MStHS 2020-21 Literature Survey

Literature Survey
Aim

The aim of this survey is to carry out a review and analysis of secondary literature in order to
support the orientation and production of a dissertation provisionally entitled 'Empire and
colonies in French and British children's literature in the interwar period (1919-1938)'.

The topics researched were children's literature and ways of critically interpreting this genre;
imperial and colonial cultures between the wars, together with the political and economic
situation and mentality in France and Britain during this period; and empire, imperialism and
colonialism in publications for French and British children, starting with the intersections of
children's literature and imperialism, and concluding with literary themes.

Methodology

Using an initial seed-list of keywords and their synonyms in French and English, an extensive
literature search was carried out via Solo (Bodleian Libraries), Catalyst (London Library),
Google Scholar, and the catalogues of the British Library and the BnF (Bibliothèque
nationale de France). In order to refine the search strategy, recurring citations of particular
authors, books or articles were used to identify the most important scholars and groups of
researchers, series of book publications, journals, institutions, and seminal works.

About children's literature

While scholars concur that the term 'children's literature' encompasses every narrative form
and physical or digital format, longstanding debates continue about the content and language
appropriate to the genre — in particular, what is and is not suitable for children — the
definition of its audience, and the relative weights best accorded to text and image.1 That the
boundaries of the field are permeable and shift over time is generally acknowledged, with a
substantial body of research on how this can be related to social, cultural and economic
factors. To the fore are historical changes in adults' sensibilities towards their 'inner child', as
described by Ottevaere-van Praag,2 and also, as covered by Reynolds, mutable definitions
and perceptions of childhood, varying associations with education and socialisation, and

1
Penny Brown, 'Introduction' in A Critical History of French Children's Literature, 2 vols (Abingdon:
Routledge, 2008), II, 1830-Present, pp. 1-9 (pp. 6-7); M. O. Grenby and Andrea Immel, 'Preface' in M. O.
Grenby and Andrea Immel (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Children's Literature (Cambridge: CUP,
2009), pp. xiii-xv (p. xiii); Isabelle Nières-Chevril, 'Quand l’Université se saisit de la littérature d’enfance et de
jeunesse', Strenæ, no. 12 (2017), doi.org/10.4000/strenae.1716; Raymond Perrin, 'Petit avant-propos justificatif'
in Fictions et journaux pour la jeunesse au XXe siècle, 2nd edn (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2014), p. 5-6; Kimberley
Reynolds, 'Introduction' in M. O. Green, and Kimberley Reynolds (eds.), Children's Literature Studies: A
Research Handbook (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) pp. 1-10 (p. 4).
2
Peter Hollindale, 'Meanings and Valuations of Children's Literature' in Signs of Childness in Children's Books
(Woodchester: Thimble Books, 1997), pp. 23-43 (pp. 30-8); Ganna Ottevaere-van Praag, 'Introduction' in 'La
littérature pour la jeunesse en Europe occidentale (1750-1925) : histoire sociale et courants d'idées : Angleterre,
France, Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Italie' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leiden, 1978), pp. 1-25 (pp. 2-6).

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innovations in print and digital media.3 O'Sullivan has reviewed the general theoretical issues
and historiography pertaining to comparative children's literature.4

France

Looking at France, Lloyd analysed the development of children's literature from the
nineteenth century through to the early twentieth in association with changes in the concept
of 'childhood' in French culture.5 Perrin has recently provided a panorama of the twentieth
century.6 Adventure and family stories dominated the genre in the first decade. After the
rupture of the Great War, new educational policies led to rises in literacy, while the ideology
of post-war reconstruction saw access to children's literature as the right of every child.
Breakthroughs in printing technologies (especially in rendering colour images) enabled the
viability of new business models focused on anarchic, humorous serials in cheap illustrated
papers and comic books (bandes dessinées) designed for an audience often new to reading for
leisure. Mass print-runs helped supply novel distribution channels such as book clubs and
specialist children's libraries;7 their popularity soared between the wars.

