2019 Styrene Handling Guide

PRODUCT HANDLING GUIDE
Styrene Monomer
lyb.com
Foreword
Lyondell Chemical Company and Lyondell Chemie Nederland BV (“Lyondell”), LyondellBasell companies, are
dedicated to continuous improvement in product, health, safety and environmental performance. Included in this effort
is a commitment to support our customers by providing guidance and information on the safe use of our products.
For Lyondell, environmentally sound operations, like environmentally sound products, make good business sense.
Lyondell Product Safety Bulletins are prepared by our Product Stewardship Team. The data reflect the best
information available from public and industry sources. This document is provided to support the safe handling, use,
storage, transportation and ultimate disposal of our chemical products.
This Product Safety Bulletin should be evaluated to determine applicability of your specific requirements. The
government regulations and industry standards cited in this bulletin are primarily applicable within the United States.
Please make sure you review the corresponding government regulations, industry standards and guidelines such as
the one issued by the Styrene Producers Association in Europe for your specific country or region as that might have
an impact on your operations.
LyondellBasell Industries is ready to support our customers’ safe use of our products. For additional information
and assistance, please contact your customer representative.
i
Telephone numbers for transport emergencies:
CHEMTREC 1-800-424-9300
International (call collect) 202-483-7616
or
CANUTEC (in Canada) 1-613-996-6666
or
SETIQ (in the Mexican Republic) 01-800-00-214-00
(Calls originating in Mexico City or the Metropolitan Area) +5-559-1588
(Calls originating elsewhere) +52-555-559-1588
or
LyondellBasell TDI (Transportation / Distribution Incident) reporting Hotline
1-800-245-4532 (North America)
+32-3-575-1235 (Europe)
Contact information for additional product information:
LyondellBasell Customer Service
+1-888-777-0232 (North America)
+31-10-275-5500 (Europe)
or visit
www.lyb.com
This bulletin is provided as a service without charge to our customers and contractors and should be utilized at their own discretion and risk. It is
intended for persons with specialized knowledge and technical skills, which are required for proper understanding and interpretation of the
information contained herein. The information was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and is based on industry practices prevailing at
the time of compilation, which are subject to change and may be subject to variance. The information in this bulletin is provided without any
warranty, expressed or implied, regarding its accuracy and completeness. Recipients are expected and advised to undertake their own inquiry,
and study and be trained in the environmental, health and safety requirements of the product. Customers and contractors should also be familiar
with applicable federal, state and local laws and regulations. References to a specific product line or any list of suppliers are provided as a matter
of convenience, and are not an endorsement or recommendation of a particular brand or company. In addition, the information was prepared and
is to be used only for this product. If the product is used as a component in or in combination with another product, the information may not be
accurate or applicable. For the above reasons, and because the conditions and methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are
beyond our control and may be beyond our knowledge, we do not assume any responsibility and expressly disclaim any liability for loss, damage
or expense arising out of or in connection with the use of the information set forth herein, and the handling, storage, use or disposal of the product.
This document contains dated material. Recipients are advised to evaluate the timeliness of information cited. The latest revision of this Product
Safety Bulletin can be obtained by contacting LyondellBasell Customer Service.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. GENERAL INFORMATION ................. 1 5. TRANSFER OPERATIONS ......................... 2 1

1.1 Product identification 5.1 Work Preparation
1.2 Physical Properties 5.2 Tank Cars DOT 111a
1.3 Typical Values 5.3 Tank Cars DOT 105J
1.4 Instability Hazards 5.4 Tank Trucks
1.5 Reactivity Hazards 5.5 ISO Tanks
1.6 Self-Polymerization 5.6 Marine Transport
1.7 Precautions When Handling TBC 6. TANK CLEANING AND
2. ENGINEERING ........................................ 11 EQUIPMENT REPAIR ................................. 3 2
2.1 Bulk Storage 6.1 Work Preparation
2.2 Piping 6.2 Control of Hazardous Energy
2.3 Electrical Area Classifications 6.3 Confined Space Entry
2.4 Pump Specifications 6.4 Equipment Cleanout
2.5 Instrumentation 6.5 Maintenance and Inspection
2.6 Relief Requirements 7. TRANSPORTATION REGULATORY
2.7 Leak Detection D evices REQUIREMENTS ...................................... 3 4
2.8 Material Requirements 7.1 Classification
2.9 Vapor Containment System 7.2 Marking, Labeling and Placarding
2.10 Chemical Compatibility 7.3 Packaging
3. FIRE SAFETY ..................................... 13 7.4 Transportation Emergencies
3.1 Fire and Explosion Hazard APPENDICES .................................................... 3 7
3.2 Fire Prevention a1. References
3.3 Fire Suppression
a2. Visual Quick Test
3.4 Fire Fighting
a3. Glossary
4. PRODUCT STORAGE ..................................15
4.1 Storage Tanks
4.2 Unloading Installations
4.3 Workplace Location
iii
1. GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 Product Identification 1.1.1 Chemistry

Chemical Name Ethenylbenzene The conventional method of producing styrene monomer involves the
Chemical Family Aromatic Hydrocarbon alkylation of benzene with ethylene to produce ethyl benzene, which
Common Names Styrene monomer is followed by dehydrogenation to product styrene monomer.
Vinylbenzene Lyondell Chemical Company uses an alternative process,
Vinylbenzol a proprietary technology, to manufacture styrene monomer.
Phenylethylene Ethyl benzene is oxidized to form ethyl benzene hydroperoxide,
Phenethylene which reacts with propylene to form propylene oxide and
Phenylethene methyl benzyl alcohol. Methyl benzyl alcohol is then
Cinnamol dehydrated to form styrene monomer.
Cinnamene
Styrol
Styrole
Styrolene
CAS# 100-42-5
Formula C8H8
Figure 1.1 Conventional Technologies
Figure 1.2 Lyondell Chemical Company Technologies
1
General Information
1.2 Physical Properties

Table 1.1 Styrene Monomer Physical Properties
PROPERTY VALUE PROPERTY VALUE
Physical State Liquid Heat/Fusion 2617 cal/mol

@ -30.6°C 4711 BTU/lbmol
Color Colorless
Heat/Vaporization See Figure 1.7
Boiling Pt. 145.2°C (293.4°F) Heat Capacity of
Molecular Wt. 104.152 Sat’d Liquid See Figure 1.8
Freezing Pt. -30.6°C (-23.1°F) Enthalpy of Sat’d Liquid See Figure 1.9
Density @ 25°C 0.9011 g/ml Heat Capacity of Vapor See Figure 1.10
See Figure 1.3 and Table Enthalpy of Sat’d Vapor See Figure 1.11
Density of Sat’d Liquid
1.2 Surface Tension See Figure 1.12
Vapor Density See Figure 1.4 Thermal Conductivity
See Figure 1.13
Vapor Pressure See Table 1.3 of Sat’d Liquid
Viscosity of Sat’d Liquid See Figure 1.5 Thermal Conductivity of
See Figure 1.14
Vapor
Viscosity of Vapor See Figure 1.6
Flash Point (TCC) 31.9°C (90°F)
Index/Refraction
@ 20°C 1.54682 Auto Ignition 490°C (914°F)
@ 25°C 1.54395 Upper Flam. Limit 6.1 vol%
Coeff. of Cubical Lower Flam. Limit 1.1 vol%
0.000971°C–1
Expansion @ 20°C
Solubility @ 20°C Water: 0.032 wt%
Crit. Temperature 363°C (685°F) Alcohol: ∞
Crit. Pressure 3.84 MPa Ether: ∞
557.0 psia Sat. Conc. in Air @ 25°C 0.81 mol%
Crit. Volume 3.38 cc/g 2.84 wt%
0.0541 ft3/lb Dipole Moment 4.33 x 10-31 C•m
Crit. Compress. 0.256 Heat/Polymerization
16.68 Kcal/mol
@25°C
Heat/Combustion, Liquid @ -1019 Kcal/mol
25°C Minimum Oxygen for
9.0%
Heat/Formation, Combustion (MOC)
35.23 Kcal/mol
Vapor @ 25°C Electrical Conductivity @
10
Heat/Formation, 25°C (pS/m)
24.84 Kcal/mol
Liquid @ 25°C
2
General Information
Figure 1.3 Styrene Monomer Density of Saturated Liquid as a Function of Temperature
Density of Saturated Liquid (g/cc)
Temperature (°C)
Table 1.2 Styrene Monomer Densities as a Function of Temperature

Temperature Lbs. Per U.S. Sp. Gr. to Temperature Lbs. Per U.S. Sp. Gr. to Temperature Lbs. Per U.S. Sp. Gr. to
°C °F Gallon 60°F °C °F Gallon 60°F °C °F Gallon 60°F
4.4 40 7.665 1.0107 23.3 74 7.526 0.9924 42.2 108 7.384 0.9737
5.0 41 7.661 1.0102 23.9 75 7.522 0.9919 42.8 109 7.380 0.9731
5.6 42 7.657 1.0097 24.4 76 7.518 0.9913 43.3 110 7.376 0.9726
6.1 43 7.653 1.0091 25.0 77 7.514 0.9908 43.9 111 7.372 0.9720
6.7 44 7.649 1.0086 25.6 78 7.510 0.9902 44.4 112 7.367 0.9715
7.2 45 7.645 1.0081 26.1 79 7.505 0.9897 45.0 113 7.363 0.9709
7.8 46 7.641 1.0075 26.7 80 7.501 0.9891 45.6 114 7.359 0.9704
8.3 47 7.637 1.0070 27.2 81 7.497 0.9886 46.1 115 7.355 0.9698
8.9 48 7.633 1.0065 27.8 82 7.493 0.9880 46.7 116 7.350 0.9692
9.4 49 7.629 1.0059 28.3 83 7.489 0.9875 47.2 117 7.346 0.9687
10.0 50 7.624 1.0054 28.9 84 7.485 0.9869 47.8 118 7.342 0.9681
10.6 51 7.620 1.0048 29.4 85 7.481 0.9864 48.3 119 7.338 0.9676
11.1 52 7.616 1.0043 30.0 86 7.476 0.9859 48.9 120 7.333 0.9670
11.7 53 7.612 1.0038 30.6 87 7.472 0.9853 49.4 121 7.329 0.9664
12.2 54 7.608 1.0032 31.1 88 7.468 0.9848 50.0 122 7.325 0.9659
12.8 55 7.604 1.0027 31.7 89 7.464 0.9842 50.6 123 7.321 0.9653
13.3 56 7.600 1.0022 32.2 90 7.460 0.9837 51.1 124 7.316 0.9648
13.9 57 7.596 1.0016 32.8 91 7.456 0.9831 51.7 125 7.312 0.9642
14.4 58 7.592 1.0011 33.3 92 7.451 0.9826 52.2 126 7.308 0.9636
15.0 59 7.588 1.0005 33.9 93 7.447 0.9820 52.8 127 7.304 0.9631
15.6 60 7.584 1.0000 34.4 94 7.443 0.9815 53.3 128 7.299 0.9625
16.1 61 7.580 0.9995 35.0 95 7.439 0.9809 53.9 129 7.295 0.9619
16.7 62 7.575 0.9989 35.6 96 7.435 0.9804 54.4 130 7.291 0.9614
17.2 63 7.571 0.9984 36.1 97 7.430 0.9798 55.0 131 7.287 0.9608
17.8 64 7.567 0.9978 36.7 98 7.426 0.9792 55.6 132 7.282 0.9603
18.3 65 7.563 0.9973 37.2 99 7.422 0.9787 56.1 133 7.278 0.9597
18.9 66 7.559 0.9968 37.8 100 7.418 0.9781 56.7 134 7.274 0.9591
19.4 67 7.555 0.9962 38.3 101 7.414 0.9776 57.2 135 7.269 0.9586
20.0 68 7.551 0.9957 38.9 102 7.409 0.9770 57.8 136 7.265 0.9580
20.6 69 7.547 0.9951 39.4 103 7.405 0.9765 58.3 137 7.261 0.9574
21.1 70 7.543 0.9946 40.0 104 7.401 0.9759 58.9 138 7.256 0.9569
21.7 71 7.538 0.9940 40.6 105 7.397 0.9754 59.4 139 7.252 0.9563
22.2 72 7.534 0.9935 41.1 106 7.393 0.9748 60.0 140 7.248 0.9557
22.8 73 7.530 0.9930 41.7 107 7.388 0.9743
3
General Information
Figure 1.4 Styrene Monomer Density of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere as a Function of Temperature

