Numerical modelling of second‐grade fluid

flow past a stretching sheet

Abstract
The present numerical study reports the chemically reacting boundary layer flow of a
magnetohydrodynamic second‐grade fluid past a stretching sheet under the influence of
internal heat generation or absorption with work done due to deformation in the presence
of a porous medium. To distinguish the non‐Newtonian behavior of the second‐grade fluid
with those of Newtonian fluids, a very popularly known second‐grade fluid flow model is
used. The fourth order momentum equation with four appropriate boundary conditions
along with temperature and concentration equations governing the second‐grade fluid flow
are coupled and highly nonlinear in nature. Well‐established similarity transformations are
efficiently used to reduce the dimensional flow equations into a set of nondimensional
ordinary differential equations with the necessary conditions. The standard bvp4c
MATLAB solver is effectively used to solve the fluid flow equations to get the numerical
solutions in terms of velocity, temperature, and concentration fields. Numerical results are
obtained for a different set of physical parameters and their behavior is described through
graphs and tables. The viscoelastic parameter enhances the velocity field whereas the
magnetic and porous parameters suppress the velocity field in the flow region. The
temperature field is magnified for increasing values of the heat source/sink parameter.
However, from the present numerical study, it is noticed that the flow of heat occurs from
sheet to the surrounding ambient fluid. Before concluding the considered problem, our
results are validated with previous results and are found to be in good agreement.

KEYWORDS
chemical reaction, heat source/sink, magnetohydrodynamic, porous medium, second ‐grade
fluid, stretching sheet

1. INTRODUCTION

The thermodynamic behavior and boundary layer flow of a non ‐Newtonian fluid
past a continuously moving solid surface/sheet is a very special and significant
type of flow existing in many industrial and engineering processes. The main
branch of modern fluid dynamics is the study of heat transfer from solid geometry
to an ambient fluid due to the continuous stretching of the sheet/surface through
the free stream. These types of heat transfer studies have a large number of
significant technological applications in various branches of science and
engineering, particularly in the field of aerodynamics, gas dynamics, and chemical
engineering. For instance, processes such as polymer extrusion and metallurgical
process are studied under the brunch of chemical engineering, and they comprise
the refrigeration of molten fluid which is being stretched into the cooling system.