Britain

In Britain, the privileging of image over text manifested in France's bandes dessinées was
paralleled, to a lesser extent, in comics, albums and annuals. Especially popular in the 1930s,
these concentrated on adventure and school stories. Chapman has produced a comprehensive
cultural history of British comics,8 and recently, Scully and Varnova provided a historical and
cultural framing of the role of comics in imperial culture.9 Looking at the British children's
literature genre in the interwar period overall, critics have variously characterised it as
dominated by themes of quietism, nostalgia and fantasy,10 with a strong connection to nature;
an abundance of missionary, exploration and militaristic works, along with celebrations of

3
Kimberley Reynolds, 'Children's literature and the evolution of modes' in Children's Literature: A Very Short
Introduction (Oxford: OUP, 2011), pp. 62-4.
4
Emer O'Sullivan, 'Constituent areas of comparative children's literature' in Comparative Children's Literature
(London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 12-51.
5
Rosemary Lloyd, 'Introduction' in The Land of Lost Content: Children and Childhood in Nineteenth-Century
French Literature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 1-22.
6
Perrin, 'III Décennie 1921-1930 : Collections nouvelles, durables et naissance de la « vraie » bande dessinée' in
Fictions et journaux, pp. 69-73.
7
Brown, 'The Early Twentieth Century' in Critical History, pp. 149-78 (pp. 149-151, 154-56); Mathilde
Lévêque, 'Créer des livres nouveaux' in Écrire pour la jeunesse en France et en Allemagne dans l'entre-deux-
guerres (Rennes: PUR, 2011), doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.38221.
8
James Chapman, British Comics; A Cultural History (London: Reaktion, 2011).
9
Richard Scully and Andrekos Varnava, 'Introduction: the importance of cartoons, caricatures and satirical art in
imperial contexts' in Richard Scully and Andrekos Varnava (eds.), Comic Empires: imperialism in cartoons,
caricature, and satirical art (Manchester; MUP, 2019), pp. 1-28.
10
Dennis Butts, 'The Retreatism of the 1930s: A Few Dissenters' in Children's Literature and Social Change
(Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 2010), pp. 118-33 (pp. 118-20).

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monarchs;11 and a predominance of independent, often unsupervised, children confidently

camping, roaming and sailing.12

Approaches to critical interpretation

In a seminal work on the hero figure, Hourihan states that "[c]hildren's literature does not
exist in isolation and its significance cannot be properly appreciated unless it is explored in
the broader cultural context"13. Reid has produced helpful insights on how to carry out such
an exploration, interpret fictions as historical sources in a non-reductive manner, and study
the relationship of their production to ideology.14 Brannigan draws attention to treating texts
as a stage for the demonstration of power relations,15 while Dawson, in his work on soldier-
heroes, uses the handy term "cultural imaginaries" to denote the accumulation of interlinked
themes, images, motifs, tropes and forms of narrative that are readily available within a
culture at any one time. He explains that these can be drawn upon by both authors creating
works for children and children internalising and shaping fantasies.16 Butler provides an
overview of psychological and psychoanalytical approaches to children's literature,17 and
Ferral and Jackson have theorised and historicised British 'adolescents', a prime audience, as
a cultural construct.18 McCallum and Stephens explore the range of theoretical frameworks
available for handling questions of ideology in works for children.19

Historical context

Imperial and colonial cultures between the wars

Saïd, in Culture and Imperialism, argued strongly for the centrality of imperialism in many
Western European cultures.20 Stanard has compared and contrasted French and British
colonial cultures as part of a wider survey of European states' pro-empire propaganda

11
John M. MacKenzie, 'Imperialism and juvenile literature' in Propaganda and Empire: the manipulation of
British public opinion 1880-1960 (Manchester: MUP, 1988), pp. 199-227 (pp. 220-1).
12
Reynolds, '20th-century developments' in Children's Literature, pp. 20-2.
13
Margery Hourihan, 'Introduction' in Deconstructing the Hero: Literary Theory and Children's Literature
(London & New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 1-8 (p. 5).
14
Julia Reid, 'Novels' in Miriam Dobson and Benjamin Ziemann (eds.), Reading Primary Sources: the
Interpretation of Texts from Nineteenth and Twentieth Century History, 2nd edn. (London & New York:
Routledge, 2020), pp. 181-98 (pp. 187-94).
15
John Brannigan, 'Introduction: Literature in History' in New Historicism and Cultural Materialism
(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 1-16 (pp. 6-13).
16
Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British adventure, empire and the imagining of masculinities (Abingdon;
Routledge, 1994), pp. 48-9.
17
Charles Butler, 'Psychological approaches to children's literature' in M. O. Grenby and Kimberley Reynolds
(eds.), Children's Literature Studies: A Research Handbook (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 171-
7.
18
Charles Ferrall and Anna Jackson, Juvenile Literature and British Society, 1850-1950: The Age of
Adolescence (New York & London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 1-15.
19
Robyn McCallum and John Stephens, 'Ideology and Children's Books' in Handbook of Research on Children's
and Young Adult Literature by Shelby Wolf et al. (eds.) (New York: Routledge, 2011), pp. 359-71.
20
Edward W. Saïd, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994), notably pp. xxii-xxv, 10-15, 59-63, 71-2.

