AU J.T.

10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

Modelling of a Gas-Absorption Packed Column for

Carbon Dioxide-Sodium Hydroxide System
M.A. Olutoye and A. Mohammed
Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology
Minna, Nigeria

Abstract
This paper present a research work on the modeling of a gas absorption packed
column with the aim formulating a mathematical model and simulation of the model
using a computer software to obtain the rate of absorption and the amount of absorbed
carbon dioxide CO2 into dilute sodium hydroxide NaOH. Arm field gas absorption
column titration techniques were used for the analysis. The total concentration of
carbonate and hence the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed was determined using
gravimetric methods. The comparison between the obtained experimental and simulated
results shows that the formulated model is a good representation of the system. A
program was written in Q-Basic for simulation of any gas absorption packed column,
the model and computer program could therefore be used to determining the condition
in a counter-current continuous column at any given time, for any chemically reacting
absorption system.
Keywords: Packed column, modeling, simulation, gas-absorption, Q-Basic,
carbon dioxide - sodium hydroxide system.

programs are more in use since they can be

Introduction implemented on modern computers with
exceptional speed (Levinspiel 1972).
Chemical reactor design is based on the Most reactions utilized in the chemical
modeling of reactors and of the reactions that process industries involve substances, which
take place in them (Levinspiel 1972). A exist in different phases. There may be two-
mathematical model is a simplified image of phase (binary) and three-phase (tertiary)
the processes that take place in a reactor. It systems (Coulson 1996). For all the differences
retains the most essential properties of the between them, they have one thing in common.
actual process and presents them in Before a chemical reaction can take place, the
mathematical form. Depending on the objective reactants must be transported from the bulk of
sought, a mathematical model may involve a the stream and carry one phase to the inter-
varying number of properties of the prototype, phase boundary or into bulk of the other phase.
and so it may be wide or narrow. Mathematical Gas liquid absorption is a heterogeneous
modeling is so important that it is now being process, which involves the transfer of a
used in computer simulations (Levinspiel 1972). soluble component of a gas phase into a
Simulation represents the application of relatively non-volatile liquid absorbent (Franks
modeling techniques to real systems, thus 1967). Gas liquid absorption could be
enabling information on plant characteristics to employed in purification of waste gases
be gained without either constructing or (Coulson 1996).
operating the full scale plant or the system In this work, a mathematical model was
under consideration (Levinspiel 1972). developed and simulated for a gas-liquid
Simulation methods in chemical reactor designs absorption packed column operating under a
are of two types, digital and analogue. Digital continuous mode for the absorption of carbon
simulation involves the use of codes and dioxide in to dilute caustic soda via

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AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

determination of the overall performance of the Application of Mass Transfer

absorption column. Theories

Description and Operation of the Gas The analysis of the process of absorption
Absorption Column so far given is based on the two-film theory of
Whitman (1923). It is supposed that the two
Gas absorption is usually carried out in films have negligible capacity, but offer all the
vertical counter current packed column 75mm resistance to mass transfer, and thus the flow is
in diameter in which there are two lengths of considered to be laminar and parallel to the
ranching. The liquid solvent is fed at the top of surface. An alternative theory was proposed by
the column and is distributed over the surface Higbie (1935) and later extended by
Danckwerts and Kennedy (1954) which gave
of the packing either by nozzle or distribution
plates. Pressure tapping is provided at the base, mass transfer rate (NA) to be directly
proportional to the concentration difference
center and top of the column to determine
(CAI - CAL). However, Higbie–Danckwerts also
pressure drops across the column. Sampling
points are also provided for the gas at the same used N’A ∝ VDL. Whereas N’a ∝ VDL in the
three points. The liquid outlet stream and feed two-film theory, Danchkwerts applied this
solution are also equipped with sampling point. theory to the problem of absorption coupled
Suitable manometer measurement is included. with chemical reaction but although in this case
Water/solvent is taken from a sump tank, and the three proposals give somewhat different
pumped to the column via a calibrated flow results, it has not been possible to distinguish
meter. Gas is taken from a pressure cylinder between them. The application of penetration
through a calibrated flow meter, and mixed theory to the interpretation of experimental
with air, supplied and monitored from a small results obtained in wetted-wall columns has
compressor in a pre-determined (but variable) been studied by Lynn et al. (1955).
mixed ration. The mixture is fed to the base of
the tower, in which a liquid seal is provided. CO2-NaOH Reaction System
The effluent gas leaves the top of the column
and is intended to be exhausted to atmosphere
The reaction is the absorption of carbon-
outside the laboratory building. The apparatus
dioxide into dilute caustic soda termed as
is designed to absorb CO2 / Air mixture into an
chemisorptions and is similar to the basic gas
aqueous solution flowing down the column.
liquid reactions widely used in chemical
Gas analysis is provided for this system (see
process industries as auxiliary steps in the
Fig. 1).
purification of gas mixtures:
Liquid phase inlet

