Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts For Bolts For High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A194/A194M − 17a Endorsed by

Manufacturers Standardization Society
of the Valve and Fittings Industry
Used in USNRC-RDT Standards
Standard Specification for

Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts for Bolts
for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A194/A194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-

1.1 This specification2 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
martensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 through 4 in. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and metric M6 through M100 nominal. It also covers austenitic Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
stainless steel nuts in the size range 1⁄4 in. and M6 nominal and mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
above. These nuts are intended for high-pressure or high- Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions without the
purchaser’s permission are not allowed. 2. Referenced Documents
1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wrought. 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
The material may be further processed by centerless grinding A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution Iron and Steel Hardware
annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed and A276/A276M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and
strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accor- Shapes
dance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchaser A320/A320M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
should take special care to ensure that 8.2.2, Supplementary Steel Bolting for Low-Temperature Service
Requirement S1, and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood. A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are A962/A962M Specification for Common Requirements for
provided. These shall apply only when specified in the inquiry, Bolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryo-
contract, and order. genic to the Creep Range
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units B633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the Iron and Steel
applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate- B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units. posited on Iron and Steel
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units B696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Deposited
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each B766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining mium
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in E566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Sorting of
brackets. Ferrous Metals
F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Fasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally
3
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A194/A194M – 17. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/A0194_A0194M-17A. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
cation SA-194 in Section II of that code. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Dec 13 17:58:53 EST 2017
1
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A194/A194M − 17a
F1940 Test Method for Process Control Verification to 4. Ordering Information
Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated 4.1 The inquiry and order for bolting material and bolting
Fasteners components under this specification shall include the following
F1941/F1941M Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings as required to describe the items adequately:
on Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and Metric 4.1.1 Specification designation, year date, and grade, issue
F2329/F2329M Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, date and revision letter,
Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel 4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces,
Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded 4.1.3 Dimensions (see Section 9),
Fasteners 4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and
2.2 ASME Standards:4 12, and
B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads 4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any.
B 1.2 Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
B 1.13M Metric Screw Threads 4.2 Coatings—Coatings are prohibited unless specified by
B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts the purchaser (see Supplementary Requirements S7 and S8).
B 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts When coated nuts are ordered, the purchaser should take
2.3 ISO Standards:5 special care to ensure that Appendix X2 is thoroughly under-
4033 Hexagon High Nuts (Style 2) – Product A and B stood.
4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be used
3. Terminology in low temperature applications (Specification A320/A320M).
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 4.4 Proof Load Testing—See Supplementary Requirement
3.1.1 Austenitic Grades—All grades with a prefix of “8” or S9 for proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions
“9.” and configurations other than those covered in Tables 3 and 4.
3.1.2 Ferritic Grades—Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7,
7M, and 16. 5. Common Requirements
3.1.3 Lot—Unless otherwise specified (see Discussion 5.1 Bolting material and bolting components supplied to
below), a lot is the quantity of nuts of a single nominal size and this specification shall conform to the requirements of Speci-
grade produced by the same manufacturing process. fication A962/A962M, of which nuts are considered bolting
3.1.3.1 Discussion—When Supplementary Requirement S5 components, as are bolts, studs, screws, and washers intended
is invoked on the purchase order, the following definitions of a for use in special service applications. These requirements
lot shall apply: include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking,
3.1.3.2 For Grade 8 Nuts—The quantity of all the nuts of a certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others.
single nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat of Failure to comply with the requirements of Specification
steel and made by the same manufacturing process. A962/A962M constitutes nonconformance with this specifica-
tion. In case of conflict between the requirements of this
3.1.3.3 For All Other Grade Nuts—(see 8.2 and specification and Specification A962/A962M, this specification
8.1.2.1)—All the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade shall prevail.
made from the same heat number and heat treated in the same
batch if batch-type heat treating equipment is used or heat 6. Manufacture (Process)