Density of Vapor x 103 (g/cc)
Temperature (°C)
Table 1.3 Styrene Monomer Vapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature
Temperature Vapor Pressure Temperature Vapor Pressure

°C °F mm Hg psia psig °C °F mm Hg psia psig
-30.00 -22.00 0.08 0.00 90.00 194.00 134.58 2.60
-25.00 -13.00 0.14 0.00 95.00 203.00 161.55 3.12
-20.00 -4.00 0.22 0.00 100.00 212.00 192.76 3.73
-15.00 5.00 0.34 0.01 105.00 221.00 228.67 4.42
-10.00 14.00 0.52 0.01 110.00 230.00 269.80 5.22
-5.00 23.00 0.77 0.01 115.00 239.00 316.65 6.12
0.00 32.00 1.13 0.02 120.00 248.00 369.80 7.15
5.00 41.00 1.64 0.03 125.00 257.00 429.81 8.31
10.00 50.00 2.33 0.04 130.00 266.00 497.30 9.62
15.00 59.00 3.26 0.06 135.00 275.00 572.90 11.08
20.00 68.00 4.50 0.09 140.00 284.00 657.25 12.71
25.00 77.00 6.12 0.12 145.00 293.00 751.05 14.52
30.00 86.00 8.24 0.16 145.45 293.81 760.00 14.70 0.00
35.00 95.00 10.96 0.21 150.00 302.00 854.98 16.53 1.84
40.00 104.00 14.40 0.28 155.00 311.00 969.78 18.75 4.06
45.00 113.00 18.74 0.36 160.00 320.00 1096.19 21.20 6.50
50.00 122.00 24.13 0.47 165.00 329.00 1234.98 23.88 9.18
55.00 131.00 30.78 0.60 170.00 338.00 1386.95 26.82 12.12
60.00 140.00 38.91 0.75 175.00 347.00 1552.89 30.03 15.33
65.00 149.00 48.78 0.94 180.00 356.00 1733.66 33.52 18.83
70.00 158.00 60.64 1.17 185.00 365.00 1930.10 37.32 22.63
75.00 167.00 74.81 1.45 190.00 374.00 2143.09 41.44 26.74
80.00 176.00 91.61 1.77 195.00 383.00 2373.53 45.90 31.20
85.00 185.00 111.41 2.15 200.00 392.00 2622.35 50.71 36.01
4
General Information
Figure 1.5 Styrene Monomer Viscosity of Saturated Liquid as a Function of Temperature

Viscosity of Saturated Liquid (cps)
Temperature (°C)
Figure 1.6 Styrene Monomer Viscosity of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere as a Function of Temperature

Viscosity of Vapor x 103 (cps)
Temperature (°C)
5
General Information
Figure 1.7 Styrene Monomer Heat of Vaporization as a Function of Temperature
110
108
106
104
Heat of Vaporization (cal/g)
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature (°C)
Figure 1.8 Styrene Monomer Heat Capacity of Saturated Liquid as a Function of Temperature
Heat Capacity of Saturated Liquid (cal/g°C)
Temperature (°C)
6
General Information
Figure 1.9 Styrene Monomer Enthalpy of Saturated Liquid as a Function of Temperature
Enthalpy of Saturated Liquid (cal/g)
Reference: Saturated Liquid Styrene Monomer at 0°C Temperature (°C)
Figure 1.10 Styrene Monomer Heat Capacity of Vapor (Ideal Gas) as a Function of Temperature
Heat Capacity of Vapor (cal/g°C)
Temperature (°C)
7
General Information
Figure 1.11 Styrene Monomer Enthalpy of Saturated Vapor as a Function of Temperature

Enthalpy of Saturated Vapor (cal/g)
Reference: Saturated Liquid Styrene Monomer at 0°C Temperature (°C)
Figure 1.12 Styrene Monomer Surface Tension as a Function of Temperature

Surface Tension (dynes/cm)
Temperature (°C)
8
General Information
Figure 1.13 Styrene Monomer Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Liquid as a Function of Temperature
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Liquid [Cal / (hr • cm • °C)]
Temperature (°C)
Figure 1.14 Styrene Monomer Thermal Conductivity of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere as a Function

of Temperature
Thermal Conductivity of Saturated Liquid [Cal / (hr • cm • °C)]
Temperature (°C)
9
General Information
1.3 Typical Values should also be conducted. At the first sign of uncontrolled
polymerization, TBC should be added and product temperature
Lyondell styrene monomer meets the requirements of should be reduced.
ASTM D 2827-13: TBC inhibitor should be added as an 85 percent solution in
Purity, wt. % min ....................................................... 99.8 methanol. Add TBC to an initial concentration of 50-100 ppm
Ethyl benzene, ppm max .......................................... 500 TBC in styrene monomer. Circulate tank contents to mix the
Benzene, ppm max ................................................... 1 TBC in styrene monomer. If circulation is not possible, agitate
Aldehydes (as Benz aldehyde), ppm max................ 100 by bubbling air into tank bottom. (Caution: The air/styrene
Peroxides (as H2O2), ppm max ............................... 50 monomer vapor mixture may be within the flammability
Polymer, ppm max ................................................... 10
envelope). If runaway polymerization continues, add TBC up to
4-tert-Butylcatechol, ppm range ............................... 10-15 a 0.5 wt. % concentration. Dilution with toluene, xylene or ethyl
Color, Pt-Co (ASTM D-5386), max........................... 15 benzene will slow the polymerization.
Lowering product temperature will also slow
1.4 Instability Hazards polymerization. Tanks can be cooled by refrigeration,
Styrene monomer can self-react and polymerize unless properly circulation and water spray.
inhibited. Polymerization will release heat and results in When tank temperatures are stable and polymerization has
temperature and pressure increases. The most commonly used stopped, product should be removed from tank before it
inhibitor is 4-tert-Butylcatechol (TBC). The standard addition becomes solid. If product’s viscosity prohibits removal, dilute
range is 10-15 ppm. Maintaining the TBC levels above 10 ppm, with toluene, xylene or ethyl benzene before emptying the tank.
the storage temperature below 21°C (70°F) and the dissolved
oxygen content of the liquid at 15 to 20 ppm will help inhibit 1.7 Precautions When Handling TBC
polymerization (See Section 4.1.4). TBC and solutions of TBC are corrosive and can cause severe
burns to the skin and eyes. TBC may cause allergic reactions
1.5 Reactivity Hazards in certain individuals. Consult the manufacturer’s Safety Data
Styrene monomer reacts with oxidizers, peroxides, strong Sheet for additional information.
acids and alkali metal-graphite compounds. Avoid copper and When handling TBC, personnel should prevent exposure
copper containing alloys. Styrene monomer will dissolve many to the skin by wearing chemical protective gloves, apron and
natural and synthetic rubbers. Storage vessels must be free of boots. Prevent eye contact by wearing chemical splash
rust and scale which can promote polymerization. Styrene goggles or face shield.
monomer emits acrid vapors on thermal decomposition.
Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide.
1.6 Self-Polymerization
Styrene monomer is inhibited with TBC to reduce and control
self-polymerization. Styrene monomer undergoes
polymerization slowly at ambient temperatures, but
polymerization will become rapid at elevated temperatures.
Styrene monomer may experience rapid polymerization if TBC
inhibitor and dissolved oxygen are depleted at elevated
temperatures or if product is contaminated with incompatible
materials. Styrene monomer polymerization is exothermic
evolving 290 BTU/lb (16.7 Kcal/mol). If excess heat is not
adequately dissipated, the product temperature will rise with a
subsequent rise in the rate of polymerization. At temperatures
above 65°C (149°F), runaway polymerization is possible.
When a runaway polymerization occurs, temperatures can
quickly exceed the boiling point of styrene monomer. Vapors
may erupt violently from tank vents or, if vents become plugged
with polymer, excessive pressure can be generated that may
rupture the containment vessel.
Styrene monomer should be monitored regularly for TBC
content. During excessive transit times, monitoring
10
2. ENGINEERING
This section is included for use as a guideline. It is not 2.3 Electrical Area Classification
intended to be a design handbook and does not relieve the
user from exercising competent engineering judgment or All electrical equipment should be suitable for flammable
using qualified professional personnel to meet the specific organic liquids, be constructed and installed to recognized,
requirements. The information contained is only applicable appropriate engineering codes of practice and conform to the
to the specific chemical compound identified in Section 1 appropriate area classification.
General Information, 1.1 Product Identification. Mixtures or
compounds using styrene monomer will require additional 2.4 Pump Specifications
engineering studies to determine the applicability of the
Centrifugal pumps: any carbon steel or stainless steel type
enclosed information.
designed with closed impellers and mechanical seals.
Secondary seals should be styrene compatible.
2.1 Bulk Storage Rotary pumps: any type made for hydrocarbon service
The construction of low-pressure styrene monomer storage with mechanical seals. Check pump regularly for gear wear.
should be according to API-620 and 650 (see Appendix 2 for Positive displacement pumps: any type made for
citations). Higher-pressure storage vessels should comply with hydrocarbon service with mechanical seals. Check
ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1 or equivalent. All internal pump regularly for wear.
surfaces should be kept clean and rust-free and should be Drum pumps: should be regularly checked for leakage
internally lined with an inorganic zinc product or a baked and cleaned thoroughly after each use.
phenolic product to prevent polymerization problems. Liquid When pumps are installed, care should be taken to avoid
styrene monomer should enter through the bottom of the tank. the possibility of allowing a pump to run against closed valves.
Incoming liquid should be prevented from free-falling through “Deadheading” the pump will cause heat buildup and lead to
the tank vapor space (see Section 4). Tanks should have a polymerization of the monomer; therefore, a minimum flow
minimum of internal beams, pipes and projections that can line should be used. The line should have a cooler to keep the
provide places for condensed styrene monomer vapors to styrene monomer below its polymerization temperature. The
accumulate and polymerize. pump design should also allow for complete drainage and
Refrigeration by external chillers may be required to recirculation.
maintain the monomer temperature below 21°C (70°F). All
above-ground storage tanks should be insulated and 2.5 Instrumentation
designed with a means of styrene monomer agitation. For a
Independent high-level alarms and/or shutdowns should be
complete discussion on storage conditions, see Section 4.
provided for storage tanks. Storage tanks should be equipped
with temperature and level indicators. All instrumentation
2.2 Piping should be designed, manufactured and installed to
Piping and piping components should comply with the latest appropriate engineering codes and conform to the appropriate
edition of ASME/ANSI B31.3 or the appropriate equivalent. area classification.
Carbon steel is an acceptable material of construction
although, to prevent increased polymerization and color 2.6 Relief Requirements
problems, stainless steel is preferred. One and one half inch
The requirements of API RP-2000 should be followed for
pipe or smaller can use threaded, threaded and back welded or
low-pressure vertical storage tanks. Pressure-relieving systems
socket welded connections. Butt-welded fittings and flanged
for pressure vessels are defined in API RP-520, Parts 1 and 2.
connections are preferred.
Flame arresters, when required, should follow the requirements
Piping should be laid out to facilitate complete draining or
of API R-2028 and 2210.
permit nitrogen purging back to the styrene monomer storage
Pressure-relief valves in styrene monomer service should be
tank or other common collection points. If lines are to be used
regularly inspected for polymer formation. A nitrogen purge
infrequently, complete draining is crucial. These lines should
under the seat of the relief valve can be used to minimize
be buried or shaded to minimize the potential for
polymer buildup. Avoid composite rupture disks with
polymerization due to temperature increases. For extended
incompatible seals.
storage, all lines should be designed to allow recirculation and
chilling.
11
Engineering
2.7 Leak Detection Devices 2.9 Vapor Containment System

