EFFICIENCY OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomea batatas) STARCH AS A COMPONENT

FOR BIO-PLASTIC

A Quantitative Research
Presented to the Department of
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
LEYTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Lino Gonzaga Avenue, Tacloban City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

RESEARCH WORK/IMMERSION

Caraan, Keithley P.
Bayudang, Jayrose Joy M.
Aguirre, John Nino P.
Ramo, Christian D.
Cinco, Bent Genaro Fonzy III N.
Cativo, Abegail M.
Archin, Marinell G.
Badilla, Bernalyn U.
Elizarde, Mia Jean A.
Ogana, Glyssa D.
Melgar, Claire Jaspher L.

Davy T. Vacal
Research Adviser

February, 2018
 ABSTRACT

Plastics have been the fastest growing basic material and can last a long time. The

world production of plastic is estimated to be more than 100 million tons per year. The

present study was conducted in order to determine the efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomea

batatas) starch as component for bio-plastic. The researchers prepared a control group

containing 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% concentration of corn starch was used and three

(3) experimental group containing 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% concentration of sweet

potato (Ipomea batatas) starch. The recorded data from the experiment was then analyzed

by using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in Microsoft Excel 2016. Results

showed that
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With all the love and appreciation, the researchers would like to extend their heartfelt

gratitude to the following individuals whom, in one way or another, greatly helped and

contributed a lot towards the success of this study.

To Ms. Davy T. Vacal, research adviser, for her patience, consideration,

encouragement, instant advice and ample time spent throughout the preparation and the

conduct of this study;

To Mr. Arvin T. Pacoma, III teacher, for his support throughout the conduct of this

study, for guiding the researchers in conducting their research experiment and for his ample

time spent throughout the preparation and the conduct of this study;

To Mr. Rico A. Ramasasa and Mr. Alberto Norombaba Jr., for letting the researchers

borrow their laptop which help the researchers make, edit and finalize the study.

To the researchers’ ever loving and supportive parents and families for giving them

the guidance, encouragement, and the physical, emotional and financial support they needed;

for allowing the researchers have their overnights to be able to successfully finish the study,

and for the trust that the researchers can do it despite of the circumstances.

Moreover, the researchers give their thanks and appreciation to their classmates and

friends who have helped them in any ways possible during the conduct of the study.

And most especially to the Almighty God who gave them the strength in pursuit of

finishing this study successfully.

Finally, the researchers, with their utmost sincerity, extend their deepest gratitude to

all others who cooperated with them in this regard.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………… ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………….. iii

CHAPTER I

Introduction …………………………………………………………………

Background of the Study ……………………………………………………..

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………….

Research Objectives …………………………………………………………

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………

Scope and Delimitations …………………………………………………….

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature ……………………………………………….

Related Studies …………………………………………………………….

Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………….

Research Hypotheses ………………………………………………………

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

 Research Design ……………………………………………………………

The Sample …………………………………………………………………

Research Instruments …………………………………………………………

Research Interventions ………………………………………………………..

Data Collection Procedure ……………………………………………………

Plan for Data Analysis………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data …………………………….

Reconceptualized Framework …………………………………………………

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………

Recommendations ……………………………………………………………..

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………..
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Plastics have been the fastest growing basic material because they are versatile, light

weight, energy saving, durable and recyclable. Plastics are used because they are very useful,

cheap, manageable and handy. It has become a popular material used in a wide variety of

ways. Plastics can last a long time but unfortunately, this same useful quality can make

plastic a huge pollution problem (Roxas, et al., 2010. Plastics are also a huge problem in

waste disposal and studies have been made to find a substitute material which can be used in

making biodegradable plastics. Because plastic does not decompose and requires high energy

of ultra-violet light to break down, the amount of plastic waste in our oceans is steadily

increasing. According to Phil star 2018, that the Philippines has become the world’s third

largest source of plastic leaking into the ocean and has among the highest trash collection

rates in Southeast Asia.

Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas) is a starchy, sweet-tasting root vegetable. They have a

thin, brown skin on the outside with coloured flesh inside. Most commonly orange in colour,

but other varieties are white, purple or yellow. The unique composition of sweet potato

contributes to their various health benefits and some factors affecting the nutritional

composition and bio-functions of sweet potato include the varieties, plant parts, extraction

time and solvents, postharvest storage and processing. Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) are

efficient since it is abundant in our locality.

According to Le Geum (2018), the world production of plastic is estimated to be

more than 100 million tons per year. Plastics are indeed a threat to wild life. Tragically,

millions of tons of plastic are poisoning our ocean. Plastic pollution harms people, animals,
and the environment because it is non-biodegradable. In some instances, non-biodegradable

plastic consists of toxic or harmful chemicals which is harmful for animals but also for us

human. The researchers need to find alternative and effective components of plastic that is

safe and biodegradable which will not harm and pollute our mother Earth and will be

beneficial to the community.

B. Statement of the problem

To evaluate whether Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas) starch could be an effective

component for bio plastic, the researchers seek to answer the following research questions:

The main problem is to answer whether sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch could be an

effective component for bio- plastic. The research sub-problems aim to answer: Is sweet

potato (Ipomea batatas) starch could be an effective component in making bio-based plastic.

Is local sweet potato feasible as a main feedstock in this experiment. Is the sweet potato

starch bio-based plastic will produce best characteristic in terms of its tensile strength,

flexibility, heat resistance and young modulus test and lastly to know the difference between

the control group and the sweet potato starch in terms of its feasibility.