It is very important to study the thermodynamic properties of fluids to get the

desired outcomes. Also, many of the industrial processes depend on two important
aspects, the first one is the liquids used for cooling 9 and the second one is the rate
of stretching. It is generally known that electrically conducting non ‐Newtonian
fluids are being used in the above mentioned processes for the purpose of cooling. 9
This is mainly due to the fact that electrically conducting non ‐Newtonian fluid
flow behavior can be easily controlled by applying an external magnetic field,
which can easily control the heat flow over a period of time. Also, another very
important aspect to be considered in these types of processes is the rate of
stretching of the flow configuration. Minimum knowledge of the rate of stretching
is very essential because the rapid stretching may result in sudden solidification,
which may destroy the properties of the expected outcome.
The heat transfer problem, which is briefly explained above, is one of the most
fundamental ones and which is frequently occurs in most industrial applications
such as polymer processing, glass fiber and paper production, 10 crystal
growing,11 geothermal engineering, 12 rolling and industrial of plastic films, 13
tinning and annealing of copper wires, drawing, artificial fibres,13 oil reservoirs,
cooling of a metallic plate in a cooling bath, and heat resistant materials
traveling on conveyer belts, and so on. The detailed applications and uses of the
above‐mentioned processes can be found in the available literature.
Among the above‐listed processes, the problem of viscoelastic non‐Newtonian
fluid flow past a stretching sheet has gained very much attention of engineers and
scientists due to its everlasting, huge number of industrial, engineering, and
technological applications in daily life. Therefore, the authors believe that the
problem considered in the present study has great engineering interest and has a
good number of applications in various industries. In this direction, the following
are few important investigations carried out by various scientists and engineers
with different geometries.
The thermodynamic behavior and boundary layer flow of viscous
incompressible fluid past a continuously moving solid surface with constant speed
was first studied and analyzed by Sakiadis. Additionally, Sakiadis considered the
two‐dimensional boundary layer equations and axisymmetric flow. Furthermore,
Sakiadis investigated the incompressible, two‐ dimensional boundary layer flow on
a continuous flat surface moving with a constant velocity in a fluid medium at rest
using numerical as well as integral methods. From his investigations, it is observed
that the coefficient of drag is higher in the case of laminar boundary layer flow
when compared with that in the turbulent boundary layer. The problem which is
considered by Sakiadis is completely different from that of the Blasius usual
boundary layer flow problem over a flat plate, which is mostly because of the
consideration of the free stream. In this particular case, it is considered that the
initial surface velocity is zero (ie,uw =0), but in many practical situations it is
observed that the surface is moving with some speed (uw =ax ) in the cooling
fluid. Erickson et al studied and discussed the Sakiadis problem by considering the
heat and mass transfer in boundary layer flow in which the moving surface has
non‐zero transverse velocity. From their investigations, it is noticed that the
boundary layer is thinner for higher values of the suction parameter. Also, their
investigations deal with the problem of a polymer sheet extruded continuously
from a die. The steady‐state viscous incompressible fluid flow past a sheet with
elastic nature was investigated by Crane18 and it is noticed that the flow is
produced mainly due to the stretching of the sheet in its own plane and the velocity
changes linearly with the distance from the fixed point. Furthermore, it is observed
from the literature18 that the analytical solution of the quiescent two ‐dimensional
viscous incompressible flow over a stretching surface in steady‐state condition was
given for the first time by Crane.
However, Carragher and Crane theoretically investigated the heat transfer
characteristics of a stretching sheet from a slit into the medium at rest. Also, their
study assumes that the velocity of the sheet is proportional to the distance from the
slit. Gupta and Gupta analyzed the thermodynamic behavior of the momentum,
heat and mass transfer process in boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet by
considering the suction/blowing process. However, from their investigation it is
noticed that, the increasing blowing parameter decreases the temperature field.
Abel et al numerically discussed the thermodynamic behavior of flow and heat
transfer in a power‐law fluid past a stretching sheet with a nonuniform heat source
or sink and variable thermal conductivity using the Keller box method. From their
investigation, it is observed that the parameter governing the variable thermal
conductivity enhances the magnitude of the thermal field in the prescribed
temperature case and decreases in the prescribed heat flux case. Also, the
Chandrasekhar number diminishes the velocity boundary layer thickness. Abel and
Mahesha22 investigated the heat transfer characteristics and boundary layer flow of
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), viscoelastic, non‐Newtonian Walter’s liquid ‐B
fluid past a stretching sheet with a linear velocity under the influence of a
nonuniform heat source/sink with the thermal radiation effect using the Runge‐
Kutta algorithm. From their numerical study, it is noticed that the temperature of
the system is regulated by minimizing the thermal radiation parameter.
Furthermore, it is observed that Prandtl number decreases the thermal boundary
layer thickness. Furthermore, Hayat et al analytically investigated the
axisymmetric flow of third‐grade fluid between two stretching/shrinking sheets
under the influence of magnetic field using the homotopy analysis method. From
their discussion, it is remarkable that the increasing values of the third ‐grade fluid
parameter increases the velocity field whereas the skin ‐friction coefficient
decreases for the increasing values of magnetic number in the case of stretching
flow, however, the reverse behavior is noticed for shrinking flow.
Due to the increased technological applications and advantages of heat and mass
transfer problems in hydrometallurgical and chemical industries, it is very
important to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of the chemical reaction
process. In practice, there are a huge number of transport phenomena which are
governed by the mutual action of buoyancy forces owing to both heat and mass
diffusions under the action of chemical reaction effects. Generally, these types of
processes frequently occur in solar collectors, nuclear reactors, chemical
engineering, combustion systems, metallurgical and chemical processes, and many
others. Therefore, in view of these applications, we have considered the chemical
reaction effect in the present study along with the magnetic effect. Thus, the
following are the few efforts made in this direction to explore the importance of
the chemical reaction. The viscoelastic boundary layer flow over an exponentially
stretching sheet with viscous dissipation effects was studied by Khan and
Sanjayanand.24 It is noticed from their investigation that the magnifying values of
the viscoelastic parameter decreases the velocity field in the boundary layer. The
MHD boundary layer flow of heat and mass transfer phenomena with dissipative
and radiation effects past a porous stretching sheet was investigated by Kar et al.
Furthermore, the influence of the heat and mass transfer process on the natural
convection flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting, viscoelastic
fluid over a vertical porous plate with unsteady oscillatory permeability under the
influence of a magnetic field and a heat source or sink with chemical reaction
effects was studied by Nayak et al.26 From their analysis, it is remarkable that the
increasing values of the heat source parameter and the absence of the porous
parameter enhance the flow in the vicinity of the plate. Furthermore, from their
investigation, it is noticed that due to the presence of the heat sink the oscillatory
motion produces flow instabilities. Also, a similar numerical study was extended
by Nayak et al27 by considering the stretching sheet, which is kept in a porous
medium under the influence of a magnetic field and chemical reaction effects.
From their investigation, it is noticed that the Nusselt number is suppressed for the
higher values of magnetic number in the PST case and it increase in the PHF
case.
Recently, the three‐dimensional MHD second‐grade nanofluid flow over an
exponentially stretching surface with convective boundary conditions was studied
by Hayat et al. They clearly described the effect of Brownian motion and
thermophoresis on boundary layer flow. Also, the ferromagnetic second‐grade
fluid flow past a stretched surface with viscous dissipation and magnetic dipole
effects were investigated by Hayat et al. Similarly, Hayat et al developed a two‐
dimensional mathematical model for the flow of a second ‐grade nanofluid past a
nonlinear stretching sheet under the influence of a magnetic field. Very recently,
the numerical study of second‐grade fluid flow over a stretching cylinder under the
influence of Dufour and Soret impacts was studied by Majeed. They gave the
detailed physical interpretation of second‐grade fluid flow when it is subjected to
thermal radiation along with the Soret and Dufour effects. Dasa et al analyzed the
thermodynamic behavior of MHD, electrically conducting second‐grade fluid flow
over a semi‐infinite stretching sheet with the heat and mass transfer process.
Additionally, they discussed the effects of thermal radiation and thermophor- esis
on flow behavior. Also, the MHD flow of a viscoelastic non ‐Newtonian fluid with
a homogeneous chemical reaction effect under the influence of a porous medium
past a stretching sheet was studied by Nayak.
Furthermore, Hayat et al34 investigated the three‐dimensional boundary layer
flow of a thermally stratified viscous incompressible fluid over an unsteady
exponentially stretching surface under the influence of magnetic and Joule heating
effects using the homotopy analysis method. From their numerical investigation, it
is observed that the increasing values of the magnetic parameter diminish the
velocity field, whereas the temperature field increases. Also, the increasing values
of the unsteadiness parameter enhance the skin‐friction coefficient. Furthermore,
Imtiaz et al35 discussed the effects of Cattaneo‐Christov heat flux on the two ‐
dimensional steady flow of a viscous incompressible third ‐grade fluid past a
stretching sheet under the influence of the chemical reaction process. Their study
reveals that the magnifying values of the Reynolds number and the third ‐grade
fluid parameter increases the velocity field. Furthermore, the enhancing values of
the thermal relaxation time parameter diminish the temperature field in the flow
region.
The thermodynamic behavior of a second‐grade fluid flow past a nonlinearly
stretching sheet with the thermal radiation effect was investigated by Rahman et
al.36 Also, they discussed the influence of buoyancy force on assisting and
opposing flows. Similarly, the viscoelastic second‐grade fluid flow past a
stretching sheet with the thermal radiation effect on heat transfer characteristics in
a thermal boundary layer under the influence of an internal heat sink/source was
discussed by Bataller.37 Gireesha et al analyzed the effect of a nonuniform heat
sink/ source on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a dusty fluid past a
stretching sheet under the influence of the thermal radiation effect. The non‐
Newtonian viscoelastic flow of a viscous incompressible two ‐dimensional second ‐
grade fluid over a stretching sheet with viscosity as a function of the temperature
field under the influence of variable thermal conductivity was discussed by
Akinbobola and Okoya. Also, they analyzed the effects of thermal radiation, heat
source/sink, and viscous dissipation on the boundary layer flow of a second ‐grade
fluid by considering the viscosity as an inverse function of temperature.
Furthermore, their investigation was carried out by assuming that the thermal
conductivity was directly proportional to the temperature field. Similarly, Parsa et
al investigated the effect of internal heat generation or absorption on boundary
layer flow of a MHD, viscous incompressible fluid past a stretching surface. It is
observed from their study that the temperature field increases with increasing
values of magnetic number. Recently, Khan et al investigated the thermally
stratified stagnation point flow of a non‐Newtonian second ‐grade fluid with
temperature‐ dependent thermal conductivity and non‐Fourier heat flux toward the
stretched cylinder. Akbar et al analyzed the second‐grade fluid flow with MHD
and prescribed vorticity effects under the influence of a porous medium in the xy‐
plane. Samiulhaq et al studied the time‐dependent MHD natural convection flow
of a second‐grade fluid near the vertical flat plate with ramped wall temperature in
the presence of porous medium. The process of steady ‐state, two ‐ dimensional,
magnetoconvection flow of electrically conducting, viscous incompressible
Walter’s liquid‐B over a stretching sheet with thermal radiation and heat source
was studied by Singh. It is observed from his investigation that the temperature
field is decreased for the increasing values of the radiation parameter.
Furthermore, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of viscous incompressible,
electrically conducting viscoelastic fluid flow past a stretching sheet with Joule
and viscous dissipation and internal heat generation/absorption effects in the
presence of magnetic field was analyzed by Chen. It is remarkable in his
investigation that the Joule heating and viscous dissipation effects increases the
temperature field in the flow region. Recently, the boundary layer flow and heat
transfer characteristics of a second‐grade fluid over a stretching sheet with
dissipation effects under the presence of porous medium was studied by Khan et
al. They described the effect of the thickness of the film and the porous parameter
on the flow pattern in the steady‐state case with constant reference temperature.
With the above literature survey, the authors observed that much interest was
given to either viscous dissipation or the radiation effect or both with the MHD
effect. Very little attention is given to the thermodynamic analysis of internal heat
generation or absorption and work done due to deformation with natural
convection heat transfer to a second‐grade fluid under the influence of Joule and
viscous dissipation effects when the flow is subjected to a porous medium with a
homogeneous first order chemical reaction. Thus, from the above literature, it is
found that the present problem has a good number of industrial applications. Also,
the novelty of the current work has very much engineering interest because of the
following important reasons.