Secondary containment areas in confined spaces should Vapor containment systems for pressure vessels are defined in
be monitored with instrumentation able to detect the lower API RP-520, Parts 1 and 2.
flammability limit of styrene monomer in air.
Instruments that have been successfully used to
measure styrene monomer are combustible gas indicators, 2.10 Chemical Compatibility
infrared spectrophotometers, flame ionization detectors and Styrene monomer is highly reactive, especially with oxidizers,
photoionization detectors. peroxides, strong acids, metal halides and metal alkyls.
Copper and copper alloys should be avoided because their use
2.8 Material Requirements can discolor styrene monomer.
Styrene monomer, like other aromatics, is not compatible

with most elastomers and rubber materials. It is not compatible
with copper and copper alloys. Care should be taken when
selecting materials that will contact styrene monomer. Consult
with individual manufacturers about the specific needs of your
facility.
2.8.1 Hoses
All hoses should be flexible stainless steel, have suitable
pressure/ temperature ratings and should be grounded to
discharge static electricity. All hoses should be tested on a
regular basis
12
3. FIRE SAFETY
3.1 Fire and Explosion Hazard 3.2 Fire Prevention

Styrene monomer is classified by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106 Styrene monomer can form explosive mixtures. Sources of
(see Appendix 2 for citations) as a Class IC flammable liquid. ignition including heat, sparks, flames and sources of static
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 30 also electricity should be avoided. Each facility handling styrene
defines styrene monomer as a Class IC flammable liquid. For monomer should adopt a comprehensive program for fire
application of the National Electric Code (NFPA 70), styrene prevention. The following management systems contribute to an
monomer is a Class I, Group D. effective fire prevention program:
Styrene monomer has a flash point of 31.9°C (90°F). • “no smoking” policy where styrene monomer is used
Styrene monomer vapors are explosive in air at • the use of non-sparking tools while working with or near
concentrations between 0.9 and 6.8 percent by volume if an equipment containing styrene monomer
ignition source is present (see Figure 3.1). • grounding metallic containers/vessels in which
Styrene monomer vapor is heavier than air and may travel styrene monomer is stored
a considerable distance to a source of ignition and then
• bonding and grounding metallic containers
flashback. All precautions necessary for the safe handling and
• stringent welding, cutting and burning permit systems
storage of a volatile flammable liquid or vapor should be strictly
observed with styrene monomer. • implementation of inside and outside storage
Uncontrolled polymerization should not occur if TBC methods that comply with regulatory requirements
inhibitor levels, temperatures and dissolved oxygen are and good industry practice
controlled. However, if polymerization does occur, it causes
heat and pressure to increase. The resultant increase in heat 3.2.1 Static Electricity
and pressure can cause storage containers to rupture and, if
As with other flammable liquids, the transfer of styrene
ignited, explode. Polymer formation can lead to plugging of the
monomer can create static electricity charges, which can act
relief vents or equipment with an increase in fire and explosion
as an ignition source for the flammable vapors. The charge can
risk.
develop when the liquid flows or is poured through air. To
Storage areas should be designed to prevent exposure of
reduce or eliminate this, bonding and grounding is required by
styrene monomer to fire (see Section 4). Inhibitor levels should
federal regulations (OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.106), building and
be checked daily if styrene monomer is stored at temperatures
fire codes (NFPA 30, 70 and 77 and API RP-2003) and
above 25°C (77°F). Section 4 contains further information on
industry practice.
TBC monitoring.
Bonding provides a low-resistance path to current flow
If styrene monomer is involved in a fire, unauthorized
between surfaces that are physically separated or become
individuals should be prevented from entering the area, and the
separated. According to NFPA 77, a maximum of one mega
area downwind of the fire should be evacuated. All fires should
ohm is acceptable but generally much lower values are
be fought from a safe distance upwind of the fire.
possible.
Styrene monomer fires produce carbon dioxide and may
Grounding connects the containment vessels and pipes to
produce carbon monoxide upon incomplete combustion. As it
a grounding electrode (ground) in the earth by means of
decomposes, styrene monomer will emit acrid vapors and may
conductors welded or attached to both the equipment and the
produce a powerful lacrimator (tear producing agent) upon
grounding electrode. A 10-ohm maximum is the recommended
reaction with chlorine or bromine.
value for the resistance of the cable and ground.
Heat may build pressure and rupture closed containers. A
Refer to NFPA 77 for relevant consensus guidance for
water fog should be used to cool the containers. Water may be
bonding and grounding measures .
ineffective as an extinguishing agent due to styrene monomer’s
low solubility. The flow of styrene monomer should be stopped
before trying to extinguish a fire. Liquid should be kept from
entering water sources and sewers by building dikes as
necessary to contain the flow. Proper authorities should be
notified if styrene monomer enters sewers or public water
systems.
13
Fire Safety
3.3 Fire Suppression 3.4 Fire Fighting

Styrene monomer fires can be extinguished with dry chemicals, Facilities that rely on local fire authorities should provide them
halon, carbon dioxide and foams. For large fires, water spray or with information on styrene monomer operations and storage,
fog may be effective. However, fixed-foam protection using an including an illustration of storage locations and quantities of
application rate of 0.1 gallons per minute per square surface is styrene monomer present. Drills should be conducted
recommended. Several types of foam are effective. periodically with the local fire authority, and facility information
Manufacturers should be contacted for specific should be updated regularly.
recommendations. Facilities using internal fire brigades should follow the
Water may be ineffective in fighting styrene monomer fires. OSHA Fire Brigade Standard 29 CFR 1910.156. This standard
Water can sometimes be used to extinguish styrene monomer includes information on fire brigade organization, personnel
fires when several coordinated hose streams are used to qualification, firefighting equipment and training requirements.
sweep the flames from the surface of the burning liquid. This Firefighters should use full protective clothing and equipment,
approach should be used only by experienced firefighters including approved self-contained breathing apparatus.
working under favorable conditions. Water spray can also be If a fire is controllable or styrene monomer containers are
used to disperse vapors, protect firefighters, absorb heat and not exposed to direct flame, an evacuation zone with a
protect exposed structures and adjacent storage areas. minimum radius of 1,500 feet may be needed. If the fire
Portable fire extinguishers should be placed near styrene becomes uncontrollable or styrene monomer containers are
monomer storage and handling areas. Workers should be exposed to direct flame, an evacuation zone with a minimum
trained in the use of portable fire extinguishers (29 CFR radius of 3,000 feet may be required.
1910.157). Class B dry chemical or foam extinguishers should After a fire has been extinguished, any residual styrene
be used to fight styrene monomer fires. Information on how to monomer should be cleaned up to prevent another fire or
select, use, distribute, inspect, maintain and recharge portable environmental contamination. Individuals involved in a
fire extinguishers can be found in NFPA 10. cleanup should be thoroughly trained in proper techniques
according to the OSHA Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response (HazWoper) Standard 29
CFR1910.120.
Figure 3.1 Flammability Region* for Styrene Monomer

Concentration in Air (Volume %)
Upper Flammability Limit
Lower Flammability Limit
Temperature (°C)
Minimum Oxygen for Combustion (MOC) – <8.0 percent

*This is the region where flammable vapors exist over styrene monomer liquid at atmospheric pressure.
14
4. PRODUCT STORAGE
Considerations in the design and construction of styrene 4.1 Storage Tanks

monomer storage and handling facilities are flammability,
potential to polymerize, environmental contamination and When designing bulk storage facilities for styrene monomer,
worker exposure. The specific requirements for storing certain factors should be considered. In addition to normal
and handling styrene monomer depend on several factors, precautions taken for flammable liquids against fire and
including volumes stored or handled, container type, mode explosion hazards, care must be taken to avoid conditions
of transportation, processes used at the facility and the that could cause polymerization and oxidation. Tanks and
proximity to other hazardous materials. The proper design distribution systems should be designed to eliminate
and construction of storage and handling facilities requires excessive temperatures and contamination from polymer
consultation with competent professional engineers. residue left in infrequently used lines and pumps. Additional
Additional requirements may be imposed by the OSHA design features should include inhibitor addition, tank
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous content sampling and recirculation, tank breathing and
Chemicals 29 CFR 1910.119 (see Appendix 2 for citations). control of vapor emissions.
The standard applies to processes involving flammable
liquids in quantities of 10,000 pounds or more. Styrene
4.1.1 Tank Construction
monomer is highly reactive and, therefore, different from
other common aromatic compounds in that it will polymerize. Atmospheric styrene monomer storage tanks should be designed
Styrene monomer polymerizes slowly at room temperature and constructed according to NFPA 30 as it applies to Class IC
and more rapidly at elevated temperatures. Polymer liquids and API 650 as a minimum. API 620 is also acceptable.
formation may be accelerated by any of the following: This API standard is intended to ensure that tanks possess
• depleted inhibitor concentration sufficient structural strength and pressure-relief systems to
• high temperatures prevent catastrophic loss of contents either in normal service or
• acids under fire conditions. A typical storage tank for styrene monomer
• peroxides can be seen in Figure 4.1. Proper storage conditions are essential
• oxidizers to ensure good styrene monomer quality with minimal polymer
• other catalysts such as dirt and scale formation. The storage tank should be clean, constructed of steel
with a self-supporting dome roof for vertical storage tanks.
• insufficient dissolved oxygen levels
Styrene monomer vapors are not inhibited and can form polymer.
The rate of polymerization can become uncontrollable. This
can lead to hardening and plugging of equipment or, in the The ceiling of the storage tank should be smooth and free of
worst cases, a fire or explosion. To prevent polymer internal superstructure to eliminate sites for polymer formation.
formation in styrene monomer, TBC inhibitor is typically Keep an absolute minimum of internal beams, pipes, projections
added at a concentration of 10-15 ppm. In addition to using and crevices that can provide places for condensed styrene
TBC, temperature control and proper selection of a storage monomer vapors to accumulate and polymerize. In addition, it is
environment should ensure shelf life with the necessary
recommended that all internal structural connections be welded.
quality specifications.
Tank cleanliness is important, as dirt and scale may
act as catalysts for polymer formation. Copper and copper-
bearing alloys such as brass and bronze should be avoided
because copper will react with the TBC and impart a bluish-
green color to the styrene monomer.
15
Product Storage
4.1.1 Tank Construction

