MEDICAL ETHICS AND LEGAL PROCEDURE

Long answer questions:

1. What is medical negligence? What are the ingredients that must be present to constitute the existence of negligence?
Enumerate the defences that can be taken by a medical practioner to guard against medical negligence. (1+2+2)
2. How is the State Medical Council formed in India? What are the funtions of the SMC? (5)
3. Define serious professional misconduct. Write down examples enumerated by MCI. (1+4)
4. Write down the duties of a Registered Medical Practitioner. What is professional negligence? What re the precautions to
be taken to avoid charges of negligence? (5+1+4)
5. What is implied consent? What is informed consent? Write the functions of SMC. (1+2+2)
6. Define consent. Enumerate the different types of consent. What is meant by the term “Loco Parentis”? (1+3+1)
7. Describe the defences against Medical Negligence. (5)
8. To avoid a medical negligence case, what are the precautions required to be observed by a Private Practioner at a corporate
hospital? (10)
9. Describe the procedure of giving evidence in the court of law. (5)
10. How State Medical Council formed in India? What are the functions of the State Medical Council? Briefly describe professional
secrecy. (5)
11. What is meant by the term “Medical Jurisprudence”? Define “INQUEST”. Mention the common type of inquest. Describe a
police inquest as done in India. (5)
(RG Kar)
12. What is an inquest? What are the different types of inquest? Under what circumstances magistrate will hold the inquest? (5)
(CNMC)
13. Describe the procedure of deposition of evidence in the court of law.
OR
Define Inquest. What are the types of inquests done in India? In which cases magistrate inquest is done? (10)
(IPGME&R)
14. Discuss the functions and powers of Indian Medical Council as per the Indian Medical Council Act- 1956. (10) (NBMC)
15. What is Medical negligence? Give some specific examples of Criminal negligence. How does Medical negligence differ from
Professional misconduct? (10)
(Midnapore)
16. A) a dead body is recovered from inside a closed room in the month of February at Kalyani. How during post mortem
examination, an autopsy surgery can give opinion that the person died (i)6 hours (ii)24 hours prior to conduction of post
mortem examination? (5)
(Kalyani)
B) Define Court. Write in short the procedure of recording evidence in court of law. What do you mean by Hearsay-
evidence? (5)(Kalyani)
17. Define Serious Professional Misconduct( Infamous Conduct). Discuss various examples of it.What are the
consequences Infamous Conduct(10)( SagarDutta)
18. Define summons. Write the procedure of servings summons in India. Write in brief about steps of giving evidence in
court.(10) ( Murshidabad)
19. Write in brief about different types of criminal courts in India & their powers. Describe different types of punishment
awarded by the Indian courts.(10) (Joka)
20. A. Discuss the circumstances where doctor is not bound though the doctor-patient relationship was established.
B. Write short notes on (any2) i. Inquest ii. Informed Consent iii. Professional secrecy(10)
(IQ city)
Short Notes: 1. Defences against medical
1. Last clear chance doctrine[Burdwan] negligence[SagoreDutta]
2. Grounds for MTP[NBMC] 2. Privileged communication[MCK]
3. Testamentary Capacity[ESIC] 3. Doctor-Patient relationship[MCK]
4. MTP Act[ESIC] 4. Exceptions of contributory
5. Respondent superioris[ESIC] negligence[NRS]
6. Functions of Indian Medical Council. [BSMC, ESICMC-Joka] 5. Medical indemnity insurance[NRS]
7. Summon [NBMC, Midnapur MC, KPC] 6. Privileged communication[RG Kar]
8. Priviledged communication [NBMC] 7. Doctrine of RES IPSA LOQUITOR[RG Kar]
9. Inquest [SagoreDutta, Malda MC, Murshidabad MC, IQ City] 8. Expert Witness[Murshidabad]
10. Evidence [Murshidabad MC, ICare] 9. Functions of IMC[ESIC]
11. Magistrate inquest [ESICMC-Joka] 10. Professional misconduct[ESIC]
12. Professional secrecy [IQ City]
11. Vicarious liability[KPC]
13. Cross examination [ICare]
12. Dying declaration [RG Kar
Medico-legal importance: 13. Subpoena. [Burdwan MC
1. Dying declaration [Burdwan MC]
2. CONSENT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE (MALDA)

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Explain why:
1. Privileged communication is very important
2. A doctor as a witness in the court of law does not enjoy the absolute privilege of professional secrecy.
3. DNA fingerprinting is not an absolute data for identification
4. Standard of proof is different in civil and criminal cases.
5. In court of law, sometimes leading questions are permitted during Chief examination.
6. Leading questions can be asked in examination in chief in case of Hostile Witness. [Medical College, Midnapur MC]
7. ‘Dying deposition’ is superior to ‘dying Declaration’ [CNMC, NBMC, ICareH]
8. Leading questions may be asked during examination in chief. [BSMC]
9. Some documentary evidences need to be proved by oral evidence. [Kalyani]
10. Professional secrecy cannot always be maintained by a doctor. [SagoreDutta]
11. IPC Sec. 304A is applicable for Medical Officers. [Malda MC
12. Police inquest is inferior to medical examiners inquest. [Joka
13. Leading questions are not allowed in dying declaration. [Joka
14. Doctor is both a common and expert witness. [KPC]
Differences between:
1. Warrant case and summons case [Medical College]
2. Common witness and expert witness [CNMC]
3. Male and female mandible [IPGMER]
4. Hostile witness and perjury [Burdwan MC]
5. Police and magistrate inquest [BSMC, ICare]
6. Civil and criminal negligence [NBMC, SagoreDutta]
7. Dying declaration and dying deposition [Midnapur MC, Joka, KPC]
8. Infamous conduct and Professional negligence[NBMC,Bankura,ESIC]
9. Examination-in-chief and cross examination[IQ City]
IDENTIFICATION
Long answer questions:
1. How will you proceed to establish identity of an individual by examining one dry human skull? (5)
2. A bag of bones is brought for examinations to the mortuary. How will you proceed to examine them? (5)
3. What is meant by the term “Identification”? classify “Race” depending upon “Cephalic index”. Mention medicolegal importance
of “Teeth”. (5)