Vapour phase Distributor CO 2 + NaOH → Na 2 CO 2 + H 2 O . (1)

outlet

Mathematical Modeling for Arm Field Gas

Column
Absorption Column

Vapour phase
inlet
The process of interest is the absorption
Packing Support
of carbon dioxide into dilute solution of caustic
soda using the Arm field gas absorption column
(packed with ranching rings). For proper
Liquid phase outlet understanding of the behavior of the system,
prior knowledge of rate of reaction mass and
energy balances together with simple chemical
Fig. 1. Gas Absorption Column. reaction kinetics are required.

133
AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

The following assumptions are taken into moles of ‘B’ are consumed. In this case, for
consideration in developed/developing model each mole of CO2 reacted, 2 moles of NaOH
for gas absorption packed column and in the are consumed,
analysis of the predicted result of the model: CO 2 + NaOH → Na 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
1. Absorption process is carried out in a series (3a)
of contacts, with the occurrence of given by A + bB → Products, b = 2. Referring
unidirectional mass transfer and occurs to the diagram below (see Fig. 2),
counter-currently using diluted absorbent.
A(gas ) + bB(liquid ) ⎯⎯
fast
→ Product . (3b)
2. The column operates at steady state
conditions, hence there are negligible heat However material balance about the end of
effects in the column and the absorption tower gives composition at any point in tower.
process is accompanied by (pseudo-first
order reaction).
3. There exist constant molal flow rates due to
the occurrence of perfect mixing. Low High Material balance about
PA CB end of tower gives
PA CB composition at any
Derivation of Mathematical Model for Arm point in tower
Field Gas Absorption Column Overall
Differential material
Material Balance
balance
High Low
Mathematical analysis of a process is PA CB
always based on the material balance of the High Low
PA CB
process drawn up for one of the components of
the reaction mixture and can be written as
differential equations for the elementary
volume. The material balance equation for the L2CA L2 CB2
main component contains the following terms:
Fig. 2. Material balance.

Gt = Gd + Gr + Ga, (2)
The differential material balance for the
counter current flow is as shown below:
where Gt is the amount of the component fed to
1
the elementary volume per unit time; Gd is the [ A' lost by gas] = [ B ' lost by liquid] (4)
amount of the component out from the b
elementary volume per unit time; Gr is the rate or
of consumption of the component in the −L ⎡C ⎤
GdYA = dX B = − Ld ⎢ B ⎥
chemical reaction in the elementary volume; b ⎣ CU ⎦
and Ga is the rate of accumulation of the
component in the elementary volume. ⎡ G ' PA ⎤ − 1 ⎡ L' C B ⎤
= d⎢ ⎥= d⎢ ⎥ (5)
This can be written for the whole reactor ⎣ π ⎦ b ⎣ CT ⎦
if there is uniform distribution of materials over
the reactor volume. Compositions at any point in the tower are
found in terms of the end conditions by
integrating the material balance equation. Thus
Differential Material Balance ( X − X BI )
G[Y A − Y AI ] = − L B
b
The material balance of ‘A’ (CO2) and ⎡P P ⎤ L ⎡C C ⎤
‘B’ (NaOH) is obtained by noting that the two = G ⎢ A − AI ⎥ = − ⎢ B − BI ⎥
reactants, A alone is present in the main body ⎣ PU PUI ⎦ b ⎣ CU CUI ⎦
of gas and B alone is present in the main liquid. G" PA G" PAI
Secondly, for each mole of ‘A’ reacted, ‘b’ = −
π π