C. Research Objectives

1. To determine if sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) is an effective component for

producing an ideal biodegradable plastic.

2. To investigate the feasibility of the local sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) as main
feedstock.

3. To distinguish the sweet potato starch-based plastic will produce best characteristic
in terms of tensile strength, flexibility, color, opacity and stain resistance.

4. To know the difference between the control group (Corn starch) and the sweet
potato starch based bio-plastic in terms of its feasibility.
D. Significance of the study

The results of this study, are deemed beneficial to the following stakeholders; (1) this

research study will help students understand and be familiarize in using alternative ways to

produce biodegradable plastics. (2) the researchers will able to help other people, the animals

and the environment in its toxic or harmful ways brought by the excessive use of plastics. (3)

similarly, this study will help the teachers impart their knowledge and understanding towards

their student’s effects of the excessive use of plastics and importance of using biodegradable

plastic. (4) it will also serve as a reference for future researchers who intended to conduct

further studies on how to produce biodegradable plastics using natural resources; lastly (5)

the result of this study will guide the administration to gain insights as to what measures are

appropriate to provide the teachers in their teaching strategies and methods about the

importance of our natural resources and using alternative ways in producing biodegradable

plastics in the future.

E. Scope and delimitations

This study begun at November 2018 and will end on March 2019. This study is only

limited to the use of sweet potato starch as a component for Biodegradable plastics. There

will be some problems in this study specifically the ingredients that will be used in making

biodegradable plastic and the equipment’s that will be needed to make sure of the accuracy of

the measurements. Lastly, the time span that will be needing to ensure the quality of the

product. The collection of sweet potato is at Tacloban City Public Market.

Despite of these limitations, the researchers will provide interventions to overcome

the following problems in order to conduct the research efficiently and effectively.
 Chapter II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A. Related Literature

History of Plastic

The first synthetic plastic was invented in 1869 by John Wesley Hyatt, who was

inspired by New York Firms’ offer of $10,000.00 for anyone who could provide a substitute

for ivory. By treating cellulose derived from cotton fiber, he discovered a plastic that could

be crafted into a variety of shapes.

In 1907, Leo Beakeland invented Bakelite, the first fully synthetic plastic meaning, it

contains no molecules found in nature. The unblemished optimism about plastic did not last.

Plastics were no longer unambiguously positive. Plastic debris in oceans was observed and

became problem in the environment. Since plastic last forever in the environment, its

reputation failed and so plastic industries offered recycling as a solution. However, recycling

is far from perfect for plastics still end up in landfills and environment. Plastics have also this

potential threat to human health, because of evidence of chemicals to form plastics (Science

History Institution, 2016).

With increasing number of plastics being employed to human lives, pressure being

placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics

and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years

(Zheng, Yanfull & Bassi, 2008).

 Types of Plastic

There are different types of plastic classified as, petroleum plastic these are plastics

are derived from natural, organic materials such as cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt and, of

course, crude oil. Crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds and needs to be

processed before it can be used. The production of plastics begins with the distillation of

crude oil in an oil refinery. Oxo-degradable plastic is made from fossil fuel derived polymers

such as PE (polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), and PS (polystyrene). It contains extra

ingredients (metal salts) to degrade and biodegrade in the open environment. These salts

catalyze the degradation process to speed it up so oxo-plastic will degrade abiotically at the

end of its useful life in the presence of oxygen, much faster than ordinary plastic.

Compostable plastic is a type of bioplastic made from renewable r esources including plant

matter and starches, that’s why Bio bags break down just like plants in a composting

environment. When plant matter composts it can be returned to the ground to grow more

plants – the best end of life option for a plastic bag. Biodegradable plastic is plastic that

decomposes naturally in the environment. This is achieved when microorganisms in the

environment metabolize and break down the structure of biodegradable plastic. The end

result is one which is less harmful to the environment than traditional plastics.

Photodegradable plastic is usually made of oil-based polymers, just like ordinary plastic. It

either has bonds in its structure that can be weakened and broken by sunlight, or it contains a

chemical additive which absorbs light and then attacks the polymer and breaks some of the

bonds.
 The interaction between synthetic polymers and the natural environment in terms of

the effects of oxygen, radiant energy, and living organisms has been extensively studied over

the past two decades, the preservation of the environment made the public with much interest.

Introduction to Bioplastic

Bioplastic is a plastic that is made partly or wholly from materials derived from

biological sources, such as sugarcanes or the cellulose from trees and straws. It is also

designed to biodegrade or compost at the end of their useful life, aided by fungi, bacteria and

enzymes. In more recent years, bioplastics have been used in a variety of consumer products,

such as food containers, grocery bags, biodegradable utensils and food packaging which are

often called as commodity plastics. Two sorts of bioplastics are now produced in large

quantities. These are referred to as polylactide acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanote (PHA).

PHA is produced naturally by bacteria and genetically modified (GMO) plants and

production from food waste which are expensive and only limited quantities can be produced

from bacteria. PLA are long chain of many lactic acid molecules and inexpensive means of

producing lactic acid and have to be polymerized or joined (Vijavalaxmi, 2010).

Natural biodegradable plastics are based primarily on renewable resources.

Biodegredation is degradation caused by biological activity, particularly by enzyme action

leading to significant changes in the material's chemical structure. The biodegradability of

plastics is dependent on the chemical structure of the material (Demerbas, 2007).

