Paradigm & Theory

Paradigm & Theory
Presented By: Dr. Abdul Khaliq

Prediction
• Forecast of the value for a variable, based on the knowledge of
the value of at least one other variable.
Hypothesis
• A prediction of the possible outcomes of the results.
• It is an educational guess.
• A tentative explanation of an observable phenomenon.
• A hypothesis is a researcher’s prediction of the research findings.
• A hypothesis is a statement about the predicted relationships
among events or variables.
• The research hypothesis is a tentative answer to a question.
Assumption
• A thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without
proof.
• Something taken for granted as being true.
• An example of an assumption is that there will be food at a
party.
Assumption
• Assumption is defined as the act of taking on new
responsibilities.
• An example of assumption is the fulfillment of the duties of
another person who has been fired from your company.
Paradigm
• A set of ideas (hypotheses) about the phenomenon under
inquiry.
• A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas.
• A paradigm is a way of looking at something.
Paradigm
• A paradigm is a person's frame of reference. A person's
paradigm is how they see the world based on all the
information that they have gathered and the beliefs that
they possess. If the universe is analogized to a computer
processor, a paradigm is like the operating system.
Paradigm
• A paradigm is a mental setting. It is the context inside
your mind from which you think, feel and live.
Your paradigm determines what you hold onto, mentally
and emotionally. Most of us are holding onto problems and
cannot figure out how to escape them.
Research Paradigm
• A perspective based on a set of assumptions, concepts, and
values that are held by a community of researchers.
Paradigm shift
• A paradigm shift occurs when one paradigm loses its
influence and another takes over.
• A paradigm shift occurs when one paradigm theory is
replaced by another.
• A paradigm shift is a major change in the concepts and
practices of how something works or is accomplished.
• A paradigm shift is a radical change in the core concepts and
practices of a given domain, discipline or field.
Paradigm shift
• A paradigm shift occurs when one paradigm theory is
replaced by another.
• A Paradigm shift is a change from one way of thinking to
another, and can apply to anything on earth – your job,
your married life, your relationships, your home, your
surroundings, and more importantly, your health. The signs
are all around us. And what is with you, around you, within
you is the same most of the time.
Paradigm shift
• This occurs if, over time, evidence accumulates which
refutes, or is incompatible with, the paradigm, and thus the
old paradigm is replaced by the new one.
Theory
• A theory presents a systematic way of understanding
events, behaviors and/or situations.
• A theory is a group of linked ideas intended to explain
something. A theory provides a framework for explaining
observations.
• Theory a set of logically interrelated propositions and their
implications.
Theory
• A theory is an interrelated statement of principles that
attempts to explain a phenomenon and make principles.
• A theory predicts and explains a natural phenomenon
(Schreiber & Asner-Self).
• A structured set of concepts to explain a phenomenon or
group of phenomena.
Theory
• A theory is a set of related principles and laws that explains a
broad aspect of learning, behavior, or another area of interest.
• A theory is a set of statements or principles devised to explain
a group of facts or phenomena.
• A theory is an assumption that is based on hypothesis(es).
Theory
• A theory is a roadmap that offers considerable flexibility in
suggesting possibilities that offer results in any given
situation, say in teaching, nursing, or counseling.
• A set of concepts and propositions designed to organize,
describe, and explain an existing set of observations.
Definition
• A theory is an organized body of general explanatory
principles regarding a phenomenon, usually based on
observations (Sternberg & Sternberg).
• Kerlinger (1979) states that a theory is “a set of interrelated
constructions (variables), definitions, and propositions that
presents a systematic view of phenomena by specifying
relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining
natural phenomena” (p. 64).
Cont.
• A theory is not merely a hypothesis that has been tested many times.
Thinking of a theory in this way makes it seem inferior or not factual
because it is not a “law”.
• The reality is that a theory can never become a law, because laws are
descriptive generalizations about nature (e.g., law of gravity) and theories
are explanations (Alters & Alters, 2001). The scientist is therefore
interested in confirming, expanding, or rejecting a theory. Those interests
lead the scientist to design research studies specifically for that purpose.
The emphasis may require more deductive reasoning.
Cont.
• A theory is a roadmap that offers considerable flexibility
in suggesting possibilities that offer results in any given
situation, say in teaching, nursing, or counseling. In many
ways, a practitioner is likely to use the word theory to
imply a stronger focus on process, abductive, and
inductive reasoning.
Cont.
• Without theories, the facts and principles that are discovered
would be like disorganized specks on a canvas. Theories tie
together these facts and principles to give us the big picture.
Scientific Theory
• A scientific theory is nothing more than a set of concepts
and propositions that a scientist believes to be true about a
specific area of investigation.
Procedures
• Methods for accomplishing classroom activities in an
orderly manner.
Principle
• A principle explains the relationship between factors, such
as the effects of alternative grading systems on student
motivation.
Laws
• Laws are simply principles that have been thoroughly tested
and found to apply in a wide variety of situations.
Rules
• Statements that specify acceptable and unacceptable
behaviors in the classroom.
Values
• Involves one's principles or standards or judgments about
what is valuable or important in life.
Perspective
• Perspective a way of interpreting empirical phenomena.
Impact Factor
• We calculate a journal’s impact factor by dividing the number
of citations in the current year from the last two years of
publication in the journal.

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Paradigm & Theory

Presented By: Dr. Abdul Khaliq

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