Lopinavir, Ritonavir Drug Monograph - 3.17.2020 PDF

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Lopinavir; Ritonavir (All Populations Monograph)

Indications/Dosage
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Labeled
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Off-Label, Recommended
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) † severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis † CoV-2) infection †
† Off-label indication
NOTE: HIV guidelines recommend consideration be given to avoiding use of lopinavir; ritonavir-containing regimens in patients at high
risk for cardiovascular adverse events.[46638]
Initiation of therapy for HIV treatment: [46638] [23512] [42452]
For adults, initiation of treatment immediately (or as soon as possible) after HIV diagnosis is recommended in all patients to
reduce the risk of disease progression and to prevent the transmission of HIV, including perinatal transmission and
transmission to sexual partners. Starting antiretroviral therapy early is particularly important for patients with AIDS-defining
conditions, those with acute or recent HIV infection, and individuals who are pregnant; delaying therapy in these
subpopulations has been associated with high risks of morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission.
Antiretroviral drug-resistance testing:
Genotypic drug-resistance testing is recommended prior to initiation of therapy in all antiretroviral treatment-
naive patients and prior to changing therapy for treatment failure.
Phenotypic resistance testing may be used in conjunction with the genotypic test for patients with known or
suspected complex drug-resistance mutation patterns.
HIV-1 proviral DNA resistance testing is available for use in patients with HIV RNA concentrations below the
limits of detection or with low-level viremia (i.e., less than 1,000 copies/mL), where genotypic testing is unlikely
to be successful; however, the clinical utility of this assay has not been fully determined.
Pediatric guidelines are also available.
Place in therapy for HIV treatment: [46638] [23512] [42452]
Lopinavir; ritonavir (twice daily) given in combination with 2 NRTIs is an alternative protease inhibitor-based treatment
regimen for pregnant adults and adolescents with HIV-1, HIV-2, or HIV-1/HIV-2 coinfection. Once-daily lopinavir; ritonavir
is NOT recommended for use during pregnancy.
Due to a high pill burden and low tolerability, use of this drug as part of an initial HIV-1 treatment regimen for non-pregnant,
treatment-naive adults and adolescents is no longer recommended.
Lopinavir; ritonavir plus 2 NRTIs is also an alternative initial regimen for some non-pregnant patients who have HIV-2
monoinfection or HIV-1/HIV-2 coinfection.
Pediatric guidelines are also available.
Per the manufacturer, this drug has been shown to be active against most strains of the following
microorganisms either in vitro and/or in clinical infections:
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human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
NOTE: The safety and effectiveness in treating clinical infections due to organisms with in vitro data only have not been established in
adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
This drug may also have activity against the following microorganisms:
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
NOTE: Some organisms may not have been adequately studied during clinical trials; therefore, exclusion from this list does not necessarily
negate the drug’s activity against the organism.
For the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in combination with other
antiretroviral agents
NOTE: The following abbreviations are used: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs); nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs); protease inhibitors (PIs).
NOTE: Lopinavir; ritonavir should not be administered once daily in pediatric patients due to inferior efficacy observed with once daily dosing
compared with twice daily dosing.[28341]
Oral dosage (tablets)
Adults
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily. Alternatively, 800 mg/200 mg PO once daily may be administered to patients with less than 3
lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions.[28341] NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, nevirapine,
carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin therapy.
Adult pregnant females
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily in patients with no documented lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions; there are insufficient
data to recommend dosing in pregnant women with any lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions.[28341] HIV guidelines
suggest increasing dose to 500 mg/125 mg or 600 mg/150 mg PO twice daily may be necessary in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters,
especially for PI-experienced women and women with baseline viral loads more than 50 copies/mL. Once daily dosing is NOT
recommended.[28341] [23512]
Children and Adolescents weighing more than 35 kg
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily (for a BSA target of 300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose or 230 mg/57.5 mg per m2/dose).[28341] [42452]
NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine therapy.