treated in the same continuous run of not more than 8 h under
the same conditions if continuous-type heat treating equipment 6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shall
is used. be made by one of the following processes:
6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing and refining
3.1.4 Type: optional),
3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 Nuts—Variations within the grade 6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or
designated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and by 6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting,
manufacturing process. or consumable-arc remelting.
3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 Nuts—Variations within the grade
6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control to
designated by the letter F as differentiated by chemical addi-
eliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe,
tions made for machineability.
porosity, and other defects.
3.1.5 Series—The dimensional relationship and geometry of
the nuts as described in ASME B 18.2.2 for inch nuts and ISO 6.3 Grades 1 and 2 nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall
4033 for metric nuts sizes M6 through M10 and ASME B be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars.
18.2.4.6M for nuts sizes M12 through M100. 6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts shall be stress-relieved at a
temperature of at least 1000 °F [538 °C] after forming or
machining from bar with the following exceptions:
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME 6.3.1.1 Nuts made by hot forging.
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
6.3.1.2 Nuts machined from hot-forged or hot-rolled bar.
www.asme.org.
5
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de 6.3.1.3 Nuts machined from hot-forged/hot-rolled and cold-
la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. finished (max 10 % reduction in area) bar.
2
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements (Composition, percent)A,B,C,D,I
Description
Manga- Phospho- Molyb- Tita-
Grade and UNS Carbon SulfurE Silicon Chromium Nickel NiobiumH Nitrogen Copper Selenium Vanadium Aluminum
nese rus denum nium
Designation
1 carbon 0.15 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2, 2HM, and carbon 0.40 min 1.00 0.040 0.050 0.40 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
2H
3 (501) 0.10 min 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.0–6.0 ... 0.40–0.65 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
S50100
6 (410) 0.08–0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S41000
6F (416) 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.15 min 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S41600
6F (416Se) 0.15 1.25 0.060 0.060 1.00 12.0–14.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.15 min ... ...
S41623
7G , 7MG Chromium- 0.38–0.48 0.75–1.0 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.10 ... 0.15–0.25 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
MolybdenumG
8, 8A (304) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30400
8C, 8CA (347) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... ... 10 x ... ... ... ... ...
S34700 carbon
content,
min 1.10
8CLN, (347LN) 0.005- 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 ... ... 0.20–0.50, 0.06–0.10 ... ... ... ...
8CLNA S34751 0.020 15 x
3
carbon
content,
min
8M, 8MA (316) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ... ... ... ... ...
S31600
8T, 8TA (321) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 ... 5x ... 0.10 ... ... ... ...
S32100 (C+N)
A194/A194M − 17a
min -
0.70
max
8F, 8FA (303) 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30300
8F, 8FA (303Se) 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 ... ... ... ... 0.15 min ... ...
S30323
8P, 8PA (305) 0.12 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 11.0–13.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
S30500
8N, 8NA (304N) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S30451
8LN, 8LNA (304LN) 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–11.0 ... ... ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S30453
8MN, 8MNA (316N) 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
S31651
8MLN, (316LN) 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–13.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... 0.10–0.16 ... ... ... ...
8MLNA S31653
8R, 8RAF (XM19) 0.06 4.0–6.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 20.5–23.5 11.5–13.5 1.50–3.00 . . . 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.40 0.10–0.30
S20910
8S, 8SA (Nitronic 60) 0.10 7.0–9.0 0.060 0.030 3.5–4.5 16.0–18.0 8.0–9.0 ... ... ... 0.08–0.18 ... ... ... ...
S21800
8MLCuN, (254) 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.5–20.5 17.5–18.5 6.0–6.5 ... ... 0.18–0.22 0.50–1.00 ... ... ...
8MLCuNA S31254
TABLE 1 Continued
Description
Manga- Phospho- Molyb- Tita-
Grade and UNS Carbon SulfurE Silicon Chromium Nickel NiobiumH Nitrogen Copper Selenium Vanadium Aluminum
nese rus denum nium
Designation
B8ML4CuN (317) 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.010 1.00 17.0–19.0 15.0–16.5 3.0–4.0 ... ... 0.045 4.0–5.0 ... ... ...
S31730
9C, 9CA (AL-6XN) 0.030 2.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 20.0-22.0 23.5- 25.5 6.0-7.0 ... ... 0.18-0.25 0.75 ... ... ...
N08367
16 Chromium 0.36–0.47 0.45–0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.80–1.15 ... 0.50–0.65 . . . ... ... ... ... 0.25–0.35 0.15B
Molyb-
4
denum
Vanadium
A
The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grades 6F, 8F, and 8FA, in which Se is specified and required.
B
Total aluminum, soluble and insoluble.
C
Maximum, unless minimum or range is indicated.
D
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement and the element need not be determined or reported.
E
Because of the degree to which sulfur segregates, product analysis for sulfur over 0.060 % max is not technologically appropriate.
A194/A194M − 17a
F
As described in Specification A276/A276M.
G
Typical steel compositions used for this grade include 4140, 4142, 4145, 4140H, 4142H, and 4145H.
H
Columbium (Cb) and Niobium (Nb) are alternate names for element 41 in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
I
Product Analysis–Individual determinations sometimes vary from the specified limits as shown in the tables. The several determinations of any individual element in a heat may not vary both above and below the specified
range. Product variation limits are over for maximums, over or under for ranges, and under for minimums, unless otherwise indicated.
A194/A194M − 17a
TABLE 2 Hardness RequirementsA
Completed Nuts Sample Nut after Treatment as in 8.1.5
Grade and Type Brinell Rockwell Hardness Brinell Rockwell

