ANNAMALAIAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - MUDAIYUR

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Subject: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION and ARCHITECTURE

UNIT 1

1. Define Computer Architecture.

Computer Architecture refers to the attributes of a system visible to a programmer
or the attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.
Examples of architectural attributes:
1. Instruction Set
2. The number of bits used to represent various data types (numbers, characters)
3. IO mechanisms & techniques for addressing memory.

2. Define Computer Organization.

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their inter connections
that realize the architectural specifications.
Example for Organizational attributes:
Hardware details transparent to the programmer such as
• Control signals,
• Interface between the computer & Peripherals and the memory technology
used.

3. What is difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization?

S. Computer Architecture Computer Organization

no
1. It refers to the attributes that have a direct It refers to the operational units and their
impact on the logical execution of the interconnections that realize the architectural
program. specifications
2. Architectural attributes includes the Organizational attributes include those h/w
Instruction set, data types, no of bits used to details such as control signals,
represent the data, I/O mechanisms. interfaces b/w the computer memory & I/O
peripherals

4. What is cache memory?

The small and fast RAM units are called as caches. When the execution of an
instruction calls for data located in the main memory, the data are fetched and a copy is
placed in the cache. Later if the same data is required it is read directly from the cache.

5. What is the function of ALU?

Most of the computer operations (arithmetic & logic) are performed in ALU.The
data required for the operation is brought by the processor and the operation is performed
by the ALU.
 6. What is the function of control unit?
The Control unit is the main part of the computer that coordinates the entire computer
operations. That is the speed of the input device is slower than the processor speed. So we
must coordinate this speed differences. It issues timings signals that controls the data
transfer.

7. What are basic operations of a computer memory?

The basic operations of the memory are READ and WRITE.
READ – read the data from input device to memory.
WRITE – writes data to the output device.

8. List out the operations of the computer.

The computer accepts the information in the form of programs and data through an
input unit and stores it in the memory.
1. Information stored in the memory is fetched under program control into an
arithmetic and logic unit where it is processed.
2. Processed information leaves the computer through an output unit.
3. All activities inside the machine are directed by the control unit.

9. What are the main elements of a computer?

Processor: To interpret and execute programs
Memory: For storing programs and data
Input-output equipment: For transferring information between the computer and
outside world.

10. Define Computer design

It is concerned with the hardware design of the computer. Once the computer
specifications are formulated, it is the task of the designer to develop hardware for the
system. Computer design is concerned with the determination of what hardware should
be used and how the parts should be connected. This aspect of computer hardware is
sometimes referred to as computer implementation.

11. Define Stored Programmed Concept

• Storing program and their data in the same high-speed memory.
• It enables a program to modify its own instructions (such self-modifying Programs
have undesirable aspects, however and are rarely used.)

12. What are the registers generally contained in the processor?

MAR – Memory Address Register.
MDR – Memory Data Register.
IR – Instruction Register.
R0 – Rn – General purpose Register.
PC – Program Counter.

13. What do you mean by Memory address register(MAR) and Memory data
register(MDR)?
The MAR holds the address of the location to be accessed. The MDR contains the
data to be written into or read out of the addressed location.
 14. Define Interrupt and ISR?
An Interrupt is a request from an I/O device for service by the processor. The
Processor provides the requested service by executing the interrupt service routine. Due
to this diversion the internal state of the processor must be saved in memory location
before servicing the interrupt.

15. Define Bus?

A Group of lines that serves as a connecting path for several devices is called a
bus. In addition to the lines that carry the data, address and control lines.

16. Compare single bus structure and multiple bus structure?

A system that contains only one bus (i.e. only one transfer at a time) is called as a
single bus structure. Advantage: low cost & flexibility.
A system contains multiple buses called as multiple bus structure. this allows two
or more transfers to be carried out at the same time. It will give better performance, but
the cost is very high.

17. What is System software? Give an example?

It is a collection of programs that are executed as needed to perform functions
such as
1. Receiving and interpreting user commands.
2. Entering and editing application programs and storing them as files in secondary
storage devices.
E.g. Assembler, Linker, Compiler etc.

18. What is Application software? Give an Example.

Application programs are usually written in high level programming language, in
which them programmer specifies mathematical and text processing operations. These
operations are described an a format that is independent of the particular computer used to
execute the program.
E.g. C, C++, java.

19. What are the two techniques used to increase the clock rate R?
The two techniques used to increase the clock rate R are:
1. The integrated – circuit (IC) technology can be increased which reduces the time
needed to complete a basic step.
2. We can reduce the amount of processing done in the basic step.

20. What is Multiprogramming or multi tasking?

The OS manages the concurrent execution of several application programs to
make the best possible uses of computer resources. This pattern of concurrent execution is
called multiprogramming or multitasking.

21. What is elapsed time of computer system?

The total time to execute the total program is called elapsed time. It is affected by
the speed of the processor, the disk and the printer.
22. What is processor time of a program?
The period during which the processor is active is called processor time of a
program. It depends on the hardware involved in the execution of individual machine
instructions.

23. Define clock rate?

The clock rate is given by,
R=1/P, where P is the length of one clock. It can be measure as cycles per second
(Hertz).

24. What is meant by clock cycle?

Processor circuit is controlled by a timing signal called a clock. The clock defines
regular time intervals, called clock cycle. To execute the machine instruction the processor
divides the action to be performed into sequence of basic steps; each step can be completed
in one clock cycle.