Children and Adolescents weighing 31 to 35 kg
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily (for a BSA target of 300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose) or 300 mg/75 mg PO twice daily (for a BSA target
of 230 mg/57.5 mg per m2/dose).[28341] [42452] NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
therapy.
Children weighing 26 to 30 kg
300 mg/75 mg PO twice daily (for a BSA target of 300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose) or 200 mg/50 mg PO twice daily (for a BSA target
of 230 mg/57.5 mg per m2/dose).[28341] [42452] NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
Adults receiving concomitant carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily. Do NOT administer once daily dosing.[28341]
Adults receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
500 mg/125 mg PO twice daily. Some experts would use 600 mg/150 mg PO twice daily for ease of tablet dosing.[28341] [42452]
Children and Adolescents weighing more than 45 kg receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir,
or nevirapine
500 mg/125 mg PO twice daily. Some experts would use 600 mg/150 mg PO twice daily for ease of tablet dosing.[28341] [42452]
Children and Adolescents weighing 31 to 45 kg receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or

nevirapine
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily.[28341] [42452]
Children weighing 21 to 30 kg receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
Children weighing 15 to 20 kg oreceiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
Oral dosage (oral solution)
Adults
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily. Alternatively, 800 mg/200 mg PO once daily may be administered to patients with less than 3
lopinavir resistance-associated substitutions. The oral solution should be avoided during pregnancy due to the alcohol content.
[28341] [51080] NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, nevirapine, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or
phenytoin therapy.
Children and Adolescents
300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose PO twice daily is routinely used by many clinicians, especially for treatment-experienced patients;
however, 230 mg/57.5 mg per m2/dose PO twice daily can be used for antiretroviral-naive patients.[42452] The manufacturer
recommends 230 mg/57.5 mg per m2/dose PO twice daily. Alternatively, a weight based dose of 12 mg/3 mg per kg/dose PO
twice daily for patients weighing less than 15 kg or 10 mg/2.5 mg per kg/dose PO twice daily for patients weighing 15 kg or more
may be used. The maximum recommended dose is 400 mg/100 mg per dose.[28341] NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant
efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine therapy.
Infants 7 to 11 months
300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose PO twice daily is recommended by the HIV guidelines.[42452] The manufacturer, however,
recommends 230 mg/57.5 mg per m2/dose PO twice daily. Alternatively, a weight based dose of 12 mg/3 mg per kg/dose PO
twice daily for patients weighing less than 15 kg or 10 mg/2.5 mg per kg/dose PO twice daily for patients weighing 15 kg or more
may be used.[28341] Adjust doses frequently to accommodate growth. NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant efavirenz,
nelfinavir, or nevirapine therapy.
Neonates 14 to 29 days postnatal age and 42 weeks postmenstrual age or older and Infants 1 to 6
months
300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose PO twice daily. Alternatively, a weight-based dose of 16 mg/4 mg per kg/dose PO twice daily may
also be used. Adjust doses frequently to accommodate growth. Be aware of alcohol and propylene glycol intake; oral solution
contains 42.4% (v/v) alcohol and 15.3% (w/v) propylene glycol.[28341] [42452] NOTE: See dosing below for concomitant
efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine therapy.
