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    Lecture 1.1 - Natural Number and Their Operations PDF

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    Premansh Saxena
    The document defines and explains natural numbers, integers, arithmetic operations, divisibility, factors, and prime numbers. Natural numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, etc. Integers add negative numbers to form the set {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are discussed along with concepts like quotient, remainder, and divisibility. Factors and prime numbers are also introduced.

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    Lecture 1.1 - Natural Number and Their Operations PDF

    Uploaded by

    Premansh Saxena
    168 views10 pages
    The document defines and explains natural numbers, integers, arithmetic operations, divisibility, factors, and prime numbers. Natural numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, etc. Integers add negative numbers to form the set {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are discussed along with concepts like quotient, remainder, and divisibility. Factors and prime numbers are also introduced.

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    The document defines and explains natural numbers, integers, arithmetic operations, divisibility, factors, and prime numbers. Natural numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, etc. Integers add negative numbers to form the set {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are discussed along with concepts like quotient, remainder, and divisibility. Factors and prime numbers are also introduced.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    168 views10 pages

    Lecture 1.1 - Natural Number and Their Operations PDF

    Uploaded by

    Premansh Saxena
    The document defines and explains natural numbers, integers, arithmetic operations, divisibility, factors, and prime numbers. Natural numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, etc. Integers add negative numbers to form the set {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. Arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are discussed along with concepts like quotient, remainder, and divisibility. Factors and prime numbers are also introduced.

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    of 10

    Natural numbers and integers

    Madhavan Mukund
    https://www.cmi.ac.in/~madhavan

    Mathematics for Data Science 1


    Week 1
    Natural numbers

    Numbers keep a count of objects


    7 represents “seven”-ness

    1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
    0 to represent no objects at all
    Natural numbers: N = {0, 1, 2, . . .}
    Sometimes N0 to emphasize 0 is included

    Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division


    Which of these always produce a natural
    number as the answer?

    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 2/6
    Integers

    5 − 6 is not a natural number


    Extend the natural numbers with negative
    numbers
    −1, −2, −3, . . .
    Integers: Z = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
    Number line

    ··· −3 −2 −1 0 +1 +2 +3 ···

    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 3/6
    Multiplication and exponentiation
    7 × 4 — make 4 groups of 7
    m×n =m {z· · · + m}
    | +m+
    n times
    Notation: m × n, m · n, mn
    Sign rule for multiplying negative numbers
    −m × n = −(m · n), −m × −n = m · n

    m × m = m2 — m squared
    m × m × m = m3 — m cubed
    mk = |m × m ×
    {z· · · × m} — m to the power k
    k times

    Multiplication is repeated addition


    Exponentiation is repeated multiplication
    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 4/6
    Division
    You have 20 mangos to distribute to 5 friends.
    How many do you give to each of them?

    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 5/6
    Division
    You have 20 mangos to distribute to 5 friends.
    How many do you give to each of them?
    Give them 1 each. You have 20 − 5 = 15 left.
    Another round. You have 15 − 5 = 10 left.
    Third round. You have 10 − 5 = 5 left.
    Fourth round. You have 5 − 5 = 0 left.
    20 ÷ 5 = 4

    Division is repeated subtraction


    What if you had only 19 mangos to start with?
    After distributing 3 to each, you have 4 left
    Cannot distribute another round
    The quotient of 19 ÷ 5 is 3
    The remainder of 19 ÷ 5 is 4
    19 mod 5 = 4

    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 6/6
    Factors

    a divides b if b mod a = 0
    a|b
    b is a multiple of a

    4 | 20, 7 | 63, 32 | 1024, . . .


    4 6 | 19, 9 6 | 100, . . .
    a is a factor of b if a | b
    Factors occur in pairs — factors of 12 are
    {1, 12}, {2, 6}, {3, 4}
    . . . unless the number is a perfect square —
    factors of 36 :
    {1, 36}, {2, 18}, {3, 12}, {4, 9}, {6}
    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 7/6
    Prime numbers

    p is prime if it has only two factors {1, p}


    1 is not a prime — only one factor 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
    Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, . . .
    Sieve of Eratosthenes — remove multiples of p 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
    31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
    Every number can be decomposed into prime
    factors 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
    12 = 2 · 2 · 3 = 22 · 3 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
    126 = 2 · 3 · 3 · 7 = 2 · 32 · 7 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
    This decomposition is unique — prime 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
    factorization 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
    91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 8/6
    Summary

    N: natural numbers {0, 1, 2, . . .}


    Z: integers = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
    Arithmetic operations: +, −, ×, ÷, mn
    Quotient, remainder, a mod b
    Divisibility, a | b
    Factors
    Prime numbers
    Prime factorization

    Madhavan Mukund Natural numbers and integers Mathematics for Data Science 1, Week 1 9/6

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