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AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

− I ⎡ L' C B L' C BI ⎤ ⎛ dQ ⎞ − D∂C

= −⎢ − ⎥ (6) ⎜ ⎟= . (13)
b ⎣ CT CTI ⎦ ⎝ dt ⎠ ∂X
The above expressions give the concentrations Consider the element of volume of unit cross-
of reactants A and B in the phases throughout sectional area between planes X and X + dX.
the tower, The following changes in its content of solute
PU ≈ π CU ≈ CT (7) occur in timidity:
Equations 5 and 6 for differential material − D∂C
Diffusion (in) = dt , (14)
balance become ∂X
GDPA Diffusion (out)
= − LdC B , (9) ⎧
bCT ⎛ ∂C ∂ 2 C ⎞⎫
= ⎨− Ddt ⎜⎜ + dX ⎟⎟⎬ , (15)
and for point conditions, ⎩ ⎝ ∂X ∂ X 2
⎠ ⎭
−L Reacting = -kcdt.dx, (16)
G (PA − PAI ) = (C B − C BI ) . (10)
bCT ⎡ D∂ C2
⎤
Net Increase = ⎢ − kc⎥ dt.dx . (17)
⎣ ∂X
2
⎦
Height of Tower Equation If increase in concentration is dc, the net
increase above can be equated to dc/dx, giving
The height to tower (column) is found by dc ∂ 2C
= D 2 - KC. (18)
combining rate equation and material balance dt ∂x
for a differential element of tower and is given With the boundary conditions:
by: C = C*, x = 0, t > 0,
1 HA C = 0, x > 0, t = 0,
h=γA = + , (11)
K Ag ALKC B C = 0, x = ∞, t > 0, (19)
the solution to equation 18 is
rearranging and integrating, in terms of A and B. erfc
Rate of absorption of a substance gas C 1 ⎛ K⎞
= exp⎜⎜ − X ⎟ , (20)
which diffuse into liquid film stagnant medium C* 2 ⎝ D ⎟⎠
in which it has a limited solubility and with
where erfc = 1 - erfz,
which undergoes an irreversible first order or z
pseudo first reaction is assumed to obey ideal 2
z = 1− ∫ exp(− y )dy
2
(21)
diffusion law, π 0
dQ D∂C Differentiating Eq. (21),
=− . (12)
dt ∂X ∂c ⎛ ∂c ⎞
This holds for the diffusion of unreacted solute ⎜ ⎟
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ x =0
through the medium, and also that the mass of
solvent per unit volume of the medium is D⎡ e − kt ⎤
= −C * ⎢ erf Kt + ⎥. (22)
virtually constant throughout. K⎣ πkt ⎦
Let C* be the saturated concentration of The rate of absorption dQ/dt per unit area of
the solute reigning at the surface (X = 0); C - surface becomes
concentration at a distance X below the surface; dQ ⎛ ∂c ⎞
t – time; and k - velocity constant of the = − D⎜ ⎟
reaction between solute and medium. dt ⎝ ∂x ⎠ x =0
Initial concentration of solute in the D⎡ e − kt ⎤
medium is uniformly equal to zero. Hence, rate =C* ⎢ erf Kt + ⎥. (22a)
K⎣ πkt ⎦
at which the solute crosses unit area of any
plane of constant X in the direction of Quantity Q absorbed in time ‘t’ is
increasing X is D ⎡⎛ 1⎞ Kt ⎤
Q =C* ⎢⎜ Kt + ⎟erf Kt + e −kt ⎥ ,
K ⎣⎝ 2⎠ π ⎦

