Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia Vol 8 No 1 Special Issue 2020

Published by Universitas Airlangga

Doi: 10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.51-59

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

MISINFORMATION RELATED TO COVID-19 IN INDONESIA

Kesalahan Informasi COVID-19 di Indonesia

Narila Mutia Nasir1,2, Baequni1,2, *Mochamad Iqbal Nurmansyah1,2

1Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta State Islamic University,
Indonesia
2Indonesian Public Health Association (IAKMI) for Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia

*Correspondence: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Background: An increase in COVID-19 cases has been accompanied by an increase in public misinformation
around basic coronavirus facts, its transmission, and its prevention.
Aims: This study describes public knowledge of COVID-19 misinformation in Indonesia.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study using online questionnaires for data collection from 4 April to
11 April 2020. The questionnaires consisted of two parts regarding demographic characteristics and knowledge
of misinformation. The sample in this study was 530 respondents. Descriptive analysis was used for data
analysis.
Results: The majority of respondents were below 25 years old (n = 342, 64.5%) and had graduated from
junior/senior high school education (n = 277, 52.3%). Of the respondents, 13.2% believed the COVID-19 would
stop in Indonesia's climate, while 27.7% stated that COVID-19 is a biological weapon deliberately created by
another country. Meanwhile, 19.6% believed that gargling with salt water or vinegar can kill the COVID-19 virus.
Conclusion: A group of people still did not understand misinformation regarding COVID-19. Various efforts are
needed to align community understanding of COVID-19 prevention and to provide accurate information.

Keywords: COVID-19, misinformation, prevention measures, SARC-CoV-2.

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Meningkatnya kasus COVID-19 diiringi dengan meningkatnya misinformasi publik seputar fakta
dasar virus corona, penularan dan pencegahannya.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan pengetahuan publik terkait misinformasi COVID-19 di
Indonesia.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang menggunakan formulir daring untuk pengumpulan data.
Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada 4 hingga 11 April 2020. Kuesioner penelitian terdiri dari dua bagian terkait
karakteristik demografi dan pengetahuan terkait misinformasi. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 530
responden. Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk analisis data.
Hasil: Mayoritas responden berusia kurang dari 25 tahun (n= 342, 64,5%) dan lulus dari tingkat pendidikan
sekolah menengah pertama/atas (n= 277, 52,3%). Terdapat 13,2% responden yang masih beranggapan bahwa
virus SARS-CoV-2 tidak bisa hidup di iklim Indonesia, sedangkan 27,7% menyatakan bahwa virus tersebut
merupakan senjata biologis yang sengaja dibuat oleh suatu negara. Sementara itu, 19,6% responden masih
percaya bahwa berkumur dengan air garam atau cuka dapat membunuh virus.
Kesimpulan: Sekelompok orang masih tidak mengetahui kesalahan informasi terkait pencegahan COVID-19.
Berbagai upaya perlu diambil untuk meluruskan pemahaman masyarakat terkait pencegahan COVID-19,
sehingga masyarakat memiliki pemahaman yang benar .

Kata kunci: COVID-19, misinformasi, langkah pencegahan, SARS-CoV-2.

Received: 28 April 2020 Accepted: 10 June 2020 Published: 17 June 2020

INTRODUCTION Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

(SARS-CoV-2). A study stated that people
The World Health Organization infected by SARS-CoV-2 exhibit such
(WHO) announced the coronavirus symptoms as dry cough, fatigue, fever, and
(COVID-19) pandemic on March 11th, 2020 dyspnea (Wu et al., 2020). The virus is
(World Health Organization, 2020f). This transmitted from person to person through
infection is caused by Severe Acute

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Doi: 10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.51-59

respiratory droplets and contact routes infodemic involves an excessive amount of