(i) The addition of the porous term in the momentum equation is justified as the
flow of heat and the mass transfer process exist by using the porous matrix (ie,
insulating material). This insulating material significantly prevents loss of heat
and accelerates the mechanism of heating or cooling as this may be treated as
 a heat exchanger.
(ii) The inclusion of a magnetic field is very useful in controlling the flow
behavior in the manufacturing process.
(iii) Many of the industrial fluids are chemically reactive. Therefore, the addition
of the chemical reaction term in the concentration equation has great
significance.

Therefore, in view of the above reasons and taking the industrial applications of
a viscoelastic second‐grade fluid into consideration, the present article made an
attempt to study the boundary layer region developed due to the chemically
reacting second‐grade fluid flow over a stretching sheet with viscous and Joule
dissipation, internal heat generation, or absorption effects and the work done due
to deformation when the flow is subjected to a magnetic field. Furthermore, the
present research article is organized as follows. In Section 2, the rheological
equation of second‐grade fluid flow is described. Furthermore, Section 3 deals
with the mathematical formulation and non ‐dimensionalization of the governing
equations. Also, Section 4 illustrates the numerical procedure of the current
problem. Furthermore, Section 5 deals with the validation of the present results
and discussion of the similarity solutions. Finally, concluding remarks are made
in Section 6.

2. RHEOLOGICAL EQUATION GOVERNING THE

SECOND-GRADE FLUID

The non‐Newtonian behavior of viscous incompressible homogeneous second‐

grade fluid flow is described through the Cauchy stress tensor (T), that is, the
rheological equation in terms of the stress and strain relation 47–49 is given by the
following equation:
2
T =− pI+ μA 1 +α 1 A 2 + α 2 A1 …………………………………………………….. (1)

dA1
T A 2=+ A 1 ( gradv ) + A 1 ( gradv )T
Where A=( gradv )+ ( gradv ) , dt ………. (2)
The quantities A1 and A2 in the above Equations (1) and (2) indicates the Rivlin‐
Ericksen first two tensors. The velocity field is described with v and the material
d
derivative with respect to time is indicated by dt . Also, α1 and α2 are generally
named as normal stress moduli or sometimes they are referred to as material
moduli. Also, here p is the pressure, I is the identity vector, and μ is the viscosity
of the fluid. To meet the required thermodynamic criteria, the considered second‐
grade fluid flow model in this study is compatible with the thermodynamics of the
fluid motion and it obeys the Clausius ‐Duhem inequality. Also, the fundamental
Helmholtz free energy assumption is satisfied for the second ‐grade fluid when it is
locally at rest. With the above assumptions under thermodynamic conditions, the
values of μ, α1, and α2, for a second‐grade fluid are chosen as follows.
μ≥0 , α 1≥0 and α 1 +α 2=0

3. MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

3.1 Flow description:

The time-independent, two‐dimensional, laminar, viscous incompressible chemically
reacting boundary layer flow of a MHD second ‐grade fluid with internal heat
generation or absorption effect over a linearly stretching sheet with the plane y=0
in the presence o f a porous medium is considered. The physical flow configuration
with all necessary conditions is clearly illustrated in Figure 1 In the present case, the
flow of the second‐grade fluid is confined to the plane y >0 . The Cartesian
coordinate system is used to describe the considered problem in which the x‐co‐
ordinate is measured along the axial flow direction and y‐co‐ordinate is measured
normal to the sheet. The flow configuration is extended along the axial flow direction
due to the application of two equal and opposite forces by keeping the origin fixed.
Also, in the present case, flow is produced due to the stretching of the sheet along the
x‐direction. Furthermore, the velocity, temperature, and concentration of the ambient
fluid are taken as U ∞ ,T ∞ and C∞ . With these assumptions and by considering
appropriate boundary
FIGURE 1: Physical configuration and coordinate system of the investigated
problem [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] layer
approximations, the equations governing the second‐grade fluid past a stretching
sheet are obtained in dimensional form as follows:
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂ y
2
∂u ∂ u ∂2 u ∂3 u ∂u ∂2 u ∂ u ∂2 v ∂3 u σβ 0 v
u + v =v 2 +λ 1 u
∂x ∂ y ∂y ( + − + v
∂ x ∂ y2 ∂ x ∂ y2 ∂ y ∂ y2 ∂ y3 ρ )− u−
k1
u

+gβT ( T −T ∞ ) + gβC ( C−C∞ ) ….

(5)

α1 μ
λ1 = v=
In the above Equation (5) ρ and ρ
. Furthermore, to obtain the
momentum Equation (5) it is generally assumed that the magnitude of shear stress
and normal stress are of the same order (along with the boundary layer
approximations). Therefore, in the above Equation (5), the quantities λ1 and v
2
are of the same order, that is, O ( δ ) where δ indicates the boundary layer
thickness.
However, the equivalent initial and boundary conditions governing the
momentum Equation (5) are defined as follows:

u=ax , v =0 provided a .>0 at y=0

∂u
→0
u→0 , ∂y as y →∞ ………………… (6)

∂u
→0
In the above Equation (6), ∂y as y →∞ is taken as the augmented
boundary condition. Also, in the present case, the velocity of the ambient fluid
around the sheet is assumed to be zero. Therefore, flow is produced due to the
stretching of the sheet along the axial direction only. Thus, the highly nonlinear
coupled partial differential Equation (5) is reduced to the nonlinear ordinary
differential equation by using the suitable similarity transformations. In view of
this, the above Equations (4) and (5) along with Equation (6) are subjected to the
following similarity transformations.
 u=ax{f¿ '(η)¿}v=−f(η)√av¿} ¿ …………………….. (7)

In the above Equation (7) the derivative with respect to η is denoted by the
symbol prime. Clearly, in Equation (7), u and v are well‐defined and they obey the
continuity Equation (4). Thus, the dimensional flow Equation (5) is converted to
the nondimensional form by replacing Equation (7) into Equation (5). Thus, the
following is the required momentum equation in dimensionless form.

f ' ' ' ( η ) + f ( η ) f ' ' ( η )−f ¿ ( η )+ λ ( 2 f ' ( η ) f ' ' ' ( η )−f ¿ ( η )−f ( η ) f iv ( η ) )
−M f ' ( η )−P f ' ( η ) +GrT θ ( η ) +Gr C φ ( η ) =0 ………
(8)

( P ) , magnetic parameter
where, in the above Equation (8), the porous parameter
( M ) , viscoelastic or second‐grade fluid parameter ( λ ) , thermal Grashof
( Gr T ) , and solutal Grashof numbers GrC are defined by the following
Equation (9).

2
v σβ0 aλ1 gβT Tw−T∞
}}} }
P= ¿ M= ¿ λ= ¿ GrT= 2 ¿ ¿
k1a ρa v xa
()

Similarly, the dimensionless boundary conditions are obtained by replacing

………………………………. (9)

Equation (7) into Equation (6). Thus, the following are the required conditions
in nondimensional form.
 f ( 0 )=0 , f ' ( 0 )=1 at ,η=0
f ' ( ∞ ) →0 , f ' ' ( ∞ ) →0 as,η=∞,
………………………………… (10)

However, the analytical solution of Equation (8) with the necessary conditions (10),
when
GrT =GrC =M=P=0 is given by the following equation:

( 1−e−m η ) 1
m1=
1
f (η)= ,
m1 where √ 1+ λ ……………………………. (11)

Where m1 is the elastic parameter. However, with Equation (11), the velocity
components are obtained as follows

m1 η
u=axe ¿ }¿ ¿ ……………………………. (12)
−η
The unique solution f ( η ) =1−e is obtained when λ=0 . But ingeneral
with the help of a suitable mathematical statement, we show that the flow equation
defined by Equation (8) with conditions (10) fails to have a unique solution. That
is, we get an exponential solution when λ=( 0 ,∞ ) and the solution in terms of
exponential with sine and cosine terms when λ=(−1,0 ) . However, for λ>0 ,
the only possible and suitable solution is given in the Equation
(13) and this solution has good physical insight. More details can be found in the
available literature.
( 1−e−m η )1
m1=
1
f (η)= ,
m1 where √ 1+ λ ………………………… (13)

Therefore, this solution is more generally used in the heat transfer problems for
the function f ( η ) . From Equation (13) it is observed that the velocity
'
component f ( η ) is an increasing function of the viscoelastic parameter λ .