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AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

(22b) When a fast chemical reaction takes place in

when Kt is sufficiently large, erf = Kt ≈ 1, the film and CAL = 0, Eq. 30 takes a simpler
form:
C ⎛ K⎞
≈ exp⎜⎜ − x ⎟.
⎟ (23) ⎛ 1
⎞
C* ⎝ D ⎠ ⎜ M2 ⎟
ωA = βC AB ⎜ 1 ⎟
(34)
Then ⎜ tanh M 2 ⎟
∂Q ⎝ ⎠
dQ ≈ C * DK (24) The absorption accelerator factor ‘ε’ may be
∂x
found by equating Eqs. (34) and (31) at CAL = 0.
and
ε is the factor in the equation describing
D⎛ 1⎞ absorption accompanied by a chemical reaction
Q =C* ⎜ Kt + ⎟ . (25)
K⎝ 2⎠ physical absorption equation. At CAL = 0,
β C Ab 1
⎛ 1⎞ 1
⎛ 1⎞
ε= M 2 tanh ⎜⎜ M 2 ⎟⎟ = M 2 tanh ⎜⎜ M 2 ⎟⎟ ,
Determination of the Absorption β 1C Ab ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Acceleration Factor in the Case of a (35)
Chemical Reaction ‘ε’ 1/2 1/2
or at M >> 1 (because then tanh M tends to
unity),
If aA(g) + bB(l) → Product, the true rate equation 1
1 1

is ⎛ DK ⎞ 2 ( KD) 2
ε =M =⎜ 2 ⎟ =
2
. (36)
ωrA = KCACB. B (26) ⎝B L⎠ β2L
This could also be written as Thus, it is seen that an increase in the reaction
ωrA = K1CA, (27) rate constant K leads to greater absorption
where acceleration factors ε.
K1 = KC Bn . (28)
The concentration of reactant A in the boundary Determination of the Rate of Absorption of
film decreases not only due to diffusion, but CO2 into NaOH
also because it is used up in the reaction. This
leads to an increased concentration gradient of Methodology
the reactant at the interface and the numerical
value of the slope of the tangent of the CAZ This experiment is aimed at determining
curve at point M equal to grad CA, increases. As the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into
a result, the individual coefficient of mass caustic soda solutions (NaOH) through analysis
transfer from the gas to the liquid phase is of liquid solution flowing down the absorption
increased, column and the effect of time on the absorption
WA = D grad CA. (29) rates.
This can be written as
Procedures (Equipment setting up)
⎪⎧ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎪⎫
W A = β i ⎨C Ab − C Al Cosh⎜⎜ M 2 ⎟⎟ M 2 tanh⎜⎜ M 2 ⎟⎟⎬ . 1. 7½ L of IM solution of caustic soda was
⎪⎩ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎪⎭ prepared and poured in 30litres of water to
(30) make 37.5litres of 0.2M solution of caustic
where soda, then poured into the reservoir tank at
D the base of the column.
βi = = ε , (31) 2. The gas flow control valves CS and C3 were
δ closed, the liquid pump started and the flow
which describes absorption accompanied by a
of caustic soda through the column was
chemical reaction and it differs from equation
adjusted to approximately 3litres/min on
WA = βi(CA – CAL), (32) flow meter F1 by adjusting control valve C1.
which describes physical absorption 3. The compressor was started and valve C2
WA = βi(CA – CAL). (33) adjusted to give an air flow of