(World Health Organization, 2020e). information, some of which is accurate
As of April 24th 2020, a total of while some is not, and thus people find it
2,626,321 people globally had been difficult to identify trustworthy, reliable
confirmed as testing positive for the virus sources as needed (World Health
(World Health Organization, 2020d). The Organization, 2020c). The WHO has
number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia identified several themes of misinformation
also continued to increase. On May 7th, related to COVID-19 such as its cause and
2020, the number of confirmed cases origins, its symptoms and transmission
reached 12,776. The COVID-19 pandemic patterns, available treatments, and the
has affected not only people’s health, but effectiveness and impact of interventions
also other aspects of life. The United by health authorities or other institutions
Nations University World Institute for (World Health Organization, 2020c).
Development Economics Research Misinformation is a false health-
estimated that COVID-19 has become one related claim of fact that lacks scientific
of the challenges to ending poverty as one evidence (Chou, Oh, and Klein, 2018). It is
of the United Nations Sustainable also defined as information that is incorrect
Development Goals. Although poverty has possibly by accident (Scheufele and
decreased since 1990, it has dramatically Krause, 2019). Misinformation is different
surged since the COVID-19 pandemic from disinformation. Disinformation does
(Sumner, Hoy, and Ortiz-juarez, 2020). not always spread false information; it can
Moreover, the United Nations Development also be accurate information that has an
Program has predicted that COVID-19 intended harmful effect on a target (Volkin,
supresses economies and exacerbates 2020).
inequality (United Nations Development Anxiety and uncertainty about the
Programme, 2020). pandemic can create a suitable
Combating the COVID-19 pandemic environment for misinformation (Thulin,
has become the responsibility of health 2020). Misinformation regarding COVID-19
workers and communities since they are on could put people at risk as it may give them
the frontline in detecting and managing a false sense of security (Simon Fraser
epidemics (World Health Organization, University, 2020). The spread of COVID-19
2018). WHO recommends basic protective misinformation has been rising globally
measures against COVID-19 including (Mian and Khan, 2020). The public health
frequent handwashing with soap; social crisis due to the disease has stimulated
(physical) distancing; not touching the misinformation. Moreover, evidence
eyes, nose, and mouth; and respiratory suggests that untruths spread more easily
hygiene etiquette (World Health than truths (Vosoughi, Roy, and Aral,
Organization, 2020b). Certainly, 2018).
appropriate knowledge should be provided COVID-19 misinformation has also
to each person so they may perform occurred in Indonesia, spreading massively
preventive measures correctly. The social on social media. This is not surprising
ecological model, as defined by McLeroy, because most Indonesians are social
identifies knowledge as one of the media users. With 120 million Facebook
intrapersonal factors that determine health users, Indonesia is ranked third among
behaviors (Sutton, 2014). Facebook users, behind only India and
Unfortunately, the increase in the United States in January 2020 (Statista,
number of COVID-19 cases is consistent 2020).
with the spread of an infodemic. An

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Hence, the Indonesian government education, and occupation) and public

has identified and taken action against knowledge of 11 misinformation topics
misinformation through a hoax-buster related to COVID-19 basic facts, its modes
section on their official website. There are of transmission, and prevention measures.
several issues regarding misinformation, Misinformation topics were developed by
such as government policies of COVID-19 selecting several current issues of COVID-
countermeasures, various conditions of 19 misinformation from the “Myth Busters”
several regions after the COVID-19 impact, section on World Health Organization’s
and other several issues (COVID-19 website and the “Hoax Buster” section on
Response Acceleration Task Force, the COVID-19 Response Acceleration
2020c). Although the government has Task Force’s website (COVID-19
responded to tackle false information, it still Response Acceleration Task Force, 2020c;
spreads throughout the community. World Health Organization, 2020a).
Nonetheless, research about COVID- Eleven topics were chosen from
19 misinformation among Indonesians is several misinformation issues applicable
rare. Research on this topic is required to only to the Indonesian context. For
give insights to the government or other example, the public was misinformed about
parties concerned with health education. COVID-19 transmission through houseflies
With such data, they can design suitable (this study assumed that such a topic did
material for prevention issues, and thus the not exist among Indonesians). Several
public can gain accurate information. topics were irrelevant to the health aspect,
Therefore, this study aimed to describe such as political issues. Respondents were
public knowledge of COVID-19 asked to answer “yes,” “no,” and “do not
misinformation among Indonesian citizens. know” for each piece of misinformation
presented in the online questionnaire.
METHODS The questionnaire was then
measured for reliability by calculating
This study was cross-sectional, using Cronbach’s α. The Cronbach’s α for the
online questionnaires for data collection questionnaire was 0.704. The α-value of
from 4 April to 11 April 2020. The variable 0.70 was considered sufficient for reliability
assessed was respondents’ knowledge of or internal consistency of an instrument
COVID-19 misinformation. Misinformation (Taber, 2018).
in this study was defined as a false claim of Before the respondents filled out the
fact due to lack of scientific evidence questionnaire, they were informed about
(Chou, Oh, and Klein, 2018). A respondent the aim of the study, how to answer
was considered informed when they had questions, and other information related to
correct knowledge of the issues. The this research. Respondents who agreed to
respondents were categorized as join the study would click the “next” button
misinformed when they believed in to continue to fill out the questionnaire.
incorrect or counterfactual claims. The minimum sample was calculated
Moreover, they were considered for cross-sectional studies/surveys (Charan
uninformed when they were simply and Biswas, 2013). The sample was
unaware of the facts or did not have a obtained with the precision of 5%, and the
factual belief (Gidengil et al., 2004; expected proportion in population based on
Scheufele and Krause, 2019). the previous study was 23% with a
The online questionnaire consisted of minimum of 237 samples (Berman, 2020).
two sections: demographic characteristics Inclusion criteria of the respondents
of the respondents (sex, age, level of included age and location. The