21. One human upper limb was discovered by BankuraZilla police between up and down tract near Bankura railway station in the month
of December 2016. It has one lacerated wound at its proximal end with multiple aberrations and fracture of bones and one tatt oo
mark on its ventral surface of specific design of a “red rose” and a letter “R” located just below it of green colour.
A) Mention the manner and nature of death in this specific case.
B) Enumerate the parameters you consider and outline the procedure of examination for identification of the above case.
C) What is tattoo? Write down the medico legal importances. Name the dies which are responsible for its specific
colours.(10) (Bankura)
22. What is intersex? Discuss about its different types.(10)( SagarDutta)
23. Write the names of different prints helpful in identification. How examination of teeth helps to estimate age.(10)(Mursidabad)
Short Notes:
1. 164A CrPc[Burdwan]
Medico-legal importance:
1. Hair [CNMC, Midnapur MC, Murshidabad
2. Sec 84 IPC[ESIC] MC, KPC]
3. Gustafson’s method[Murshidabad]
2. 16 years [BSMC]
4. Grenz rays study of finger print. [NRSMC] 3. 18 years [Midnapur MC, SagoreDutta]
5. Advantages and disadvantages of Iris scan over Dactylography. 4. Cephalic index [SagoreDutta, Murshidabad
[NRSMC] MC]
6. Latent Finger Print. [CNMC] 5. Poroscopy [Murshidabad MC]
7. True hermaphroditism [CNMC 6. Superimposition technique [Murshidabad
8. Surest datum of identification. [Burdwan MC] MC]
9. Intersex. [BSMC] 7. Human teeth [ICare]
10. Tattoo mark [NBMC] 8. Scar mark [ICare]
11. Turner’s syndrome [Midnapur MC 9. Teeth Bite mark(NRSMC
12. Sex chromatin [CMJNM, Kalyani] 10. Powder(MALDA MEDICAL COLLEGE)
11. Tattoing(MALDA MEDICAL COLLEGE)
13. Tattoo marks [SagoreDutta, IQ City, ICare
12. TEETH BITE MARK (MCK)
14. Self-inflicted wound [SagoreDutta]
13. 21 YRS OF AGE (BSMC
15. Fingerprint [Malda MC] 14. BARR BODY(SAGORE DUTTA)
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 16. Gustafson’s criteria [ESICMC-Joka]
17. Corpus delicti [ESICMC-Joka]
18. Scar mark [KPC]
19. Klinefelter’s syndrome [IQ City]
20. Medico-legal importance of 18 years of age [IQ City]
Explain why:
In child determination of age from teeth is superior to ossification centers.
1. Skull with attached mandible having intact teeth of a same deceased is valuable in identification.
2. DNA fingerprinting is not an absolute data for identification.
3. Superimposition is of a more negative value.
4. DNA profiling is not considered to be an absolute proof of identity. [Medical College]
5. ‘Removal of superficial epithelial layer of skin and or mucous membrane is abrasion’ – this definition of abrasion is
not always correct. [NRSMC]
6. Tattoo marks do not fade. [KPC]
Differences between:
1. Male pseudohermaphroditism due to androgen receptor deficiency and 5-aplha reductase deficiency [NRSMC]
2. Temporary and permanent teeth [RG Kar, BSMC, NBMC, Kalyani, SagoreDutta, Joka]
3. Male pelvis and female pelvis [RG Kar]
4. Klinefelter’s syndrome and turner’s syndrome [ICare]
5. Human hair and animal hair [Kalyani, Joka]
SIGNS OF DEATH
Long answer questions:
1. Discuss the external and internal factors which modify the rate of decomposition. (5)
2. Define Putrefaction. Describe the effects of formation of gas during Putrefaction. Name the conditions which stimulate
gas stiffening. (1+6+3)
3. What is “Rigor Mortis”? How time since death can be estimated from rigor mortis? What are the conditions simulating Rigor
Mortis? (5) (CNMC)
4. Define post mortem lividity. What are the factors that modify the appearance of post mortem lividity? What is the medicolegal
importance of it?(10)(IGME&R)
5, A) describe the changes in the muscle after death.(5)
B) Enumerate and briefly describe the pathological classification of burn injury according to Dupuytren’s classification.(5)
(Burdwan)
5. Clasify post-mortem changes. How will you estimate time since death(TSD)?(10) ( Joka)
6. A dead body was recovered from an isolate location. How would you find the time passed since death?(5)
(Joka)
7. Define Death medically. What is brain death? Mention its types. Name the changes occur after death.
Short Notes:
1. Post mortem staining[IQ City] Medico-legal importance:
2. Diagnosis of air embolism during autopsy[MCK] 1. Brain death [Medical College]
3. Decerebrate rigidity[NRS] 2. Adipocere [CNMC]
4. Aseptic autolysis[ICARE] 3. Mummification [IPGMER, Midnapur MC]
5. Estimation of time since death from stomach content. 4. Brain stem death [Kalyani]
[NRSMC] 5. Moment of death [ICare]
6. Mechanism of Rigor Mortis. [NRSMC, Malda MC] 6. Casper dictum(MUSHIRDABAD)
7. Exhumation. [RG Kar] 7. Maggots(JNM)
8. Brain death. [RG Kar, Malda MC] 8. Mummification(ICARE)
9. Suspended animation. [RG Kar, Midnapur MC] 9. POST MORTEM STAINING (IQ CITY)
10. Adipocere formation [IPGMER, NBMC]
10. BRAIN DEATH (R.G.KAR)
11. Algor mortis. [BSMC]
11. SUDDEN DEATH (R.G.KAR)
12. Gordon’s classification of death. [NBMC]
Explain why:
1. Anthropometry helps to estimate stature [Mushidabad MC]
2. Time since death is often detected from postmortem changes. [Malda MC]
3. The cooling curve of the human body is not a straight line. [IPGMER]
4. Marbling is seen during the process of decompistion. [IPGMER]
5. Colour changes of decomposition first appear at right iliac region of abdomen.

