION

2. In Problem 1, what is the average acceleration during the fifth second?

SOLUTION

The velocity at the end of the fifth second is υ = 9(5) 2 + 1 = 226 m/s. Hence, the change
in velocity during the fifth second is 226 m/s − 145 m/s = 81 m/s. The average
acceleration is

Or the acceleration after 5 s is 18(5) = 90 m/s 2. So the average acceleration during the fifth
second is
Problems:
1. How far does an automobile move while its speed increases uniformly from 15 kph to 45 kph in 20 seconds?

2. Cars A and B are traveling in the same direction at the same speed of 70 km/hr in a level road. Car A is 150
m ahead of car B. Car A decelerates at a constant rate of 2 m/s2. From this instant up to the time B overtakes
A , how far has B traveled ?

3. An car starting from rest speeds up to 40 ft/s with a constant acceleration of 4 ft/s2, runs at this speed for a
time and finally comes to rest with a deceleration of 5 ft/s2. If the total distance traveled is 1000 ft, find the
total time required.

4. A Car moves in a straight line such that for a short time its velocity is defined by v = (3t2 + 2t) ft/s,
where t is in seconds. Determine its position and acceleration when t = 3s.
 1
Given: SOLUTION:
Vo = 15km/hr 15(1000)
V = 45km/hr 𝑉0 = = 4.17𝑚/𝑠
3600
t = 20 secs
45(1000)
𝑉 = = 12.51𝑚/𝑠
3600
Required:
S 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡

12.51 = 4.17 + 𝑎(20)

𝑎 = 0.42𝑚/𝑠 2
1 2
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑠 = 4.17(20) + (0.42)(20)2 = 167.4𝑚
2
 2
70(1000)
𝑉0 = = 19.44𝑚/𝑠
3600

A
70(1000)
𝑉0 = = 19.44𝑚/𝑠
3600

B A B

150 m SA

SB

Car A 1
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑉0 = 19.44𝑚/𝑠 2
1
𝑎 = −2𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑠𝐴 = 19.44𝑡 − (2)𝑡 2
2

𝑠𝐴 = 19.44𝑡 − 𝑡 2 → 𝐸𝑄. 1
Car B
1 2
𝑉0 = 19.44𝑚/𝑠 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑎=0
𝑠𝐵 = 19.44𝑡 − 0
𝑠𝐵 = 150 + 𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝐵 = 19.44𝑡 → 𝐸𝑄. 2
19.44𝑡 = 150 + 19.44𝑡 − 𝑡 2
𝑡 = 12.25 sec

𝑠𝐵 = 19.44(12.25) = 238.1𝑚
 Vo=0 V=40 V=40 V=0 3

S1 S2 S3

1000

A B D
C
AB: accelerated motion CD: decelerated motion
V0=0 V0=40
𝑡1 = 10sec 𝑡3 = 8sec
V = 40 V=0
a = 4 ft/s2 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑣𝑜2 a = -5 ft/s2 2𝑎𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑣𝑜2
S = S1 S = S3
2(4)𝑠1 = (40)2 − 02 2(−5)𝑠3 = (0)2 − (40)2
t = t1 t = t3
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑠1 = 200𝑓𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑠3 = 160𝑓𝑡

40 = 0 + 4𝑡1 0 = 40 − 5𝑡3
BC: constant velocity 1000 = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2 + 𝑠3
V0=40
V = 40 1000 = 200 + 𝑠2 + 160
a=0
S = S2
t = t2 𝑠2 = 640𝑓𝑡

1
640 = 40𝑡2 + (0)(𝑡2 )2
2

𝑡2 = 16sec

TOTAL TIME REQUIRED

𝑇 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 = 10 + 16 + 8 = 34sec
Free Falling Bodies
FREELY FALLING BODIES: ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

One of the most common type of uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion is the flight of freely falling
bodies. It is subject to an acceleration equal to the acceleration of gravity

g (32.2 ft/s2 , 9.8 m/s2). The following realities applies to freely falling bodies:

1. An object thrown vertically up requires an initial velocity vo. The object is slowing down (negative
acceleration) until it attains a final velocity of zero. At this stage it goes down with an increasing
velocity(positive acceleration) until it attain the same initial velocity at the point where it was initially thrown.
2. At the same level of displacement of an object thrown vertically up, the upward velocity is equal to the
downward velocity.
3. If an object is thrown vertically up, the time of flight to attain it maximum vertical displacement is
equal to its time of flight down from this point to its initial position.
4. Air resistance is assumed to be negligible.