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respondents were a minimum of 17 years Besides, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has

old, and a total of 530 respondents lived in infected more than 21,000 people in
Jakarta and outside. The sample was Indonesia by May 2020 (COVID-19
chosen by using a consecutive sampling Response Acceleration Task Force,
method in which the respondents could be 2020b). In spite of temperature and
recruited per the inclusion criteria (Setia, humidity’s effect on viral growth, a
2016). The survey invitation was sent via preliminary study found a significant
social media such as WhatsApp and correlation between temperature average
Instagram. A descriptive statistical method and the incidence rate of COVID-19 in
was employed to present the results of the Jakarta (Tosepu et al., 2020). Another
study. study revealed sunlight exposure was
correlated significantly with COVID-19
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION recovery among patients in Jakarta (Asyary
and Veruswati, 2020). Therefore, 13.2% of
Table 1 illustrates the respondents’ respondents were still misinformed, and
demographic characteristics. Most of the 17.2% were still uninformed about that
respondents were female (n= 404, 76.3%) issue.
and in the age group of ≤ 25 years old (n= The idea that the virus is a bioweapon
342, 64.5%). Around 52.3% (n=277) was oppsed by Tom Inglesby, an expert in
graduated from secondary high school, and health security, who said there was no
70% of them resided in Jakarta (n= 371). evidence of anything of it being anything
In Table 2, COVID-19 misinformation other than a naturally occurring virus
is explained. As many as 13.2% expressed (Powder, 2020). Moreover, Saputra, a
that the SARS-CoV-2 virus cannot live in researcher from the Indonesian Institute of
the Indonesian climate, while 17.2% of Sciences (LIPI), stated that the virus was
them were not sure about that issue. not a biological weapon because it had no
Furthermore, 27.7% of them stated that the gene similar to other corona viruses such
SARS-CoV-2 virus was a biological as flu, MERS and SARS 2002 (COVID-19
weapon of a particular country. Moreover, Response Acceleration Task Force,
36.2% of them believed that exposing 2020c). However, the community easily
money or goods to the sun for about 30 believed information about tips to prevent
minutes can kill the virus. There were the infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus since
19.6% of respondents who thought that they were too afraid of viral infection. The
gargling with salt water or vinegar can kill results revealed that 27.7% of respondents
the virus, while 3.47% were not aware of were misinformed about this issue.
that issue. The last issue is that 12.1% of The results also explained that 17.2%
the respondents did not know whether or of the respondents believed the virus could
not spraying disinfectant on the body is safe spread through the air. However, from the
or not. analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in
There was a growing assumption that China, airborne transmission was not
high temperature and humidity will reduce reported (Ong et al., 2020). With a such
the virus and its ability to reproduce and evidence, some respondents were still
spread. Some people still believe that misinformed about this issue.
COVID-19 could not survive in a tropical Using hand sanitizer is believed to
country like Indonesia (COVID-19 eliminate the virus. As a result, the public
Response Acceleration Task Force, bought an excessive amount of hand
2020a). In fact, WHO stated that COVID-19 sanitizers, causing stockout, which, in turn,
virus can spread in hot and humid climates. stimulated fake hand sanitizer producers. A

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previous study pointed out that, when by washing hands with soap frequently
simple handwashing with unmedicated after touching surfaces or after coming in
soap and water was undertaken from outside. Hand sanitizers are
appropriately, it was highly effective in alternatives when it is hard to find water and
removing influenza virus from hands soap. Improper use of hand sanitizers
(Grayson et al., 2009). could cause irritation. Therefore, the 16.4%
Despite physical or social distancing, of the respondents who believed one must
the best practice to prevent the use hand sanitizers for handwashing have
transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is by been misinformed.
maintaining personal hygiene, especially

Table 1. Respondents’ Demographic Characteristics.

n= 530 %
Sex
Female 404 76.3
Male 126 23.8
Age group
≤ 25 342 64.5
26 – 45 148 27.9
> 45 40 7.5
Education
Primary school 1 0.2
Secondary high school 277 52.3
Diploma 51 9.6
Bachelor degree 174 32.8
Graduate/Postgraduate 27 5.1
Occupancy
Civil Servant/State-owned corporation 52 9.8
staf/Police/Military
Private sector 127 24.0
Informal sector 15 2.8
Student with health major 246 46.4
Student with non-health major 45 8.5
Housewife 45 8.5
Domicile
Jakarta 371 70.0
Outside Jakarta 159 30.0