Openings in the roof and sidewalls above normal liquid levels Valves located below liquid level must be designed to prevent
should be of large diameter, and the number should be kept to breakage from freezing, heat shock or mechanical stress.
a minimum. Large-diameter openings facilitate easy cleaning Lubricated plug cocks and non-lubricated ball valves lined with
and dual-purpose use, where feasible. Viton are satisfactory. Stainless steel ball valves have been used
Tank openings (vents, arrester plates and man-ways) for styrene monomer service. All valves require routine
should be inspected every six months for polymer buildup. If maintenance to prevent plugging.
polymer buildup occurs, it is a good indication that more Consideration in site selection and tank spacing include
serious polymer formation in the form of stalactites on the tank proximity to other flammable material storage facilities, nearby
roof may be occurring. The polymer buildup should be sources of ignition, accessibility for firefighting and the impact
removed. Tank linings have proven quite successful in of a vapor cloud explosion on nearby areas. Bulk storage tanks
controlling polymerization problems in styrene monomer should have fire monitors to provide cooling in the event of an
storage. Liners will cover any scale and oxidation and prevent external fire.
future scale. A tight, nonporous, non-wettable smooth surface Storage tanks should be situated within containment
allows the uninhibited styrene monomer vapor condensate to systems that are capable of providing detection and control of
return quickly to the inhibited liquid monomer before an accidental release of styrene monomer from any tank
polymerization can take place. Baked phenolic, carbon-zinc, surface and from piping to and from the tank. Containment-
modified epoxy and catalyzed epoxy linings have all been used system design and operation should conform to all federal
for this type of service. However, these lining are all requirements. Tanks must also be designed to provide
nonconductive and, at a minimum, the lower portion of the complete drainage. Separate drain lines, a small built-in sump
storage tank should be lined with a conductive coating that with a bottom drain and floors sloped to the drains are important
provides electrical grounding. Inorganic zinc silicate linings for complete drainage.
have been used for years in styrene monomer service, giving
both the conductivity and smooth surface desired. Other
comparable linings are available, and the manufacturers of the
coating should be consulted for performance and application
information. Rubber-based coatings should not be used. 4.1.2 Tank Breather Vents
The storage tank can be filled from the bottom or top. Tank breather systems should be designed to minimize the
When using a top-fill line, the line should be extended inside the emission of vapors. Unloading piping should include an
tank to the bottom so to prevent static electric discharge. The equalization or vapor return line to exchange displaced vapors
fill outlet should be below minimal operating level. between the storage tank and the unloading vehicle. Tank-
Circulation is recommended for all styrene monomer venting and emergency relief should comply with API
storage tanks to facilitate thorough mixing when new monomer Standards. When designing large storage tanks, it should be
or inhibitor is added, to help control temperature and to maintain noted that it is impractical to install sufficient relief capacity in
the required dissolved oxygen in the system. Circulation of tank the event of a runaway polymerization. Therefore, it is critical to
contents may be achieved by using a swing pipe design or an maintain the correct inhibitor and oxygen concentrations,
eductor. For the swing pipe design, the outlet line operates control tank temperature and provide tank circulation.
through a floating swing pipe adjusted so the monomer is
always withdrawn a few inches below the surface. Warm
monomer is withdrawn from the top, circulated and discharged
at the bottom of the tank. The other mixing option is to install an
eductor inside the tank on the discharge end of the recirculation
line. Mixing improves temperature uniformity of the monomer
and ensures that samples are representative of the tank’s
content. The inlet line and outlet line should be at opposite ends
of the tank.
16
Figure 4.1 Typical Atmospheric Storage Tank Configuration*
VAPOR BREATHER
CONTROL AND VENT
SYSTEM SYSTEM
See Section 4.1.3 See Section 4.1.2
6
15 { SEE N.F.P.A. 11 STANDARD FOR LOW EXPANSION
FOAM AND COMBINE AGENT SYSTEM
TI FOAM
5
H
LA
L
4 Liquid Level 9 14
H
LS H REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
L 6 6 TI TA
TI
FROM H
STYRENE
IMO TANK (Fig. 5-8) TS
RECYCLE
LI LT 19
TANK TRUCK (Fig. 5-6) 13
TANK CAR (Fig. 5-1) 3 2 8 11 M PI
7
OR BARGE M TO PROCESS
10 TT 16 20
1 TI 1
Sloped 12 6 18
17 17
INHIBITOR
ADDITION
POINT
See Section 4.1.4
1. CONTAINMENT DIKE 6. TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 11. MIXING EDUCTOR/S 16. STRAINER
2. LEVEL TRANSMITTE . NFPA IDENTIFICATION CODE 12. TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER 17. GROUND WIRE
3. LEVEL INDICATOR 8. MANWAY 13. TEMPERATURE SWITCH HIGH 18. PUMP
Product Storage
4. LEVEL SWITCH HIGH/LOW 9. SUCTION LINE AND FLOAT 14. TEMPERATURE ALARM HIGH 19. PRESSURE INDICATOR W/SEAL
5. LEVEL ALARM HIGH/LOW 10. SWING JOINT 15. FOAM CHAMBER/FOAM MAKER 20. CHECK VALVE
*This figure illustrates a typical configuration and is not intended to be used as a design specification.
Qualified professionals must exercise engineering judgment to establish site specifications that meet the applicable requirements.
Product Storage
Figure 4.2 Decrease of TBC Concentration in Styrene Monomer

TBC Concentration (ppm)
DO NOT ALLOW TO FALL BELOW 4 PPM
4.1.3 Control of Vapor Emissions Table 4.1 Styrene Monomer Storage Testing
Bulk storage tanks should be vented to a vapor collection and Frequency of TBC &
containment system that effectively eliminates discharges of Temperature
Polymer Monitoring
styrene monomer vapors to the atmosphere. The exchange
of vapors between the bulk delivery vehicle and the storage
>25°C (> 77°F) Daily
tank through an equalization line may be used. Different types
of vapor recovery systems are available. These include 15 - 25°C (59 -77°F) 2 - 3 times a week
carbon adsorption beds, condensers, incinerators, flares and
thermal oxidizers. Emission reductions may be achieved by < 15 °C (< 59°F) 1 time weekly
reducing tank temperatures. The venting or collection system
should be designed to prevent the passage of a flame or
The levels of 4-tert-Butylcatechol should be monitored on
explosion from one container to another.
a routine basis (see Table 4.1 and Appendix 3).
Polymer and color analyses should be conducted at the
4.1.4 Inhibitor Control same frequency as the TBC analysis. The preferred method for
Lyondell Chemical Company adds 4-tert-Butylcatechol to all 4-tert-Butylcatechol analysis is the ASTM Method D-4590. A
styrene monomer. It acts as an inhibitor to prevent polymer Visual Quick Test Method is provided in Appendix 3 for use
formation. The standard addition rate is 10-15 ppm. This level when rapid test results are justified.
of inhibitor permits the use of styrene monomer in most If TBC levels fall below 10 ppm, inhibitor should be added
applications while still providing good shelf life. Higher levels to bring the level up to 10-15 ppm. The 4-tert-Butylcatechol
of TBC may be added to meet customer specifications. concentrations should never fall below 4 ppm. Depending on
Another important factor for product stability is the effect of tank conditions, incipient polymerization may occur at this level.
TBC depletion over time in styrene monomer. Table 4.1 shows This is evidenced by a slight increase in styrene monomer
maximum recommended storage times as a function of tank viscosity and/or temperature. Polymer formation is shown by
contents temperature. This table should be considered only a diluting one part of styrene monomer with 10 parts methanol
guideline, as other factors will also influence stability. and observing a cloudy solution. Polymer levels can be
determined using ASTM Method D-2121, Method A.
18
Product Storage
The 4-tert-Butylcatechol levels will be depleted if tank should be checked prior to unloading.
temperatures are too high (see Figure 4.2). Tank temperatures Instrumentation at the loading station should warn the
should generally be maintained below 21°C (70°F). Lower operator of the potential for overfilling and shut off flow
temperatures are recommended if styrene monomer will be whenever overfill is imminent. Neither device is to be used as
stored for extended periods. Tank temperatures can be reduced a regular operating tool for determining tank level.
in warmer climates by tank insulation, reflective painting and Styrene monomer collection systems should be large
circulation. Refrigeration should be provided when no other enough to contain the worst credible accidental release of
means exist to maintain tank temperatures below 21°C. Tanks styrene monomer, plus an additional volume for flush water
should be equipped with recirculation lines and pumps to aid in and rain water. The unloading area should be curbed to divert
cooling, in addition to providing mixing and dissolved oxygen spillage into the drainage system and prevent run-off into the
requirements. Recirculation of process and offloading lines surrounding areas. Adjacent unloading areas should be
should be considered where there is a potential for extended segregated by curbing. At a minimum, the surface of the
holdup of material. Temperature indicators should be provided unloading area under and around the bulk-transport vessel
at various levels in the tank. If infrequent temperature checks should be constructed with an impermeable membrane or
are made, a temperature alarm system may also be provided. ballast installed over an impermeable barrier suitable for the
The 4-tert-Butylcatechol inhibitor requires dissolved oxygen retention of styrene monomer. The drainage surfaces should
to work effectively. The minimum required dissolved oxygen be pitched with a grade toward the collection basin or sump.
level in styrene monomer is approximately 8 ppm. This can be The sump or catch-basin should have fire seals and should
maintained easily by recirculation of the styrene monomer in an be equipped with instruments that will reliably detect liquid levels
air blanketed storage tank at least three to four times per week. and the presence of styrene monomer vapor. Rain water and
If oxygen is totally removed from a storage tank by using a spills trapped inside the containment area are to be disposed of
nitrogen blanket, dissolved oxygen will be removed and TBC through the sump or catch-basin. Discharge valves from the
becomes ineffective, leading to polymerization. Nitrogen collection area should be closed under normal conditions.
blanketing is only recommended for short-term storage. If an Accumulated liquids should be disposed of only by a trained
inert gas is used as a blanket for extended storage, the oxygen operator after determining the liquid’s composition.
content in the vapor phase should be controlled between 3 and Lighting adequate for night time unloading operations
6 volume percent. This oxygen content will provide sufficient should be provided, unless all unloading will be done during
dissolved oxygen for TBC as well as prevent flammability. An daylight.
oxygen analyzer may be useful to maintain proper oxygen A suitable method of discharging container contents should
content under this storage condition. When TBC addition is be provided. Acceptable methods include gravity flow, pumping
needed, it can be made most easily by adding a TBC solution from the top through a dip pipe or pressurization with nitrogen.
of 85 percent TBC and 15 percent methanol supplied directly by If nitrogen pressurization is used, the facility should be designed
the manufacturer. It may be added through the suction line of to avoid over-pressurization of the vessel. Furthermore, a
he recirculation pump. Each 20,000 liter increment of styrene means of collection and environmentally acceptable treatment
monomer should have 210 gm of TBC solution added to an of the vapor (e.g., flaring or scrubbing) should be provided.
approximate 10 ppm TBC concentration. The TBC will only be Vapor containment systems should be designed to remove or
effective when the tank is circulated and thoroughly mixed. recover vapor. Additionally, nitrogen containing 3 to 6 vol%
oxygen should be used (see Section 4.1.4). The location of tank
4.2 Unloading Installations car loading and unloading should be distant from general
activity, ignition sources and traffic. The ground should be
The installation for unloading rail tank cars and tank trucks of
sloped toward a containment area to permit recovery or disposal
styrene monomer should be designed, maintained and
of any spills.
operated to meet current standards for fire protection, worker
An automatic deluge sprinkler system should protect the
safety and environmental safety.
loading facility and rail tank car. A fire-water monitor nozzle
Loading racks should be in accordance with all federal and
should be located within 40 feet of the tank car and should
regulatory requirements. Piping systems for tank trucks and
have an unobstructed path to the target. Dry- powder or
tank cars should be connected to a common earth ground and
carbon dioxide fire extinguishers should also be present.
bonded to the discharge system. Continuity to ground
19
Product Storage
4.4 Workplace Location