Hardness Hardness, Hardness B
C Scale B Scale min Scale, min
1 121 min ... 70 min 121 70
2 159 to 352 ... 84 min 159 84
2H to 11⁄2 in. or M36, incl 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 179 89
2H over 11⁄2 in. or M36 212 to 327 35 max 95 min 147 79
2HM and 7M 159 to 235 ... 84 to 99 159 84
3, 7, and 16 248 to 327 24 to 35 ... 201 94
6 and 6F 228 to 271 20 to 28 ... ... ...
8, 8C, 8CLN, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 126 to 300 32 max 60 min ... ...
8N,
8MN, 8LN, 8MLN,
8MLCuN, 8ML4CuN,
and 9C
8A, 8CA, 8CLNA, 8MA, 8TA, 126 to 192 ... 60 to 90 ... ...
8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA,
8LNA, 8MLNA,
8MLCuNA,
8ML4CuNA,
and 9CA
8R, 8RA, 8S, and 8SA 183 to 271 25 max 88 min ... ...
A
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement.
6.3.1.4 Nuts machined from cold-drawn and annealed (min 6.6 Grades 8A, 8CA, 8CLNA, 8MA, 8TA, 8FA, 8PA, 8NA,
1000 °F [538 °C]) bar. 8MNA, 8RA, 8SA, 8LNA, 8MLNA, 8MLCuNA,
6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or by 8ML4CuNA, and 9CA nuts shall be hot- or cold-forged or shall
machining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be stress be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars
relieved. and the nuts shall subsequently be carbide-solution treated by
6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and 16 nuts shall be heating them for a sufficient time at a temperature to dissolve
hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged, chromium carbides followed by cooling at a rate sufficient to
hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated to meet prevent reprecipitation of the carbides.
the required mechanical properties. These grades shall be
uniformly reheated to the proper austenitizing temperature (a 7. Chemical Composition
group thus reheated being known as a quenching charge) and 7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition
quenched under substantially uniform conditions for each requirements prescribed in Table 1.
quenching charge and tempered as shown below. Grades 2H,
2HM, 3, 7, and 7M shall be liquid quenched. Grades 6 and 6F 8. Mechanical Requirements
shall be quenched in liquid or inert gas. Grade 16 shall be 8.1 Hardness Test:
heated to a temperature range from 1700 to 1750 °F (925 to 8.1.1 Requirements:
955 °C) and oil quenched. 8.1.1.1 All nuts shall meet the hardness requirements speci-
Minimum Tempering Temperature, °F fied in Table 2.
Grade [°C]
2H 850 [455]
8.1.1.2 Sample nuts of Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 7, 7M, and
2HM 1150 [620] 16 which have been given the treatment described in 8.1.5 shall
3 1050 [565] meet the minimum hardness specified in Table 2.
6 and 6F 1100 [595]
7 1100 [595]
8.1.2 Number of Tests—(Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, 7, and 16 and
7M 1150 [620] all types of Grade 6):
16 1200 [650] 8.1.2.1 Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance
Nuts machined from bar heat treated in accordance with this with the following table shall be performed by the manufac-
specification need not be reheat-treated. For Grade 2HM and turer following all production heat treatments:
7M nuts, a final stress relief shall be done at or above the Lot Size Samples
minimum tempering temperature after all forming, machining, Up to 800 1
801 to 8000 2
and tapping operations. This final stress relief may be the 8001 to 22 000 3
tempering operation. Over 22 000 5
6.4.1 Grade 6 and 6F nuts shall be tempered for a minimum 8.1.2.2 In addition, a hardness test shall be performed by the
of 1 h at the temperature. manufacturer in accordance with 8.1.5 on one sample nut
6.5 Grades 8, 8C, 8CLN, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 8MN, 8R, 8S, selected from each nominal diameter and series from each
8LN, 8MLN, 8MLCuN, 8ML4CuN, and 9C nuts shall be hot grade and heat number following completion of all production
or cold forged, or shall be machined from hot-forged, hot- heat treatments.
rolled or cold-drawn bars. 8.1.3 Number of Tests, Grades 2HM and 7M:
5
A194/A194M − 17a
TABLE 3 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series
NOTE 1—Proof loads are not design loads.
Proof Load, lbfA
Nominal Threads Stress Area
Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 16
Size, in. per Inch in.2
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
⁄
14 20 0.0316 4 130 3 820 4 770 4 300 5 570 4 770
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 6 810 6 290 7 860 7 070 9 170 7 860
3⁄8 16 0.0774 10 080 9 300 11 620 10 460 13 560 11 620
7⁄16 14 0.1063 13 820 12 760 15 940 14 350 18 600 15 940
1⁄2 13 0.1419 18 450 17 030 21 280 19 160 24 830 21 280
⁄
9 16 12 0.182 23 660 21 840 27 300 24 570 31 850 27 300
⁄
58 11 0.226 29 380 27 120 33 900 30 510 39 550 33 900
3⁄4 10 0.334 43 420 40 080 50 100 45 090 58 450 50 100
7⁄8 9 0.462 60 060 55 440 69 300 62 370 80 850 69 300
1 8 0.606 78 780 72 720 90 900 81 810 106 000 90 900
1 1⁄ 8 8 0.790 102 700 94 800 118 500 106 700 138 200 118 500
1 1⁄ 4 8 1.000 130 000 120 000 150 000 135 000 175 000 150 000
1 3⁄ 8 8 1.233 160 200 148 000 185 000 166 500 215 800 185 000
1 1⁄ 2 8 1.492 194 000 170 040 223 800 201 400 261 100 223 800
All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA

