SECOND DIVISION

[G.R. No. 78953. July 31, 1991.]

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE , petitioner, vs. MELCHOR J.

JAVIER, JR. and THE COURT OF TAX APPEALS , respondents.

Elison G. Natividad for accused-appellant.

SYLLABUS

1. TAXATION; INCOME TAX; SURCHARGES FOR RENDERING FALSE AND FRAUDULENT

RETURN. — Under the then Section 72 of the Tax Code (now Section 248 of the 1988
National Internal Revenue Code), a taxpayer who les a false return is liable to pay the
fraud penalty of 50% of the tax due from him or of the de ciency tax in case payment has
been made on the basis of the return filed before the discovery of the falsity or fraud.
2. ID.; ID.; FILING OF FRAUDULENT RETURN; MUST BE ACTUAL AND INTENTIONAL
THROUGH WILLFUL AND DELIBERATE MISLEADING OF THE GOVERNMENT AGENCY. — In
Aznar v. Court of Tax Appeals (L-20569, promulgated on August 23, 1974, 58 SCRA 519),
fraud in relation to the ling of income tax return, was discussed in this manner: . . . The
fraud contemplated by law is actual and not constructive. It must be intentional fraud,
consisting of deception willfully and deliberately done or resorted to in order to induce
another to give up some legal right. Negligence, whether slight or gross, is not equivalent
to the fraud with intent to evade the tax contemplated by law. It must amount to intentional
wrong-doing with the sole object of avoiding the tax. It necessarily follows that a mere
mistake cannot be considered as fraudulent intent, and if both petitioner and respondent
Commissioner of Internal Revenue committed mistakes in making entries in the returns
and in the assessment, respectively, under the inventory method of determining tax liability,
it would be unfair to treat the mistakes of the petitioner as tainted with fraud and those of
the respondent as made in good faith. Fraud is never imputed and the courts never sustain
ndings of fraud upon circumstances which, at most, create only suspicion and the mere
understatement of a tax is not itself proof of fraud for the purpose of tax evasion.
3. ID.; ID.; ID.; NOT PRESENT IN CASE AT BAR. — In the case at bar, there was no actual and
intentional fraud through willful and deliberate misleading of the government agency
concerned, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, headed by the herein petitioner. The
government was not induced to give up some legal right and place itself at a disadvantage
so as to prevent its lawful agents from proper assessment of tax liabilities because Javier
did not conceal anything. Error or mistake of law is not fraud. The petitioner's zealousness
to collect taxes from the unearned windfall to Javier is highly commendable. Unfortunately,
the imposition of the fraud penalty in this case is not justi ed by the extant facts. Javier
may be guilty of swindling charges, perhaps even for greed by spending most of the
money he received, but the records lack a clear showing of fraud committed because he
did not conceal the fact that he had received an amount of money although it was a
"subject of litigation." As ruled by respondent Court of Tax Appeals, the 50% surcharge
imposed as fraud penalty by the petitioner against the private respondent in the de ciency
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 assessment should be deleted.

DECISION

SARMIENTO , J : p

Central in this controversy is the issue as to whether or not a taxpayer who merely states
as a footnote in his income tax return that a sum of money that he erroneously received
and already spent is the subject of a pending litigation and there did not declare it as
income is liable to pay the 50% penalty for filing a fraudulent return.
This question is the subject of the petition for review before the Court of the portion of the
Decision 1 dated July 27, 1983 of the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA) in C.T.A. Case No. 3393,
entitled, "Melchor J. Javier, Jr. vs. Ruben B. Ancheta, in his capacity as Commissioner of
Internal Revenue," which orders the deletion of the 50% surcharge from Javier's de ciency
income tax assessment on his income for 1977.
The respondent CTA in a Resolution 2 dated May 25, 1987, denied the Commissioner's
Motion for Reconsideration 3 and Motion for New Trial 4 on the deletion of the 50%
surcharge assessment or imposition.
The pertinent facts as are accurately stated in the petition of private respondent Javier in
the CTA and incorporated in the assailed decision now under review, read as follows:
xxx xxx xxx

2. That on or about June 3, 1977, Victoria L. Javier, the wife of the petitioner
(private respondent herein), received from the Prudential Bank and Trust
Company in Pasay City the amount of US$999,973.70 remitted by her sister, Mrs.
Dolores Ventosa, through some banks in the United States, among which is
Mellon Bank, N.A.
3. That on or about June 29, 1977, Mellon Bank, N.A. led a complaint with the
Court of First Instance of Rizal (now Regional Trial Court), (docketed as Civil Case
No. 26899), against the petitioner (private respondent herein), his wife and other
defendants, claiming that its remittance of US$1,000,000.00 was a clerical error
and should have been US$1,000.00 only, and praying that the excess amount of
US$999,000.00 be returned on the ground that the defendants are trustees of an
implied trust for the bene t of Mellon Bank with the clear, immediate, and
continuing duty to return the said amount from the moment it was received.