Processing operations using styrene monomer should be
located and operated according to federal and regulatory
requirements.
Facilities storing or using styrene monomer should use
either a gravity or continuous mechanical-exhaust ventilation
system. If styrene monomer is dispensed within the room,
mechanical ventilation is required. Dispensing of styrene
monomer in the warehouse is not recommended unless the
dispensing area is suitable separated from the other
combustible storage area.
20
5. TRANSFER OPERATIONS
Styrene monomer should be transferred and handled 5.2 Tank Cars DOT 111A
according to written operating procedures developed for the
specific facility. This section includes guidelines used by Lyondell Chemical Company ships styrene monomer in DOT
Lyondell Chemical Company in its handling of styrene 111A tank cars (see Figure 5.1). Refer to 49 CFR 174 Subparts
monomer. C and G (see Appendix 2 for citations) for DOT unloading
Operating procedures should address the hazards regulations. The following procedures are comparable to those
associated with this material (see Safety Data Sheet), the used by Lyondell Chemical Company for unloading tanks cars
selection of personal protective clothing and equipment (see and can be used as a basis for site-specific procedures. A
Safety Data Sheet) and fire- prevention methods (see Section suggested unloading checklist is provided in Figure 5.2.
3). Only workers trained in proper operating procedures should
handle styrene monomer. 5.2.1 Unloading Procedures
Dedicated unloading lines are recommended for styrene The unloading procedures for rail/tank cars are as follows:
monomer service. All unloading lines should be purged with an 1. Gather all necessary equipment. For tank car unloading,
inert gas before and after use to prevent air from entering the also include:
storage system or to prevent spilling of liquid styrene monomer. • Wheel chocks
• DOT-approved “STOP” signs
5.1 Work Preparation • Derailer
2. Position the tank car correctly with respect to the unloading
When unloading vessels or containers, workers should have station, then set its brake and chock one wheel on both
the following equipment and supplies available: sides.
• Functional local eyewash stations and safety showers
3. Place DOT-approved, blue rectangular “STOP” signs at
• Non-sparking tools
both ends of the car between rails. Place an additional
• Unloading block valve
sign at the rail siding switch.
• Stainless steel double-braided accordion-type hose
4. Place a derailer on the rail siding between the car and
• Grounding connectors
the siding switch. Lock derailer, if possible.
• Nitrogen supply with pressure regulator and check valve
5. Ensure that the receiving tank’s ullage (available space) is
The consignee should determine that tank ullage (sufficient
sufficient to receive the full load with room to spare after the
capacity) is available to accept the shipment. Ensure that all
transfer is complete.
high-level warning devices are activated and functioning. Verify
6. Identify all pipelines so proper valve alignment can be made.
that the material is styrene monomer by confirming that
7. Connect ground cable to car and check for continuity.
the identification number is UN 2055 and by review of the
8. Remove and read the Lyondell Chemical Company label
shipping documents and delivery schedule.
attached to the car’s outlet valve. Make sure that it identifies
In certain circumstances and conditions, a “second” person
the car’s contents as styrene monomer. Also, remove the
should verify proper valve positioning to confirm that the piping
one-eighth inch wire cable seal and verify the seal number
is routed to the correct receiving tank. This may be advisable in
with the paperwork.
multi-tank bulk storage tank farms that have complicated piping
runs and contain other incompatible strong acids, bases or 9. Determine that the unloading station’s spill collection sump
oxidizers (see Sections 1.4 and 1.5). drain is closed and that the sump is substantially free of
Visually inspect containers for structural damage or accumulated liquid.
tampering in transit. Wet spots may be an indication of leaks. 10. A sample can be taken, if needed, by using the three-
Look for evidence of discharge from pressure relief valves. fourths inch sample valve at the top of the car.
Styrene monomer is supplied with an inhibitor to prevent 11. Some tank cars may contain equipment for optional
self-polymerization. Inhibitor depletion can occur during nitrogen padding during off-loading. Tank car should be
extended transportation delays and exposure to high unloaded with air only if the product temperature is below
temperatures. If product is received at high temperature or the lower flammable limit (see Figure 3.1). If product
pressure, a self-polymerization reaction may be occurring. temperature is above lower flammable limit, unload under
For more information on polymerization hazards, see nitrogen. Connect the nitrogen or dry air line to the one inch
Section 1.6. threaded airline valve at the top of the car and open the
valve. The recommended psig is 20-30 for unloading if not
using a pump. If using a pump, you must feed nitrogen or
air in at a rate that will displace the liquid as the car is being
unloaded to prevent the tank from implosion.
21
Transfer Operations
12. Attach flexible unloading hose to the car’s bottom outlet 21. Close tank’s internal and external bottom outlet valves.
valve after ensuring that all parts including gaskets and 22. Disconnect unloading hose, taking precautions to
O-rings are in good condition. catch residual styrene monomer for proper disposal.
13. Set valves in fixed piping to begin transfer. 23. Close and secure manway latch.
14. Open car’s external (lower) bottom valve.
15. Open car’s internal bottom valve. Check carefully 5.2.2 Release of Empty Car
for leakage. If any is noted, take remedial action.
The following steps complete the process of unloading tank
16. Start transfer pump. cars:
17. Immediately make a visual check for leaks, especially at 1. Disconnect the ground cable.
places where seals and O-rings are present; shut down 2. Remove the wheel chocks, derailer, blue flag and
immediately and take remedial action if leaks are caution signs. Leave the car brakes engaged for railroad
observed. crew to release.
18. Check that receiving tank’s level is rising at the expected 3. Make sure placards are affixed for return trip.
rate for the transfer system. 4. If there were any mechanical problems with the tank car,
19. Monitor the transfer. When the tank car is empty, close advise LyondellBasell Transportation Distribution
pump discharge valve and immediately shut off pump. Incidents (TDI) at 1-800-245-4532.
20. Close valves connecting transfer line and pump
to receiving tank.
Figure 5.1 Typical Tank Car 111A-100W Configuration*

ATM
11 14 FROM SHUTDOWN INTERLOCKS
10
NITROGEN SUPPLY 19
13 15 M
10
10 12
17 10 13 10
10 10 10
TO
8 9 18 STORAGE (Figure 4-1)
TO 7 TO 4 16
16
6
5 5
STYRENE MONOMER
STABILIZED
21
3 39 20 22
2055 2
7 4
TO PUMP
1
23
1. WHEEL CHOCKS (BOTH SIDES OF WHEEL) 9. DRY DISCONNECT & FLEX. HOSE 16. APPROVED GROUND
2. LABEL (FLAMMABLE LIQUID) ASSEMBLY (FOR TOP UNLOADING) 17. STRAINER
3. HAZARD INDICATION PLACARD 10. ISOLATING VALVE 18. PUMP
4. DRY DISCONNECT & FLEX. HOSE 11. PRESSURE GAUGE 19. PRESSURE GAUGE W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL
ASSEMBLY (FOR BOTTOM UNLOADING) 12. NITROGEN HIGH POINT PURGE 20. HANDRAIL
5. SAFETY VALVE 13. CHECK VALVE 21. HAND BRAKE WHEEL
6. MANWAY 14. PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE 22. DERAILER
7. VAPOR RETURN/AIR/NITROGEN CONNECTION 15. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE 23. APPROVED GROUND CLAMP
8. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY
22
Transfer Operations
Figure 5.2 Styrene Monomer Unloading Checklist – DOT 111A
Tank Car Number:

Date:
Operator:
Time: AM/PM
Prior to Unloading Tank Car Yes No
Wheels chocked and hand brakes engaged .................................................................
Blue flag and derailer in place ........................................................................................
Metal caution signs located in front of and behind tank car ..........................................
Storage tank capacity and tank car liquid level determined before filling......................
Proper piping alignment made and checked .................................................................
Product hose and fittings visually inspected prior to use ...............................................
Eyebath and safety shower flushed and ready...............................................................
Ground cable to car connected and checked for continuity ..........................................
N2 hose hooked up to vapor valve .................................................................................
Transfer started and system visually checked for leaks .................................................
Qualified operator in attendance during transfer............................................................
After Unloading Tank Car Yes No

When tank car is empty, shut down the pump................................................................
Unloading line valve closed to the storage tank .............................................................
Tank car liquid unloading valve closed ..........................................................................
N2 valve closed ..............................................................................................................
Transfer line disconnected and residual liquid collected ...............................................
Manway cover secured...................................................................................................
Ground cable disconnected ...........................................................................................
Are placards affixed and in good condition?..................................................................
Blue flag and derailer device removed...........................................................................
Wheel chocks removed...................................................................................................
Car brake left engaged for railway crew.........................................................................
Advise Lyondell Chemical Company of any mechanical problems at 1-800-245-4532.
23
Transfer Operations
5.3 Tank Cars DOT 105J 2. Position the tank car correctly with respect to the unloading
station, then set its brake and chock one wheel on both
Lyondell Chemical Company also ships styrene monomer in sides.
DOT 105J tank cars (see Figure 5.3). These tank cars are
3. Place DOT-approved, blue rectangular “STOP” signs at
top unloaded by pressure or pumping. Refer to 49 CFR 174
both ends of the car between rails. Place an additional
for DOT unloading regulations.
sign at the rail-siding switch.
The following procedures are comparable to those used by
Lyondell Chemical Company for unloading tanks cars and can 4. Place a derailer on the rail siding between the car and
be used as a basis for site-specific procedures. A suggested the siding switch.
unloading checklist is provided in Figure 5.4.
5. Connect ground cable to car and check for continuity.
5.3.1 Unloading Procedures 6. Remove the one-eighth inch wire cable seal and verify
the seal number with the paperwork.
The unloading procedures for tank cars are as follows:
7. Remove the housing cover pin and lift pressure dome cover.
1. Gather all necessary equipment. For tank car unloading,
This will expose all valves and fittings which are required for
also include: unloading and sampling (see Figure 5.5).
• wheel chocks
8. Inspect for leakage around valves and fittings in the
• DOT-approved “STOP” sign
pressure dome area by pouring soapy water on the
• derailer connections only and checking for bubbles. If leaks are
detected, tighten fittings and recheck.
Figure 5.3 Typical Car J105-J Configuration*
24
Transfer Operations
Figure 5.4 Styrene Monomer Unloading Checklist – DOT 105J
Tank Car Number: Date:

Operator: Time:
AM/PM
Prior to Unloading Tank Car Yes No

Wheels chocked and hand brakes engaged .................................................................
Blue flag and derailer in place ........................................................................................
Metal caution signs located in front of and behind tank car ..........................................
Ground cable to car connected and checked for continuity ..........................................
Pressure dome inspected for leakage around valves and fittings..................................
Bill of lading checked and sample verified.....................................................................
Certificate of analysis and placards checked..................................................................
Storage tank capacity and tank car liquid level determined before filling......................
Load and vent-back lines connected, purged and tested for leaks...............................
Open transfer lines and monitor liquid level ...................................................................
After Unloading Tank Car Yes No

When tank car is empty, shut down the pump................................................................
Transfer line blown clear of styrene monomer ................................................................
Unloading line valve closed to the storage tank and the storage tank vent ...................
Tank car vapor valve and liquid unloading valve closed................................................
Transfer line vented of pressure ....................................................................................
Transfer, nitrogen and storage tank vent lines disconnected ........................................
Test for leakage and secure dome cover .......................................................................
Are placards affixed and in good condition?..................................................................
Blue flag, metal caution signs and derailer device removed..........................................
Car brake left engaged for railroad crew........................................................................
25
Transfer Operations
Figure 5.5 Typical Tank Car Dome Configurations*
NITROGEN
'fll
;:_;i!L.Jl _;j
LIQUID LIQUID
1,[-?"'
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A C C A
,- LIQUID
1,-. i
'
' ►
!,_ ,.. '
1
C C
Q
i:_l;::J .:J J
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4
!',' ] 5
, '' _,
7
Kamvalok 2" ' SECTION "C-C"
''---- ► B MANWAY BONNET
SIDE COVER
(- 2
I I 'y -------------------------------------(
e ,_
; , ,'-,-' ',,',,',,',,, ":',
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SECTION "B-B"
1. VERTICAL BALL VALVE 5. SUPPORT

2. GAUGING DEVICE 6. THERMOWELL
3. SAFETY VALVE 225# 7. SAMPLE LINE SECTION "A-A"
4. EDUCTION PIPE
26
Transfer Operations
9. If a sample from the tank car is required to confirm its 14. Open liquid unloading valve and allow styrene monomer to
contents, the following procedure may be used: Sample fill the pump by opening the liquid line block valves. These
tank car through the sample line, which is located in the valves must be opened slowly to avoid activating the
pressure dome area. Fill the sample bottle leaving excess flow valve. Start pump and begin pumping styrene
approximately 20 percent vapor space to allow for monomer to the storage tank. A positive pressure should be
expansion. If closed sampling system is not employed, maintained on the tank car to keep the pump from pulling a
proper personal protective equipment should be used. vacuum on the car. Monitor this closely.
10. Determine the receiving tank ullage (available space) and 15. Check that the receiving tank’s level is rising at the
the liquid level in the tank car before transfer. expected rate for the transfer system.
11. Attach nitrogen or vapor return line to the vapor valve. 16. Monitor the transfer. When the tank car is empty,
12. Attach flexible hose to the liquid unloading (eduction) valve. immediately shut off pump.
13. Open vapor valve. If product will be unloaded under 17. Clear the transfer line. Close the unloading line valve to the
nitrogen pressure, open vapor valve and use a regulator to storage tank and the storage tank vent. Close the tank car
adjust the nitrogen pressure to equalize that of the tank vapor valve and the tank car liquid unloading valve. Vent
car. This will force liquid styrene monomer into unloading transfer line of pressure. Disconnect transfer, nitrogen and
hose. Nitrogen should be supplied in nominal pressures to storage tank vent lines.
equalize the tank and ensure the pressure supply
18. Test for leakage by pouring soapy water over the valves.
is compatible with unloading system.
If bubbles are present, retighten all valves and retest. If
leaks are still detected, contact LyondellBasell
Transportation Distribution Incidents at 1-800-245-4532.
Figure 5.6 Typical Tank Truck Configurations*
56789
TO PART NO. 7
19
DOT 407
STYRENE MONOMER DOT 412
STABILIZED
17 ATM
12
13 AIR SUPPLY OR
20 21 VAPOR
CHEMTREC 800/424-9300
BAL INE
ANCE L
18
15 17
10
11
To Part 11 TO STORAGE
14 14 14 16 (Figure 4-1)
1. REAR END PROTECTION 9. VACUUM BEAKER 17. CHECK VALVE
2. WHEEL CHOCKS (BOTH SIDES OF WHEEL) 10. OUTLET VALVE 18. PRESSURE GAUGE
3. CHEMTREC EMERGENCY NUMBER (800) 424-9300 11. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY 19. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY
4. DOT PLACARD (Figure 11.2) (ALL 4 SIDES) 12. GAUGING DEVICE 20. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
5. MANHOLE ASSY. & OVERTURN PROTECTION 13. CERTIFICATION PLATE 21. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE
6. CUSTOMER VENT 14. GROUND WIRE 22. DOT CLASSIFICATION NUMBER
7. AIR INLET ASSEMBLY 15. STRAINER