Heavy HexH HexI
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 2 540 2 380
⁄
5 16 18 0.0524 4 190 3 930
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 6 200 5 810
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 8 500 7 970
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 11 350 10 640
⁄
9 16 12 0.182 14 560 13 650
58⁄ 11 0.226 18 080 16 950
3 ⁄4 10 0.334 26 720 25 050
7 ⁄8 9 0.462 36 960 34 650
1 8 0.606 48 480 45 450
1 1 ⁄8 8 0.790 63 200 59 250

1 1 ⁄4 8 1.000 80 000 75 000
1 3 ⁄8 8 1.233 98 640 92 450
1 1 ⁄2 8 1.492 119 360 111 900
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi.
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
8.1.3.1 Each nut shall be tested in accordance with either 8.1.5 Test 2—In addition to the testing required by 8.1.2.1
Specification A962/A962M or with Test Methods F606/F606M the manufacturer shall also perform hardness tests on sample
to ensure product conformance. The use of 100 % electromag- nuts after the following test heat treatment. After completion of
netic testing for hardness as an alternative to 100 % indentation all production heat treatments heat the specimen nuts to the
hardness testing is permissible when qualified by sampling temperatures indicated below for 24 h, then slow cool. Test at
using indentation hardness testing. Each lot tested for hardness room temperature.
electromagnetically shall be 100 % examined in accordance Temperature,
with Practice E566. Following electromagnetic testing for GradeA °F [°C]
hardness, a random sample of a minimum of 100 pieces in each 1 850 [455]
2, 2H, 2HM 1000 [540]
purchase lot (as defined in 3.1.3) shall be tested by indentation 3, 7, 7M 1100 [590]
hardness methods. All samples must meet hardness require- 16 1200 [650]
ments to permit acceptance of the lot. If any one sample is
outside of the specified maximum or minimum hardness, the
A
lot shall be rejected and either reprocessed and resampled, or Nuts intended to be coated with zinc or cadmium (marked in accordance with the
requirements of Supplementary Requirement S8) are not subjected to the require-
tested 100 % by indentation hardness methods. ments of 8.1.5 (See Appendix X2).
8.1.3.2 In addition, 8.1.2.2 shall be met.
8.1.4 Number of Tests, All Types of Grade 8—Tests on the 8.1.5.1 Special Requirement, Grades 2HM and 7M—
number of sample nuts in accordance with 8.1.2.1 shall be Preparation of Grades 2HM and 7M nuts for hardness test and
performed by the manufacturer. the hardness test itself shall be performed with consideration to
6
A194/A194M − 17a
TABLE 4 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel — Metric
Nominal Proof Load, kNA
Threads Stress Area
Size, Grade 1 Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 16
Pitch mm2
mm Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexE Heavy HexF HexG
M6 1.0 20.1 18.0 16.6 20.8 18.7 29.2 20.8
M8 1.25 36.6 32.8 30.2 37.9 34.0 44.1 37.9
M10 1.50 58.0 51.9 47.9 60.0 53.9 69.9 60.0
M12 1.75 84.3 75.5 69.5 87.3 78.4 101.6 87.3
M14 2.0 115.0 102.9 94.9 119.0 107.0 138.6 119.0
M16 2.0 157.0 140.5 129.5 162.5 146.0 189.2 162.5
M20 2.5 245.0 219.3 202.1 253.6 227.8 295.2 253.6
M22 2.5 303.0 271.2 249.9 313.6 281.8 365.1 313.6
M24 3.0 353.0 315.9 291.2 365.4 328.3 425.4 365.4
M27 3.0 459.0 411.0 378.7 475.1 426.9 553.4 475.1
M30 3.5 561.0 502.1 462.8 580.6 521.7 676.0 580.6
M36 4.0 817.0 731.2 674.0 845.6 759.8 984.5 845.6
All Types of Grade 8, and