4. That on or about November 5, 1977, the City Fiscal of Pasay City led an
Information with the then Circuit Criminal Court (docketed as CCC-VII-3369-P.C.)
charging the petitioner (private respondent herein) and his wife with the crime of
estafa, alleging that they misappropriated, misapplied, and converted to their own
personal use and benefit the amount of US$999,000.00 which they received under
an implied trust for the bene t of Mellon Bank and as a result of the mistake in
the remittance by the latter.

5. That on March 15, 1978, the petitioner (private respondent herein) led his
Income Tax Return for the taxable year 1977 showing a gross income of
P53,053.38 and a net income of P48,053.88 and stating in the footnote of the
return that "Taxpayer was recipient of some money received from abroad which
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 he presumed to be a gift but turned out to be an error and is now subject of
litigation."
6. That on or before December 15, 1980, the petitioner (private respondent herein)
received a letter from the acting Commissioner of Internal Revenue dated
November 14, 1980, together with income assessment notices for the years 1976
and 1977, demanding that petitioner (private respondent herein) pay on or before
December 15, 1980 the amount of P1,615.96 and P9,287,297.51 as de ciency
assessments for the years 1976 and 1977 respectively . . .

7. That on December 15, 1980, the petitioner (private respondent herein) wrote the
Bureau of Internal Revenue that he was paying the de ciency income assessment
for the year 1976 but denying that he had any undeclared income for the year
1977 and requested that the assessment for 1977 be made to await nal court
decision on the case filed against him for filing an allegedly fraudulent return . . .

8. That on November 11, 1981, the petitioner (private respondent herein) received
from Acting Commissioner of Internal Revenue Romulo Villa a letter dated
October 8, 1981 stating in reply to his December 15, 1980 letter-protest that "the
amount of Mellon Bank's erroneous remittance which you were able to dispose, is
definitely taxable.". . . 5

The Commissioner also imposed a 50% fraud penalty against Javier.

Disagreeing, Javier led an appeal 6 before the respondent Court of Tax Appeals on
December 10, 1981.
The respondent CTA, after the proper proceedings, rendered the challenged decision. We
quote the concluding portion:
We note that in the de ciency income tax assessment under consideration,
respondent (petitioner here) further requested petitioner (private respondent here)
to pay 50% surcharge as provided for in Section 72 of the Tax Code, in addition to
the de ciency income tax of P4,888,615.00 and interest due thereon. Since
petitioner (private respondent) led his income tax return for taxable year 1977,
the 50% surcharge was imposed, in all probability, by respondent (petitioner)
because he considered the return led false or fraudulent. This additional
requirement, to our mind, is much less called for because petitioner (private
respondent), as stated earlier, re ected in his 1977 return as footnote that
"Taxpayer was recipient of some money received from abroad which he
presumed to be gift but turned out to be an error and is now subject of litigation."

From this, it can hardly be said that there was actual and intentional fraud,
consisting of deception willfully and deliberately done or resorted to by petitioner
(private respondent) in order to induce the Government to give up some legal
right, or the latter, due to a false return, was placed at a disadvantage so as to
prevent its lawful agents from proper assessment of tax liabilities. (Aznar vs.
Court of Tax Appeals, L-20569, August 23, 1974, 56 (sic) SCRA 519), because
petitioner literally "laid his cards on the table" for respondent to examine. Error or
mistake of fact or law is not fraud. (Insular Lumber vs. Collector, L-7100, April 28,
1956.). Besides, Section 29 is not too plain and simple to understand. Since the
question involved in this case is of rst impression in this jurisdiction, under the
circumstances, the 50% surcharge imposed in the de ciency assessment should
be deleted. 7