8. PRESSURE VENT 16. PUMP
27
Transfer Operations
5.3.2 Release of Empty Car 11. Trucks are equipped for nitrogen unloading. Attach N2
line and open valve. Tank cars should be unloaded with air
The following steps complete the process of unloading tank only if the product temperature is below the lower
cars:
flammable limit. If product temperature is above lower
1. Ensure that all valves are closed, and caps/plugs are in
flammable limit, unload under nitrogen.
place and are tightened.
12. Connect a flexible unloading hose to bottom
2. Disconnect the ground cable.
discharge valve connector.
3. Remove the wheel chocks, derailer, blue flag and
13. Set valves in fixed piping to begin the transfer.
caution signs. Leave the car brakes engaged for railroad
crew to release. 14. Open tank truck’s external (lower) outlet valve.
4. Make sure placards are affixed and in good condition. 15. Open tank truck’s internal bottom valve. Check carefully for
leakage. If any is noted, take remedial action.
5. If there were any mechanical problems with the tank car,
advise Lyondell Chemical Company Customer Service. 16. Start transfer pump.
17. Immediately make a visual check for leaks, especially at
places where seals and O-rings are present. If leaks are
5.4 Tank Trucks
observed, shut down immediately and take remedial action.
Lyondell Chemical Company ships styrene monomer in
DOT 407 stainless steel tank trucks with approximate capacity 18. Check that the receiving tank’s level is rising at the
expected rate for the transfer system.
of 5,500 to 6,500 gallons. DOT 307, 312, 407 and 412 tank
trucks are also acceptable. They are normally bottom unloaded 19. Monitor the transfer. When the tank truck is empty, close
by gravity or pumped through a valve located at the bottom of pump-discharge valve and immediately shut off pump.
the truck (see Figure 5.6). Refer to 49 CFR 177 for information 20. Close valves connecting transfer line and pump
on unloading regulations. The following procedures are to receiving tank.
comparable to those used by Lyondell Chemical Company for
21. Close the trailer’s internal and external bottom outlet valves.
unloading tank trucks and can be used as a basis for developing
site-specific procedures for unloading styrene monomer. A 22. Disconnect unloading hose, taking precautions to catch
suggested unloading checklist is provided in Figure 5.7. residual styrene monomer for proper disposal. Store hose
in a protected location.
5.4.1 Unloading Procedures 23. Close and secure the man way cover.
The unloading procedures for tank trucks are as follows: 24. Pad with N2.
1. Gather all necessary equipment. For tank truck
unloading, also include: 5.4.2 Release of Empty Truck
• road barriers The following steps complete the process of unloading
• wheel chocks tank trucks:
2. Instruct driver to position tank truck for unloading at 1. Ensure that all valves are closed, and caps/plugs are in
designated station, then set brakes, shut off engine and place and are tightened.
leave cab. The driver should remain in a designated area. 2. Disconnect the ground cable. Remove the wheel chocks
3. Safeguard truck from nearby traffic by putting up road and traffic-control devices.
barriers or warning lights. 3. Ensure that tank truck placards for the return trip meet
4. Chock both sides of one tank truck wheel. DOT regulations. Ensure truck has been resealed.
5. Attach ground connectors and ensure continuity to ground. 4. Release the vehicle to the driver.
6. Remove and read the label attached to the tank truck’s outlet 5. If there were any mechanical problems with the tank truck,
valve to confirm that its contents are styrene monomer. advise Lyondell Chemical Company Customer Service.
7. Visually inspect hoses and fittings prior to use.
8. Determine that the receiving storage tank has sufficient
capacity to hold the entire contents of the tank truck.
9. Identify all pipelines so that proper valve alignment can
be made.
10. Determine that the unloading station’s spill-collection sump
28
drain is closed and substantially free of accumulated liquid.
Transfer Operations
Figure 5.7 Styrene Monomer Unloading Checklist – DOT 407
Trailer Number: Date:

Operator:
Time: AM/PM
Prior to Unloading Tank Truck Yes No
Trailer safeguarded with road barriers/warning lights ....................................................
Wheels chocked and parking brakes engaged..............................................................
Ground cable to truck connected and checked for continuity .......................................
Storage tank capacity checked ......................................................................................
Product hose and fittings visually inspected prior to use ...............................................
N2 hooked up to vapor connection ................................................................................
Transfer started and system visually checked for leaks .................................................
After Unloading Tank Truck Yes No

When tank truck is empty, shut down the pump.............................................................
Unloading line valve closed to the storage tank .............................................................
Tank truck’s internal and external bottom outlet valves closed ......................................
Transfer line disconnected and residual liquid collected ...............................................
Manway cover secured...................................................................................................
Placards proper for shipment .........................................................................................
29
Transfer Operations
5.5 ISO Tanks

Lyondell Chemical Company ships styrene monomer in
intermodal bulk transport tanks meeting IM 101 (T2 tank
container) specifications. These tanks contain up to 4,800
gallons of styrene monomer and are shipped at atmospheric
pressure. The unloading valve is located at the rear bottom
end of the tank (see Figure 5.8). International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) tank work preparation and unloading
procedures are essentially the same as those in this section.
Figure 5.8 Typical T2 Tank Configuration

ATM
16
24
AIR SUPPLY
17 OR VAPOR BALANCE LINE
14
1
15
13
6
10 9 11 12 IM-101
(2) 23
5
STYRENE MONOMER
STABILIZED 2
FROM SHUTDOWN INTERLOCKS
25
20
27
8 M TO
STORAGE
7 18 See Figure 4-1
22
CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300
3 15
19
4
21 21
21
1. TANK FRAME 9. SAFETY RELIEF VALVES (2) W/TANK 19. PUMP

2. TANK SHELL IN STAINLESS STEEL 10. MANHOLE 20. PRESSURE GAUGE W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL
WITH INSULATION AND ALUMINUM 11. AIR INLET 21. GROUND WIRE
CLADDING PROTECTION 12. PROVISION FOR FILLING/DRAIN SYSTEM 22. FLEXIBLE HOSE ASSEMBLY
3. MALE BOTTOM DISCHARGE 13. BALL VALVE 23. DOT CLASSIFICATION NO.
4. DATA PLATE 14. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY 24. PRESSURE GAUGE
5. LADDER 15. CHECK VALVE 25. DOT PLACARD (Figure 11.2)
6. WALKWAY 16. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE ALL 4 SIDES
7. STEAM HEATING 17. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE 26. CHEMTREC EMERGENCY NUMBER
(NOT USED FOR STYRENE SERVICE) 18. FILTER (800) 424-9300
8. THERMOMETER 27. CARRIER’S NAME
CONTAINER OWNER/LESSOR’S NAME
CERTIFICATION DECALS
30
Transfer Operations
5.6 Marine Transport

Independent inspectors or surveyors take quality and a
A customer considering receipt of styrene monomer by water quantity measurement to endure that styrene monomer is loaded
for the first time should contact Lyondell Chemical Company only into uncontaminated tanks. Tanks or compartments should
Customer Service for specific requirements. be in dedicated service for styrene monomer. Where tanks or
Styrene monomer handling in marine transport is similar to compartments are not in dedicated service, a cleaning certificate
that required for other flammable liquid hydrocarbons. However, along with a list of the last three cargos will be required prior to
a number of areas may be different and should be evaluated loading. In addition, all tanks and compartments receive an
before handling styrene monomer. These areas are: additional check at the one foot level to insure product quality.
1. Materials Compatibility – material requirements for styrene Lyondell Chemical Company has detailed guidelines available for
monomer should be reviewed. Specifically, check inspectors.
compatibility of loading hoses and tank and compartment Styrene monomer should not be stored adjacent to tanks
liners or coatings. or compartments that are heated. Shifting of the styrene
2. Water Solubility – Styrene monomer is minimally soluble in monomer to other tanks or compartments should be avoided.
and somewhat lighter than water. Contact with water should Styrene monomer quality and reactivity can be adversely
be avoided to maintain product quality. Also, any water affected by low levels of any contaminant present. As with
contaminated with styrene monomer should be evaluated for other handling operations, the unloading of barges or ships
that contain hazardous materials such as styrene monomer
waste classification and proper disposal.
must only be carried out by fully trained personnel equipped
3. Fire Foams – As discussed in Section 3, fire foams should with all necessary information, PPE and suitable equipment,
be evaluated to determine if alcohol resistant foams are following correct operating procedures.
required.
In the event of any problems that may affect product, or
4. Exposure – Any vented marine transfer operations should any indications of polymerization, contact Lyondell Chemical
be monitored to insure that vapor exposure is below the Company Customer Service immediately.
permissible limits (see Safety Data Sheet). Exposure to high
levels of styrene monomer can result in eye, skin and
respiratory irritation and anesthetic-like effects (see Safety
Data Sheet).
Although styrene monomer has low atmospheric reactivity,
vapor recovery during marine loading operations may be
utilized, particularly in ozone- containment areas.
In the event that vapor recovery is utilized, Coast Guard
regulations require that the Maximum Experimental Safe Gap
(MESG) be evaluated to determine proper fire protection
equipment. The MESG for styrene monomer is .95 mm.
All barges to be loaded at Lyondell Chemical Company’s
Houston facility must be Coast Guard certified. Certification
will require the installation of a vapor recovery system.
In the case of a marine spill, styrene monomer should
form a slick which will slowly volatilize. Because of styrene
monomer’s water solubility, little of the spilled styrene
monomer will dissolve into the water. The amount that
dissolves will depend on a number of factors including air
and water temperatures and turbulence. See Safety Data
Sheet for general spill handling guidelines.
31
6. TANK CLEANING AND EQUIPMENT REPAIR
6.1 Work Preparation Permit Required Confined Space PRCS program