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between the wars.21 He also covered the historiography of this field, foregrounding disputes
between historians (often reacting to Saïd) about the level of influence of colonial cultures on
metropolitan societies.22 Comparative and transnational work has also been carried out by
Buettner23 and, earlier, by August.24 Smouts has compared the history and trajectory of
colonial and postcolonial studies in France and Britain and the political reception of
researchers' findings and conclusions.25 On the theoretical front, D. A. Washbrook, reviewing
the application of subaltern studies within a 'colonial discourse' framework, found that this
approach can help interpret how the domination of the colonised by colonisers gives rise to
distinctive relationships, typical representations by each of the other, and characteristic
cultural imaginaries.26

Regarding France, Bancel, Blanchard and Lemaire, et al., in a sequence of much-cited works,
have examined how the country changed from a société hexagonale into a société impériale
permeated by a colonial culture. They looked at iconography, channels of cultural diffusion,
the principal institutions and elites involved, and key historical events.27 In a foundational
and seminal work, Memmi described, in a North African context, the psychological contours
of the power relationship between the coloniser and the colonised.28 On channels of diffusion,
McKinney used cultural genealogy to investigate how colonialism and imperialism were
connected to French comics (and continue to cast a shadow).29 Howell contributed further
insights.30 Sèbe has tracked changes over time in critical appraisals of colonialism, levels of
public enthusiasm for imperial acquisitions, and where colonial questions stood in the

21
Matthew G. Stanard, 'Interwar Pro-Empire Propaganda and European Colonial Culture: Toward a
Comparative Research Agenda', J. Contemp. Hist., vol. 44, no. 1 (Jan 2009), 27-48.
22
Ibid., pp. 27-31.
23
Elizabeth Buettner, Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture (Cambridge: CUP, 2016),
with specific chapters on the French and British Empires.
24
August, Thomas G., The Selling of the Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890-1940
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985).
25
Marie-Claude Smouts, 'Introduction : Le postcolonial pour quoi faire ?' in Marie-Claude Smouts and Georges
Balandier (eds.), La situation postcoloniale : les "postcolonial studies" dans le débat français (Paris: PFNSP,
2007), pp. 25-66.
26
D. A Washbrook, 'Orients and Occidents: Colonial Discourse Theory and the Historiography of the British
Empire' in The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols: (Oxford: OUP, 1999), V, Historiography, pp. 597-
611.
27
Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard and Laurent Gervereau (eds.), Images et colonies. Iconographie et
propaganda coloniale sur l'Afrique française de 1880 à 1962 (Paris: BDIC-ACHAC, 1993); Pascal Blanchard
and Sandrine Lemaire, Culture coloniale : La France conquise par son empire, 1871-1931 (Paris: Autrement,
2011); Pascal Blanchard et al. (eds.), Colonial Culture in France since the Revolution (Bloomington, IN:
Indiana University Press, 2013); Pascal Blanchard, Nicolas Bancel and Sandrine Lemaire (eds.),
Décolonisations françaises – La chute d'un empire (Paris: La Martinière, 2020); Pascal Blanchard, Sandrine
Lemaire and Nicolas Bancel (eds.), Culture coloniale en France. De la Révolution française à nos jours (Paris;
CNRS, 2008).
28
Albert Memmi, Portrait du colonisé, précédé du portrait du colonisateur (Paris: Petite bibliothèque Payot,
1973) < https://archive.org/details/MemmiAlbertPortraitDuColonisPayot1973/> [accessed 20 Nov. 2020]. The
main lines of argument are summarised in pp. 11-21.
29
Mark McKinney, 'Introduction' in The Colonial Heritage of French Comics (Liverpool: LUP, 2011), pp. 1-24.
30
Jennifer Howell, 'Historical Narrative, French Colonial Culture, and Comics' in The Algerian War in French-
Language Comics: Postcolonial Memory, History, and Subjectivity (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015), pp.
17-38.