Solved Problems Free Falling Bodies

1. A stone is thrown vertically upward an returns to earth in 10 seconds. How high did it go and what is its initial velocity
?
2. A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 3m/s from a window of a tall building. The ball strikes the
ground 4 seconds later. Determine the height of the window above the ground.

3. A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft high at the same instant that a second ball is thrown upward with an
initial velocity of 40 ft/s. When and where do they pass and with what relative velocity ?
Assignment No. 1
Instructions
Problem 1:
A baseball is thrown downward from a 50-ft tower with an initial speed of 18 ft/s. Determine the speed at
which it hits the ground and the time of travel.
Problem 2:
From approximately what floor of a building must a car be dropped from an at-rest position so that it reaches
a speed of 80.7ft/s (55 mi/h) when it hits the ground? Each floor is 12 ft higher than the one below it. (Note:
You may want to remember this traveling 55 mi/h.)
Problem 3:
Traveling with an initial speed of 70 km/h, a car accelerates at 6000 km/h 2 along a straight road. How long will
it take to reach a speed of 120 km/h? Also, through what distance does the car travel during this time?
Problem 4:
A bus starts from rest with a constant acceleration of 1 m/s 2 Determine the time required for it to attain a
speed of 25 m/s and the distance traveled.
Problem 5:
A stone Ais dropped from rest down a well, and in 1 s another stone Bis dropped from rest. Determine the
distance between the stones another second later.
Problem 6:
A bicyclist starts from rest and after traveling along a straight path distance of 20 m reaches a speed of 30
km/h. determine his acceleration if it is constant.Also, how long does it take to reach the speed of 30 km/h?
Problem 7:
If it takes 3 s for a ball to strike the ground when it is released from rest, determine the height in meters of the
building from which it was released. Also, what is the velocity of the ball when it strikes the ground?
Problem 8:
When a train is traveling along a straight track at 2m/s it begin to accelerate at a = (60v -4) m/s2 , where v is in
m/s. Determine its velocity v and position 3s after the acceleration.
Rectilinear Motion with Variable Acceleration
Principle:
When bodies are acted upon by variable forces they move with variable acceleration. To determine the
kinematic equation of motion, it is necessary to apply the given data to the

differential equations of kinematics. Basically the three principle variables s,v,a are related by a
common parameter t. Each of the principal variable maybe expressed in terms of time or in

term of each other as the situation of the problem warrants.

The following are the most common problems encountered:

Case 1 :

The displacement is given in terms of t; to determine v and a. This is solve by successive differentiation.

Problem:
A particle moves in a straight line according to the law s = t 3- 40t where t is in seconds and s in meters. What
is the velocity and acceleration when t = 5 seconds?

Case 2:
Acceleration is given in terms of t ; find s and v

a) using the differential equation dv = adt, integrate between limits and express v in term of t
b) use the differential equation ds = vdt replacing v by the result obtained in 1 to determine s in terms of t
c) substitute t in 1 and 2 to determine s and v

Problem
The motion of a particle is governed by the relation a = 4t 2, where a is in feet per second per second and t in
seconds. When t =0, v=2 feet per second and s =4 ft. Determine v and s when t = 3 seconds.
Case 3 :
te velocity is given in terms of t , v =f (t) find a and s. Differentiating velocity time relation gives the
acceleration, while Integrating it gives the displacement.

Problem
The motion of a particle is governed by V = 3t2 – t +6, where V is in m/s and t is in seconds . Determine the
acceleration and displacement when t = 2 seconds.

Case 4:
The principal variable is expressed in terms of an adjacent variable., ex: a = f(v) ,or v = f(s). Use either or to
relate the given variable in terms of time and proceed as in cases 1 to 3 .

Problem
The motion of a particle is governed by a = 6v1/2, where a is in m/s2 and v is in m/s . When t =0, v=0 and s =
6m. Determine the velocity and displacement when t = 4 seconds.
Case 5 :
The variables are not adjacent ex: a = f(s) Substitute in the relation vdv = ads , separate the variables and
integrate and proceed as in case 4.

Problem
The motion of a particle is governed by a = -8/s2 where a is in m/s2 and s is in meters. When t = 1 second, s =
4 m and v = 2m/s. Determine s and v when t = 2 seconds.