Plastic Codes

There are 7 types of plastics codes that will make easier for the consumers to choose

plastics and to know which plastics should be recycled. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate),

these are plastics that are commonly used in consumer products, and is found in most water
and pop-bottles. It is only intended for single use only; repeated use increases risk of leaching

and bacterial growth. It is also difficult to decontaminate and proper cleaning requires

harmful chemicals.The two major types of PE that are used in films and flexible packaging

sector like HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) these are plastics which are most thin gauge

carrier bags, fresh produce bags and some bottles and caps and the LDPE (Low Density

Polyethylene) these are plastics used generally for trays and heavier duty films such as long-

life bags and sacks , polytunnels, protective sheeting and food bags (Bethesda, 2017). PVC

(Polyvinyl chloride) are solid plastics made from vinyl chloride. It is made softer and more

flexible with addition of phthalates and can contain traces of bisphenol A. It is also used in

making pipes, vinyl floorings and sidings, medical devices, plumbing and automotive parts

(Johnson, 2017). PP (Polypropylene) is used for a wide number of different products, it can

be used on items that are going to have high stress. It is also used in manufacturing piping

systems, as well as chairs and in medical or laboratory use. PS (Polystyrene) is a versatile

plastic used to make a wide variety of consumer products. It is a hard, solid plastic, it is often

used in products that requires transparency, such as food packaging and laboratory ware.

When it is combined with other colorants, it is used to make appliances, electronics,

automobile parts, toys, gardening pots and equipment’s (Amanda, 2018). Other plastic, these

are plastics that may be layered or mixed with other types of plastics.

Bioplastic
Figure 2: Closed cycle of biodegradable plastic (Giles, Wagner & Mount, 2005)

Production of Bioplastic

An article by Schon & Schwarty that vinegar is 6% in volume solution of acetic acid

literate’s acetate ions and hydrogen ions in solution. They’re important, because ions react

with the starch polymers and make them disordered more easily in the solution. This disorder,

resulting from the disruption by the water and the ionization by the acetic acid, makes the

resulting cast fills more homogenous. Water plays important role in the production of

bioplastic. First, it acts do a solvent to dissolve the starch. Secondly it helps the starch

molecules stay disrupted after heating. Glycerin is a hygroscopic liquid with a high viscosity.

It has three hydroxyl groups which make it be soluble in water. Glycerin makes the bioplastic

more flexible. It helps to make the plastic durable in many aspects because today, the use of

plastics is abundant in places that are among hundreds of plastic items being promoted as

“green”—that is, less harmful to the environment. According to Goodall (2011), the impact

of the growth of bioplastics on the land available for growing food and on maintaining

forest cover is an issue that needs to be openly discussed, as it is with the use of foodstuffs

as feedstocks for biofuel refineries.

Biodegradable Plastic Additives

Biodegradable plastic additive is a unique additive package that when placed into

polymers rapidly enhances the ability for plastic to biodegrade in anaerobic and aerobic

environments. Plastic when placed into active microbial environments begin to decompose by
microorganism. Products that have been treated with the biodegradable plastic additives can

see results of biodegradability in landfills, anaerobic digestion systems and aerobic facilities.

Classification of Plastic

Plastics are usually classified by their chemical structure of the polymer’s backbone

and side chains. Plastic can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis,

such as condensation, polyaddition, and cross linking. There are two types of classification of

plastics: thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastic are defined as polymers

that be melted and recast indefinitely. These are plastics that are molten upon heating and

harden upon cooling. The product comes in a glass-like structure and subject to fracture. Its

materials are also reversible which it can be reheated, reshape, and frozen repeatedly (Fowler

et al., 2018). Thermosetting plastic or also known as thermoset. It is a polymer material that

irreversibly cures. The curing process maybe done by heat generally above 200 degree

Celsius 394 degrees Fahrenheit. Through a chemical reaction which transforms the resin into

a plastic or rubber by a molecular cross-linking process.

Starch‐based plastics are an important class of bioplastics used to make biodegradable

products. Biodegradability can contribute to alleviating the waste problem of our current

society, Biodegradable products can both reduce the amount of waste produced and increase

material recycling and landfill diversion (Francesco R. 2012).

Measuring Biodegradation of Polymer

According to the Handbook of biodegradable polymers the biodegradation of a

substance does not only depend on the chemistry of the polymers, but also on the presence of

the biological systems involved in the process. Investigating the biodegradability of a

material, the effect on the environment cannot also be neglected. Microbial activity, and

hence biodegradation is influenced by the presence of microorganisms, availability of

oxygen, the amount of available water, temperature and the chemical environment (pH,

electrolytes, etc.).

Biodegradability of Plastics

Biodegradable of plastics are compostable material that is critical for minimizing

environmental impact increasing sustainability. Bioplastic is a conventionally plastics

disposal which is it claiming enhanced functionality of one bioplastics over another. In New

Zealand, most large-scale industrial composting facilities is currently designed to process

food and garden organics in the way of using the decomposed material that helps in

agricultural industry. They produce products that is designed in composting system within 30

days with the use of potato starch (Chanprateep, 2010).

Biodegradable plastics are plastics that decomposed naturally in the environment with

of carbon dioxide and microorganisms in the environment, making it disposable and eco-

friendly that metabolizes and breakdown the structure of biodegradable plastic (Rene, 2017).