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political agenda (and the factions involved).31 Buettner's account of the rise of nationalist
sentiments from the mid-1920s complements this,32 while Agulhon et al. provide a
chronological and thematic narrative of the development of colonial policy from 1914 to
1940.33 The characteristics of the imperial ideology dominant during the French Empire's
most expansionist stage (ca.1875-1938) have been scrutinised by Majumdar.34 The
exoticisation of blacks after the Great War has been studied by Berliner and Archer-Straw, 35
while Blanchard et al. looked at attitudes enabling the 'human zoo' display of colonised
peoples in exhibitions.36 Scholars uniformly see the climax of 'self-confident popular
imperialism'37 as occurring in the early 1930s; they link this to factors such as the increased
exposure of metropolitans to colonised peoples following the deployment of colonial soldiers
in the Great War, a rise in trade between colonies and the metropole, and greater settlement.

Turning to Britain, an analysis of imperial propaganda in the interwar years by Constantine, 38

referring to a seminal review by Darwin,39 demonstrates the dominance of imperialism in
elite and popular culture at the time. A recent, substantial essay by MacKenzie is also
persuasive in describing popular support for empire.40 Building on an earlier book by the
same author,41 it covers the varied facets and diverse ambiguities of the 'imperial imaginary'42
and the many ways in which imperial aspirations were expressed in cultural processes,
products and institutions. An alternative view is provided by Porter, who downplays the
interlinking of imperial and domestic British histories.43 Thompson takes a midway

31
Berny Sèbe, 'Exalting imperial grandeur: the French Empire and its metropolitan public' in John M.
MacKenzie, (ed.), European Empires and the People: Popular Responses to Imperialism in France, Britain, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Italy (Manchester: MUP, 2011), pp. 19-56.
32
Buettner, Europe after Empire, pp. 108-19.
33
Agulhon, Maurice, André Nouschi and Ralph Schor, 'La politique coloniale' in La France de 1914 à 1940,
2nd edn (Paris: AC, 2005), pp. 182-231.
34
Margaret A. Majumdar, 'French Discourses of Empire' in Postcoloniality: The French Dimension (New York
& Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2007), pp. 1-31.
35
Brett A. Berliner, Ambivalent Desire: The Exotic Black Other in Jazz-Age France (Amherst, MA: University
of Massachusetts Press, 2002); Petrine Archer-Straw, Negrophilia: Avant-Garde Paris and Black Culture in the
1920s (London: Thames & Hudson, 2000).
36
Pascal Blanchard, Nicolas Bancel and Sandrine Lemaire, 'Les zoos humains : Le passage d'un « racisme
scientifique » vers un « racisme populaire et colonial » en Occident' in Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard, Gilles
Boëtsch, Éric Deroo and Sandrine Lemaire (eds.), Zoos humains : XIXe et XXe siècles (Paris: La Découverte,
2002), pp. 63-71.
37
The phrase is Sèbe's, op. cit., p. 35.
38
Stephen Constantine, '"Bringing the Empire Alive": The Empire Marketing Board and Imperial Propaganda,
1926-1935' in John M. MacKenzie (ed), Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester: MUP, 1986), pp. 192-
231.
39
John Darwin, 'Imperialism in decline? Tendencies in British imperial policy between the wars', Historical
Journal, vol. 23, no. 3 (Sept. 1980), 657-79.
40
John M. MacKenzie, 'Passion or indifference: popular imperialism in Britain, continuities and discontinuities
over two centuries', in John M. Mackenzie (ed.), European Empires and the People (Manchester: MUP, 2011),
pp. 57-89.
41
John M. Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire: the manipulation of British public opinion, 1880-1960
(Manchester; MUP, 1984).
42
Ibid., p. 61.
43
Bernard Porter, The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society and Culture in Britain (Oxford: OUP,
2004).