The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, not satis ed with the respondent CTA's ruling,
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 elevated the matter to us, by the present petition, raising the main issue as to:
WHETHER OR NOT PRIVATE RESPONDENT IS LIABLE FOR THE 50% FRAUD
PENALTY? 8

On the other hand, Javier candidly stated in his Memorandum, 9 that he "did not appeal the
decision which held him liable for the basic de ciency income tax (excluding the 50%
surcharge for fraud)." However, he submitted in the same memorandum "that the issue
may be raised in the case not for the purpose of correcting or setting aside the decision
which held him liable for de ciency income tax, but only to show that there is no basis for
the imposition of the surcharge." This subsequent disavowal therefore renders moot and
academic the posturings articulated in his Comment 1 0 on the non-taxability of the amount
he erroneously received and the bulk of which he had already disbursed. In any event, an
appeal at that time (of the ling of the Comments) would have been already too late to be
seasonable. llcd

The petitioner, through the office of the Solicitor General, stresses that:
xxx xxx xxx

The record however is not ambivalent, as the record clearly shows that private
respondent is self-convinced, and so acted, that he is the bene cial owner, and of
which reason is liable to tax. Put another way, the studied insinuation that private
respondent may not be the bene cial owner of the money or income owing to
him as enhanced by the studied claim that the amount is "subject of litigation" is
belied by the record and clearly exposed as a fraudulent ploy, as witness what
transpired upon receipt of the amount.
Here, it will be noted that the excess in the amount erroneously remitted by
MELLON BANK for the amount of private respondent's wife was $999,000.00
after opening a dollar account with Prudential Bank in the amount of
$999,993.70, private respondent and his wife, with haste and dispatch, within a
span of eleven (11) electric days, speci cally from June 3 to June 14, 1977,
effected a total massive withdrawal from the said dollar account in the sum of
$975,000.00 or P7,020,000.00 . . . 1 1

In reply, the private respondent argues:

xxx xxx xxx
The petitioner contends that the private respondent committed fraud by not
declaring the "mistaken remittance" in his income tax return and by merely
making a footnote thereon which read: "Taxpayer was the recipient of some
money from abroad which he presumed to be a gift but turned out to be an error
and is now subject of litigation." It is respectfully submitted that the said return
was not fraudulent. The footnote was practically an invitation to the petitioner to
make am investigation, and to make the proper assessment.
The rule in fraud cases is that the proof "must be clear and convincing" (Grif ths
v. Comm., 50 F [2d] 782), that is, it must be stronger than the "mere
preponderance of evidence" which would be suf cient to sustain a judgment on
the issue of correctness of the de ciency itself apart from the fraud penalty.
(Frank A. Neddas, 40 BTA 572). The following circumstances attendant to the
case at bar show that in ling the questioned return, the private respondent was
guided, not by that "willful and deliberate intent to prevent the Government from
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 making a proper assessment" which constitute fraud, but by an honest doubt as
to whether or not the "mistaken remittance" was subject to tax.
First, this Honorable Court will take judicial notice of the fact that so-called
"million dollar case" was given very, very wide publicity by media; and only one
who is not in his right mind would have entertained the idea that the BIR would
not make an assessment if the amount in question was indeed subject to the
income tax.

Second, as the respondent Court ruled, "the question involved in this case is of
rst impression in this jurisdiction" (See p. 15 of Annex "A" of the Petition). Even
in the United States, the authorities are not unanimous in holding that similar
receipts are subject to the income tax. It should be noted that the decision in the
Rutkin case is a ve-to-four decision; and in the very case before this Honorable
Court, one out of three Judges of the respondent Court was of the opinion that the
amount in question is not taxable. Thus, even without the footnote, the failure to
declare the "mistaken remittance" is not fraudulent.
Third, when the private respondent led his income tax return on March 15, 1978
he was being sued by the Mellon Bank for the return of the money, and was being
prosecuted by the Government for estafa committed allegedly by his failure to
return the money and by converting it to his personal bene t. The basic tax
amounted to P4,899,377.00 (See p. 6 of the Petition) and could not have been
paid without using part of the mistaken remittance. Thus, it was not unreasonable
for the private respondent to simply state in his income tax return that the amount
received was still under litigation. If he had paid the tax, would that not constitute
estafa for using the funds for his own personal bene t? and would the
Government refund it to him if the courts ordered him to refund the money to the
Mellon Bank? 1 2
xxx xxx xxx