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 6. First externally appreciable feature of decomposition appear at right iliac fossa region of anterior abdominal wall.
7. Cooling of body is not a dependable sign for estimation of time since death.
8. Stomach contents cannot pinpoint the time of death.
9. Post mortem staining does not develop in a body immersed in fast moving stream.
10. Superficial injuries are tough to diagnose during autopsy of decomposed bodies
Differences between:
1. Rigor mortis and heat stiffening [Medical College]
2. Postmortem staining and bruise [NRSMC, RG Kar, IPGMER, BSMC, NBMC, IQ City]
3. Shotgun cartridge and rifled gun cartridge [RG Kar]
4. Rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm [NBMC, Midnapur MC, Joka, KPC, IQ City]
5. Molecular and somatic death [IQ City]
6. Cold stiffening and Rigor mortis[MCK]
7. Livor mortis and Contusion[Murshidabad]
ASPHYXIA
Long answer questions:
1. A young lady was found hanging from a hook on the ceiling with a ligature around her neck. Discuss how during autopsy you
will ascertain the cause and manner of death. What is the importance of examination of the ligature material? (5)
2. A 16 year old boy was found dead hanging from the ceiling fan in his room with both feet touching the bed. A) What is
the most likely cause, manner and mode of death? B) Describe typical hanging ligature mark C) What features do expect
to find in dissection of neck? (1.5+1.5+2)
3. A 16 year old boy was found dead hanging from the ceiling fan in his room with both feet touching the bed. A) What is
the most likely cause, manner and mode of death? B) Describe typical hanging ligature mark C) What features do expect
to find in dissection of neck? (1.5+1.5+2)
4. A 30 year old female was found in the state of hanging with the help of a ligature material around the neck in a closed room
bolted from the inside and her upper limbs were found tied at the level of wrist joints in front of her. The incident occurred in
the month of May. After performing post-mortem examination, how will you give your opinion regarding cause of death,
manner of death and time since death? (5+3+2)
5. The dead body of a middle aged man is found floating in a pond. What are the post mortem findings by which you
can diagnose it to be a case of ante mortem drowning? (5)
6. Define strangulation. Classify it. Write only external findings in a case of strangulation by nylon rope 6-8 hours before
PM examination. (1+2+2)
7. Classify drowning. Describe PM findings of ante mortem drowning. What us the surest sign of death due to ante
mortem drowning? (2+2+1)
8. A dead body of a 16 year old female was found hanging from the ceiling fan inside the bedroom of her residence with
evidence of disturbance of the articles immediately beneath the fan, indicating the attempt of hanging process. How the
autopsy surgeon will proceed to determine the cause and nature of death by conducting PM examination? (5)
9. A young lady was found in a paddy field with some abrasions and discoid bruise marks over the neck with slight bleeding from
the nostrils. What is the possible cause of death? Mention the external and internal signs that can help you to confirm the
diagnosis. (1+2+2)
10. Discuss the pathophysiology of drowning. What is meant by the terms emphysema aquasum and oedema aquasum? (6+2+2)
11. Define asphyxia. Describe the cardinal signs of asphyxia. (1+4)
12. Classify Mechanical Asphyxial deaths. What is Strangulation? Describe in detail autopsy findings in a case of
Ligature Strangulation. (1.5+1+2.5)
13. A dead body of a 17 year old girl with curvilinear scratch abrasions around the mouth and nostrils is found in a paddy field. A)
How will you ascertain that the girl died due to smothering? B) How will you determine whether she had been sexually
assaulted before death? C) What articles are to be preserved in this case after autopsy? (4+4+2)
Short Notes:
1. Carotid Sleeper Hold[NRS] Medico-legal importance:
2. Ligature mark in case of hanging by nylon rope[Malda] 1. Choking (ICARE)
3. Judicial Hanging[Burdwan] 2. Diatom Test(MUSHIRDABAD)
4. Lung in case of antemortem drowning[JNM] 3. Smothering(KPC)
5. Overlying[IQ City] 4. Hyoid bone(IPGME&R, Kolkata)
6. Emphysema Aquosum[IQ City] 5. Partial hanging(IPGME&R, Kolkata)
7. Accidental strangulation[IQ City] 6. Hyoid fracture(BMC
8. Lynching[ICARE] 7. ACID PHOSPHATISE TEST (NRS)
9. Choking [RG Kar] 8. LIGATURE MATERIAL (MCK)
Explain why:
1. We cannot get the surest sign of antemortem drowning in every case though the cause of death is drowning.
2. Dead body recovered from water may not always show presence of mud and sand beyond bifurcation of trachea
3. Dilatation test is not confirmatory sign of antemortem drowning
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 4. Partial hanging is almost always suicidal.
5. Tardieu’s spots are seen in violent mechanical asphyxia.
6. Froth around mouth and nostril is not the surest sign of antemortem drowning
7. Petechial hemorrhage is absent in drowning
8. Modified Y shaped incision is suitable in hanging case.
9. Finding of froth on external examination during PM often helps to conclude the case as drowning.
10. Fresh water drowning is more dangerous than saline water drowning.
11. Dribbling of saliva mark is the sign of antemortem hanging.
12. Diatom test is not always conclusive of ante mortem drowning.
Differences between:
1. Hanging and strangulation[KPC]
2. Gagging and Choking[Burdwan]
3. Ligature mark of hanging and strangulation[IPGMER]
4. Lungs of dry drowning and wet drowning[CNMC]
5. Fresh water and salt water drowning [RG Kar]
INJURIES INJURIES
Long answer questions:
1. A young housewife sustained 60% burn injuries and was admitted to BSMCH where she expired after 7 A) What is the cause
of death? B) During autopsy how will you approach to determine the cause and manner of death?(1+4)
2. Define injury. Classify mechanical injuries. Enumerate different types of stab wound and discuss its medico legal issues.
(1+1.5+1+1.5)
3. Enumerate injuries due to dry and wet heat. Describe PM findings of ante-mortem burns. What is the surest sign of death due
to ante mortem burn?
4. What are grievous hurts? What is the section of IPC for grievous hurt? (4+1)
5. What is arborescent mark? Where are these marks noticed over the body? Enumerate different hypothesis regarding the
formation of arborescent mark. (2+1+2)
6. A recently married woman sustained burn injuries from free flame oven while she was in the kitchen and was immediately
brought to the hospital where she was declared dead within 30 minutes of arrival. Discuss how the clinical features and
circumstance in this case narrates about claims and counterclaims arising from this incidence. (2+3=5)
7. During a hot altercation, Mr X slapped Mr Y on his cheek. Following the slap, Mr Y suddenly collapsed and died on the spot. A)
Describe the pathophysiological event which has led to the death of Mr B) Can Mr X be convicted of culpable homicide not
amounting to murder- discuss with reason. (5)
8. What is injury? What is Grievous Hurt? What are the differences between an Ante mortem and a Post mortem wound? (5)
9. One unknown woman of about 32 years was found dead after sustaining 47 % burn injury in a closed hotel room. This case
of unnatural death had been referred to you for post mortem examination. As an autopsy surgeon how do you acertain-
10. Whether the burn injuries were ante mortem or post mortem?
11. What was the manner of injuries?
12. Whether the injuries were sufficient enough to cause death?
13. What steps will you take to establish the identity of the individual?
14. What might be the cause of death? (MCK)
15. One patient admitted in NRSMCH emergency with history of unconsciousness and convulsion. Patient party gives history that
he is a farmer and working at paddy field. On thorough examination one centrally collapsed blister with raised border found at
the dorsum of the right hand. What is the probable diagnosis? What are the characteristic features of the blister? What will be
the histopathological finding of the affected side at this case? What is the role of scanning electron microscope at this
case?(5) [NRS]
16. Susmita , 21 years, newly married woman , weighing 50 kg was admitted at Burn Unit of NRSMCH on 30.01.17 at 7:45 pm
after being referred from Sub Division Hospital with history of 45% burn injury on 30.01.17 at 1 pm and expired at NRSMCH on
31.01.17 at 09.00 pm. In NC cause of death was mentioned- “hypovolemic shock in 45% bun injury, exact cause to be
established by PM examination”. BHT revealed that she received 9 lit of IV fluid upto 7.45 pm on 31.01.17, of which 4.5 lit of IV
fluid was infused within 8 hours of hospital admission.
17. Considering the time of sustaining burn injury and time of hospital admission, calculate the appropriate of IV fluid which
was needed to be infused in relation to time to the deceased to prevent hypovolemic shock.
18. During autopsy it was seen that 4.5 cm X 3.5 cm size blood clot in left and right parietal epidural space across midline with
axial fracture of corresponding part of skull bone. Establish that the epidural haematoma was due to heat and not due to blunt
trauma to the head(5) [NRS]
19. Define mechanical injury and classify mechanical injuries. Mention characteristic features of lacerated injuries. (5) [RGKAR]
20. Define burn injury. Wilson’s classification of burn injury. What are the evidences of antemortem burn blisters?(5) [RGKAR]
21. Define injury. Enumerate different types of injuries produced by blunt objects. Describe in brief the different types of abrasion.
22. Define bruise. How can you determine age of bruise? How does “parallel bruise” occur? What is artificial bruise? (10)
*(Midnapore)
23. Describe the composition of Shotgun Cartridge. What do you mean by “RIFLING” and “BORE” of a gun?(10) [ICARE]