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position.44 Looking at everyday experience, Hall and Rose make the case for how the daily
lives of most British people were indeed 'infused with an imperial presence'.45

France between the wars

Wilder has examined the tensions between republican and imperial forms of government and
how the Third Republic, in his words, 'transformed imperialism […] into a state project' in
pursuit of la plus grande France.46 Agulhon et. al and Berstein describe the many political,
economic and social crises the country suffered after the 1920s run of années folles, the
perception by many in the 1930s of 'une décadence nationale', 'une crise de civilisation', and
other features — such as pessimism, ideological conflict and polarisation, a technocratic and
corporatist turn — of the mentality of the time.47 Rearick analysed major themes in French
popular culture during this period.48

Britain between the wars

In a cultural history, Overy49 describes the tenor of the times, noting the loss of faith in the
free-market system caused by rising unemployment, the belief in some quarters that the
answer was state planning, the fashion for psychoanalysis (and its effect on the artistic
imagination), the social Darwinist attitudes underpinning the rise of the eugenics movement,
and the sense of overall crisis. Davis relates political upheavals to dramatic social and
economic changes; he also analyses the reappraisal, after the Great War, of a hitherto
expansionist imperial policy.50 Pugh provides an account of popular concerns.51

Empire, imperialism and colonialism in publications for French and British children

Intersections of children's literature and imperialism

Over the past twenty years, researchers have given serious consideration to imperial and
colonial ideas in French children's literature, with a French academic interdisciplinary
network cohering a decade or so ago.52 Lassus examined how characters such as Tintin, Zig

44
Andrew Thompson, The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britain from the Mid-Nineteenth
Century (Harlow: Pearson Longman, 2005).
45
Catherine Hall and Sonya Rose, 'Introduction: being at home with the Empire' in Catherine Hall and Sonya
Rose (eds.), At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World (Cambridge: CUP, 2006),
pp. 1-31 [quote from p. 2].
46
Gary Wilder, 'Framing Greater France between the Wars', J. Historical Sociology, vol. 14, no. 2 (June 2001),
198-225 [quote from p. 199].
47
Serge Berstein, La France des années 30, 2nd edn (Paris: AC, 1993); Agulhon et al., La France de 1914 à
1940.
48
Charles Rearick, The French in Love and War: popular culture in the era of the world wars (New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press, 1997).
49
Richard Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain and the crisis of civilization, 1919-1939 (London: Penguin, 2010).
50
John Davis, A History of Britain, 1885-1939 (Basingstoke; Macmillan, 1999).
51
Martin Pugh, 'We Danced All Night': A Social History of Britain Between the Wars (London: Bodley Head,
2008).
52
Mathilde Lévêque, 'Synthèse de la journée d’études « Enfance et Littérature » : Colonies et colonisation', July
2009 <https://magasindesenfants.hypotheses.org/318> [accessed 15 Nov. 2020].

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et Puce and Bécassine encouraged young readers to view African and Asian peoples,
studying some seventy works published between the wars to see how the 'other' was
portrayed.53 Pigeon and Boeuf looked specifically at Africans.54 Lévêque studied the 'utopian
turn' taken in works of the 1930s,55 and took an intertextual approach to explore how a
collective mémoire coloniale was built up from the repetition of particular words and images,
generic styles, and the re-use of hero-figures across interwar works for children.56 Jahier
looked at the roots of this collective imaginary before the Great War,57 and Jallat its
deployment in a classic flying adventure.58 Dine has striven to reveal 'the limits of the
effectiveness of literary texts when used [for] imperialist propaganda in the French context'
and the reasons for this,59 and has teased out how the characters of Bécassine and Tintin
reinforced the imperial project.60 McKinney has studied comics in order to interrogate the
form and content of French imperial ideology, concentrating on the inspiration writers and
illustrators drew from two colonial interwar propaganda spectacles: the 1924-25 Croisière
noire Citroën, and the 1931 Exposition coloniale internationale.61