requirements include:
Proper preparation for cleaning or maintaining styrene 1. Written program
monomer storage vessels and equipment is necessary to
2. Identify and classify spaces
prevent fire or harm to workers or the environment. Only fully
3. Establish hazard control measures
trained and properly equipped workers should clean or repair
• Prevent unauthorized entry
styrene monomer tanks and equipment.
• Establish acceptable conditions
A hazardous work permit system should be established
• Isolation
before any maintenance or inspection activities involving hot
work, line breaking or confined-space entry are performed. A • Ventilation
permit should identify all job-related hazards and include a • Coordinate entry by multiple workers
work plan to address them. Facilities should use engineering • Periodic re-evaluation for change of conditions
controls and appropriate personal protective equipment. 4. Develop permit system
Before opening, tanks and equipment that contained styrene • Preparation
monomer should be emptied of all liquid by draining at low • Issuance
points. Tanks and equipment should then be purged with an inert • Implementation
gas, then air, to a vapor management system, or they should be • Cancellation
flushed with water. • Returning space to service
Eyewash and safety showers should be located near the
5. Provide specialized equipment
work area. Appropriate fire extinguishing equipment should be
• Atmospheric monitoring
present (see Section 3.3).
• Ventilation
• PPE
6.2 Control of Hazardous Energy • Lighting
A facility’s procedures for controlling hazardous energy • Communication
sources should comply with the requirements of 29 CFR • Emergency
1910.147 (see Appendix 4 for citations). These procedures 6. Designate key personnel
should be used to protect workers in areas where styrene • Entrants
monomer vessels or equipment are cleaned, maintained or • Attendants
entered. After styrene monomer has been purged, positive • Entry supervisor
measures should be taken to ensure that all potential sources
• Qualified atmospheric tester
of styrene monomer or hazardous energy are physically
• Emergency response
tagged and locked out and affected persons notified. Personal
protective equipment should be worn by workers who might be 7. Perform testing and monitoring
exposed to styrene monomer residue. • Prior to entry and periodically during entry and work
8. Establish rescue and emergency procedures
6.3 Confined Space Entry 9. Procedures for contractors – multi-employer work sites
10. Provide information and training
The OSHA standard (29 CFR 1910.146) establishes
11. Conduct program review
requirements for entry into confined spaces. An OSHA confined
space is defined as a work zone large enough and so configured
to permit entry and work, has limited openings for entry or exit
and is not designed for continuous human occupancy. A
confined space may present one or more of the following
characteristics: a toxic, oxygen-deficient, flammable and/or
explosive atmosphere, an engulfment hazard and sidewalls that
could trap a worker. Tanks and other process equipment that
require worker entry may be considered confined spaces.
32
Tank Cleaning and Equipment Repair
Training is required for three categories of workers involved in 6.5 Maintenance and Inspection
confined space work: those entering the confined space,
attendants or standby/safety persons and the person Facilities should conduct preventive maintenance and
authorizing the permit. Workers should not enter confined inspection of containers, hoses, pumps, fittings, fire protection
spaces where the styrene monomer vapor concentrations equipment and refrigeration units used for styrene monomer. An
exceed 10 percent of its lower flammable limit of 1.1 percent by adequate supply of spare parts for refrigeration units should be
volume without a proper permit. Respiratory protection should maintained. Maintenance and inspection schedules should be
be worn whenever the styrene monomer concentration established that are appropriate for the device or equipment.
exceeds the TLV (see Safety Data Sheet) or the oxygen Inspectors should be trained how to identify abnormal situations
concentration is less than 19.5 percent. An employee entering and conduct a proper inspection. A checklist or guide should be
a confined space should be able to readily and continuously used to conduct inspections and all findings and work carried
communicate with a standby person trained to provide out should be recorded.
emergency rescue. Styrene monomer bulk storage tanks should be emptied
and visually inspected regularly, such as every two years. The
6.4 Equipment Cleanout inspection frequency should be increased if polymer formation
occurs. Inspections should include lining, roof, vents, seals,
Cleaning styrene monomer equipment is a hazardous operation relief valves piping and tank openings.
and should be conducted by experienced and trained workers Preventative maintenance schedules should be developed
in compliance with a written, approved procedure. A job safety for critical equipment such as firefighting equipment, combustible
analysis (JSA) or hazards analysis should be used to identify gas detectors, tank instruments and gauges, pumps, safety-relief
hazards and necessary protective measures. The emptying of valves, isolating valves, gaskets and emission-control
styrene monomer vessels or storage tanks presents a danger equipment.
of ignition, toxic vapors and environmental contamination.
Vessels, lines and equipment should be emptied from low-
point drains and repeatedly rinsed with water until the styrene
monomer concentration is less than 1 percent. Residual
styrene monomer can be removed by purging with inert gas
such as nitrogen. Acidic cleaning solutions should not be used
because their residues can cause polymerization. To protect
product quality vessels, lines and equipment should be clean
and dry before being placed into service initially or after repair.
Polymerized styrene monomer should be removed from
interior surfaces. Polymer usually forms around internal tank
supports, openings, valves, flanges and vents.
If a vessel is to be entered for cleaning, the guidelines
for control of hazardous energy and confined space entry in
this section should be followed.
33
7. TRANSPORTATION REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
The Distribution Safety Program of LyondellBasell Placards are required on each side and each end of bulk
Industries has been implemented in accordance with the packaging.
company’s Operational Excellence Standards. Requirements concerning marking, labeling, placarding and
Not every authorized U.S. Department of Transportation the preparation of shipping papers vary somewhat depending
(DOT), International Maritime Organization (IMO), on the transport mode, packaging configuration and quantity of
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) or hazardous material being transported.
International Air Transport Association (IATA) packaging is Marking, labeling and placarding requirements are
addressed in this chapter. LyondellBasell has selected explained in detail in 49 CFR 172 Subparts D, E and F,
transport routes and modes, in concert with packaging respectively. Labels and placards applicable to flammable
configurations, to develop and implement risk reduction liquids are required for styrene monomer (see Figures 11.1 and
alternatives. This bulletin is written is accordance with the 11.2). Bulk containers should remain placarded when emptied
Code of Federal Regulation, Title 49 issued Jan. 29, 2003. unless the special requirements of Subpart F are met.
Federal regulations describe authorized procedures to
properly package, mark, label, placard and manifest 7.3 Packaging
shipments. These procedures depend upon the quantity and
Packaging exceptions are permitted. Limited quantity shipments
type of hazardous material and the method of transport of the
with inner packaging not exceeding 5.0 liters net capacity each,
substance. If one plans to transport hazardous material
are authorized (49 CFR 173 Subpart D).
internationally by air, then the requirements of the IATA and
Non-bulk packaging is explained in 49 CFR 173 Subpart E,
ICAO must be met. Shipment by water requires compliance
and bulk packaging is described in Subpart F.
with the IMO regulations. LyondellBasell recommends that
In bulk packaging, liquids must be loaded so that the
those offering hazardous materials for transport be trained in
outage is at least 1 percent of the total capacity of a cargo or
the proper application of these regulations .
portable tank, or compartment thereof, or at least 1 percent of
the total capacity of the tank and dome for tank car and
7.1 Classification multi-unit tank car tanks at the reference temperature of 46°C
Styrene monomer is listed in the Hazardous Materials Table (49 (115°F) for uninsulated tanks and 41°C (105°F) for insulated
CFR 172-101). Therefore, it is classified as a hazardous tanks. Hazardous materials may not be loaded into the dome of
material for transportation purposes. The table gives the a tank car. If the dome of the tank car does not provide
following designation for styrene monomer: sufficient outage, vacant space must be left in the shell to
• Proper shipping name – Styrene monomer, stabilized provide the required outage (49 CFR 173 Subpart B). The
• Hazard Class – 3 outage for an IM portable tank may not be less than 2 percent
at a temperature of 50°C (122°F).
• Identification Number – UN 2055
The maximum volume of styrene monomer in various bulk
• Packing Group – III
packaging may be calculated for the referenced temperature
• Label Required – Flammable Liquid
using Table 1.2, Styrene Monomer Density as a Function of
• Appendix A to HMT – RQ is 454 kg, 1000 lbs. The Temperature.
following description is required on the bill of lading for
styrene monomer under DOT regulations (49 CFR 172 7.3.1 Tank Cars
Subpart C):
• UN 2055, STYRENE MONOMER, STABILIZED, 3, In accordance with 49 CFR 173, DOT 111A tank cars are
PG III. authorized to carry styrene monomer. Lyondell Chemical
• RQ (454 kg, 1000 lbs.) Company prefers to ship styrene monomer by rail in tank cars
meeting DOT Specification 105J300W. Such cars are of mild
steel construction and have capacities of 26,000 gallons. These
7.2 Marking, Labeling and Placarding are pressure cars with no bottom outlets. The DOT 105J300W
Identification numbers are required on each side and each end cars are preferred because their probability of consequential
if the packaging capacity is 1000 gallons or more; on two product release is lower than the general purpose car.
opposing sides if the packaging capacity is greater than 119 Styrene monomer should be transported by rail only if it is
gallons, but less than 1000 gallons. Markings for non-bulk cosigned to a party having a private track (49 CFR171.8) or to
packaging (119 gallons or less) include the proper shipping a party using railroad siding facilities that are equipped for
piping styrene monomer from the tank car to permanent
name, identification number preceded by UN or NA, the
storage. Tank cars loaded with styrene monomer should be
technical name, if applicable, and the consignor’s name and placarded with Flammable placards that display the ID number
address. 2055 according to 49 CFR Subpart F (see Figure 7.1).
Labels are required on non-bulk packages and must be 34
located on the same surface and near the marking.
Transportation Regulatory Requirements
Figure 7.1
7.3.2 Tank Trucks Reciprocal agreements are found in the respective

regulations. Retro reflective placards are required in both
Lyondell Chemical Company ships styrene monomer in DOT
directions. Intra Canadian shipments are governed by
407 stainless-steel tank trucks with capacities ranging from
Transport Dangerous Goods regulations exclusively.
5,500 to 6,600 gallons. They are equipped for unloading from
bottom outlet valves. See 49 CFR 173 Subpart F for special
requirements concerning the pressure relief system and 7.3.5 Marine Transportation
bottom outlets. The transport of styrene monomer on cargo and passenger
Refer to 49 CFR 180 Subpart E for information on vessels is permitted for on-deck and under-deck stowage.
requirements for testing and inspection of cargo tanks, For cargo vessels, the United States DOT specification and
minimum qualification for inspectors and testers, tests and UN Standard packaging is constructed of materials that will
inspection markings and reporting and records-retention not react dangerously with or be decomposed by the styrene
requirements. These regulations should be reviewed in detail monomer (see Section 1.5).
to establish inspection protocols for tank trucks used in the The requirements for shipment of poisonous and
transport of styrene monomer. flammable liquids such as styrene monomer over water are
These trucks should be placarded with Flammable defined in 49 CFR 176. Lyondell Chemical Company
placards that display ID 2055 according to 49 CFR 172 Subpart transports styrene monomer in ISO tanks on container ships
F (see Figure 7.1).
or barges.
Vessel/barge owners should comply with 46 CFR 153,
7.3.3 ISO Tanks Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) and Regulations
ISO tanks are a specific class of intermodal (IM) tanks
for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in
designed and constructed to permit their use interchangeably
Bulk. These are Coast Guard and IMO regulations governing
in two or more modes of transport. Lyondell Chemical
vessel/barge operation and construction.
Company ships styrene monomer in ISO tanks constructed of
The application and maintenance of a nitrogen blanket for
either steel or stainless steel that meets IM-101 (T2 tank
styrene monomer in an ISO tank is detailed in 46 CFR
container) specifications (1.5 bar minimum test pressure) and
153.500. An independent inspector is employed for quality
Chapter 13 of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods
and quantity measurements to ensure that the styrene
(IMDG) Code. Such tanks must be at least 80 percent full
monomer is loaded in uncontaminated tanks
during transport. When ISO tanks are transported by road, they
must be on drop- chassis trailers only.
7.3.6 Air Transportation
7.3.4 Canadian Trans Border Highway Shipments Styrene monomer may be transported domestically and
internationally by air in specific packaging and quantities
With the exception of retro reflective placarding, the origin
which comply with ICAO technical instructions. These
country’s hazardous material regulations govern.
35
Transportation Regulatory Requirements
regulations have been generally incorporated in DOT 7.4.2 SETIQ
regulations (49 CFR 175) cited in this section. A package shall
not contain more than 220 liters on a cargo-only aircraft. Inner If an emergency accident/incident occurs in Mexico, you
packaging not over 5.0 liters net capacity each, packed in may elect to call SETIQ (in the Mexican Republic) at
strong outer packaging, are authorized by exception in limited (800) 002-1400; (Calls originating in Mexico City or in
quantities. The entire package cannot exceed 66 pounds gross the Metropolitan Area) (5) 559-1588; (Calls originating
weight (CFR Part 173, Subpart D). Applicable regulations elsewhere) (52-555) 559-1588.
should be reviewed thoroughly prior to shipping styrene
monomer by air. 7.4.3 Reporting Requirements
A transportation incident involving styrene monomer may
7.4 Transportation Emergencies
necessitate the notification of federal authorities. Refer to
Lyondell Chemical Company markets its products in a 49 CFR 171 for detailed response and reporting
manner which takes into consideration the health and safety requirements.
of customers, transporters and the general public. However,
emergencies can occur in spite of best precautions. Lyondell 7.4.4 Transport of Styrene Monomer Residue
Chemical Company has made provisions to respond to all
emergencies. If a discharge of styrene monomer occurs during transport, an
All LyondellBasell Safety Data Sheets (SDS) include official of the federal, state or local government may require its
telephone numbers for Chemical Transportation Emergency immediate removal to prevent further consequences,
Center (CHEMTREC). The CHEMTREC numbers are (800) according to DOT regulations (49 CFR). The removal may be
424-9300, and collect calls are accepted. The number for made without preparing a manifest. The EPA does not require
LyondellBasell Transportation Distribution Incidents (TDI) is the freight carrier to have an EPA identification number (see
1-800-245-4532. These numbers are staffed 24 hours a day. EPA regulations, 40 CFR) under such circumstances. If a
If the event of a transportation emergency, CHEMTREC should hazardous waste transporter removes the residue, EPA
be called first, with a follow-up call to SCDI. SCDI was regulations require that an EPA identification number be used.
established to minimize the effects of any out-of- plant incidents
by providing an efficient and responsible means of emergency
assistance. It covers incidents such as transportation accidents
(e.g., collisions, rollovers or derailments), shipping container
damage or leaks, difficulties at customer facilities, leaks or spills
in distribution terminals or toll processors’ facilities and exposure
under all circumstances. When notification of an SCDI
emergency is received at Lyondell Chemical Company
Channelview, Texas plant, the call is immediately directed to a
group of trained coordinators. The coordinator who receives the
emergency call will immediately contact the person originally
requesting assistance (according to 49 CFR 172 Subpart G) to
confirm receipt of the notification, obtain details and agree upon
the course of action.
7.4.1 CANUTEC
If an emergency involving a Lyondell Chemical Company
product occurs in Canada, you may call Canadian Transport
Emergency Centre (CANUTEC) collect at (613) 996-6666.
CANUTEC is the national bilingual advisory service provided
by Transport Canada to assist emergency response
personnel in handling dangerous goods emergencies.
CANUTEC should be called first, with a follow-up call to SCDI.
36
APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES
ANSI - American National Standards Institute