Quiz No. 1
Instructions
1. Tests reveal that a normal driver takes about 0.75s before he or she can react to a situation to avoid a
collision. It takes about 3s for a driver having 0.1% alcohol in his system to do the same. If such drivers are
traveling on a straight road at 120km/hr and their cars can decelerate at 0.6m/s 2, determine the shortest
stopping distance d for each from the moment they see the pedestrians

2. At t = 0bullet Ais fired vertically with an initial (muzzle) velocity of 450 m/s. When t = 3sbullet Bis fired
upward with a muzzle velocity of 600 m/s. Determine the time t, after Ais fired, as to when bullet Bpasses
bullet A. At what altitude does this occur?

3. A particle is moving along a straight line such that when it is at the origin it has a velocity of 4m/s. If it begins
to decelerate at the rate of a = (-1.5v1/2), where v is in m/s, determine the distance it travels before it stops.

4. The acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line is given by a = (2t-1) m/s2,where tis in
seconds. If s = 1 m and v = 2 m/swhen t = 0,determine the particle’s velocity and position when t = 6 s. Also,
determine the total distance the particle travels during this time period.
Midterm Exam
Instructions
Show your solution and box the final answer:

1. A baseball is thrown downward from a 50-ft tower with an initial speed of 18 ft/s. Determine the speed at
which it hits the ground and the time of travel. (3pts)

2. A train starts from rest at station Aand accelerates at 0.5m/s2 for 60 s. Afterwards it travels with a constant
velocity for 15 min. It then decelerates at 1m/s2 until it is brought to rest at station B. Determine the distance
between the stations. (5pts)

3. The acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line is given by a = (2t-1) m/s2, where tis in
seconds. If s = 1mand v = 2m/swhen t = 0, determine the particle’s velocity and position whent = 6s. Also,
determine the total distance the particle travels during this time period. (3pts)

4. Child A throws a ball vertically up with a speed of 10 m/s from the top of a shed 3 m high. Child B on the
ground at the same instant throws a ball vertically up with a speed of 13.5 m/s. Determine the time at which
the two balls will be at the same height above the ground. What is the height? (3pts)

5. The motion of a particle is defined by the relation s = t 4 − 3t2 + 2t − 8, where s is in meters and t is in
seconds. Determine the velocity and the acceleration when t = 2 s. (3pts)

6. Water drips from a faucet at the rate of 8 drops per second. The faucet is 200 mm above the sink. When
one drop strikes the sink, how far is the next drop above the sink? (6pts)
 Kinetics of a Particle

Chapter Objectives
• To state Newton's Second Law of Motion and to define mass and weight
• To analyze the accelerated motion of a particle using the equation of motion with different coordinate systems
• To investigate central-force motion and apply it to problems in space mechanics

Newton's Law of Motion

The dynamics of a particle involve the forces acting on the particle that result in an acceleration of the
particle. The study of the dynamics of a particle is also referred to as kinetics. It requires the
application of Newton’s laws of motion.
Newton’s first law: A particle will maintain its state of rest or of uniform motion (at constant speed)
along a straight line unless compelled by some force to change that state. In other words, a particle
accelerates only if an unbalanced force acts on it.
Newton’s second law: The time rate of change of the product of the mass and velocity of a particle is
proportional to the force acting on the particle. The product of the mass m and the velocity v is the
linear momentum L. Thus, the second law states

(1)
If m is constant, the above equation becomes

(2)
The units on the quantities in Newton’s second law are as follows:
• m = mass, kilograms (kg)
• a = acceleration, m/s 2
• F = force, newtons (N)
• L = linear momentum, kg·m/s
Newton’s third law: To every action, or force, there is an equal and opposite reaction, or force. In
other words, if particle A exerts a force on particle B then particle B exerts a numerically equal and
oppositely directed force on particle A.
Fundamental equation of kinetics for a particle
Figure shows a particle of weight W acted upon by the forces shown. Let R be the resultant and the force
system is assumed to be concurrent since the particle is of point size. This resultant is represented by the
dashed vector. By Newton’s second law of motion, the resultant causes an acceleration a in line with R and
proportional to It. ( see figure 1)

If the particle is put in a vacuum ( figure 2), the resultant force is the weight W. By experiment,it was found
out that the acceleration produced is equal to the gravitational constant g. By Second Law of Newton

Eliminating k from Eq. 1 and 2:

Resolving the fundamental equation of kinetics in a set of coordinate axes

Effective force on a particle
The effective force in a particle is defined as the resultant force on a particle. Since R and wa/g are
numerically equal either one is the effective force on the particle. If a particle is accelerated by a resultant
force the reaction is called as the inertia force of a particle. This force is equal and oppositely directed to the
resultant force on the particle. If the resultant and the inertia force act together in a particle, the particle is
said to be in dynamic equilibrium.