Regarding the British domain, Richards edited a seminal and foundational collection of
essays confirming 'the centrality of the […] imperial ethos' in forming the imagination of
children in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.62 A study by Butts of Biggles and other
heroic aviators is included.63 The ways in which imperialism was imagined in children's
fiction were looked at by MacDonald,64 while Barker has examined the ideological strategies
and readerships of several comic subgenres and adults' and children's responses to them.65
Just what it is about British children's literature that makes the genre especially suitable for

53
Alexandra de Lassus, Africains et asiatiques dans la littérature de jeunesse de l'entre-deux-guerres (Paris:
L'Harmattan, 2006).
54
Gerard G. Pigeon, 'Black Icons of Colonialism: African Characters in French Children's Comic Strip
Literature', Social Identities vol. 2, no. 1 (1996), 135-59; Maxime Boeuf, 'Représentations du corps noir dans la
littérature coloniale pour la jeunesse' (unpublished PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Eberhard-Karls-
Universität Tübingen, 2019)
55
Lévêque, 'L'utopie, un idéal et un ailleurs' in 'De nouvelles formes de merveilleux' in 'Écrire pour la jeunesse,
loc. 154-230, ebook edn <https://books.openedition.org/pur/38223> [accessed 18 Nov. 220].
56
Mathilde Lévêque, 'Des livres, des enfants et des colonies : une mémoire oubliée ?', HAL open access archive
[HAL id hal-00650018], Dec. 2011 <https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00650018/document> [accessed 25 Oct.
2020].
57
Bernard Jahier, 'L’apologie de la politique coloniale française dans la littérature pour la jeunesse avant 1914 :
un soutien sans limites ?' Strenæ, no. 13 (2012), doi.org/10.4000/strenae.503.
58
Dennis Jallat, 'La littérature pour jeunes, « l'innocence » au service de l'idéologie coloniale', Outre-Mers, vol.
94, no. 356-357 (2007), 235-64 [in issue La colonisation culturelle dans l'Empire français].
59
Philip Dine, 'The French Colonial Empire in Juvenile Fiction: From Jules Verne to Tintin' in Historical
Reflections/Reflexions Historiques, vol. 23, no. 2 (Spring 1997), 177-203. Quote from p. 181.
60
Philip Dine, 'Children's Literature' in Etienne Achille, Charles Forsdick and Lydie Moudileno (eds.)
Postcolonial Realism of Memory: Sites and Symbols in Modern France (Liverpool: LUP, 2020), pp. 343-50.
61
Mark McKinney, The Colonial Heritage of French Comics (Liverpool: LUP, 2011).
62
Jeffry Richards, 'Introduction' in Jeffrey Richards (ed.), Imperialism and Juvenile Literature (Manchester:
MUP, 1989), pp. 1-11. Quote from p. 10.
63
Dennis Butts, 'Imperialism of the air — flying stories 1900-1950' in Jeffrey Richards (ed.), Imperialism and
Juvenile Literature (Manchester: MUP, 1989), pp. 126-43.
64
Robert H. MacDonald, 'Introduction' in The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular
Imperialism, 1880-1918 (Manchester: MUP, 1994), pp. 1-17, and 'Popular fictions', ibid., pp. 205-31.
65
Martin Barker, Comics: Ideology, Power and the Critics (Manchester: MUP, 1989).

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colonial discourse has been explored by Ayyılldız, Kutzer, Castle and Goswami. Ayyılldız
picked out the ability of adventure narratives to reinforce notions of Britain's 'civilising
mission' and embody children's fantasies of empowerment,66 while Kutzer focused on how
child readers were encouraged to accept imperialism as a normal feature of their world.67
Castle's work has concentrated on the characteristics of stereotypical images of African,
Chinese and Indian peoples appearing in history textbooks and periodicals for children.68 She
has also explored themes in juvenile fiction such as the domination of nature, and portrayals
of relationships between modernity and 'the primitive'.69 Goswami concentrated on India.70
David's and Moriarty's examinations of polar peoples and locales,71 together with Sands-
O'Connor's study of the West Indies (especially Jamaica),72 round out the geographies
covered. Sheekey Bird's examination of the relationships between children's literature and
popular notions of the countryside includes an analysis of several books for children, notably
the 'Swallows and Amazon's novels, that engage with what she refers to as an acquisitive,
imperial 'geographic imagination'.73 Smith produced a recent in-depth study of girls' genres.74

