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    Primary Controls: Instrument Panel Cessna 182

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    Maan Miralles
    Primary controls in aircraft cockpits generally include a control yoke, centre stick, or side-stick to control roll and pitch, rudder pedals to control yaw, and throttle controls. The basic pattern of these primary flight controls was pioneered by Louis Blériot in 1908. Mechanical flight control systems directly transmit forces from cockpit controls to control surfaces using linkages like cables, pushrods, and pulleys. Secondary controls include trim wheels, flaps, and other surfaces affecting lift and drag.

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    Primary Controls: Instrument Panel Cessna 182

    Uploaded by

    Maan Miralles
    44 views2 pages
    Primary controls in aircraft cockpits generally include a control yoke, centre stick, or side-stick to control roll and pitch, rudder pedals to control yaw, and throttle controls. The basic pattern of these primary flight controls was pioneered by Louis Blériot in 1908. Mechanical flight control systems directly transmit forces from cockpit controls to control surfaces using linkages like cables, pushrods, and pulleys. Secondary controls include trim wheels, flaps, and other surfaces affecting lift and drag.

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    Primary controls in aircraft cockpits generally include a control yoke, centre stick, or side-stick to control roll and pitch, rudder pedals to control yaw, and throttle controls. The basic pattern of these primary flight controls was pioneered by Louis Blériot in 1908. Mechanical flight control systems directly transmit forces from cockpit controls to control surfaces using linkages like cables, pushrods, and pulleys. Secondary controls include trim wheels, flaps, and other surfaces affecting lift and drag.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    44 views2 pages

    Primary Controls: Instrument Panel Cessna 182

    Uploaded by

    Maan Miralles
    Primary controls in aircraft cockpits generally include a control yoke, centre stick, or side-stick to control roll and pitch, rudder pedals to control yaw, and throttle controls. The basic pattern of these primary flight controls was pioneered by Louis Blériot in 1908. Mechanical flight control systems directly transmit forces from cockpit controls to control surfaces using linkages like cables, pushrods, and pulleys. Secondary controls include trim wheels, flaps, and other surfaces affecting lift and drag.

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    Primary controls[edit]

    Cockpit controls and instrument panel of a Cessna 182D Skylane

    Generally, the primary cockpit flight controls are arranged as follows: [2]

     a control yoke (also known as a control column), centre stick or side-stick (the latter two also


    colloquially known as a control or joystick), governs the aircraft's roll and pitch by moving
    the ailerons (or activating wing warping on some very early aircraft designs) when turned or
    deflected left and right, and moves the elevators when moved backwards or forwards
     rudder pedals, or the earlier, pre-1919 "rudder bar", to control yaw, which move the rudder;
    left foot forward will move the rudder left for instance.
     throttle controls to control engine speed or thrust for powered aircraft.
    The control yokes also vary greatly amongst aircraft. There are yokes where roll is controlled by
    rotating the yoke clockwise/counterclockwise (like steering a car) and pitch is controlled by tilting the
    control column towards you or away from you, but in others the pitch is controlled by sliding the yoke
    into and out of the instrument panel (like most Cessnas, such as the 152 and 172), and in some the
    roll is controlled by sliding the whole yoke to the left and right (like the Cessna 162). Centre sticks
    also vary between aircraft. Some are directly connected to the control surfaces using cables, [3] others
    (fly-by-wire airplanes) have a computer in between which then controls the electrical actuators.

    Blériot VIII at Issy-les-Moulineaux, the first flightworthy aircraft design to have the initial form of modern flight
    controls for the pilot

    Even when an aircraft uses variant flight control surfaces such as a V-tail ruddervator, flaperons,
    or elevons, to avoid pilot confusion the aircraft's flight control system will still be designed so that the
    stick or yoke controls pitch and roll conventionally, as will the rudder pedals for yaw. [2] The basic
    pattern for modern flight controls was pioneered by French aviation figure Robert Esnault-Pelterie,
    with fellow French aviator Louis Blériot popularizing Esnault-Pelterie's control format initially on
    Louis' Blériot VIII monoplane in April 1908, and standardizing the format on the July 1909 Channel-
    crossing Blériot XI. Flight control has long been taught in such fashion for many decades, as
    popularized in ab initio instructional books such as the 1944 work Stick and Rudder.
    In some aircraft, the control surfaces are not manipulated with a linkage. In ultralight aircraft and
    motorized hang gliders, for example, there is no mechanism at all. Instead, the pilot just grabs the
    lifting surface by hand (using a rigid frame that hangs from its underside) and moves it. [citation needed]

    Secondary controls[edit]
    Main articles: Trim tab, Flap (aircraft), Air brake (aircraft), Spoiler (aeronautics), Leading edge slats,
    and Variable-sweep wing
    In addition to the primary flight controls for roll, pitch, and yaw, there are often secondary controls
    available to give the pilot finer control over flight or to ease the workload. The most commonly
    available control is a wheel or other device to control elevator trim, so that the pilot does not have to
    maintain constant backward or forward pressure to hold a specific pitch attitude[4] (other types of trim,
    for rudder and ailerons, are common on larger aircraft but may also appear on smaller ones). Many
    aircraft have wing flaps, controlled by a switch or a mechanical lever or in some cases are fully
    automatic by computer control, which alter the shape of the wing for improved control at the slower
    speeds used for take-off and landing. Other secondary flight control systems may be available,
    including slats, spoilers, air brakes and variable-sweep wings.

    Flight control systems[edit]


    Mechanical[edit]

    de Havilland Tiger Moth elevator and rudder cables

    Mechanical or manually operated flight control systems are the most basic method of controlling an
    aircraft. They were used in early aircraft and are currently used in small aircraft where the
    aerodynamic forces are not excessive. Very early aircraft, such as the Wright Flyer I, Blériot
    XI and Fokker Eindecker used a system of wing warping where no conventionally hinged control
    surfaces were used on the wing, and sometimes not even for pitch control as on the Wright Flyer I
    and original versions of the 1909 Etrich Taube, which only had a hinged/pivoting rudder in addition to
    the warping-operated pitch and roll controls.[5] A manual flight control system uses a collection of
    mechanical parts such as pushrods, tension cables, pulleys, counterweights, and sometimes chains
    to transmit the forces applied to the cockpit controls directly to the control surfaces. Turnbuckles are
    often used to adjust control cable tension. The Cessna Skyhawk is a typical example of an aircraft
    that uses this type of system. Gust locks are often used on parked aircraft with mechanical systems
    to protect the control surfaces and linkages from damage from wind. Some aircraft have gust locks
    fitted as part of the control system.[6]
    Increases in the control surface area required by large aircraft or higher loads caused by
    high airspeeds in small aircraft lead to a large increase in the forces needed to move them,
    consequently complicated mechanical gearing arrangements were developed to extract
    maximum mechanical advantage in order to reduce the forces required from the pilots. [7] This
    arrangement can be found on bigger or higher performance propeller aircraft such as the Fokker 50.

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