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 24. Define Abrasion. Enumerate its types with suitable examples. How age of Abrasion (time since infliction) can be estimated on
naked eye examination?(10) [ICARE]
Short Notes:
1. Fabricated wound[IQ City]
2. Abrasion Collar[ESIC]
3. Ectopic Bruise[IPGMER] 1. Delayed bruise [Murshidabad MC]
4. Causes of death in cut-throat injury[ICARE] 2. Lacerated injury [KPC]
5. Delayed bruise. [Medical college] 3. Grievous Hurt [ICare]
6. Aging of abrasion [IPGMER] 4. Defense wound [NBMC]
7. Self-inflicted wound [SagoreDutta]
8. Fishtailing of wound. [Burdwan MC]
9. Types of physical torture[NBMC]
Medico-legal importance:
1. Internal hypostasis [Medical College] 1. Tailing of incised wound [Burdwan MC]
2. Tailing of a wound [Medical College, BSMC, KPC] 2. Incised looking lacerated wound [ICare]
3. Abrasion [CNMC, SagoreDutta, KPC] 3. Bevelled Cut(ICARE, MMC)
4. Hilt mark [IPGMER] 4. HESITATION CUT (IPGME&R, KOLKATA )
5. Tailing of wound [IPGMER] 5. Pattered abrasion [IPGMER]
Explain why:
1. Black eye is an ectopic bruise. [KPC]
2. Abrasion is medico legally more important than bruise. [ICare]
3. Haemorrhage in incised wound is more as compared to lacerated wound. [Icare]
4. Abrasion is more informative than contusion [Mushidabad MC]
5. In case of fully penetrated stab injury, depth of wound does not always correspond with length of weapons. [Kalyani,
SagoreDutta]
6. Irreversibility is not the determining factor for grievous hurt. [Medical College]
7. ‘Removal of superficial epithelial layer of skin and or mucous membrane is abrasion’ – this definition of abrasion is
not always correct. [NRSMC]
8. Bruise may not indicate the actual impact of injury [CNMC]
9. Stab injury of right ventricle is more fatal than the left. [IPGMER]
10. Abrasion is medico-legally more important than bruise. [IPGMER, Burdwan MC, BSMC]
11. In all alleged physical torture cases second examination after two days is advised. [Midnapur MC]
12. Length of a weapon does not always corroborate with the depth of stab wound. [Burdwan MC]
13. Fracture/Dislocation of temporary tooth is grievous hurt.
14. Abrasion is medicolegcally superior to bruise.
15. Stab injury over the chest by a sharp pointed weapon does not correspond with the offending weapon.
16. One same sharp cutting weapon can produce different shapes of stab wounds.
17. The margins of incised wounds over axillary region is irregular and uneven
18. Stab wounds around auricles are immediately fatal whereas those over the ventricles are not.
19. Abrasion can cause grievous hurts
20. Bleeding is more in an incised wound as compared to lacerated wound.
21. A stab on the right ventricle is more rapidly fatal than one on the left ventricle.
22. All wounds are injuries but all injuries are not wounds.
23. Bruise does not always appear at site of impact
Differences between:
1. Bruise and Hypostasis[ICARE]
2. Heat rupture and ante-mortem incised/lacerated wound[ICARE]
3. Ante-mortem and post-mortem injury[KPC]
4. Incised wound and Incised looking laceration injury[Bankura]
5. Bruise and post-mortem staining[IPGMER]
6. Abrasion and Bruise[RG Kar]
7. True bruise and false bruise [ICare]
8. Incised wound and chop wound [ICare]
9. Suicidal and homicidal cut throat injury [NRSMC, NBMC, Midnapur MC, SagoreDutta, KPC]
10. Incised wound and incised looking lacerated wound [Medical College, IPGMER, Burdwan]