25. Write down the basic performance equation?

T=N*S/R
T-Processor time
N-Number of machine instructions
S-Number of basic steps needed to execute one machine instruction
R-Clock rate

26. What is addressing mode?

The addressing mode is defined as the different ways in which the location of an
operand is specified in an instruction.

27. What are the different types of addressing modes available?

The different types of addressing modes are:
1. Immediate addressing mode
2. Register addressing mode
3. Direct or absolute addressing mode
4. Indirect addressing mode
5. Indexed addressing mode
6. Relative addressing mode
7. Auto increment
8. Auto decrement

28. Define Register addressing mode.

In register addressing mode, the operand is the contents of a processor register. The
name (address) of the register is given in the instruction.
Effective address (EA) = Ri, Where Ri is a processor register.

29. Define absolute addressing mode.

In absolute addressing mode, the operand is in a memory location. The addresses
of this location are given explicitly in the instruction. This is also called as direct
addressing mode.
EA = Loc Where loc is the memory address.
30. What is relative addressing mode?
The Effective address is determined by the index mode using the program counter
in place of general purpose register. This mode is used to access the data operands.
EA = X + [PC]

31. What is indirect addressing mode?

The Effective address of the operand is the contents of a register or memory
location whose address appears in the instruction EA = [Ri] or EA = [Loc]

32. What is indexed addressing mode?

The Effective address of the operand is generated by adding a constant value to
the contents of a register. EA = X + [Ri].

33. Define auto increment mode of addressing?

The Effective address of the operand is the contents of a register specified in the
instruction. After accessing the operand, the contents of this register are automatically
incremented to point to the next item in the list. EA = (Ri) +

34. Define auto decrement mode of addressing?

The contents of a register specified in the instruction are first automatically
decremented and are then used as the effective address of the operand. EA = - (Ri)

35. List the basic instruction types?

The various instruction types are,
1. Three address instructions
2. Two-address instructions
3. Single-address instructions
4. Zero-address instructions

36. Define Device interface?

The butter registers DATAIN and DATAOUT and the status flags SIN and SOUT
are part of circuitry commonly known as a device interface.

37. What are the various ways of representing signed integers in the system?
1. Sign and magnitude system
2. 1’s complement system
3. 2’s complement system

38. Name 5 parts of the computer

There are five parts in computer
1 Input
2. Memory
3. Arithmetic and logic
4. Output and
5. Control units.

39. List the parts of CPU of IAS computer.

i) Program Control Unit (PCU): It is responsible for fetching instructions from main
memory and interpreting them.
ii) Data Processing Unit (DPU): It is responsible for executing instructions.
 40. What is register?
A small set of high-speed storage devices called registers, which serve as
implicit storage locations for operands and results.

41. List the major components of PCU

Instruction Register (IR): It stores the opcode of the instruction that is currently
being executed.
Program Counter (PC): It automatically stores and keeps track of the address of the
next instruction to be executed.
Address Register (AR): It holds the address of a data operand to be fetched from or
sent to main memory.
Instruction Buffer Register (IBR): IAS has the feature of fetching two instructions at
a time from memory. Instruction Buffer register holds the second instruction.

42. What is multiprocessor?

A technique which allows instructions from different program to be executed
simultaneously, employs a computer with more than one CPU, such a computer is
called a multiprocessor.

43. List the phases, which are included in the each instruction cycle?
Fetch: fetches instruction from main memory (M)
Decode: decodes the instruction’s opcode
Load: loads (read) from M any operands needed unless they are already in
CPU Registers Execute: Executes the instruction via a register-to-register
operation using an appropriate functional unit of the CPU such as a fixed–point
adder.
Store: Stores (write) the results in M unless they are to be retained in CPU
register.

44. What are the types of computer?

1. Mini computer
2. Micro computers
3. Mainframe computers
4. Super computers

45. What are the two major steps in processing an instruction?

Fetch step: During this step a new instruction is read from the external memory M by
the PCU.
Execute step: During this step operations specified by the instruction are executed by the
DPU.
46. What is CPU clock time?
The actions of the CPU during an instruction cycle are defined by a sequence of micro
operations, each of which involves a register-transfer operation. The time taken by the
smallest CPU micro operation is the CPU cycle time or CPU’s clock period T clock.
47. What are the speedup techniques available to increase the performance of a
computer?
Cache: It is a fast accessible memory often placed on the same chip as the CPU. It is
used to reduce the average time required to access an instruction or data to a single clock
cycle.
Pipelining: Allows the processing of several instructions to be partially overlapped.
Super scalar: Allows processing of several instructions in parallel (full overlapping)

48. What are the major attributes of RISC.

• Relatively few instruction types and addressing modes.
• Fixed and easily decoded instruction formats.
• Fast and single cycle execution.
• Hard wired rather than micro programmed control
• Memory access limited mainly to load/store instruction.
• Use of compilers to optimize object-code performance.

49. Differentiate between RISC and CISC

RISC CISC
1.Simple Instruction can be processed in one 1.Complex instruction require more cycles per
clock cycle instruction
2. Number of instructions is more 2. Less Number of Instructions
3. Instructions have fixed format 3. Variable format
4. Instruction occupy 32 bits 4. Instruction occupy 2 bytes to 10 bytes

50. What are Timing signals?

Timing signals are signals that determine when a given action is to take place. Data
transfers between the processor and the memory are also controlled by the control unit
through timing signals.