Another instance of misinformation throat symptoms, but there is no medical

found was that gargling with saltwater or evidence for this method to prevent COVID-
vinegar can kill the virus. Gargling with salt 19 (Ika, 2020). Among the respondents,
water, vinegar, or warm water was 19.6% were still uninformed as they agreed
asummed to prevent the virus from entering with the idea of gargling with salt or vinegar.
the lungs. Unfortunately, no evidence has, Spraying disinfectant all over the
to date, demonstrated this (Mascarenhas, body was assumed to kill the virus. The
2020). Even though gargling or drinking community’s perception was that someone
hot/warm water mixed with vinegar or salt who has been sprayed can freely move
has long been used by Indonesians as an without physical distancing anymore.
alternative to relieve influenza or sore However, WHO stated that spraying

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alcohol or chlorine all over the body can be disinfectant may be poisonous. Some
harmful to clothes or mucous membranes cases were reported in the United States
(i.e., eyes, mouth) (World Health for using disinfectant during the COVID-19
Organization, 2020b). pandemic (Chang et al., 2020). Moreover,
The use of disinfectant became physical or social distancing and good
massive since people believed it would personal hygiene are more important to
make them free from the virus. However, reducing the potential risk of infection rather
they should be informed that people than using disinfectant products, some of
infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus still had which did not effectively kill the virus
the possibility to transmit the virus although (Hamzelou, 2020). Based on this evidence,
their body may have been sprayed with 12.1% of respondents were still
disinfectant. Inappropriately using misinformed about the use of disinfectant.

Table 2. COVID-19 Misinformation in the Indonesian Community.

Statements Yes n (%) No n (%) Do not
know n
(%)
COVID-19 Basic Facts
The virus cannot live in the Indonesian climate 70 (13.2) 369 (69.6) 91 (17.2)
The virus is a biological weapon made by a certain 147 (27.7) 155 (29.2) 228 (43.0)
country
COVID-19 Transmission
The virus is transmitted through the air 91 (17.2) 439 (82.8) -
Turmeric makes the body more susceptible to the 26 (4.9) 325 (61.3) 179 (33.8)
virus
If we are not strong enough to hold our breath for 53 (10.0) 316 (59.6) 161 (30.4)
10 seconds, then we are suspected of having
contracted the virus
Prevention of COVID-19
Handwashing with water (no need to use soap) is 132 (24.9) 390 (73.6) 8 (1.5)
enough to prevent the virus
Handwashing must involve hand sanitizer (cannot 87 (16.4) 430 (81.1) 13 (2.5)
use soap) to prevent the virus
Taking chloroquine can prevent the virus 39 (7.4) 295 (55.7) 196 (37.0)
Gargling with salt water or vinegar can eliminate 104 (19.6) 242 (45.7) 184 (34.7)
the virus
Exposing money or goods to the sun for about 30 192 (36.2) 152 (28.7) 186 (35.6)
minutes can eliminate the virus
Spraying disinfectant on the body is a safe way to 64 (12.1) 423 (79.8) 43 (8.1)
disinfect surfaces

There were 225 pieces of COVID-19 prevent and mitigate COVID-19 measures
misinformation published in English (Limaye et al., 2020).
between January and March 2020 This present study revealed that
(Brennen et al., 2020). That “the virus is not there are groups of people who remained
heat-resistant and will halt in a temperature misinformed and uninformed about the
of just 26/27 degrees” is one of the COVID-19 and its prevention. Only valid
misinformation issues in Indonesia. The and agile information that could be
rapid spread of misinformation confuses accessed by all groups can become a
the public, hindering public trust, defense against rising public panic,
consensus, and subsequent action to financial market hysteria, and unintended

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misunderstandings of the science and truths to tackle misinformation. Again, even

epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 (Garrett, though the public might have been
2020). informed several times, education on how
Actions should be carried out to to choose accurate information should be
increase public awareness of the risks of intensified. Otherwise, more people will be
misinformation, subliminal advertising, and exposed to a lot of misinformation which
polarization by building an international can place them at risk of performing wrong
coalition to increase the state’s capacity to protocol and preventive measures.
prevent, detect, and respond to threats of
the infectious disease (Felten and Nelson, CONFLICT OF INTEREST
2019). Another strategy to counter
misinformation is by swamping fake news The authors declare that they have
with the truth using the counterintuitive no competing interests.
approach (Alemanno, 2018). Trustworthy
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