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 REGIONAL, TRAFFIC, THERMAL AND FIREARM INJURIES
Long answer questions:
1. Sanat, 20yo male was admitted at Casualty with history of sustaining road traffic injuries. History revealed he became
unconscious immediately following the incident. During his stay in the hospital he gained consciousness within an hour of
admission. No external injuries were fund during examination. He started to talk to the relatives. Conservative treatment was
given and he was discharged after a few hours though no CT scan of brain was done at the hospital. His -relatives took him
home but at home he again became unconscious. Following which he was again shifted to the same hospital but was
declared brought dead on arrival at the hospital. His relatives complained of medical negligence. The dead body was sent for
autopsy examination. Autopsy revealed extravasation of blood at right parieto-temporal region, fissured fracture at squamous
part of right temporal bone and 2.5”+2”+1” epidural blood clot at right temporal region with right sided uncal herniation.
Explaim the mechanism behind the sequence of unconsciousness-consciousness-unconsciousness death. Write down four
essential components to establish a case of medical negligence. Frame the cause of death as per guidelines of MCCD in the
above mentioned case. (2+2+1) (NRS)
2. Define concussion of brain. What is Lucid Interval in head injury cases? Reasons of Lucid interval in head injury. Medicolegal
significance of lucid interval and concussion. (1+1+1+2)
3. Enumerate the mechanism of skull fracture. Describe in detail Fissure Fracture of the skull (2+3)
4. What the different types are of injures found in automobile injury? What are the significance if bumper fracture? (3+2)
5. What are the characteristics of rifled firearm wounds in contact shot? What is Kennedy phenomenon? (3+2)
6. A person suffered from head injury in a road traffic accident which caused immediate unconsciousness and then slowly
recovers to consciousness which is followed by unconsciousness after a few hours. A) Mention the name of this characteristic
syndrome. B) In which of intra-cranial haemorrhage is it found? C) Enumerate the different types of intracranial haemorrhage
with diagram. (1/2 + ½ + 4)
24. Define “Firearms”. What will be the characteristics of “ wound of entrance” of a gun shot injury? Name the test to detect
gunshot residues on the hands of an assailant. (5)
(CNMC)
25. How firearms can be classified? How should you examine a dead body with a firearm injury?(10)(Sagar Dutta)
Short Notes:
1. Narcolepsy[NRS] 1. Motorcyclist Fracture[NBMC]
2. Biological Warfare[Malda] 2. Subdural Haemorrhage[Midnapore]
3. Secondary marking of bullet[MCK] 3. Cartridge of shot gun[Midnapore]
4. Heat stiffening[SagoreDutta] 4. Brush burn[JNM]
5. Pugilistic attitude[IPGMER] 5. Involuntary tattooing[JNM]
6. Rule of nine[IPGMER] 6. Scald[ESIC]
7. Sub Dural Haemorrhage(SDH)[RG Kar] 7. Types of skull fractures[ESIC]
8. “Gunshot residue” Medicolegal aspects[RG Kar] 8. Different types of skull
9. Whiplash injury in road traffic accident[RG Kar] bone fractures[KPC]
10. Pugilistic attitude[IPGMER] 9. Contact shot entry wound. [Medical
11. Signature fracture[IPGMER] college]
12. Heat syncope[Burdwan] 10. Defense wound [NBMC]
13. Railway spine[Burdwan] 11. Shotgun cartridge. [NBMC]
14. Diffused axonal injury[Bankura]
15. Death due to lightning strike[Bankura]
16. Characteristics of forearm wound of entry in case of near
range shotgun fire[NBMC]
Differences between:
1. Entry and exit wound of bullet [NRSMC]
2. Flame burn and chemical burn [NRSMC] Medico-legal importance:
3. Trench foot and frost bite [CNMC] 1. After fire elements in gunshot
4. Heat hematoma and extradural hematoma [Burdwan wound [Kalyani]
MC] 2. Rule of nine(IPGME&R, Kolkata)
5. Burn and scald [Kalyani] 3. Rule of hasse(MUSHIRDABAD)
6. Gunshot wound of entry and wound of exit[IQ City] 4. Lucid interval(KPC)
7. Flame burn and Scald[RG Kar] 5. Death from lightning(KPC)
8. Cephalohaematoma and Caput succedaneum[RG 6. Whiplash Injury(KPC)
Kar,Burdwan] 7. Contrecoupinjuries(JNM)
9. Shot gun Vs rifled gun[RG Kar] 8. Wallace classification of burn injury(ICARE)
10. Traumatic cerebral haemorrhage Vs pathological 9. CHOKING OF FIREARMS
cerebral haemorrhage[RG Kar]
(BURDWAN MEDICAL COLLEGE)
11. Ante-mortem and post-mortem burns[CNMC,JNM,ESIC]