Under the then Section 72 of the Tax Code (now Section 248 of the 1988 National Internal
Revenue Code), a taxpayer who les a false return is liable to pay the fraud penalty of 50%
of the tax due from him or of the de ciency tax in case payment has been made on the
basis of the return filed before the discovery of the falsity or fraud. LibLex

We are persuaded considerably by the private respondent's contention that there is no

fraud in the ling of the return and agree fully with the Court of Tax Appeals' interpretation
of Javier's notation on his income tax return led on March 15, 1978 thus: "Taxpayer was
the recipient of some money from abroad which he presumed to be a gift but turned out to
be an error and is now subject of litigation," that it was an "error or mistake of fact or law"
not constituting fraud, that such notation was practically an invitation for investigation and
that Javier had literally "laid his cards on the table." 1 3
In Aznar v. Court of Tax Appeals , 14 fraud in relation to the ling of income tax return, was
discussed in this manner:
. . . The fraud contemplated by law is actual and not constructive. It must be
intentional fraud, consisting of deception willfully and deliberately done or
resorted to in order to induce another to give up some legal right. Negligence,
.whether slight or gross, is not equivalent to the fraud with intent to evade the tax
contemplated by law. It must amount to intentional wrong-doing with the sole
object of avoiding the tax. It necessarily follows that a mere mistake cannot be
considered as fraudulent intent, and if both petitioner and respondent
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 Commissioner of Internal Revenue committed mistakes in making entries in the
returns and in the assessment, respectively, under the inventory method of
determining tax liability, it would be unfair to treat the mistakes of the petitioner
as tainted with fraud and those of the respondent as made in good faith.

Fraud is never imputed and the courts never sustain ndings of fraud upon circumstances
which, at most, create only suspicion and the mere understatement of a tax is not itself
proof of fraud for the purpose of tax evasion. 1 5
A "fraudulent return" is always an attempt to evade a tax, but a merely "false
return" may not be. Rick v. U.S., App. D.C., 161 F. 2d 897, 898. 1 6

In the case at bar, there was no actual and intentional fraud through willful and deliberate
misleading of the government agency concerned, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, headed
by the herein petitioner. The government was not induced to give up some legal right and
place itself at a disadvantage so as to prevent its lawful agents from proper assessment
of tax liabilities because Javier did not conceal anything. Error or mistake of law is not
fraud. The petitioner's zealousness to collect taxes from the unearned windfall to Javier is
highly commendable. Unfortunately, the imposition of the fraud penalty in this case is not
justi ed by the extant facts. Javier may be guilty of swindling charges, perhaps even for
greed by spending most of the money he received, but the records lack a clear showing of
fraud committed because he did not conceal the fact that he had received an amount of
money although it was a "subject of litigation." As ruled by respondent Court of Tax
Appeals, the 50% surcharge imposed as fraud penalty by the petitioner against the private
respondent in the deficiency assessment should be deleted. prcd

WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED and the decision appealed from the Court of Tax
Appeals is AFFIRMED. No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Melencio-Herrera, Padilla and Regalado, JJ ., concur.
Paras, J ., took no part.

Footnotes

1. Annex "A", Petition, Presiding Judge Amante Filler, Ponente, Associate Judge Alex Z. Reyes,
Concurring; and Judge Constante C. Roaquin, Concurring and Dissenting.
2. Annex "D", Petition.
3. Annex "B", Petition.
4. Annex "C", Petition.

5. Court of Tax Appeals Decision, Case No. 3393, promulgated on July 27, 1983, 2-3; Rollo, 35-
36.
6. Annex "F", Petition.

7. Court of Tax Appeals Decision, supra; rollo, 47-49.

8. Petition, 7; rollo, 22.
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 9. Respondents' Memorandum, rollo, 156.

10. Rollo, 120.

11. Id., 25-26.
12. Respondents' Memorandum, 10-11, rollo, 164-165.
13. Rollo, 47-48.
14. L-20569, promulgated on August 23, 1974, 58 SCRA 519.

15. Yutivo Sons Hardware Co. vs. Court of Tax Appeals, L-13203, promulgated on January 28,
1961, 1 SCRA 160.

16. WORDS AND PHRASES; (1958 ed.), Vol. 17A, 210.

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