136
AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

approximately 30litres/minute on the flow Determination of Carbon dioxide Remove

meter F2. Determination of Overall Mass Transfer
4. The pressure regulating valve on the carbon- Coefficient (Kog)
dioxide cylinder was carefully opened and
the valve C3 adjusted to give a flow of This experiment is aimed at determining
3litres/min on flow meter F3. the overall Mass transfer coefficient (Kog).
5. After 25 minutes of steady operation,
Procedure
samples were taken at the 30th minute The experiment was conducted as was for
interval simultaneously from S4 and S5 and experiment (2), except that the liquid analysis
the result were recorded.
was omitted as the gas analysis alone could
determine the rate of absorption.
Determination of Amount of HCl Needed To 1. The water reservoir tank was three – quarter
Neutralize All Hydroxide and Convert full of 0.2M caustic soda solution.
Carbonate To Bicarbonate 2. The water pump was switched on and C1 set
Procedure to give a flow rate of 3litres/minutes down
1. 250ml of liquid sample was taken from the the column.
absorption column liquid outlet or sump 3. After 30 seconds, C1 was close and the pump
tank into a conical flask and two 50ml switched off, the column was drained for 5
portions were pipette into two separate minutes.
conical flasks: flask 1 and flask 2 4. Air pressure differential across the wet
respectively. column as a function of air flow rate was
2. A drop of phenolphthalein indicator was measured.
added to content in flask 1 and titrated with 5. Air pressure across the column as a function
standard hydrochloric acid until the pink of the air flow rate for different water flow
colour disappeared and the volume of acid rates up to 6.5litre/minutes were measured
added t, noted; hence T1 is that amount of and the appearance of the column at each
HCL needed to neutralize all hydroxide and setting was noted.
converted carbonate to bicarbonate. A drop
of methyl orange indicator was added to
flask 1 again and 1st titration and still titrated Results
with standard HCL until the endpoint T2 and
hence the total acid added was noted, hence The results of various experiments
the acid added denoted the neutralization of carried out to test the model are presented in
all bicarbonates (T2 – T1). Tables 1 to 4. However, the following are kept
3. 10% more than the value of (T2 – T1) of constant throughout the experiment:
Barium chloride solution was added to flask - Volume of solution in system: 37.5litres;
2 and the contents shook well. This - Flow of solution (F1): 0.05litres/sec;
precipitated out all the original carbonate in - Air temperature: 280C.
the sample as Barium carbonate. Two drops
of phenolphthalein solution were then added Table 1. Analysis of Liquid Sample to Sump
and titration carried out against the standard tank S4
acid solution to the end point, hence the Time
amount of acid added to T2 was noted from T1/ml T2/ml T3/ml T2- T2-
representing that needed to neutralize only start T1/ml T3/ml
the original caustic soda (T2 – T1), this (mins)
represent the difference between the total 0 38.6 40.0 37.8 1.4 2.2
acid required for hydroxide alone. Overall 30 25.5 42.2 9.8 16.5 32.4
Reaction:
60 16.5 41.1 2.6 24.6 38.5
2NaCL + H2O + CO2 → Na2CO3 + 2HCL (37) 90 19.8 47.4 0.8 38.6 46.6

137
AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

Table 2. Analysis of Liquid Sample from Sump having the same velocity constant
Tank (Inlet) S4 K = K (OH ) less than that of Eq. (39).
1