Bio-based plastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources (i.e. vegetable fats,

vegetable oils, cornstarch) and has some or all of its carbon produced from a renewable plant

(or sometimes animal) source. Biodegradable plastics are those that degrade into carbon

dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water (H20) through biological action in a defined

environment and in a defined timescale (Summerford, 2016). These environments include

composting, anaerobic digestion, and marine and soil environments. Bioplastics can take

different length of times to totally compost, based on the material and are meant to be

composted in a commercial composting facility, where higher composting temperatures can

be reached and is between 90- 180 days. Most existing international standards require

biodegradation of 60% within 180 days along with certain other criteria for the resin or

product to be called compostable (Liebert, 2015). Some environmentalists point out hidden
environmental costs, such as poisonous pesticides sprayed on the vegetation and carbon

dioxide emissions from harvesting vehicles. Also, some manufacturers of bioplastics declare

that making them does now not use up fossil fuels—oil, natural gas, and coal. Although fossil

fuels are no longer used to make many bioplastic products, they are commonly used to energy

manufacturing plants. And producing bioplastics frequently requires nearly as a good deal

power as producing conventional plastics.

Starch based Bioplastic

Starch based bioplastic are derived from various biomass sources which is widely

being used being starch, which is natural polymer that can be incorporated in various

materials. It can be used in a variety of application because they incorporate with other

various petroleum-based polymers or biopolymers to create unique composite materials

(Sampaolo, 2018). Bio-plastic polymers have a great potential to material recovery, reduction

and landfill, customized product and use of renewable resources. Bio-plastics also represent a

new material group, which can make use of all the established recovery and recycling

technologies for conventional plastics and more-over a new option of recycling. They also

consume fewer fossil fuel resources than to petroleum based bio-plastic because no fossil fuel

feedstocks are used (Chaplin, 2018).

Starch

Starch is a soft, white, tasteless powder that is soluble in water, alcohol, or other

solvents. The basic chemical formula of starch molecule is (C 6H10O5). It is a polysaccharide

comprising glucose monomers. The simplest form of starch is the linear polymer amylose;

amylopectin is the branched form (Jacob, 2019). Starch also is the most abundant

biomolecules on earth after cellulose and the major carbohydrate reserve in plant tubers and
seed endosperm. It consists of two types of molecules namely, amylose (normally 20-30%)

and amylopectin (normally 70-80%). Amylose and amylopectin are inherently incompatible

molecules. Amylose having a lower relative molecular mass (molecular weight) with a

relatively extended shape, while amylopectin has a huge but compacted molecule. As

amylopectin requires to fill up the space with consequent formation of alternating amorphous

and crystalline structures. Some amylopectin (example, from potato) has phosphate group

that are attached to some hydroxyl groups, which it increases its hydrophilicity and swelling

power (Mawer, 2016).

Different types of starch source

Starches occur naturally in grains and tubers, but they can also be found in processed

foods derived from these ingredients, such as baked goods. Starches are found in all food

made grains, starchy vegetables or their flours. Most of the calories it obtains from starchy

root vegetable such as white potatoes, sweet potatoes, tapioca, yucca, and cassava are

provided by their natural starches. Some food that are also high in resistant of starch are oats,

cooked and cooled rice, legumes, raw potato starch, cooked and cooled potatoes, green

bananas, Hi-Maize flour and other cooked and cooled starchy carbs.

Identifying Starch

To identify the presence of starch in a given sample, it requires chemical test for

starch or Iodine. The amylose starch is responsible in the formation of a deep blue color in

the presence of iodine. The iodine molecule slips inside of the amylose coil. Iodine -Kl as

reagents: Iodine is not very soluble in water to make it possibly dissolves it requires the

presence of potassium iodide. This makes a linear trioxide ion complex with is soluble that

slips into the coil of the starch causing an intense blue-black color. To perform a starch test

simply add Iodine-Kl reagent to a solution or directly into the sample (e.g potato, bread and
crackers). A blue-black color results if starch is present. If starch amylose is not present then

the color will stay orange or yellow. Starch amylopectin does not give the color, nor does

cellulose, nor do disaccharides such as sucrose in sugar.

Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas)

Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) have a component to produce plastic which is very

significant in our life because it is used by many products today. Some important raw

materials today in making bio-plastics are starch and cellulose which generally so far have

been derived from cassava and banana.

Sweet potatoes provide a rich source of starch and dietary fiber. As what is expected

from foods classified as starchy vegetables, potatoes and sweet potatoes both contain large

amounts of starch per serving -- 10 grams per cup of white potato or 16.8 grams per an

equivalent serving of sweet potato (Tremblay, 2018). Sweet potatoes have a creamy texture

and a sweet-spicy flavor that makes them ideal for savory dishes. There are two types, one

with bright orange flesh and the other with pale cream flesh. Sweet potato is a member of the

morning glory plant family and is one of the oldest vegetables in the world. Although it is

starchy like a potato, a sweet potato has different starch properties. Because of the versatility

of its starch, the sweet potato is among the leading crops grown in developing countries

(Maryellen, 2013).

Extraction of Starch

Water extraction is the most popular extraction means of extracting starch from

tubers. In this procedure of isolation, the potato is washed, peeled and diced to increase the

surface area exposed to the following blending and slurring purposes. The diced potato is

then blended and scurried directly in a solution of water and crushed ice in the ratio of 1: >10

(w/w) to expose the starch granules from the potato. Tubers are rich in sugar and protein and
when exposed to air, they form colored components. A sulphur component is usually added

to the mixture to prevent any oxidation. The milk starch is then refined and dried to obtain the

required starch (Vasanthan, 2001).

Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas) Starch

Starch from a sweet potato is very valuable for professional and home cooks. It can be

used in place of cornstarch in recipes, or to make sweet potato noodles. The starch can also

be milled into flour to make gluten-free breads and pastry dough. Sweet potato use has

diversified considerably over the last four decades. With high starch content, it is well suited

to processing and has become an important source of raw material for starch and starch-

derived industrial products. Added value for farmers comes from a variety of products and

ingredients made from sweet potato root including flour, dried chips, juice, bread, noodles,

candy, and pectin. New products include liquors and a growing interest in the use of the

anthocyanin pigments in the purple varieties for food colorings and use in the cosmetics

industry.

Chemistry behind the formation of starch-based bioplastic

Starch is made of long chains of glucose molecules. There are two shapes or

molecules: amylose which is a straight molecule and amylopectin which has a branched

shape. The amylose and amylopectin molecules aggregate into small particles called

granules. When making the plastic film, the chains of molecules in starch line up and bond in

an ordered fashion (due to hydrogen bonding) to make a strong material. Straight chained

amylose molecules form a more ordered, and stronger, plastic film, than the branched

amylopectin molecules that are difficult to align. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to an

aqueous solution of starch to break down the branched amylopectin molecules into straight

chained amylose molecules. Once the starch solution is acidified, it is heated to boiling. As
the solution is heated, the starch becomes soluble in the water and loses its semi-crystalline

structure as the starch granules mixed with water. This creates a paste that is highly viscous

and the process is known as gelatinization. Starch gelatinization is the process where starch

and water are subjected to heat causing starch granules to swell. Water is gradually absorbed

in an irreversible manner which gives the system a viscous and transparent texture or as result

of the reaction is a gel. As the paste cools, the water is expelled and the amylose molecules

hydrogen bond to form a semi-crystalline structure again resulting in a brittle plastic film. To

improve the flexibility of the samples, other chemicals can be added to the solution before

heating. Glycerol is a small molecule that is hygroscopic (water attracting). When glycerol is

added to the starch mixture, it traps water in the starch chains making it less crystalline, and

consequently less brittle. Sugar can delay gelatinization by competing with starch to absorb

water. Glue will increase the flexibility of the sample, while keeping a high tensile strength.

B. Related Studies

Recent studies on the bioplastic is geared toward its potential impact on the

environment as well as the flexible nature of plastic which makes it a versatile material which

is applicable in many different fields of research. Different ratios of newspaper pulp in the

creation of bioplastic has an effect on its rate of biodegradation (Liew and Khor, 2013). They

decided to determine the effect of differing ratios of bioplastic and newspaper pulp fibers on

the weight loss of bioplastic pots buried below ground and pots which were not buried. They

found that bioplastic pots with a three to one bioplastic to newspaper pulp respectively had
the highest weight for both above ground and below ground. They attributed this significant

loss in weight to different organisms such as ants, millipedes, termites, and snails and to the

fungus. The country has built itself a strong bioplastic sector which has seen significant

growth in the market, which has encouraged private investments in new manufactory and

demonstrators leading to the creation of new jobs and growth within the country.

Bioplastic degrade in the open air, others are made so that they compost in an

industrial composting plant aided by fungi, bacteria and enzymes. Others mimic the robust

robustness and durability of conventional plastics such as polyethylene or PET. Bioplastic

can be generally being made to be chemically identical to the standard industrial plastics.

Thermoplastics starch blends with hydrophobic biodegradable polymers in BIOTEC research

and production program. In which the latest development in reaction-compounding process

technologies to produce thermoplastic starch in a continuous extrusion process

According to DIN 54900, thermoplastics starch bioplastics are completely

biodegradable and compostable. The innovation of this bioplastic technology is an excellent

example for a sustainable development, which means the responsible use of available natural

resources and production processes that take environmental aspects and natural circulations

into consideration. In today’s world, bioplastics are becoming increasingly prominent owing

mainly to scarcity of oil, increase in the cost of petroleum-based commodities, and growing

environmental concerns with the dumping of non-biodegradable plastics in landfills. This

book summarizes the field of bioplastics by illustrating how they form a unique class of

research area that integrates pure and applied sciences such as chemistry, engineering and

materials science, to initiate solutions. Compelling science domestics this complex and often

ambiguous branch of study for benefit of all those concerned with bioplastics (Pilla and

Wiley, 2011) To improve the mechanical and physical properties of corn starch-based

bioplastics the addition of natural polymers was investigated. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) was
made of 70 g corn starch and 30 g glycerol. To this mixture 10–10 g of cellulose,

hemicellulose and zein (protein) were added. Mechanical strength, water absorption and

enzymatic degradation of composite materials were measured. Unfilled TPS and 10 w/w%

polycaprolactone filled TPS were used as controls in the experiments. All the samples were

biodegradable by enzymes (Gaspar and Benko, 2011) The development of biodegradable

materials to be used by the plastic industry has been receiving increasing interest over the last

few years. In this work, different blends of albumen protein and starch (potato and corn) have

been used as raw materials for bioplastics exhibiting high transparency and a suitable

mechanical behavior. In order to study the effect of processing on the mechanical and optical

properties of albumen/starch-based bioplastics, three different procedures were followed:

compression-molding-based manufacture (Gonzales-Gutierrez and Partal, 2011). In today’s

world, bioplastics are becoming increasingly prominent owing mainly to scarcity of oil,

increase in the cost of petroleum-based commodities, and growing environmental concerns

with the dumping of non-biodegradable plastics in landfills. This book summarizes the field

of bioplastics by illustrating how they form a unique class of research area that integrates

pure and applied sciences such as chemistry, engineering and materials science, to initiate

solutions. Compelling science demystics this complex and often ambiguous branch of study

for benefit of all those concerned with bioplastics. Utilizing plastic as a food packaging has

increased due to the increase of population and public demand. A study dedicated to

manufacture bioplastic was made from raw material such as tapioca and chitosan. The

researchers used tapioca cassava starch because it is widely used raw material and shows

promising results in manufacturing bioplastics and they integrated the characteristics of the

bioplastic by using glycerol as a plasticizer in order to make the plastic flexible (Franceso and

Degli, 2012). Based on the findings of Mohan 2012, In order to define a sustainable bio-

based plastic, the study reviewed the ranking schemes and criteria developed in the last
decade, including the Plastics Pyramid, the Plastics Spectrum, and the Plastics Scorecard. The

12 principles created by the Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative were used as a

framework to develop a definition for a sustainable bioplastic in the study and to evaluate the

sustainability of the bio-based plastics from the information obtained in the literature review.

The study provided a comparative analysis for the following materials:

polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs); polylactic acid (PLA) and starch; bio-urethanes (BURs),

cellulose, and polytrimethylene-terephthalate (PTT); proteins from corn and soy; and nano-

biocomposites. After the analysis and evaluation, the study concludes that “some bio-based

plastics are preferable from a health and safety perspective and others are preferable from an

environmental perspective.” It adds, “Although advances have been achieved, fully

sustainable bio-based plastics with all the highly valued properties of conventional plastics

for all types of products are not yet available” (Mohan, 2012).

C. Hypotheses

1. Ho – There is no efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch as

component for bio-plastic.

2. Ha – There is an efficiency of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch as

component for bio-plastic.

D. The Theoretical and the Conceptual Framework

The figure below represents the paradigm and its accompanying variables that are to be

conducted in the research. Figure 1 presents the scheme utilized during the conduct of the

study.
Soil and stones

Collection of Weighing Peeling Peels

Washing
sweet potato

Blending
Fiber-pulp Filtration Dicing
and
Slurring
Glycerin + Water
Figure 1: Process of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch as bioplastic
An increasing demand for products that are biodegradable, inexpensive and at the

same time, sturdy. Starch is the most abundant organic compound in the world, which

mostly produced by plants. In this study, the researcher has discovered that starch could

be a component because their nanoparticles may have a tendency to protein binding

which could lead to gelatinization which is one attribute to produce plastic Adhesiveness

also is one of the properties of water that is applied to a starch when the starch is wet.

Theory of adhesiveness is applied in the study since one variable is sweet potato starch.

F. Definition of Terms

Amylose is a product of the condensation D-glycopyranuses by glucosydic bonds,

which sets long glucose linear chains of variable degrees of polymerization and molecular

weight up to 106 daltons. In this paper, it is defined as the variable needed to enhance the

bonds between glucose.

Bioplastic is an alternative made partly or wholly from sustainable plant sources and

are often biodegradable composting at the end of their useful life. It is a universal term for

polymers made up of renewable biomass resources such as corn, potato starch and cellulose.

In this paper, it is defined as the conventional plastic that is biodegradable and environment

friendly and the researchers seeks to produce.

 Fiber is a carbohydrate that body cannot digest made from. In this paper, it is defined

as the component that is need to enhance the durability and texture of the bioplastic. In this

paper, it is defined as the component that gives texture or substance to the bioplastic.

Glycerin or glycerol is a simple polyol compound. It is a sweet tasting, colorless,

odorless, nontoxic, liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. In this paper, it

is used to make the bioplastic more flexible.

Polymer is any of a class or natural or synthetic substances composed of very large

molecules, called macromolecules that are multiples of simpler chemical unit monomers. In

this paper, it is defined as a chemical compound or mixture formed by polymerization and

consisting essentially of repeating structural units.

Starch is a white, granular, organic chemical produced by all green plants. In this

paper, it is used as the main ingredient in making bioplastic.

Vinegar is an acidic liquid product prepared from alcoholic fermentation by yeast

followed by acetones fermentation by acetic acid bacteria of any food. In this paper, it is used

because it liberates acetate ions and hydrogen ions in solution.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes and discusses how the researcher will gather the necessary data

and information that will be useful in conducting the study. This shows the procedure of the

data collection and research instruments used, the chapter also discuss the type of research

design, research interventions and data analysis procedure using tables to interpret the given

data.

A. Research Design

This study utilizes an experimental research design to examine the effectiveness of the

independent variable on the experimental group. Through this, the researchers were able to

measure and control any changes in the variable. An experimental research design was

adopted for this study. A control group of corn starch was used as a control group with no

amount of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch acted as the control group using a corn and
four (4) experimental groups containing 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% concentration of sweet

potato starch. Each group was replicated three (3) times in order to provide an accurate set of

data.

B. Research Sample

The sample is the sweet potato starch. Starch has amylopectin content which is about

70% of the starch are composed with and varies the sources, and because sweet potato is

locally found in Philippine regions. The sample are collected in Tacloban City Public Market

and the researchers truly make sure its quality to enhance the feasibility of the study.