NRSMC SU 2nd Prof MBBS sorted question FSM PAGE: 7

 12. Heat stroke and heat exhaustion[CNMC]
13. Ante-mortem and post-mortem blister[Bankura,ICARE]
14. Subdural Vs Epidural Haemorrhage[Malda]
Explain why:
1. Dilatation of pupil and deviation of eye down and out occur in epidural hematoma.
2. AC is more dangerous than DC considering electrical injuries.
3. To detect offending firearm weapon secondary marking of bullet is more important than primary.
4. Contrecoup haemorrhage is less common in occipital lobe of brain.
5. Riffle bullet causes more damage to heart in diastolic stage.
6. Decelerating injury is generally more fatal than accelerating injury.
7. Sometimes aged people undress themselves in extreme cold weather.
8. Filigree burn is not a true burn
9. Lucid interval only found in Epidural form of Intracranial Hemorrhages.
10. Carbonaceous soot particles are not always present inside the lumen of trachea in antemortem burn.
11. Superficial burn over extensive body surface is more dangerous than deep burn over a small area on body.
12. Soot is not found in trachea in all cases of ante mortem burns.
13. It is important to keep patient of head injury under observation.
14. Contra-coup injuries.
15. Scalds produced by liquids other than water are more dangerous than those produced by water
16. Concept of tandem cartridge and tandem bullet is not same.
17. Alkali injuries are more dangerous than acid injuries.
18. Possibility of single entry wound, no exit wound and no bullet inside body.
19. Injuries in internal viscera may be found remote to original tract of a bullet.
20. Wearing seat belt may cause fatal injuries [Medical College]
21. Soot may not be present beyond tracheal bifurcation in ante mortem burn injury. [NRSMC]
22. Sometimes rifling is present over the inner surface of the barrel of firearm weapons. [NBMC]
23. Colour changes are not seen in cases of subconjunctival haemorrhage. [NBMC, SagoreDutta]
24. Antemortem burn can be confined by postmortem examinations. [Malda MC]
25. Wilson’s 2nd degree burn is most painful. [Malda MC]
STARVATION
Short Notes:
1. Diagnosis of starvation death[NRS]
2. Starvation[Malda]
Explain why:
1. In starvation all the organs except brain are reduced , but gallbladder is enlarged.
INFANTICIDE AND CHILD ABUSE
Short Notes:
1. Caffey’s syndrome[Bankura]
2. Acts of commission in respect to infanticide[IPGMER]
3. Signs(at least 6) of live born baby[NBMC
Medico-legal importance:
1. Raygat's test(MCK)
Explain why:
2. Hydrostatic test is not always a definitive sign to differentiate live born and still born.
3. Floatation of lungs in Hydrostatic Test does not always indicate live born.
4. Abdominal cavity must be opened before thoracic cavity during autopsy of newborn.
Differences between:
1. Respired and non-respired lung[CNMC]
2. Autopsy finding of Live birth and Still birth[RG Kar]
ABORTION
Long answer questions:
1.Define abortion medicolegally. Mention indications of MTP according to MTP Act, with examples. Doctor’s duty in case of
Criminal abortion. (1+1+1+2)
NRSMC SU 2nd Prof MBBS sorted question FSM PAGE: 8
 2. Define abortion. What are the signs of recent delivery in a living subject? (5)
3. What do you mean by criminal abortion? What are the complications of it? Write the duties of a doctor in a suspected
criminal abortion. (1+2+2)
Short Notes:
1. Absorption Elution Technique[Burdwan]
2. Abortion stick[Midnapore]
3. Methods of criminal abortion[ESIC]
Differences between:
1. Natural and criminal abortion[NBMC]
2. Natural abortion Vs Criminal abortion[Malda]
IMPOTENCE AND STERILITY
Long answer questions:
1. Define sterility. Describe the various causes of sterility in female. (5)
2. What is AI? Enlist the indication for AI. Describe briefly various types of AI techniques and its medico legal aspects.
(1+1+1.5+1.5)
3. What is meant by the terms impotency and sterility? Discuss in detail the legal, social and other complications of AI. (2+8)
4. Describe in brief about Artificial Reproductive Technology. (5)
5. Define sterility. Describe different permanent methods of sterilisation in men and women. Medico legal issues after
permanent sterilisation. (1+2+2)
6.
Short Notes:
1. Grounds for divorce and nullity of marriage[NBMC]
2. Artificial insemination[SagoreDutta]
3. Artificial insemination[IPGMER]
4. Sterilization[ICARE]
5. Vaginismus. [Medical college]
Medico-legal importance:
1. Sterilization(NRSMC)
2. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION(RGKAR)
Explain why:
1. Women participating in Artificial insemination cannot be held guilty for adultery. [Medical College]
2. Impotence not sterility is a ground for divorce.
3. Impotency is a ground for divorce but not sterility.
4. Sterility is not the ground for divorce when cause is other than impotence.
Differences between:
1. Artificial insemination homologous and Artificial insemination donor[MCK
2. Impotence and Sterility[IPGMER]
VIRGINITY PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
Long answer questions:
1. One pregnant woman came to the emergency with complain of tachycardia, petechial spots over chest and respiratory distress
with discharge per vagina. She died 30 mins after admission. What is the probable diagnosis? How can you confirm your
diagnosis? What materials you will preserve in this case during autopsy? ((1+2+2)
th th
2. One 21yo unmarried pregnant female comes in a Govt. Hospital for pregnancy on 5 July, 2017 with history of rape on 16
nd
March, 2017. Her I.M.P. was on 2 March, 2017. A) Under which ground of MTP Act this pregnancy can be terminated? B) How
many doctors are required for termination of pregnancy in this case? C) What should be the qualification of doctor to perform the
procedure? D) What are the other grounds on which termination of pregnancy can be done legally? (1+1+2+1)
3. A dead body of a male baby was found inside a drain wrapped inside a plastic bag. The dead body was sent for autopsy
examination. During autopsy, the autopsy surgeon found that the length of the dead baby was 40cm with skin slippage of face,
back and abdomen. During autopsy how will you establish: (2.5+2.5) i) Gestational age of diabetes ii)Whether the baby was
dead born or still born
4. What are the signs of recent delivery? How delivery is important medico-legally? (2.5+2.5)
5. How would you define a stillborn child? Describe briefly the signs of live birth on autopsy examination. (1+4)
Short Notes:
1. Placenta[IQ City]
2. Surrogate mother[RG Kar]
3. Pseudocyesis[RG Kar]

