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    (Nadia) Procedure + Discussion+references

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    (Nadia) Procedure + Discussion+references

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    Nadia
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    (NADIA)PROCEDURE + DISCUSSION+REFERENCES

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    11 views3 pages

    (Nadia) Procedure + Discussion+references

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    Nadia

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    PROCEDURE

    General start-up
    1.The equipment are connected to single phase power supply and the unit is switch on.
    2.Then, open all valves and the pressure reading panel. This is to make sure that the chambers
    are under atmospheric pressure.
    3.After that, close all the valves.
    4. Next, connect the pipe from compressive port of the pump to pressure chamber or connect
    the pipe from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum chamber. The connect must not does at the
    same time.
    5.Now, the unit is ready to use.

    Experiment 1 :-Boyle ‘s Law


    1. The general set-up is done.
    2. The compressor hose is inserted to the pressure
    chamber.
    3. The pump is switched on, and the pressure inside the
    chamber is allowed to increase to about 150-160KPa.
    4. The system is left to stabilize, and the pump is
    switched off.
    5. The pressure reading for both chambers (PT1 and PT2)
    is recorded (before expansion).
    6. The valve 2 is opened fully and the pressurized air is
    allowed to flow into the vacuum chamber.
    7. The pressure reading for both chambers (PT1 and PT2)
    is recorded (after expansion).
    8. The compressor hose is removed from the pressure
    chamber.
    9. The valve 3 is opened to allow the pressurized air to
    leave the chambers.
    10. Steps 1 to 8 is repeated for different conditions:
    a. From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
    b. From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber.
    11. The data is tabulated, and the PV values are calculated.

    Experiment 2:-Gay-Lussac Law


    1. The general set-up is done
    2. The compressor hose is inserted to the pressure
    chamber.
    3. The pump is switched on.
    4. The temperature for every increase of pressure by
    10KPa in the chamber is recorded.
    5. The pump is switched off when the pressure in chamber reaches 160KPa and the
    compressor hose is removed from the pressure chamber.
    6. The valve 1 is opened slowly to allow the pressurized air to leave the chambers
    7. The temperature for every decrease of pressure by 10KPa in the chamber is recorded.
    8. When the pressure in the chamber is equal to atmospheric pressure, steps 1 to 8 is repeated
    2 more times to get an average reading.
    9. The data is tabulated, the graph of pressure against temperature is plotted.
    Experiment 3:Determination of ratio heat capacity
    1. The general starts up is done.
    2. The compressor hose is inserted to the pressure
    chamber.
    3. The pump is switched on, and the pressure inside the
    chamber is allowed to increase to about 160KPa.
    4. The system is left to stabilize, and the pump is
    switched off.
    5. The pressure (PT1) and temperature(T1) reading for
    pressure chamber is recorded.
    6. The valve 1 is opened fully and closed after a few
    seconds.
    7. The pressure (PT1) and temperature(T1) reading for
    pressure chamber is recorded until it stabilizes.
    8. The data is tabulated.
    9. The ratio of the heat capacity is determined.

    DISCUSSION

    This experiment involved First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of


    Thermodynamics and relationship between P-v-. The experiment also involve several law
    such Boyle’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law.

    The first experiment is Boyle’s Law. Boyle’s law state that absolute pressure and
    volume of given mass are inversely proportional with constant temperature. The relationship
    of Boyle’s law can be expressed as P1V1=P2V2 (Garai, 2007) where according to Boyle’s law,
    P1V1=P2V2 then by calculating using the data collected during experiment using the ideal
    gas equation, PV=RT the volume is calculated for each of the pressure of the experiment 1. In
    first condition, the pressurized to the atmospheric the value of volume are V1=16.09L then
    expend V2=18.02L. In the second condition, atmospheric to vacuum the volume are
    V1=41.57L then expend to V2=27.65L. For the last condition pressurized to vacuum, the
    reading is taken separately for pressure chamber and vacuum chamber. In pressure chamber,
    V1= 15.84L before expansion while V2= 19.92L after expansion. Using these value we
    calculated the value of PV and see the relation stated by Boyle’s law P1V1=P2V2. It shown
    that the P1V1 value is close to the value of P2V2. Hence, we can say that the experiment
    have already prove what stated by Boyle’s law is accurate and the experiment is successful.
    For further explanation Boyle’s law we also need the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which
    states from book of thermal physics of the atmosphere that if system A is in thermal
    equilibrium with system B and system B is in thermal equilibrium with system C then system
    A has to be in thermal equilibrium with system C (Maarten 2020). That is why P1V1=P2V2.

    In the experiment 2, according to Gay-Lussac law where the pressure is proportional


    to temperature (Neil L.Heckman, 2015). From the plotted graph, the pressure is proportional
    to temperature where it follows the Gay-Lussac Law. As the pressure is increased the
    temperature also increases in a constant volume. In the graph, the depressurized is line has a
    higher temperature as the pressure increase than pressurize line in the graph that show in the
    result.
    For the last experiment that is, the determination of ratio of heat capacity using the
    expression of the heat capacity ratio, the heat capacity ratio is calculated to be 1.04. This
    value deviated a little from the theoretical value which is 1.4. Hence, the percentage errors
    calculated are as follows.
    Percentage error
    = (theoretical value – actual value) / theoretical value x 100
    = (1.4 – 1.04) / 1.4 x 100
    =25.71 %

    Since the percentage error is too large (more than 10%), this experiment is considered
    not successful. This is may be because of the error while handling this kind of equipment.

    REFERENCES
    [1] Garai, A. l. (2007). Derivation of gas law. chemical education, 1-2.
    [2] Neil L.Heckman, E. D. (2015). A simple appratus for determining the relationship between pressure and
    temperature of gases. International chemistry review, 4-7.
    [3] Maarteen H. P. Ambaum (2020).Thermal Physics of the Atmosphere (Paul D. Williams) (Second Edition)
    Pages 17-38, (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128244982000094)

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