The predictive model equation for the

TIME T1/ml T2/ml T3/ml CC CN quantity of absorbed CO2 in a given time (t) by
0.0 31.10 42.30 20.6 0.08 0.04 diffusion accompanied by chemical reaction is
30 18.90 41.50 4.85 0.02 0.07 given by
60 15.00 49.50 1.40 0.01 10.9 D ⎡⎛ 1⎞ Kt −kt ⎤
Q =C* ⎢⎜ Kt + ⎟erf Kt + e ⎥
90 9.50 49.00 0.04 0.02 0.10 K ⎣⎝ 2⎠ π ⎦
(41)
Table 3. Experimental Result of CO2 Absorbed D⎛ 1⎞
(Gmols/sec) Q =C* ⎜ Kt + ⎟ . (42)
K⎝ 2⎠
t/sec NaOH Quantity One would expect from Table 3 that the
x 103 concentration of CO2 −
1
Qv,t plot to be linear with a slope of C* KD
gram. absorbed t sec 2
until the depletion of the OH— near the surface
mole/sec x 10 gram which disturbs the first order character of the
mole/sec reaction and makes it impossible to deduce the
. velocity reaction constant from the observation.
0.00 1.60 0.00197 0.00 Table 1 shows that at higher exposure
1.80 0.40 2.265 42.43 time, the absorption rate is governed by the
3.60 0.10 2.725 60.00 diffusion of OH and CO2 to the reaction site
with effective diffusivity of HO been twice that
5.40 0.00 3.33 73.50 of CO2 which is as expected to be less than the
self-diffusivity of OH in the same solution. It is
Table 4. Results from Simulation also observed that the formation of HCO3- near
the surface also complicated the calculation of
t/sec x 103 Quantity of −
1
t sec 2 absorption rates which was found from this
CO2 absorbed
work to be less than 71/2. From the same table it
g/mole/sec
can also be deduced that the rate of absorption
0.00 0.00 0.00 of CO2 in NaOH solution is not proportional to
1.80 1.555 42.43 C* and the true absorption rate of CO2
3.60 2.916 60.00 observed in this case was 3% less than the
observed rate of passage of moist CO2, and the
5.40 4.374 73.50
solubility is 3% less than that of dry CO2, at
atmospheric pressure.
Discussion of Results
Conclusion
The analysis of the absorption of CO2
Mathematical modeling of a gas
into NaOH solution, revealed that Diffusion of
absorption packed column carbon dioxide
CO2 into a solution containing almost uniform
sodium Hydroxide system had been performed,
concentration of OH ions follow the following
a model equation was developed and tested.
path.
− The result obtained shows that it can be used to
CO 2 + OH − → HCO 3 (38) predict the quantity of CO2 absorbed in a given
HCO 3− + OH − → CO 32 − + H 2 O (39) time. And Qv,t plot cannot be linear as expected
due to the depletion of OH near the surface
CO 2 + 2OH − → CO 2− + H 2 O (40)
which disturbed the first order characteristics of
The reactions of Eqs. (38) and (40) are the reaction and makes it impossible to deduce
first order with respect to CO2 and OH and the reaction velocity constant. On the other