NRSMC SU 2nd Prof MBBS sorted question FSM PAGE: 9

 4. Positive signs of pregnancy[IPGMER]
5. Quickening[CNMC] Differences between:
6. Role of radiology of diagnosis of pregnancy[MCK]
1. Nulliparous and parous
7. Signs of recent delivery[ESIC] uterus[NRS,Burdwan,CNMC,SagoreDutta]
8. Impotence quoad hoc[IQ City]
2. True virgin and false virgin[IQ
9. External genitalia of a deflorated woman. City,Bankura,IPGMER,Midnapore]
[Medical college]
3. Ruptured hymen and Fimbriated hymen[Burdwan
Medico-legal importance: 4. External genitalia in Virginity and
1. 28th week of gestation (MCK) Defloration[Malda]
2. Height of utrus in pregnancy(MCK) 5. Virgin uterus Vs parous uterus[RG Kar,Malda]
3. Lochia(NRSMC)
4. Fimbriated hymen(JNM)
5. PLACENTA (IQ CITY)
6. SUPERFECUNDATION (BURDWAN MEDICAL COLLEGPREGNANCY (BURDWAN MEDICAL COLLEGE)
7. PRECIPITATE LABOUR (RGKAR)
8. QUICKENING (MIDNAPORE MEDICAL COLLEGE )
Explain why:
1. Non detection of fetal heart sound (FHS) is not the surest sign of IUFD
2. Amenorrhea is not considered as a reliable sign of pregnancy.
3. Ruptured hymen is not always indication of sexual intercourse.
4. Positive gravindex test or other immunological tests do not confirm pregnancy.
SEXUAL OFFENCES
Long answer questions:
1. What are the prerequisites for Medical Examination of a rape victim girl aged 17, who reports to the Emergency Department?
What materials will you preserve during examination? (5)
2. Unmarried 15 yo girl is said to have had consensual sexual intercourse with her boyfriend and on the next day her guarduian
lodged a complaint of sexual assault at the local PS against the boy. (a) under which act of indian law with the police register the
case? (b) what are the prerequisites for the medicolegal examination of the girl? (c) what are the findings obtained during the
examination of the victim girl to establish recent sexual intercourse? (d) what are the items/specimens need to be preserved
during the MLF and why?
3. Classify sex offence. Write down the amendments of Sec. 375 IPC. (2.5+2.5)
4. A case of suspected victim girl of rape was brought to you by the police. Write the steps how you will proceed to examine the
victim girl. Define Rape. (6+4)
5. Dead body of Miss X aged 25 years was found in a roadside bush. Local people informed the police. Police on reaching the spot
noticed wearing apparel on lower part of the body and evidence of bleeding around genitalia and inner aspects of both thighs.
Mouth was partly open with one piece of cloth fully occupying and clogged within oral cavity. A) What are the possible causes of
death? B) What are the important samples to be preserved here? C) How will you preserve those samples? (1+2+2)
6. Classify sexual offence. Define “rape” according to the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013. In the “NIRBHAYA” case, why the
accused were charged under Sec 376 A? (2+2+1)
7. Discuss the medicolegal duties of a doctor and examination findings on an alleged case of sexual assault of a 15yo virgin girl
within 24hours of that incidence. (5+5)
8. Classify Sexual Offences. Define Rape as per recent amendment in 2013. Outline precautionary steps to be taken before
examination and collection of materials for evidence. (1.5+1.5+2)
26.
9. One 19yo girl is brought to the Department of FSM for medico legal examination with history of sexual assault one day ago. What
are the pre requisites needed before proceeding for proper examination of the case? What are the expected findings on clinical
examination of the case and what are the articles to be preserved for further examination. (5)
27.
10. An unmarried girl of 20 years of age was found lying dead in a lonely place on roadside with torn undergarments with some
abrasions and bruises over neck, face and private parts. How will you determine that she was sexually assaulted before death?
What might be the cause of death in this case? What materials will you preserved in this case? (3+1+1)
11. A 14 yo girl is brought for examination for alleged sexual assault. How will you proceed for examination of this case? What is the
recent law relevant to the case? (4+1)
Short Notes:
1. Obsession[RG Kar]
2. Transversium[NBMC]
3. Paternalism[NRS]
4. Incest[CNMC]