Grades 9C and 9CA
Nominal Size, mm Thread Pitch Stress Heavy HexH HexI
Area,
mm2
M6 1.0 20.1 11.1 10.4
M8 1.25 36.6 20.1 18.8
M10 1.50 58.0 31.9 29.9
M12 1.75 84.3 46.4 43.4
M14 2.0 115.0 63.3 59.2
M16 2.0 157.0 86.4 80.9
M20 2.5 245.0 134.8 126.2
M22 2.5 303.0 166.7 156.0
M24 3.0 353.0 194.2 181.8
M27 3.0 459.0 252.5 236.4
M30 3.5 561.0 308.6 288.9
M36 4.0 817.0 449.4 420.8
A
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
Based on proof stress of 895 MPa.
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
(1) protect legibility of markings; (2) minimize exterior dimen- 8.2.3 Test Method—The test shall be run using a threaded
sional changes; and (3) maintain thread fit. mandrel or a test bolt in accordance with Specification A962/
8.2 Proof Load Test: A962M.
8.2.1 Requirements—The nuts listed in Tables 3 and 4 shall 8.3 Cone Proof Load Test:
be capable of withstanding the proof loads specified therein. 8.3.1 Requirements—This test shall be performed only
Proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions and when visible surface discontinuities become a matter of issue
configurations other than those covered in Table 3 or Table 4 is between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Nuts in the size
only required when S9 is specified in the order or inquiry range 1⁄4 to 11⁄2 in. inclusive and M6 to M36 inclusive shall be
otherwise the nuts shall be cross-sectional hardness tested per proof load tested. Nuts not in this size range and all types of
Annex A3 of Test Methods and Definitions A370. Nuts that Grade 8 nuts are not subject to this test. Also, nuts manufac-
would require a proof load in excess of 160 000 lbf or 705 kN tured to dimensions and configurations other than those cov-
shall, unless Supplementary Requirements S1 or S4 are in- ered by Specification A962/A962M, ASME B 1.1, ASME B
voked in the purchase order or contract, be proof load tested 1.13M, ASME B 18.2.2, ASME B 18.2.4.6M, and ISO 4033
per Section 8, or cross sectional hardness tested per Annex A3 are not subject to the cone proof load test. The cone proof load
of Test Methods and Definitions A370. applied shall be determined in accordance with the Cone Proof
8.2.2 Number of Tests: Load requirements in Specification A962/A962M (tables or
8.2.2.1 The manufacturer shall test the number of nuts formulae or both) based upon the proof stresses shown in Table
specified in 8.1.2.1 following all production heat treatments. 5 and Table 6 of Specification A194/A194M.
Proof Load tests prevail over hardness tests in the event a 8.3.2 Number of Tests—The manufacturer shall sample and
conflict exists relative to minimum strength. test the number of nuts specified in 8.1.2.1. The lot shall be
7
A194/A194M − 17a
TABLE 5 Proof Stress Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — Inch
Proof Stress – psi, Minimum
Type Grade 1 Grades 2, Grades 2H
2HM, 6, 3, 7, & 16
6F & 7M
Hex 120 000 135 000 150 000
Heavy Hex 130 000 150 000 175 000
TABLE 6 Proof Stress Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — Metric