C. Research Instrument

The researchers will need different materials to use in conducting the experiment.

Weighing scale is used to ensure accurate measurement of dry ingredients to be used.

Measuring cups to ensure the accurate of measurement and the dry ingredients to be used.

Next, using fine bladed grater to finely grate the sweet potato. Sharp bladed knife is used to

slice the sweet potato into cubes before blending. Use glass rod to stir the mixture. A hot

metal plate is used as a medium to mix the ingredients. Using a graduated beaker or Pyrex, it

will act as a container to hold the mixture to dry. Pen & paper are used to list all of the

observations of the researchers. And lastly, weights and plates are used to measure the load of

the bioplastic sample.

C. Research Procedures

Collection of Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas)

 The researchers gathered a weight of four kilograms of sweet potato that were

collected at Tacloban City, public market. The selected sweet potato was first weighed. This

was done to obtain an initial mass of the tuber. A total weight of approximately four

kilograms of sweet potato. The selected sweet potato was then washed with water to remove

the contaminants such as dirt, soil, small roots and other unwanted plant materials which

could otherwise affect the output of the tuber. The washed potato was again weighed to

obtain the difference in the weighing before and after washing.

Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch production

The collected Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) were washed using thoroughly twice

with running water and to ensure the cleanliness of the sample it was brushed using a

toothbrush. Then the Sweet potato was peeled using peeler and was then carefully hand diced

to small cubes size. Afterwards it underwent fine production using a fine-bladed blender. The

macerated sweet potato was weighed and mixed with distilled water following a 1g:1mL. The

blending and slurring of the sweet potato sample was done using blender. According to the

protocol adopted from (Thava Vasanthan, 2001) slurring is done for the sweet potato because

the tissues of the tuber are soft and require no grinding as compared to hard plant tissue such

as legume grains.

For the sample was the solution was stored at a room temperature for 24 hours with

frequent agitation. The macerated sweet potato was settled in a place until the solution settled

in a sterile container. As the starchy solution settled at the bottom of the container, it will be

collected and dried and turned into sweet potato starch and then these starches will now be

used in the process of making the biodegradable plastic.

Preparation of Bioplastic
 In order to create the bioplastic for the control group, 15g of cornstarch and 10mL of

glacial acetic acid was mixed together in a non-stick cooking vessel, along with 50mL of

distilled water and 10mL of glycerin. No amount of sweet potato starch was added into the

mixture. Then the mixture was heated on the stove until it thickens which resembles the

consistency of gel all the while being stirred to properly incorporate all of the ingredients.

The mixture was spread on an aluminum foil and allowed the mixture to dry for two (2) days

or until it dries completely. For the experimental groups; 100 g of sweet potato starch was

added to the mixture acted as the pure concentration, 75 g of sweet potato added to the

mixture acted as the 75% concentration, 50 g of sweet potato starch added to the mixture

acted as the 50% concentration, and finally 25 g of sweet potato starch added to the mixture

acted as the 25% concentration.

D. Data Collection Method

The data that was gathered through observation, immediate characteristics of the

plastic will also be noted such as the color, opacity, texture, and stain resistance. Stain

resistance was measured by dropping coffee on the bioplastic and seeing if it stains.

Parameters of stain resistance for plastic was based on Crane composites “Chemical and stain

resistance testing” such as unaffected, superficial, considerable. Unaffected means the stain

wipes off easily with damp cloth and mild soap; no color or surface damage. Superficial, the

stain removes easily with water and/or mild abrasive. Considerable, the stain was not

completely removed.

E. Data Analysis Procedure

The data according to the parameters of the plastic using the sweet potato starch and

the control group was evaluated according to its attributes depending on the amount of sweet

potato starch. The data gathered was be tabulated and analyzed by using the senses, such as
sense of sight, sense of smell and sense of touch. The attributes of the plastic were noted

immediately.

Table 1 shows the result of the 25 grams of sweet potato starch in making bio-based plastic.
Set up A:
25 % Sweet Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
potato starch Resistance

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Table 2 shows the result of the 50 grams of sweet potato starch in making bio-based plastic.
Set up A:
50 % Sweet Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
potato Resistance
starch

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3
 Set up A:
75 % Sweet Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
potato Resistance
starch

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Table 3 shows the result of the 75 g sweet potato starch in making bio-based plastic.

Set up A:
100 % Sweet Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
potato starch Resistance

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Table 4 shows the result of the 100 grams of sweet potato starch in making bio-based plastic.
 Set up A:
25 % Corn Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
starch Resistance

Trial 1

Trial 2

Trial 3

Table 5 shows the result of the 20 grams of corn starch in making bio-based plastic.

Chapter IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter of the paper is concerned with the data gathered during the trials of the

efficiency of sweet potato starch and corn starch as a component for bioplastic. This chapter

provides a description of the statistical tools employed in analyzing the data. The results of

the study are presented in tabulation and were interpreted by the researchers.

Table 1 shows the characteristics of the bio-based plastic using 25 grams sweet potato starch

Set up A:
25 % Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
Sweet Resistance
potato
starch
 Trial 1 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not
Opacity flexible determined

Trial 2 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not

Opacity Flexible determined

Trial 3 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not

Opacity Flexible determined

Table 1 shows the rating of the starch-based plastic using sweet potato starch. For the trial 1

the color of the starch-based plastic was pale beige. Odor was rated as odor less. The opacity

of the plastic was high opacity having its property to be transparent. It shows flexibility as it

stretches accordingly. Stain resistance was observed and shows the 3 trials having superficial

capacity in terms of stains. The solubility test, not yet determined. Among the 3 trials shows

same characteristics having the same amount of starch applied in the mixture.