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 5. Rape trauma syndrome[MCK]
6. Sec 320 IPC[Bankura]
7. Voyeurism[NBMC]
8. Sodomy[KPC]
9. Obsession[IQ City]
10. 320 IPC [CMJNM, Kalyani]
Medico-legal importance:
1. Homosexuliaty (MCK)
2. Examination of hair and nail of a victim of sexual assault(MCK)
3. "Whether the subject is capable of performing sexual intercourse"-the question given in requisition by police during
examination of a subject of alleged rape (NRS)
Explain why:
1. Rape is a legal definition, not a medical opinion.
2. Practice of sodomy may be viewed as a perversion when regularly practiced by married man living with his wife.
3. Rape is not a medical diagnosis .It is only a legal definition
4. All the cases of murder followed by rape do not qualify as Lust murder
5. Medical evidence of sexual intercourse is not necessarily the legal evidence of rape
6. Medical evidence of sexual intercourse is not legal evidence of rape
Differences between:
1. Sadism and masochism[NBMC]
FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY
Long answer questions:’
1. Discuss the civil responsibilities of an insane person. Explain why:
Define McNuaghten’s rule. 1. Unsoundness of mind due to voluntary
Short Notes: intoxication may not get benefit under sec 84 IPC
1. Narcolepsy[NRS] 2. A person should be criminally liable for his
2. Ethical dilemma[MCK] actions during lucid interval.
3. Respirator brain[MCK] 3. Doctrine of diminished responsibility may or may
4. Delusion[SagoreDutta] not be applicable in delusion.
5. Halucination[IPGMER] 4. McNaughten rule is not same as Sec 84 I.P.C
6. Civil responsibility of mentally ill person[MCK] 5. Belief in God is not delusional.
7. Mental Health Act[Malda] Differences between:
8. Legal tests for mental unsoundness[IQ City] 1. Psychosis and Neurosis[NRS,Malda
Medico-legal importance:
1. Respirator's Brain(NRSMC)
2. DELUSION (NRS)
3. HALLUCINATION (BSMC)
4. LUCID INTERVAL OF INSANITY(SAGORE DUTTA)
1. True insanity and feigned insanity[RG Kar,NBMC,MCK,ESIC,Midnapore
2. Psychosis and Neurosis[MCK]
3. True insanity and false insanity[JNM]
TOXICOLOGY
Long answer questions:
1. Write in brief the general principles of management of a case of acute poisoning. (5)
2. A person travelling by a train was offered some chapatti and curry from a stranger. A little later after taking that, he became
delirious. When he regained his consciousness, he found that all his belongings were stolen. Name the most probable
offending agent in this case and mention the other signs and symptoms which may be observed in this person. How will
you treat the case? (3+2)
3. Mention 4 poisons causing “constriction” of pupil. Mention ‘muscarinic’ sign and symptoms of acute organophosphorus
poisoning. (1+2+2) (1+2+2=5)
4. One 26 you intoxicated person has been arrested by the police due to rash driving of his car and reported to emergency at one
tertiary care Govt. Hospital. Give an account on collection and preservation of sample of blood for alcohol in this specific case.
b) What are the expected internal findings during autopsy of a chronic alcoholic? c) What is drunkenness? (4+4+2)
5. Define antidote. Enumerate different types of Antidote and discuss their mechanism of action. (2+8)

NRSMC SU 2nd Prof MBBS sorted question FSM PAGE: 11

Short Notes:
1. Carbolurea[RG Kar]
2. External PM finding in case of poisoning[Malda] Differences between:
3. Prevention from chronic lead poisoning[NBMC] 1. Drug addiction and Drug
4. Mechanism of action of Organophosphates[NBMC] habituation[NRS,SagoreDutta]
5. Punch Drunk Syndrome[MCK] 2. Arsenic poisoning and Cholera[Burdwan]
6. Punch drunk[IPGMER] 3. Tetanus and Nux-Vomica Poisoning[RG Kar]
7. Chronic Arsenic poisoning[IPGMER] 4. External features of poisonous and non-
8. Gastric lavage[IPGMER] poisonous snakes[Malda]
9. Delirium tremens[CNMC] 5. Body packers and body stuffers[NBMC]
10. Vitriolage[CNMC] 6. Drunkenness and cerebral concussion[MCK]
11. Treatment of oxalic acid poisoning[CNMC] 7. Morphological features of cobra
12. Signs and symptoms of Dhatura poisoning[CNMC] and viper[Bankura]
13. Contraindications of gastric lavage[CNMC] 8. Hallucination and illusion[CNMC]
14. The causes of failure to detect poison in a case of
poisoning[KPC]
Medico-legal importance:
1. Death trance [Kalyani]
2. DELIRIUM TREMENS (R.G.KAR)
3. DRUNKENNESS (MIDNAPORE MEDICAL COLLEGE )
Explain why:
1. Blood should not be collected from body cavity during autopsy for toxicological analysis.
2. A small amount of antidote should be retained in the stomach after completion of stomach wash.
3. Fanconi syndrome, Acrodynia and Mercuriotentis are feature of chronic mercury poisoning.
4. Weak, non-carbonated alkalis are used as chemical antidote in corrosive acid poisoning.
5. Chronic lead poisoning causes constipation, abortion and hypertension.
6. Ethyl alcohol is used in methyl alcohol poisoning.
7. Chocolate like colour of post mortem stain is found in KClO3 poisoning
8. Nitrite is indicated in treatment of cyanide poisoning.
9. Gastric lavage is indicated in some poisoning event when the poison is not taken orally.
10. Corrosive action of alkali is more severe than acid.

MISCELLANEOUS
Long answer questions:
1. A red stain is found on a bed cover. Discuss in brief how will you know that this is a blood stain? (5)
Short Notes:
1. Benzedine test[RG Kar] Differences between:
2. Takayama test[Bankura] 1. Obscure autopsy and Negative
3. Warning Notice[Malda] autopsy[SagoreDutta]
4. Fallacies of AADHAR card. [NRSMC] 2. Pathological autopsy and medico-legal
5. Obscure autopsy [IPGMER] autopsy [IPGMER, Joka ]
6. Objectives of medicolegal autopsy [ESICMC-Joka] Medico-legal importance:
Explain why: 1. MEDICAL CERTIFICATE ISSUED BY RMP
1. Negative benzidine test has got more medicolegical (MALDA)
value.
2. Bombay blood group is important to determine the paternity.
3. Negative screening tests of blood and semen carry more value than positive test.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

All the best for 2nd Prof MBBS – NRSMC Students’ Union
NRSMC SU 2nd Prof MBBS sorted question FSM PAGE: 12