Role and themes

As described above, significant work has been done on how imperial ideas were disseminated
to the publics of France and Britain, including children's literature as a vehicle of
transmission. It played a role alongside educational and religious institutions, ceremonies,
artworks, monuments, the press, exhibitions and popular fiction.75 The broader context is how
imperialist ideologies became or remained dominant in those countries during the interwar
years.76 However, comparative studies, apart from MacKenzie's,77 are rare. Turning to the

66
Nilay Erdem Ayyılldız, 'The Role of Textuality in British Colonialism and Children's Adventure Stories' in
British Children's Adventure Novels in the Web of Colonialism (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars,
2018), pp. 39-52.
67
Daphne M. Kutzer, 'Setting Sail' in Empire's children: empire and imperialism in classic British children's
books (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 1-12.
68
Kathryn Castle, Britannia's Children: Reading Colonialism through Children's Books and Magazines
(Manchester: MUP, 1996).
69
Kathryn Castle, 'Imperial legacies, new frontiers: children's popular literature and the demise of empire' in
Stuart Ward (ed.), British Culture and the End of Empire (Manchester: MUP, 2001), pp. 145-62.
70
Supriya Goswami, Colonial India in Children's Literature (New York & London: Routledge, 2012)
71
Robert G. David, 'The Young Person's Arctic' in The Arctic in the British imagination (Manchester: MUP,
2000), pp. 185-235; Sinéad Moriarty, 'Antarctica in Children's Literature' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of
Roehampton, 2018).
72
Karen Sands-O'Connor, Soon come home to this island: West Indians in British children's literature (New
York & London: Routledge, 2008).
73
Hazel Sheeky Bird, 'Mapping the Geographical Imagination' in Class, Leisure and National Identity in British
Children's Literature, 1918-1950 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), pp. 87-112.
74
Michelle J. Smith, Empire in British Girls' Literature and Culture: Imperial Girls (Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2011).
75
Jallat, 'La littérature pour les jeunes'; Dine, 'Children's Literature' and 'French Colonial Empire'; Mackenzie,
'Imperialism and juvenile literature' in Propaganda and Empire, pp. 199-227; Daphne M. Kutzer, 'Introduction:
Terminology and Territory' in Empire's children: empire and imperialism in classic British children's books
(London: Routledge, 2000), pp. xiv-xxii.
76
Buettner, 'The French empire from the First World War to the 1930s' in 'Soldiering on in the shadow of war:
decolonizing la plus grande France' in Europe after Empire, pp. 108-119 (pp. 111-14); Constantine, '"Bringing
the Empire Alive"', pp. 200-15; Sandrine Lemaire, 'Promouvoir : fabriquer du colonial (1930-1940)' in Pascal

Word count (MStHS conventions): 2339 8

MStHS 2020-21 Literature Survey

literary themes deployed, detailed studies of the French and British domains have discerned
several topics, with more than one often present in a story. Prominent are the representation
of colonised 'others';78 so-called 'maritime nationalism'79 and, within that theme, the sailing
story;80 flying stories;81 the conquest of space;82 explorations of femininities83 and
masculinities;84 animal fantasies;85 polar adventures;86 and Robinsonades featuring castaways
and islands.87 Scholars have also researched the occurrence of anti-colonial attitudes.88

Conclusion

There is a dearth of published research comparing French and British children's literature in
the interwar period and its relationship to imperial and colonial cultures. Several axes of
comparison and case-studies are possible: choices will be made in the light of a survey
(ongoing) of the availability of primary sources and a subsequent analysis of where topics
common to the French and British domains could be fruitfully compared. The proposed
dissertation will contribute to our understanding of how children's literature helped secure the
allegiance of the young to imperial values, with the cross-cultural comparison highlighting
the mechanisms involved.