Proof Stress – MPa, Minimum
Type Grade 1 Grades 2, Grades 2H
2HM, 6, 3, 7, & 16
6F & 7M
Hex 825 930 1035
Heavy Hex 895 1035 1205
considered acceptable if the sample nut(s) withstand(s) appli- 10.2 If visible surface imperfections in size 1⁄4 through
cation of the cone proof load without failure. 11⁄2 in. and M6 through M36 and in any grade other than Grade
8 become a matter of issue between the manufacturer and the
9. Dimensions
purchaser, the cone proof load test described in 8.3 shall be
9.1 Nuts shall be hexagonal in shape, and in accordance employed.
with the dimensions for the hex or heavy hex series, as
10.3 If a scale-free bright finish is required, this shall be
required, by ASME B 18.2.2, ASME B 18.2.4.6M, and ISO
specified on the purchase order.
4033. Unless otherwise specified, the American National
Standard Heavy Hex Series shall be used and nuts shall be 11. Retests
either double chamfered or have a machined or forged washer
face, at the option of the manufacturer, and, conform to the 11.1 Provisions for retests by the purchaser and his repre-
angularity requirements of ASME B 18.2.2, ASME B sentative are specified in Supplementary Requirement S2.
18.2.4.6M, and ISO 4033.
12. Certification
9.2 Unless otherwise specified, threads shall be in accor-
dance with ASME B 1.1 or ASME B 1.13M, and shall be 12.1 In addition to the requirements of Specification A962/
gauged in accordance with ASME B 1.2 and ASME B 1.13M A962M, the certification shall include the results of the
as described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2. chemical analysis, macroetch examination (Carbon and Alloy
9.2.1 Nuts up to and including 1 in. nominal size shall be Steels Only), mechanical tests, and the minimum tempering
UNC Series Class 2B fit. Metric nuts up to and including M24 temperature for nuts of Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 6, 6F, 7, and 7M.
nominal size shall be coarse thread series tolerance 6H.
13. Product Marking
9.2.2 Nuts over 1 in. nominal size shall be either UNC
Series Class 2B fit or 8 UN Series Class 2B fit. Unless 13.1 In addition to the requirements of Specification A962/
otherwise specified, the 8 UN series shall be furnished. Metric A962M, nuts shall be legibly marked on one face with marking
nuts over M24 nominal size shall be coarse thread series representing the grade, type, and applicable manufacturing
tolerance 6H. process shown in Table 7. Marking of wrench flats or bearing
surfaces is not permitted unless agreed upon between manu-
NOTE 1—Modification of thread dimensions may result in loss of load
facturer and purchaser.
carrying ability.
10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance 14. Keywords
10.1 Nuts shall be free of defects and shall be good 14.1 bolting; chemical analysis; coated; marking on bolting
commercial finish. components; nuts; plated
8
A194/A194M − 17a
TABLE 7 Marking of NutsA
Nuts Hot- Nuts Machined Nuts Manu-
Grade and Forged or from Bar factured in
Type Cold- Stock Accordance
Punched with 6.6
1 1 1B ...
2 2 2B ...
2HB 2H 2HB ...
2HMB,C 2HM 2HMB ...
3 3 3B ...
6 6 6B ...
6F 6F 6FB ...
7 7 7B ...
7LD 7L 7BL ...
7MB,C 7M 7MB ...
7MLB,D 7ML 7MLB
8 8 8B 8A
8C 8C 8CB 8CA
8CLN 8CLN 8CLNB 8CLNA
8M 8M 8MB 8MA
8T 8T 8TB 8TA
8F 8F 8FB 8FA
8P 8P 8PB 8PA
8N 8N 8NB 8NA
8MN 8MN 8MNB 8MNA
8R 8R 8RB 8RA
8S 8S 8SB 8SA
8LN 8LN 8LNB 8LNA
8MLN 8MLN 8MLNB 8MLNA
8MLCuN 8MLCuN 8MLCuNB 8MLCuNA
8ML4CuN 8ML4CuN 8ML4CuNB 8ML4CuNA
9C 9C 9CB 9CA
16 16 16B
A
Where ellipses ({) appear in this table there is no requirement.
B
The letters H and M indicate heat-treated nuts (see Section 6).
C
An underline as a marking requirement for grades 2HM and 7M has been
removed but is permitted.
D
See Supplementary Requirement S3.
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by
the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be
agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no
way negate any requirement of the specification itself.
S1. Strain-Hardened Austenitic Steel Nuts S2. Retests by Purchaser’s Representative

S1.1 Strain hardened Grades 8, 8C, 8T, 8M, 8F, 8P, 8N, or S2.1 The purchaser’s representative may select two nuts per
8MN nuts may be specified. When Supplementary Require- keg (200-lb unit [90-kg]) for sizes 5⁄8 in. and M16 and smaller,
ment S1 is invoked in the order, nuts shall be machined from one nut per keg for sizes over 5⁄8 in. and M16 up to and
cold drawn bars or shall be cold forged to shape. No subse- including 11⁄2 in. and M36, and one nut per every two kegs for
quent heat treatment shall be performed on the nuts. Nuts made sizes larger than 11⁄2 in. and M36, which shall be subjected to
in accordance with this requirement shall be proof load tested the tests specified in Section 8.
in accordance with 8.2.2.1 and shall withstand the proof load
specified in Table S1.1 and Table S1.2. Testing nuts requiring S3. Low-Temperature Requirements for Grade 7 or
proof loads over 160 000 lbf or 705 kN is only required when Grade 7M Nuts
Supplementary Requirement S4 is invoked. The hardness S3.1 When low-temperature requirements are specified for
limits of Table 2 do not apply to strain hardened nuts. Nuts Grade 7 nuts, the Charpy test procedures and requirements as
made in accordance with this requirement shall be marked with defined in Specification A320/A320M for Grade L7 shall
the Grade symbol underlined. apply. When low-temperature requirements are specified for
9
A194/A194M − 17a
TABLE S1.1 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel — Inch Series
Proof Load, lbfA
All Other Types All Other Types
Nominal Threads Stress Area, Grade 8M Grade 8M
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, in. per in. in.2 (strain hardened) (strain hardened)
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexB
14 ⁄ 20 0.0316 3 480 3 160 3 950 3 480
⁄
5 16 18 0.0523 5 760 5 240 6 550 5 760
38 ⁄ 16 0.0774 8 510 7 740 9 675 8 510
⁄
7 16 14 0.1063 11 690 10 630 13 290 11 690
12 ⁄ 13 0.1419 15 610 14 190 17 740 15 610
⁄
9 16 12 0.182 20 020 18 200 22 750 20 020
58⁄ 11 0.226 24 860 22 600 28 250 24 860
3 ⁄4 10 0.334 36 740 33 400 41 750 36 740
7 ⁄8 9 0.462 46 200 41 580 53 130 46 200
1 8 0.606 60 600 54 540 69 690 60 600
1 1⁄8 8 0.790 75 050 67 150 82 950 75 050