138
AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

hand, the rate of absorption of CO2 in NaOH Lynn, S.; Straatemeier, J.R.; and Kramers H.
was found not to be proportional to C due to 1955. Absorption studies in the light of the
diluting effect of CO2 present in CO2. Hence, penetration theory I. Long wetted-wall
these need to correct it. The true absorption rate columns. Chem. Eng. Sci. 4:49-57.
of CO2 is 3% less than the observed rate due to Whitman, W.G. 1923. Preliminary
this effect. Packing, which will promote a high experimental confirmation of the two-film
interfaces area between the two phases and a theory of gas absorption. Chem. Metall.
high degree of turbulence in the fluid may be Eng., 29:146–148.
employed further.
Appendix
References
Q-Basic Program
Backhurst, J.R.; Harker, J.H.; Coulson, J.M.;
REM MODELING OF GAS ABSORPTION COLUMN
and Richardson, J.F. 1994. Chemical REM CARBON (1V) OXIDE-NaOH SYSTEM
Engineering: Volume 4: Solutions to the REM MOHAMMED ALHASSAN
problems in Volume 1. Butterworth INPUT “CONCENTRATION AT EQUILIBRIUM”; C
Heinemann, London, UK. INPUT “DIFFUSIVITY”; D
INPUT “RATE CONSTANT”; K
Coulson, J.M.; and Richardson, J.F. 1996. INPUT “MOLAR MASS”; MW
Chemical Engineering: Volume 1: Fluid INPUT “DENSITY OF GAS”; ℓg
flow, heat transfer and mass transfer, 5th ed. INPUT “BOTTOM MOLE FRACTION”; Yb
Butterworth Heinemann, London, UK. INPUT; ABSORPTION FRACTION; Ea
Danckwerts, P.V.; and Kennedy, B.E. 1954. INPUT; FINAL PRESSURE; Pi
INPUT; INITIAL PRESSURE; Po
Kinetics of liquid-film process in gas INPUT MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT; ky
absorption. Part I: Models of the absorption INPUT; INITIAL TEMPERATURE; Ti
process. Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 32:S49- INPUT; FINAL TEMPERATURE; Tf
S52. INPUT; VISCOSITY OF LIQUID; Vis
INPUT; ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY; G
Foust, A.S.; Wenzel, L.A.; Clump, C.W.; Maus, INPUT; DENSITY OF LIQUID; Pl
L.; and Andersen, L.B. 1980. Principles of INPUT; ZIGMA; Z
unit operations, 2nd ed. Krieger Publishing INPUT; MASS FLOW RATE OF LIQUID; L
Company, Melbourne, FL, USA. PRINT; t (sec); M; Qvg; Ac; D; hp
Franks, R.G.E. 1967. Mathematical modeling FOR t = 30 TO 10800 STEP 30
Q = (C*(SQR (D*K)*(t+1 / (2*K))))
in chemical engineering. John Wiley and Qvg = Q *Mw / Pg
Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, pp. 4-6. M = (Qvg *Yb*Ea) / ((1 – Yb) * 22.4)
Higbie, R. 1935. The rate of absorption of a DPm = (Pi – Po) / (ln (Pi / Po))
pure gas into a still liquid during short A = M / (ky / DPm)
period of exposure. Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. V = A / Pg
P = 1.29 *Ti / Tf
Eng. 31:365-388. G = Qvg *1.29
Kutepov, A.M.; Bondareva, T.I.; and Z1 = LOG (Z*P ^ (.16 *Vis) / (G
Berengarten, M.G. 1988. Basic chemical *(V^3)*Pl))
engineering with practical applications. Mir Z2 = 1.75 * ((L / G) ^.25)*((P / Pl)
^.125)
Publishers, Moscow, Russia, pp. 95-110. VA = SQR ((10 ^ (.022 – Z2 – Z1)))
Levinspiel, O. 1972. Chemical reaction VC = .075 * Va
engineering, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Ac = G / (3600*P*VC)
Inc., New York, NY, USA, pp. 210-213, D = (Ac / .785) ^ .5
320-326. hp = Vc / Ac
PRINT tab1
Luyben, W.L. 1989. Process modeling, (t);tab3(M);tab4(Qvg);tab5(Ac);tab6(D)
simulation, and control for chemical ;tab7(hp)
engineers, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Education, NEXT t
Columbus, OH, USA, pp. 22-24. END

139
 AU J.T. 10(2): 132-140 (October 2006)

Computer Program Algorithm

BEGINNING
↓
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
Q = C * ⎜⎜ DK ⎜ t + ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 2K ⎠ ⎠
↓
M
QV .I .G = Q × W
δg
↓
Q ye
M = V .I .G b a
(1 − y b )22.4
↓
P − Po
ΔPM = i
P
ln i
Po
↓
M
A=
K y ΔPm
↓
A
V =
δg
↓
Ti
δ = 1.29
Tf
↓
G = QV .I .G × 1.29
↓
⎧ 0.125
0.16 μ lq ⎫
⎛ L ⎞ ⎛⎜ δ ⎞⎟
0.25
⎪ σδ ⎪
VA = 10^ ⎨0.22 − 1.75⎜ ⎟ − log ⎬
G
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ lq ⎠⎜ δ ⎟ gV 3
δ
⎪⎩ free lq ⎪
⎭
↓
VC = 0.075V A
↓
G
AC =
3,600δVC
↓
0.5
⎛ A ⎞
D=⎜ c ⎟
⎝ 0.785 ⎠
↓
V
hp = C
AC
↓
END

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