3.2 Heat transfer analysis

In the present problem, we have considered the internal heat generation or
absorption effect in view of getting the influence of temperature difference
between the free stream and stretching sheet. It is generally known that the fluid
stores the thermal energy through frictional heating due to viscous dissipation.
Therefore, the thermal equation governing second‐grade fluid flow with the
viscous dissipation effect and work due to the deformation under internal heat
generation or absorption along with usual boundary layer approximations is given
by the following steady‐state dimensional equation:

∂T ∂T k ∂2 T μ ∂u 2 λ1 ∂u ∂
u
∂x
+v = + + u
∂u ∂u
+v( )
∂ y ρC p ∂ y 2 ρC p ∂ y C p ∂ y ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y [ ( )]
Q σβ 20 2
+ ( T −T ∞ )+ u
ρC p ρC p …………… (14)

The suitable temperature boundary conditions are chosen based on the type of
heating process considered. However, the present study deals with the prescribed
surface temperature boundary conditions to solve the energy equation. Thus, the
following are the required temperature boundary conditions used for solving the
Equation (14).

x2
()
T=T w=T ∞ +A ,at y=0 ¿ ¿ ¿¿
l } …………………… (15)

In the above Equation (15) the characteristic length is denoted by l . To

convert the dimensional thermal Equation (14) with conditions (15) into the
nondimensional form we have defined the following nondimensional temperature
in terms of the similarity variable as follows:
T −T ∞
θ ( η )=
T w −T ∞ …………………….. (16)
By making the use of Equations (7) and (16) into Equations (14) and (15), the
resultant heat equation with necessary conditions in the dimensionless form is given
by the following equations.
θ' ' ( η ) + Pr f ( η ) θ' ( η )− Pr ( 2 f ' ( η ) −α ) θ ( η )
[ ¿
+Pr Ec f ( η ) + λ f
''
(η { f ' ( η ) f ' ' ( η )−f ( η ) f ' ' ' ( η ) }+ M f ¿ ( η ) )] =0 …………..
(17)

θ ( 0 )=1,at η=0 ¿ } ¿¿¿ ……………………. (18)

 In the above Equation (17), the physical parameters, Prandtl number ( Pr ) ,
Eckert number ( Ec ) , and heat generation or absorption parameter ( α ) are
obtained in the following form:

μCp a2l2
}}
Pr= ¿ Ec= ¿ ¿ ¿
k AC p
…………………………….. (19)

3.3 Mass transfer analysis

It is generally known that due to the temperature and concentration gradients in the
flow region near the stretching sheet, there occurs a density difference which
interacts with the gravitational force resulting in a natural convection heat and
mass transfer process. Therefore, in the present paper, the mass transfer
phenomenon is described by considering the homogeneous first order chemical
reaction effect in the species diffusion equation. Based on the above assumptions
and the boundary layer approximation, the steady‐state concentration equation
governing the mass transfer process is obtained as follows:

∂ C ∂C ∂2 C
u
∂x
+v
∂y
=D
∂ y2 ( )
−k 2 ( C−C∞ )
………………….. (20)
The appropriate initial and boundary conditions governing Equation (20) are as follows:

C=Cw ,at;y=0 ¿ } ¿¿¿

………………………… (21)
To reduce the above dimensional Equation (20) along with Equation (21) into
the nondimensional form, the following dimensionless concentration function is
defined in terms of the similarity variable as follows:
C−C∞
θ ( η )=
C w −C∞ …………………… (22)
By utilizing Equations (7) and (22), the above Equations (20) and (21)
reduced to the following nondimensional form:

θ' ' ( η ) + Sc [ f ( η ) φ' ( η ) −Kr φ ( η ) ]=0 ……………. (23)

 θ ( 0 )=1,at η=0 ¿ } ¿¿¿ …………………….. (24)
where the control parameters occurring in the above Equation (23) are defined as follows:

k2
a }
Kr= ¿ ¿ ¿¿
……………………….. (25)

Thus, in the present paper destructive, constructive, and no chemical reactions are
respectively determined by considering Kr<0 , Kr >0 , and Kr=0 . Also, from
the available literature, it is observed that the present problem has no analytic
solution. Therefore, we have used the bvp4c MATLAB solver to get the desired
similarity solutions of the governing equations.

4. NUMERICAL SOLUTION PROCEDURE

The equations governing the non‐Newtonian second‐grade fluid flow over the
stretching sheet with the required conditions are coupled and nonlinear in nature.
These equations are solved by employing the numerically stable bvp4c MATLAB
solver. In view of this reason, the Equations (8), (17), and (23) are first
decomposed into the system of first order ordinary differential equations in the
following form:

df 0 df 1 df 2
dη
=f 1 ¿ } } }
dη
=f 2 ¿
dη
=f 3 ¿ ¿ ¿¿
¿ …….. (26)
 dθ0 dθ1
} }
=θ1 ¿ =−Prf 0 (η) θ1 (η)+Pr (2 f 1 (η)−α ) θ0 (η ) ¿ ¿¿¿
dη dη ……………….. (27)

dφ0
dη
=φ1 ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ } …………………………… (28)

In the above Equations (26) to (28) we have considered φ ( η )=φ0 ( η ) , θ ( η )=θ 0 ( η ) ,

and f' ( η ) =f 0 ( η ) . The boundary conditions, Eqsuations (10), (18), and (24) on velocity
( f , f ) temperature ( θ ) , and concentration ( φ ) are expressed in the following form for
the mathematical simplicity.

f 0 ( 0 )=0,f 1 ( 0 )=1,at:η=0 ¿ } ¿¿¿

…………….. (29)

θ0 ( 0 ) =1,at :η=0 ¿ } ¿¿¿

…………….. (30)

φ0 ( 0 )=1,at:η=0 ¿ } ¿¿¿
…………….. (31)

By choosing the suitable values of the unknown variables f 2 ( 0 ) , f 3 ( 0 ) , θ1 ( 0 ) , ,

and φ1 ( 0 ) , , the above boundary value problem (BVP) is converted into initial
value problem (IVP). The resultant IVP is then solved by using the bvp4c
MATLAB solver. Furthermore, the numerical simulations are carried out by taking
the step size h=0 .01 . To get the accurate numerical results, the convergence
−3
criteria is chosen as 10 .
 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Validation of present results

To confirm the accuracy of the present results, we have validated our results with
those of Vajravelu and Roper. It is found that the present results excellently match
with the results of Vajravelu and Roper. This fact confirms the validity and accuracy
of the present results and the used method. This comparison is clearly shown in
Table 1. Furthermore, from Table 1 it is noticed that the magnitude of the heat
transfer rate increases with increasing values of Prandtl number for the fixed values
of λ and α. Furthermore, a numerical investigation is performed to

TABLE 1 Validation of present results with those of Vajravelu and Roper for θ′(0).