1 1⁄4 8 1.000 95 000 85 000 105 000 95 000
1 3⁄8 8 1.233 110 970 98 640 123 300 110 970
1 1⁄2 8 1.492 134 280 119 360 149 200 134 280
A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 110 000 psi up to 3⁄4 in.; 100 000 psi 7⁄8 to 1 in.; 95 000 psi 11⁄8 to 11⁄4 in.; 90 000 psi 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 in.
C
D
TABLE S1.2 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel—Metric
Proof Load, kNA
All Other Types All Other Types
Nominal Thread Stress Area, Grade 8M Grade 8M
of Grade 8 of Grade 8
Size, mm Pitch mm2 (strain hardened) (strain hardened)
(strain hardened) (strain hardened)
Heavy HexB HexC Heavy HexD HexB
M6 1.0 20.1 15.3 13.9 17.3 15.3
M8 1.25 36.6 27.8 25.3 31.3 27.8
M10 1.50 58.0 44.1 40.0 49.9 44.1
M12 1.75 84.3 64.1 58.2 72.5 64.1
M14 2.0 115.0 87.4 79.4 98.9 87.4
M16 2.0 157.0 119.3 108.3 135.0 119.3
M20 2.5 245.0 186.2 169.0 210.9 186.2
M22 2.5 303.0 209.0 187.9 240.9 209.0
M24 3.0 353.0 243.5 218.9 280.6 243.5
M27 3.0 459.0 300.6 268.5 332.7 300.6
M30 3.5 561.0 367.5 328.2 406.7 367.5
M36 4.0 817.0 506.5 449.4 563.7 506.5
A
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
B
Based on proof stress of 760 MPa up to M20 mm; 690 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 655 MPa M27 to M30; and 620 MPa for M36.
C
Based on proof stress of 690 MPa up to M20 mm; 620 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 585 MPa M27 to M30; and 550 MPa for M36.
D
Based on proof stress of 860 MPa up to M20 mm; 795 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 725 MPa M27 to M30 mm; and 690 MPa for M36.
Grade 7M nuts, the Charpy test procedures and requirements as the test is to apply. Impact testing is not required when the bar
defined in Specification A320/A320M for Grade L7M shall stock or nut is smaller than 5⁄8 in. [16 mm] in diameter.
apply. Charpy specimens may be taken from a sample nut, nut S3.2 An “L” shall be added to the marking, as shown in
blank, or may be taken from separate test samples of the same Table 7, for nuts so tested.
heat processed through heat treatment with the nuts for which
10
A194/A194M − 17a
S4. Proof Load Tests of Large Nuts S7.1.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specification
S4.1 Proof load testing of nuts requiring proof loads of over and type, thickness, location, modification to dimensions, and
160 000 lbf or 705 kN is required. Testing shall be performed hydrogen embrittlement relief.
in accordance with 8.2 to the loads required in Table S4.1 and NOTE S7.1—Modification of thread dimensions may result in loss of
Table S4.2. The maximum load will be based entirely on the load carrying ability.
equipment available. S7.1.2 Reference to Specifications A153/A153M, B633,
S5. Control of Product by Heat Number B695, B696, B766, F1941/F1941M, F2329/F2329M, or Test
Method F1940, or other standards.
S5.1 When control of nuts by actual heat analysis is
required and this supplementary requirement is specified, the
manufacturer shall identify the completed nuts in each ship- S8. Marking Coated Nuts
ment by the actual heat number. When this supplementary S8.1 Nuts coated with zinc shall have ZN marked after the
requirement is specified, a certificate including the results of grade symbol. Nuts coated with cadmium shall have CD
the actual production tests of each test lot together with the heat marked after the grade symbol.
chemical analysis shall be furnished by the manufacturer. NOTE S8.1—As an example, the marking for zinc-coated 2H bolting
S6. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade Austenitic components will now be 2HZN rather than 2H*.
Steels Used Above 1000 °F
S9. Proof Load Testing
S6.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 °F [540
°C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as S9.1 Proof load tests of nuts made to dimensions, thread
determined in accordance with Test Methods E112. The grain pitch, and configurations other than those covered in Table 3 or
size so determined shall be reported on the Certificate of Test. Table 4 shall be made using loads agreed upon between the
S7. Coating on Nuts manufacturer and the purchaser.
S7.1 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the S10. 100 % Hardness Testing of Grade 2HM and 7M
purchase order all information required by the coating facility.
Examples of such information may include but are not limited S10.1 Each nut shall be tested for hardness by indentation
to the following: method and shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2.
TABLE S4.1 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — InchA
Proof Load, lbfB
Nominal Threads Stress Area,
Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 16
Size, in. per in. in. 2 Grade 1 Heavy Hex
Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