D Alembert’s Principle
The resultant of the external forces applied on a rigid or non-rigid body composed of a system of particles is
equal to the vector sum of the effective forces on the particle.

D Alembert’s principle could also be stated as the impressed forces acting on any body are in dynamic
equilibrium with the inertia forces of the particles of the body.

Motion of the center of gravity of any body:

If EQ. 1 is resolved into its x component

From Figure 1, the x coordinate of the centroid of the body

Differentiating EQ. 2 twice with respect to time and considering that
 Kinetics of Rectilinear Translation: Analysis as a particle
General solution of kinetics problem

1. Draw the FBD of the known and unknown forces acting on the body. Incorrect assumption of unknown forces yields
negative values.
2. Determine the direction of motion indicating it by an arrow beside the FBD of the body.
3. Determine the kinematic relations between the bodies involved in the problem.
4. Select the x axis as positive along the direction of motion (if motion is along the x axis) and apply the general equation of
kinetics.
5. Solve for the unknowns using such additional equations of kinematics as maybe required to determine s,v, or a

Sample Problem
 13.4 EQUATIONS OF M OTION: RECTANGULAR C OORDINATES 121

Fl3-l. The motor winds in the cable wi th a constant Fl.3-4. The 2-Mg car is being towed by a winch. If the
acceleration. such that the 20-kg crate moves a distance winch exerts a force of T = IOO(s + I) N on the cable.
s = 6 m jn 3 s, starting from rest. Determine the tension wheres is th e displacement of the car i.n meters, detc rmj ne
developed in che cable. The coefficienc of kinetic friction th e speed of the car when s = I 0 m, starting from rest.
between the cra te an d the phrne is !Lk = 0.3. Neglect rolling resistauce of the car.

Fl.3-4

F13-5. The spri ng bas a stiffness k = 200 N/ m <rnd is

m1 stretched wben the 25-kg block is at A. Determine the
acceleration of the block when s = 0.4 m. The contact
F13- 1 surface between th e block and the plane is smooth.

FJ3-2. Tf motor M exerts a fo1·ce of F = (!Or + I00) N i--- -- s----i

on the cable, where tis in seconds, determine the velocity of
A F -= lOON
the 25-kg crate when 1 = 4 s. The coefficie nts of static and

fl
kinetic friction between th e crate and the plane areµ_, = 0.3
and !Lt = 0.25, respective ly. Tbe crate is initiall y al rest.

M
or
F13- 2
F13-5

F13-3. A sp1i ng of stiffJiess k = 500 N/ m is mounted Fll-6. Block 8 rests upon a smooth surface. If the
against the 10-kg block. If the block is subjected to the force coefficients of sta tic and kinetic friction between A and 8
of F = 500 N. determine its velocity a t s = 0.5 m. When are µ , = 0.4 and µ, = 0.3, respectively, determine tJ1e
s = 0, the block is at rest an d che spring is uncompressed.
acceleration of each block if P = 6 lb.
The contact surface is smooth.

20 1b
p A
------..
B 50 1b

FB-3 F13-6
INSTRUCTION:

Solve the following problems, show your solution and box the final answer.
Submit a scanned copy of your work and send it to my email:
[email protected]. Deadline is on Sunday July 19, 2020 at 8:00pm

1. The 50-kg crate shown in Figure rests on a horizontal surface. If the crate
is subjected to a 400-N towing force as shown, the frictional force develop
between the crate and the surface is F = 40t, where t is in seconds.
Determine the velocity of the crate in 3s. (8pts)

2. The motor winds in the cable with a tension force T = 400s, where s is the
displacement of the crate in meters. Determine the speed of the 20-kg crate
when s = 6 m in 3s, starting from rest. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the crate and the plane is μk = 0.3. (10pts)

400N

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

3. An elevator weighing 3220 lb starts from rest and acquires an upward

velocity of 600 ft/min in a distance of 20 ft. If the acceleration is constant,
what is the tension in the elevator cable ? (5pts)

4. Two blocks A and B released from rest on a 300 incline when they are 50
ft. apart. The coefficient of friction under upper block A is 0.2 and that
under the lower block B is 0.4. Compute the time elapsed until the blocks
touch. (7pts)