Results of Results of
Vajravelu Vajravelu
and Roper50 and Roper
Parametri Present results Present results
c
values Pr ( Ec=0 .0 ) ( Ec=0 .02 )
( Ec=0 .0 ) ( Ec=0 .02 )
λ=1 0 −0.010000 −0.010000000000000 −0.010000 −0.010000000000000
α = −1 1 −1.757867 −1.757841442124818 −1.750994 −1.750989674737535
2 −2.535115 −2.535104840234069 −2.523906 −2.523898937347685
3 −3.132089 −3.132071535126984 −3.117364 −3.117346570130741
4 −3.635523 −3.635514407065811 −3.617752 −3.617742893137518
5 −4.079128 −4.079118335901348 −4.058629 −4.058617870318757
λ=1 0 −0.010000 −0.010000000000000 −0.010000 −0.010000000000000
α=0 1 −1.414214 −1.414210574298190 −1.406186 −1.406182354163806
2 −2.078035 −2.078039592657075 −2.064758 −2.064762299262886
3 −2.586440 −2.586440151594636 −2.568855 −2.568855962959885
4 −3.014721 −3.014724793533113 −2.993381 −2.993383687603092
5 −3.391900 −3.391907818788401 −3.367179 −3.367185517991996

FIGURE 2 Effect of GrT on f ( η ) analyze the thermodynamic behavior of non‐

Newtonian MHD second‐grade fluid flow past a stretching sheet with an internal heat
source or sink by considering the porous medium with the first order homogeneous
chemical reaction effect. The numerical results are analyzed through graphs and tables for
Gr ,Gr C )
various values of controls parameters such as buoyancy parameter ( T , second‐
grade fluid parameter ( λ ) , magnetic parameter ( M ) , porous parameter ( P ) , heat
generation or absorption parameter α , Eckert number ( Ec ) , chemical reaction
parameter ( Kr ) , and Schmidt number ( Sc ) in the following paragraphs.

5.1.1 Effect of buoyancy parameters ( Gr T ,Gr C ) on velocity profile

The influence of thermal and solutal Grashof numbers (buoyancy parameters) on
the radial and axial velocity profiles are described in Figures 2‐5, respectively.
Figures 2 and 3 depict the effect of
Gr
thermal Grashof number ( T ) on the radial ( f ) as well as axial velocity ( f ')
components,
FIGURE 3 Effect of ( Gr T ) on f ' ( η )

FIGURE 4Effect of ( Gr C ) on f ( η )
respectively. From Figures 2 and 3, it is clearly observed that both the normal and
Gr
axial velocity fields are magnified for the increasing values of ( T ) . Similarly,
Gr
the impact of solutal Grashof number ( C ) on normal and axial velocity
components is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. It is remarkable from
Gr
Figures 4 and 5 that the increasing values of ( T ) enhance the velocity field in
the flow region. This increment in axial and radial velocity fields is due to the
reason that the increasing values of buoyancy parameter act like a favorable
pressure gradient, which, in turn, accelerates the fluid flow in the boundary
layer. Hence, the velocity field is magnified. From Figures 2 and 4 it is noticed
that initially ( ie ,η≤0 )
all the curves
Gr Gr
corresponding to different values of ( T ) and ( C ) coincide with each other,
which indicates that at early time intervals conduction dominates the convection
process. However, in the remaining region η≥0. 2 , the convection heat transfer
process dominates the conduction. Furthermore, thickness of the momentum
Gr Gr
boundary layer increases for increasing values of ( T ) and ( C ) . Thus,
FIGURE 5 Effect of ( Gr C ) on f ′(η)

FIGURE 6 Effect of λ on f (η) [Color figure can be viewed at

wileyonlinelibrary.com]

from Figures 2‐5 it is clearly noticed that the velocity field is an increasing
function of free convection parameters.

5.1.2 Influence of second‐grade fluid parameter ( λ ) on flow profiles

The effect of the second‐grade fluid parameter ( λ ) on velocity and temperature
profiles is portrayed in Figures 6‐8. However, Figures 6 and 7 demonstrate the
impact of the second‐grade fluid parameter on radial and axial velocity profiles in
the flow region. From Figure 6, it is noticed that the normal component of velocity
magnifies for increasing values of ( λ ) . Furthermore, from Figure 7, it is
remarkable that the axial velocity field is enhanced for the increasing values of the
second‐grade fluid parameter. This increment in velocity field is due to the reason
that an upsurge in ( λ ) gives a decrease in viscosity of the fluid and which, in
turn, is responsible for the increase of velocity field in the flow region.
Furthermore, the thickness of the momentum boundary layer
 '
FIGURE 7 Effect of ( λ) on f (η) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 8 Effect of ( λ) on θ (η) [Color figure can be viewed at

wileyonlinelibrary.com]

increases with the upsurge in second‐grade fluid parameter. However, the

influence of ( λ ) on temperature field is portrayed in in Figure 8. It is noticed
from Figure 8 that the increasing second‐grade fluid parameter decreases the
temperature field in the flow region.