Table 2 shows the characteristics of the bio-based plastic using 50 grams of sweet potato

starch

Set up A:
50% Sweet Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
potato Resistance
starch

Trial 1 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not

Opacity flexible determined

Trial 2 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not

Opacity Flexible determined
 Trial 3 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not
Opacity Flexible determined

Table 2 shows the observable characteristics of the starch-based plastic using 50 grams sweet

potato starch. For the trial 1, color of the starch-based plastic was pale beige. Odor was rated

as odor less. The opacity of the plastic was high opacity having its property to be transparent.

It shows less flexible as it stretches accordingly. Stain resistance was observed and shows the

3 trials having superficial capacity in terms of stains. The solubility test, was not yet

determined. Among the 3 trials shows same characteristics having the same amount of starch

applied in the mixture.

Table 3 shows the characteristics of the bio-based plastic using 75 grams of sweet potato

starch

Set up A:
75% Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
Sweet Resistance
potato
starch

Trial 1 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not

Opacity flexible determined

Trial 2 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not

Opacity Flexible determined
 Trial 3 Pale beige Odorless High Less Superficial Not
Opacity Flexible determined

Table 3 shows the rating of the starch-based plastic using 75 grams of sweet potato starch.

For the trial 1, the color of the starch-based plastic was pale beige. Odor was rated as odor

less. The opacity of the plastic was high opacity having its property to be transparent. It

shows flexibility as it stretches accordingly. Stain resistance was observed and shows the 3

trials having superficial capacity in terms of stains. The solubility test, not yet determined.

Among the 3 trials shows same characteristics having the same amount of starch applied in

the mixture.

Set up A:
100% Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
Sweet Resistance
potato
starch

Trial 1 Beige Odorless Less Flexible Unaffected Not

Opacity determined

Trial 2 Beige Odorless Less Flexible Unaffected Not

Opacity determined

Trial 3 Beige Odorless Less Flexible Unaffected Not

Opacity determined
 Table 4 shows the characteristics of the bio-based plastic using 100 grams of sweet potato

starch

Table 4 shows the rating of the starch-based plastic using 100 grams of sweet potato starch.

For the trial 1, the color of the starch-based plastic was pale beige. Odor was rated as odor

less. The opacity of the plastic was high opacity having its property to be transparent. It

shows flexibility as it stretches accordingly. Stain resistance was observed and shows the 3

trials having superficial capacity in terms of stains. The solubility test, not yet determined.

Among the 3 trials shows same characteristics having the same amount of starch applied in

the mixture.

Set up B:
Control Color Odor Opacity Flexibility Stain Solubility
Resistance
Corn
starch

Trial 1 Pale white Odorless Very High Flexible Unaffected Not

Opacity determined

Trial 2 Pale white Odorless Very High Flexible Unaffected Not

Opacity determined

Trial 3 Pale Odorless Very High Flexible Unaffected Not

White Opacity determined

Table 5 shows the results of the starch-based bioplastic using 20 g of cornstarch as the control

group.
Table 5 shows the rating of the starch-based plastic using 20 grams of corn starch. The color

of the starch-based plastic was pale beige. Odor was rated as odor less. The opacity of the

plastic was high opacity having its property to be transparent. It shows flexibility as it

stretches accordingly. Stain resistance was observed and shows the 3 trials having superficial

capacity in terms of stains. The solubility test, not yet determined. Among the 3 trials shows

same characteristics having the same amount of starch applied in the mixture.

Chapter V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations of the study.

Conclusions

Based on the salient derived from the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

First, the Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch is an effective component in producing

biodegradable plastic. Among the four sample obtain during the experimentation the 100

grams of sweet potato starch shows best characteristics in producing an ideal biodegradable

plastic which tends to have a beige color plastic showing less opacity but highly flexible

quality of plastic and can easily wipe off stains easily without damaging the surface and lastly

the starch-based plastic is odorless.

Recommendations

The results obtained from the study conducted show that the Sweet Potato (Ipomea

batatas) starch is an effective component in making biodegradable plastic. However, the

researchers suggest the following for the beneficiaries of the results of the study.

To the students, the researchers would like to recommend this study for it will surely help

in innovating biodegradable plastic that is eco-friendly.

Use the ASTM D638 Plastic Tensile strength test device to make the study more effective

and analyzing the given data that will be presented after series of tests.

To the teachers, the researchers would like to recommend this study for it will help in

adding new knowledge in terms of creating bio-based plastic to minimize the effect of

pollution in our society.

To the community, since our country phases serious pollution problem which leads us to

the 3rd largest contributor of plastic in Asia, this study will help in using Sweet potato

(Ipomea batatas) starch as an alternative way to lessen plastic pollution in our society.

To the future researchers, this study will serve as a guide or reference for further

improvements of this study. Expanding the study processes will surely help them towards the

effectivity of Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) starch as a component for ideal biodegradable

plastic.

To the administration, this study will help them gain insights of the effect of plastic

pollution in person and in animals’ health and will enable them come up new strategies to

lessen possible growth of plastic pollution in our environment.

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