Blanchard, Sandrine Lemaire and Nicolas Bancel (eds.), Culture coloniale en France. De la Révolution
française à nos jours (Paris; CNRS, 2008), pp. 305-19; Sandrine Lemaire, 'Manipuler : à la conquête des goûts
(1931-1939)' op. cit., pp. 341-54; MacKenzie, 'Imperialism and juvenile literature'; Sèbe, 'The inter-war years',
pp. 35-42.
77
MacKenzie, Popular Responses.
78
Boeuf, 'Représentations du corps noir dans la littérature coloniale pour la jeunesse'; Castle, Britannia's
Children; Nathalie Gibert-Joly, 'Jean Bruller, dessinateur et illustrateur de la littérature coloniale pour la
jeunesse de l'entre-deux-guerres : de Lolou chez les nègres (1929) à Baba Diène et Morceau-de-Sucre (1937)',
Strenæ, vol. 3 (2012), doi.org/10.4000/strenae.493; Goswami, Colonial India; Katelyn E. Knox, 'Civilized into
the Civilizing Mission' in Race on Display in 20th- and 21st-Century France (Liverpool: LUP, 2016), pp. 21-
44; Lassus, Africains et asiatiques; Pigeon, 'Black Icons'.
79
Sheeky Bird, Class, Leisure and National Identity, p. 15.
80
Ibid., pp. 113-128, and Kutzer, 'Swallows and Amazons Forever?' in Empire's children, pp. 107-28.
81
Butts, 'Imperialism of the air'.
82
Jallat, 'La littérature pour jeunes', p. 235, footnote 6.
83
Bratton, 'British imperialism and the reproduction of femininity'; Ferral and Jackson, 'Girls' Stories'.
84
Ferral and Jackson, 'Boys' Stories'.
85
Kutzer, 'Imperial Fantasies', pp. 80-94 (Doctor Dolittle) and 94-104 (Winnie-the-Pooh); Angela Rossi, 'Babar:
entre renouvellement esthétique et propaganda coloniale' (unpublished Master's thesis, Università degli Studi di
Padova, 2017); Herbert Kohl, Should we Burn Babar? Essays on Children's Literature and the Power of Stories
(New York: New Press, 1995).
86
David, 'The Young Person's Arctic'; Moriarty, 'Antarctica in Children's Literature'.
87
Joseph Acquisto, Crusoes and Other Castaways in Modern French Literature (Newark, DE: University of
Delaware Press, 2012); Delphine Outhier, 'Les robinsonnades en littérature de jeunesse contemporaine :
Évolution et nouveaux enjeux', HAL open access archive [HAL id hal-02365996], Nov. 2019 <https://hal-univ-
fcomte.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02365996> [accessed 23 Nov. 2020]; Emmanuelle Peraldo (ed.), 300 Years of
Robinsonades (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020); Sarah Spooner, 'Landscapes:
"Going Foreign" in Arthur Ransome's Peter Duck' in Karín Lesnik-Oberstein (ed), Children's Literature: New
Approaches (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 206-227.
88
E.g., Lévêque, Écrire pour la jeunesse, loc. 188-197, ebook edn <https://books.openedition.org/pur/38218>
[accessed 18 Nov. 2020].

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MStHS 2020-21 Literature Survey

89
Bibliography of secondary works cited
Abbreviations
AC Armand Colin
ACHAC Association pour la connaissance de l'histoire de l'Afrique contemporaine
BDIC Bibliothèque de documentation internationale contemporaine
CNRS Centre national de la recherche scientifique
CUP Cambridge University Press
Enssib École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques
EUP Edinburgh University Press
LUP Liverpool University Press
MUP Manchester University Press
OUP Oxford University Press
PFNSP Presses de la fondation nationale des sciences politiques
PUR Presses universitaires de Rennes

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Unpublished Theses
Boeuf, Maxime, 'Représentations du corps noir dans la littérature coloniale pour la jeunesse'
(unpublished PhD thesis, Aix-Marseille Université and Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen,
2019)
Moriarty, Sinéad, 'Antarctica in Children's Literature' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of
Roehampton, 2018)
Ottevaere-van Praag, Ganna, 'La littérature pour la jeunesse en Europe occidentale (1750-
1925) : histoire sociale et courants d'idées : Angleterre, France, Pays-Bas, Allemagne, Italie'
(unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leiden, 1978)
Rossi, Angela, 'Babar: entre renouvellement esthétique et propaganda coloniale' (unpublished
Master's thesis, Università degli Studi di Padova, 2017)

Word count (MStHS conventions): 2339 15