5.1.3 Impact of magnetic parameter ( M ) on flow profiles

The influence of the magnetic parameter ( M ) on velocity and temperature fields is
described in Figures 9 to 11. Furthermore, the effect of magnetic number on radial and
axial velocity components is depicted in Figures 9 and 10. From Figure 9, it is clearly
remarkable that the normal component of the velocity profile diminishes for the
increasing values of magnetic number. Also, the influence of the magnetic parameter
on the radial velocity profile in the region 0≤η≤0 . 35 is insignificant when
compared with the remaining portion of the flow region. Furthermore, from Figure
10 it is
FIGURE 9 Effect of (M) on f (η) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

'
FIGURE10Effect of (M) on f (η) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

noticed that the axial velocity field is eventually suppressed for increasing values of
the magnetic parameter in the flow region. This decrease in velocity field is mainly
due to the reason that an increment in magnetic parameter leads to increases of
Lorentz forces associated with the magnetic field and these magnified Lorentz forces
offers more resistance to the flow of fluid, which, in turn, is responsible for the
diminishing of the velocity field in the boundary layer region. The axial velocity
decays to zero at a small distance from the stretching sheet. Also, the velocity
boundary layer is observed to be thinner for increasing values of the magnetic
parameter. Similarly, the variations observed in the temperature profile ( θ ) for
different values of the magnetic parameter is demonstrated in Figure 11. It is observed
from this figure that the temperature field is magnified for increasing values of M .
An increment in M leads to the decrease of the elastic stress variable, which, in
turn, causes the enhanced temperature field in the vicinity of the flow configuration.
Also, due to the presence of Joule and viscous dissipation effects, more heat energy
will release into the working
FIGURE 11 Effect of M on θ (η) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 12 Effect of P on f (η) [Color figure can be viewed at

wileyonlinelibrary.com]
fluid, which, in turn, is responsible for the enhancement of the temperature profile
in the boundary layer region.

5.1.4 Influence of the porous parameter ( P) on axial and radial

velocity profiles
The influence of the porous parameter on radial and axial velocity components is
illustrated in Figures 12 and 13, respectively. From Figure 12 it is noticed that the
radial velocity field decreases for the increasing values of the porous parameter.
Furthermore, the porous parameter has no significant effect on the normal velocity
field in the region 0≤η≤0 . 3 when compared with the remaining portion of
the flow region. Also, from Figure 13 it is clearly observed that the axial velocity
field is diminished for the increasing values of the porous parameter in the flow
region. Furthermore, at the boundaries the porous parameter has no significant
effect on the axial velocity field when compared
 '
FIGURE 13 Effect of P on f (η) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 14 Effect of P on θ (η) [Color figure can be viewed at

wileyonlinelibrary.com]
with the central portion of the flow region. Thus, from Figures 12 and 13 it is noticed
that, the velocity field is a decreasing function of the porous parameter and this
decrement is mainly due to the fact that the magnifying values of porous parameter
lead to more and more opposition to the flow of fluid in the flow region, which, in
turn, is responsible for the decrease of the velocity field in the boundary layer region.
Furthermore, it is noticed from Figure 14 that the temperature field increases for the
increasing values of the porous parameter.

5.1.5 Impact of heat generation or absorption parameter (α ) on

temperature profile
The influence of the internal heat source or sink parameter (α ) on
temperature profile ( θ ) is illustrated in the Figure 15. It is observed from
Figure 15 that, the temperature profile increases

FIGURE 15 Effect of (α ) on θ (η) [Color figure can be viewed at

wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE: 16 Effect of Ec on θ ( η )
for the increasing values of internal heat source or sink parameter. During the
internal heat generation process, a large amount of heat energy will release from
sheet to the working fluid and which, in turn, amplifies the temperature field in the
boundary layer region in the vicinity of stretching sheet. Further, the temperature
profile decays to zero comparatively at a smaller distance from the sheet.

5.1.6 Impact of Eckert number ( Ec ) on temperature profile

The thermodynamic variations noticed in the temperature profile ( θ ) for the
different values of Eckert number is depicted in Figure 16. It is clearly noticed
from Figure 16 that the temperature field increases for the increasing values
of Eckert number. This increment in thermal field is mainly due to the fact that
the presence of frictional forces (frictional heating) in the fluid causes release of
heat energy into the working fluid and which in turn causes the upsurge of the
temperature field in the boundary layer region. Also, due to the presence of
dissipation effects in the energy equation, the temperature profile is enhanced.
Also, the quantity Ec=0 represents the absence of viscous dissipation
effects.

5.1.7 Influence of chemical reaction parameter ( Kr ) on concentration

profile
The influence of the chemical reaction parameter ( Kr ) on the concentration
profile ( φ ) is described in Figure 17. It is noticed from Figure 17 that for both
generative ( Kr≤0 ) and destructive ( Kr≥0 ) chemical reactions, the
concentration field decreased. Also, Kr=0 represents no chemical reaction.
Furthermore, the thickness of the concentration boundary layer decreases for the
rising values of Kr. Also, it is noticed that, the concentration field is a decreasing
function of the chemical reaction parameter.
FIGURE 17 Effect of ( Kr ) on φ (η) [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

5.1.8 Effect of Schmidt number ( Sc ) on concentration profile

The influence of Schmidt number ( Sc ) on concentration profile ( φ ) is illustrated in
the Figure 18. From Figure 18, it is clearly noticed that, the concentration profile
decreases for the increasing values of Schmidt number. However, it is generally
known that the Schmidt number is the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass
diffusivity, so higher values of Schmidt number correspond to a smaller mass
diffusivity. Therefore, the concentration field diminishes. Furthermore, thickness of
the concentration boundary layer decreases for increasing values of Schmidt number.