1⁄58 8 1.78 231 400 267 000 311 500
1 3⁄ 4 8 2.08 270 400 312 000 364 000
1 7⁄ 8 8 2.41 313 300 361 500 421 800
2 8 2.77 360 100 415 500 484 800
2 1⁄ 4 8 3.56 462 800 534 000 623 000
2 1⁄ 2 8 4.44 577 200 666 000 777 000
2 3⁄ 4 8 5.43 705 900 814 500 950 250
A
ASME B18.2.2 in the size range over 11⁄2 in. provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 8.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table 3
or Table S1.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
11
A194/A194M − 17a
TABLE S4.2 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts — MetricA
Nominal Proof Load, kNB
Thread Stress Area,
Size, Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M Grades 2H, 3, 7, 16
Pitch mm 2 Grade 1 Heavy Hex
mm Heavy Hex Heavy Hex
M42 4.5 1120 1002.4 1159.2 1349.6
M48 5 1470 1315.7 1521.4 1771.4
M56 5.5 2030 1816.9 2101.0 2446.2
M64 6 2680 2398.6 2773.8 3229.4
M72 6 3460 3096.7 3581.1 4169.3
A
ASME B 18.2.4.6M in the size range over M36 provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 7.3.1.
B
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table 4
or Table S1.2. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS
X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and hard- section reduction, die angle and bar size. In large diameter bars,
ness that results from plastic deformation below the recrystal- for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in the
lization temperature (cold work). This effect is produced in outer regions of the bar, so that the increased strength and
austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars to the hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly
desired final size by cold drawing or other process. The degree near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the
of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by its greater the penetration of strain hardening. Thus, the mechani-
strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of cal properties of a given strain hardened bolting component are
strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the dependent not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from
variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross- which it is machined.
X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS
X2.1 Use of coated bolting components at temperatures coated bolting components should be limited to temperatures
above approximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or less than 390 °F [210 °C]. The melting point of cadmium is
Celsius) of the coating is not recommended unless consider- approximately 600 °F [320 °C]. Therefore, application of
ation is given to the potential for liquid and solid metal cadmium coated bolting components should be limited to
embrittlement, or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is temperatures less than 300 °F [160 °C].
approximately 780 °F [415 °C]. Therefore, application of zinc
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A194/A194M–17, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved Sept. 1, 2017)
(1) Reformatted the chemical requirements table, Table 1, to

more closely resemble the improved format of the chemical
requirements table utilized in Specification A193/A193M.
A194/A194M–16a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved March 15, 2017)
(1) Removed Grade 4 throughout.
A194/A194M–16, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved December 1, 2016)
12
A194/A194M − 17a
(1) Added Note 1. (2) Revised 8.2.
A194/A194M–15a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 1, 2016)
(1) Revised 6.3.1 and 6.3.2.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
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make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
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13

Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Nuts For Bolts For High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Designation: A194/A194M − 17a Endorsed by

Standard Specification for

1. Scope* 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Grade and Type Brinell Rockwell Hardness Brinell Rockwell

All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA

1 1 ⁄8 8 0.790 63 200 59 250

All Types of Grade 8, and

TABLE 6 Proof Stress Using 120° Hardened Steel Cone — Metric

S1. Strain-Hardened Austenitic Steel Nuts S2. Retests by Purchaser’s Representative

1 1⁄8 8 0.790 75 050 67 150 82 950 75 050

X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS

X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS

(1) Reformatted the chemical requirements table, Table 1, to

(1) Removed Grade 4 throughout.

(1) Revised 6.3.1 and 6.3.2.

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