1819 L Street, NW
Washington, DC 20036
ANSI Z358.1; Emergency Eye Wash and Shower Equipment
ANSI Z88.2; American National Standard for Respiratory
Protection
ANSI Z87.1; Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices
API - American Petroleum Institute
1220 L Street, N.W.
API RP-520; Recommended Practice for the Design and Installation of Pressure-Relieving System in
Refineries Part I – Design
API RP-520; Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure- Relieving Devices in Refineries Part II – Installation
API 601; Metallic Gaskets for Raised-Face Pipe Flanges
and Flanged Connections (Double-Jacketed Corrugated and
Spiral-Wound)
API 620; Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
API 650; Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API RP-2000; Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure
Storage Tanks
API RP-2003; Protection Against Ignition Arising Out of
Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents
API RP-2028; Flame Arresters in Piping System
API RP-2210; Flame Arresters for Vents of Tanks Storing
Petroleum Product
API RP-2350; Protection for Petroleum Storage Tanks, First Edition
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering Center
45 East 47th Street
New York, New York 10017
ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1; Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code
ASME/ANSI B31; American National Standard Code For
Pressure Piping
DOT - Department of Transportation
400 Seventh Street, S.W.
49 CFR 171; General Information, Regulations and Definitions
49 CFR Part 172; Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous Materials Communication
Requirements and Emergency Response Requirements
49 CFR 173; Shippers – General Requirements for Shipments and Packaging
49 CFR 174; Carriage by Rail
49 CFR 176; Carriage by Vessel
Carriage by Public Highway
49 CFR 178; Shipping Containers Specifications
49 CFR 179; Specifications for Tank Car
49 CFR 180; Qualification and Maintenance of Cargo Tanks
39
Appendix 1: References
EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency

401 M Street, S.W.
40 CFR 260; Hazardous Waste Management System: General
40 CFR 261; Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR 262; Standards Applicable to Generators of HazardousWaste
40 CFR 263; Standards Applicable to Transporters of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR 264; Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities
40 CFR 265; Interim Status Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and
Disposal Facilities
40 CFR 266; Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Waste and Specific Types of Hazardous
Waste Management Facilities
40 CFR 267; Interim Standards for Owners and Operators of New Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and
Disposal Facilities
40 CFR 268; Land Disposal Restrictions
40 CFR 270; EPA Administered Permit Programs: The Hazardous Waste Permit Program
40 CFR 271; Requirements for Authorization of State Hazardous Waste Programs
40 CFR 272; Approved State Hazardous Waste Management Programs
40 CFR 372; Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: Community Right-to-Know
IMO
International Maritime Organization
Albert Embankment
London, SE, 1 England
IMDG
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Codes
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
Batterymarch Park
Quincy, Massachusetts 02269
NFPA 10; Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 11; Foam Extinguishing Systems, Low Expansion and Combined Agent
NFPA 30; Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 70; National Electrical Code
NFPA 77; Static Electricity
NFPA 704; Standard System for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
United States Department of Labor
200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
29 CFR 1910.106; Flammable and Combustible Liquids
29 CFR 1910.119; Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals
29 CFR 1910.120; Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response (HazWOpER)
29 CFR 1910.134; Respiratory Protection
29 CFR 1910.146; Permit-Required Confined Space
29 CFR 1910.147; Sources of Standards
40
Appendix 1: References
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
United States Department of Labor
200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
29 CFR 1910.151; Medical Services and First Aid
29 CFR 1910.156; Fire Brigades
29 CFR 1910.157; Portable Fire Extinguishers
29 CFR 1910.252; Welding, Cutting, and Brazing
29 CFR 1910.1000; Air Contaminants
29 CFR 1910.1200; Hazard Communication
UL
Underwriter’s Laboratories
333 Pfingston Road
Northbrook, IL 60062
UL 525; Flame Arresters for Use on Vents of Storage Tanks for Petroleum Oil and Gasoline
US COAST GUARD
US Coast Guard, Headquarters
2100 Second Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20093-0001
46 CFR 153; Ships Carrying Bulk Liquid, Liquefied Gas, or Compressed Gas Hazardous Material
UN
United Nations
First Avenue and 42nd Street
New York, NY 10017
Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
STYRENE PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION
Sector Group of the European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)
Avenue E Van Nieuwenhuyse 4
B- 1160 Brussels
CANUTEC
Transportation Canada – Dangerous Goods
330 Sparks Street
Office 1415
Place de Ville, Tower C
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
K1A 0N5
SECRETARIAT OF COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT
Land Transport Directorate
Hazardous Materials and Wastes Directorate
Calz. De las Bombas No. 411-9 piso
Coyoacan 04800, D.F.
Mexico
41
APPENDIX 2: VISUAL QUICK TEST
To determine ppm of TBC inhibitor present in Styrene Monomer

Visual Method
Standard Solutions –
1. Prepare a series of solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm (and others as necessary) TBC
(4-tertiary-butyl catechol) in uninhibited styrene.
2. Prepare the uninhibited styrene by extracting inhibited styrene with successive portions of 4 percent potassium
hydroxide until no pink color is produced in the caustic layer. These standards must be prepared at the time of
each analysis.
Procedure:
1. Add 50 mL of the sample and of each standard to respective 125 mL separatory funnels by means of suitable
graduates.
2. Add 25 mL of 4 percent potassium hydroxide to each funnel and shake for five minutes.
3. Allow the filtrates to stand for 15 minutes.
4. Compare the pink color of the sample solution with the standards.
5. Report the 4-tert-Butylcatechol content of the sample as the concentration of the standard which matches the
sample. If the color of the sample is between two of the standards, report the content of the sample as between
the concentration of these standards.
APPENDIX 3: GLOSSARY
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
API – American Petroleum Institute
ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials BOD –
biochemical oxygen demand
Bonding – the connection of two or more conductive objects by means of a conductor (most commonly a wire or metal
plate)
CANUTEC – Canadian Transport Emergency Centre
CERCLA – Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR – Code of Federal Regulations
CHEMTREC – Chemical Transportation Emergency Center
Confined space – any area that has limited access and egress, inadequate natural ventilation, and is not safe for
continuous worker occupancy without supplied breathing air.
DOT – Department of Transportation, United States of America
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency, United States of America
Flash point – the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentrations to form an ignitable
mixture with air near the surface of a liquid
Grounding – the connection of one or more conductive objects to the ground; a specific form of bonding. Grounding is
also referred to as earthing.
IM – intermodal
42
Appendix 4: Glossary
IMDG – International Maritime Dangerous Goods

IMO – International Maritime Organization ISO – International Standards Organization
NFPA – National Fire Protection Association
Outage – a quantity or bulk of something lost in transportation or storage
ppm – parts per million
UL – Underwriters Laboratory
Ullage – amount by which a container falls short of being full
UN – United Nations
Vapor pressure – the pressure exerted by a volatile liquid while under defined equilibrium conditions. Vapor pressure is
usually measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), pounds per square inch, bar or Pascal.
Houston
LyondellBasell Industries LyondellBasell Tower,
Suite 300 1221 McKinney Street
Houston, TX 77010 USA
Tel: +1 713 309 7200
Sao Paulo
Lyondellbasell Brasil Ltda.
Av. Pres. Juscelino Kubitschek, 1600 - Conj. 41
São Paulo , SP 04543-000 Brazil
Tel: +55 11 5184 8400
Rotterdam
LyondellBasell Industries N.V.
Delftseplein 27E
3013 AA Rotterdam Netherlands
Tel: +31 10 275 5500
Disclaimer
Information in this document is accurate to the best of our knowledge at the date of publication. The document is designed
to provide users general information for safe handling, use, processing, storage, transportation, disposal and release and
does not constitute any warranty or quality specification, either express or implied, including any warranty of
merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Users shall determine whether the product is suitable for their use
and can be used safely and legally
43

2019 Styrene Handling Guide

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PRODUCT HANDLING GUIDE

International (call collect) 202-483-7616

CANUTEC (in Canada) 1-613-996-6666

SETIQ (in the Mexican Republic) 01-800-00-214-00

(Calls originating in Mexico City or the Metropolitan Area) +5-559-1588

(Calls originating elsewhere) +52-555-559-1588

LyondellBasell TDI (Transportation / Distribution Incident) reporting Hotline

1-800-245-4532 (North America)

Contact information for additional product information:

LyondellBasell Customer Service

+1-888-777-0232 (North America)

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ................. 1 5. TRANSFER OPERATIONS ......................... 2 1

1.1 Product Identification 1.1.1 Chemistry

Figure 1.1 Conventional Technologies

Figure 1.2 Lyondell Chemical Company Technologies

1.2 Physical Properties

Physical State Liquid Heat/Fusion 2617 cal/mol

Table 1.2 Styrene Monomer Densities as a Function of Temperature

Figure 1.4 Styrene Monomer Density of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere as a Function of Temperature

Table 1.3 Styrene Monomer Vapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature

Temperature Vapor Pressure Temperature Vapor Pressure

Figure 1.5 Styrene Monomer Viscosity of Saturated Liquid as a Function of Temperature

Figure 1.6 Styrene Monomer Viscosity of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere as a Function of Temperature

Figure 1.7 Styrene Monomer Heat of Vaporization as a Function of Temperature

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Reference: Saturated Liquid Styrene Monomer at 0°C Temperature (°C)

Figure 1.11 Styrene Monomer Enthalpy of Saturated Vapor as a Function of Temperature

Reference: Saturated Liquid Styrene Monomer at 0°C Temperature (°C)

Figure 1.12 Styrene Monomer Surface Tension as a Function of Temperature

Figure 1.14 Styrene Monomer Thermal Conductivity of Vapor @ 1 Atmosphere as a Function

2.7 Leak Detection Devices 2.9 Vapor Containment System

Styrene monomer, like other aromatics, is not compatible

3.1 Fire and Explosion Hazard 3.2 Fire Prevention

3.3 Fire Suppression 3.4 Fire Fighting

Figure 3.1 Flammability Region* for Styrene Monomer

Upper Flammability Limit

Lower Flammability Limit

Minimum Oxygen for Combustion (MOC) – <8.0 percent

Considerations in the design and construction of styrene 4.1 Storage Tanks

4.1.1 Tank Construction

1. CONTAINMENT DIKE 6. TEMPERATURE INDICATOR 11. MIXING EDUCTOR/S 16. STRAINER

3. LEVEL INDICATOR 8. MANWAY 13. TEMPERATURE SWITCH HIGH 18. PUMP

Figure 4.2 Decrease of TBC Concentration in Styrene Monomer

DO NOT ALLOW TO FALL BELOW 4 PPM

4.4 Workplace Location

Figure 5.1 Typical Tank Car 111A-100W Configuration*

Figure 5.2 Styrene Monomer Unloading Checklist – DOT 111A

Tank Car Number:

Prior to Unloading Tank Car Yes No

Wheels chocked and hand brakes engaged .................................................................

Blue flag and derailer in place ........................................................................................

Proper piping alignment made and checked .................................................................

Product hose and fittings visually inspected prior to use ...............................................

Eyebath and safety shower flushed and ready...............................................................

Ground cable to car connected and checked for continuity ..........................................