5.2 Physical quantities of interest: Skin‐friction coefficient, heat and

mass transfer rates
Due to the increased industrial and technological applications of non‐Newtonian
fluids, the free convection heat and mass transfer problems associated with
viscoelastic fluids has gained very much

FIGURE 18 Effect of ( Sc ) on φ ( η )
 '' ' '
TABLE 2 Numerical values of f ( 0 ) ,θ ( 0 ) , and φ ( 0) for a different set of control
parameters

M P α Kr f ″ (0) θ′ (0) ϕ′ (0)

λ
2.0 – – – – −1.359270536477 0.664699766497 −1.29655540532
306 113 688
3.0 – – – – −1.260608964073 0.945898968289 −1.29837362031
110 103 442
5.0 – – – – −1.166783755840 1.519375448888 −1.30010346984
128 433 212
– 1.0 – – – −1.262327908291 0.381573513733 −1.29850653825
624 539 069
– 3.0 – – – −1.453970696176 0.934296888969 −1.29468662268
992 394 038
– 5.0 – – – −1.636392259085 1.436547713766 −1.29119588866
094 810 929
– – 1.0 – – −1.261551385446 0.580939256356 −1.29852784484
225 380 671
– – 2.0 – – −1.359270536477 0.664699766497 −1.29655540532
306 113 688
– – 3.0 – – −1.454665144476 0.750112039909 −1.29466799428
105 511 253
– – – 0.0 – −1.361224015904 0.409336343087 −1.29649857871
389 938 320
– – – 0.5 – −1.359270536477 0.664699766497 −1.29655540532
306 113 688
– – – 1.0 – −1.356733695019 0.972320860080 −1.29662971074
252 688 124
– – – – −1.0 −1.351492419911 0.654934886953 −0.10525808812
094 029 813
– – – – 0.5 −1.356711672483006 0.661537578640693
−0.83358825526777
– – – – 1.5 −1.358572874653285 0.663845691225589
 −1.15856109983470

engineering attention. For instance, human blood is treated as a non‐Newtonian fluid

and has great significance in the field of haematology because the thermodynamic
behavior of blood is very similar to that of a non‐Newtonian fluid and it is important
in determining diseases related to blood flow. However, the flow of blood in arteries is
treated as a type of heat and mass transfer process. Thus, the thermodynamic behavior
of non‐Newtonian fluids is determined mainly in terms of temperature and
concentration differences. Therefore, it is important to study the behavior of the skin‐
'' '
friction coefficient ( f ( 0 ) ) , Nusselt number ( θ ( 0 ) ) , and Sherwood number
(φ ' ( 0) )
in the case of heat and mass transfer processes. These physical quantities
have very important applications in boilers, heat exchangers and in various industries.
In view of these reasons, we have tabulated the computer generated numerical values
'' ' '
of f ( 0 ) ,θ ( 0 ) , and φ ( 0 ) in Table 2 for a different set of physical parameters
namely, λ, M , P ,α and Kr with fixed parameter values.
From Table 2 it is clearly noticed that for the increasing values of the second‐grade
fluid parameter ( λ ) , the magnitude of the skin‐friction coefficient decreases,
whereas, the local heat and mass transfer rates increase. Furthermore, the increasing
magnetic number ( M ) , enhances the magnitude of the local wall shear stress and the
Nusselt number, whereas the magnitude of the local Sherwood number is diminished.
Furthermore, a very similar behavior is noticed for the magnifying values of the
porous parameter. Also, the increasing values of the heat source parameter ( α )
decreases the magnitude of the skin‐friction coefficient and increases the local heat
transfer rate and furthermore, the magnitude of the local Sherwood number decays.
However, the increasing values of the chemical reaction parameter ( Kr ) increases
'' ' '
the magnitude of f ( 0 ) ,θ ( 0 ) , and φ ( 0) .

6. CONCLUDING REMARKS

The present research article reports the numerical investigation of free convective
heat and mass transfer of a chemically reacting, boundary layer flow of a MHD
second‐grade fluid over a stretching sheet with viscous and Joule dissipation
effects under the influence of internal heat generation or absorption and work due
to deformation. In this case, the flow is produced due to the linear stretching of the
sheet, which is being stretched along the axial direction only. Also, the present
physical problem results in highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations.
However, there are no direct methods available to solve these coupled flow
equations. Hence, the bvp4c MATLAB solver is used to solve these governing
equations. The numerical simulations are carried out for a different set of physical
 parameters. From the present numerical investigation, the following important
outcomes are summarized:

(i) Velocity field is enhanced for the increasing values of the buoyancy parameters.
(ii) Temperature and velocity profiles show an increasing trend for the increasing
values of the second‐grade fluid parameter.
(iii) The axial velocity field decays exponentially to zero at a smaller distance from the
sheet
for the increasing values of the second‐grade fluid parameter.
(iv) Velocity field decreases for the increasing values of the magnetic parameter.
This is due to the increased Lorentz force in the flow region.
(v) Temperature field is an increasing function of the magnetic parameter.
(vi) Velocity field is a decreasing function of the porous parameter.
(vii) Temperature field is enhanced for increasing values of Eckert number and the
heat source or sink parameter.
(viii) The concentration field is eventually supressed for increasing values of the
chemical reaction parameter and Schmidt number.

NOMENCLATURE
C Dimensional concentration
Cp Specific heat capacity at constant pressure
Ec Eckert number
f ' ,f Non dimensional velocity components along axial and radial directions
g Acceleration due to gravity
GrC Solute Grashof number
GrT Thermal Grashof number
k Thermal conductivity
Kr Chemical reaction parameter
M Magnetic parameter
P Porous parameter
Pr Prandtl number
Sc Schmidt number
T Dimensional temperature
u,v Dimensional velocity components along x , y direction
GREEK SYMBOLS
λ Second-grade fluid parameter
α Heat source or sink parameter
η Similarity variable
βT , βC Thermal and concentration expansion coefficient
θ Dimensionless temperature
φ Dimensionless concentration
λ Fluid density
μ Dynamic viscosity
υ Kinematic viscosity

SUBSCRIPTS
w Wall conditions
∞ Free stream conditions

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first author Hussain Basha wishes to thank the Maulana Azad National
Fellowship program, University Grants Commission, Government of India,
Ministry of Minority Affairs, MANF (F1‐17.1/2017‐18/MANF‐2017‐18‐KAR‐
81943) for the grant of a research fellowship and the Central University of
Karnataka for providing the research facilities. Furthermore, the authors are very
thankful to all reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments to improve
the quality of the manuscript.

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