Neonates 0 to 13 days postnatal age or younger than 42 weeks postmenstrual age
Use in this patient population is not recommended because of the potential for toxicities.[28341] [42452]
Adults receiving concomitant carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily. Do NOT administer once daily dosing.[28341]
Adults receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
533 mg/133 mg PO twice daily.[28341]
Children and Adolescents weighing more than 45 kg receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir,
or nevirapine
Infants 7 to 11 months, Children, and Adolescents weighing 15 to 45 kg receiving concomitant

efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
11 mg/2.75 mg per kg/dose (or 300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose) PO twice daily.[28341] [42452]
Infants 7 to 11 months and Children weighing less than 15 kg receiving concomitant efavirenz,
nelfinavir, or nevirapine
13 mg/3.25 mg per kg/dose (or 300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose) PO twice daily.[28341] [42452]
Neonates 14 to 29 days postnatal age and 42 weeks postmenstrual age or older and Infants 1 to 6
months receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine
Lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended in combination with these drugs.[28341]
For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis†
for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis† after occupational exposure
Oral dosage
Adults
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends lopinavir; ritonavir 400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily in combination with
tenofovir and either emtricitabine or lamivudine as preferred HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens. Alternative lopinavir;
ritonavir dosing is 800 mg/200 mg PO once daily.[60431] The US Public Health Service guidelines and the New York State
Department of Health AIDS Institute (NYSDOH AI) recommend lopinavir; ritonavir with either tenofovir or zidovudine and either
emtricitabine or lamivudine as alternative PEP regimens. According to PEP guidelines, individuals potentially exposed to HIV
should receive a 3-drug regimen for a total of 28 days; however if tolerability is a concern, use of a 2-drug regimen may be
considered and is preferred to prophylaxis discontinuation. Begin prophylaxis as soon as possible, ideally within 2 hours of
exposure. If initiation of prophylaxis is delayed (beyond 36 hours or 72 hours after exposure), efficacy of the antiretroviral regimen
may be diminished and treatment should be determined on a case-by-case basis.[55597] [60367] [60431] Exposures for which
PEP is indicated include: skin puncture by a sharp object that has been contaminated with blood, body fluid, or other infectious
material; bite from a patient with visible bleeding in the mouth which causes bleeding by the exposed worker; splash of blood,
body fluid, or other infectious material onto the workers mouth, nose, or eyes; exposure of blood, body fluid, or other infectious
material on a workers non-intact skin (i.e., open wound, chapped skin, abrasion, dermatitis).[55597] [60367]
for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis† after nonoccupational exposure, including sexual assault
NOTE: Higher risk exposures for which prophylaxis is recommended include exposure of vagina, rectum, eye, mouth, or other mucous
membrane, nonintact skin, or percutaneous contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions, rectal secretions, breast milk, or any body fluid
that is visibly contaminated with blood when the source is known to be HIV-positive. Exposures to a source patient with unknown HIV status
should be assessed on a case-by-case basis.[61819]
Oral dosage (solution)
Children weighing more than 40 kg
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily for 28 days in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine or zidovudine and lamivudine is an
alternative HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen in children 2 years and older. A 3-drug regimen is recommended for all
cases when PEP is indicated; however, the use of a 2-drug regimen (2 NRTIs or a combination of a PI and a NNRTI) may be
considered if tolerability or adherence is a concern. Begin prophylaxis as soon as possible after exposure; prophylaxis initiated
more than 72 hours after exposure is unlikely to be effective.[61819]
Children 2 years and older weighing 15 to 40 kg
10 mg/2.5 mg per kg/dose PO twice daily for 28 days in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine or zidovudine and
lamivudine is an alternative HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen in children 2 years and older. A 3-drug regimen is
recommended for all cases when PEP is indicated; however, the use of a 2-drug regimen (2 NRTIs or a combination of a PI and a
NNRTI) may be considered if tolerability or adherence is a concern. Begin prophylaxis as soon as possible after exposure;
prophylaxis initiated more than 72 hours after exposure is unlikely to be effective.[61819]
Children 2 years and older weighing less than 15 kg
12 mg/3 mg per kg/dose PO twice daily for 28 days in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine or zidovudine and lamivudine
is an alternative HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen in children 2 years and older. A 3-drug regimen is recommended
for all cases when PEP is indicated; however, the use of a 2-drug regimen (2 NRTIs or a combination of a PI and a NNRTI) may
be considered if tolerability or adherence is a concern. Begin prophylaxis as soon as possible after exposure; prophylaxis initiated
Infants and Children 4 weeks to 1 year
300 mg/75 mg per m2/dose or 16 mg/4 mg per kg/dose PO twice daily for 28 days in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine
is a preferred HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen in infants and children younger than 2 years. Lopinavir/ritonavir in
combination with zidovudine and emtricitabine is an alternative regimen. A 3-drug regimen is recommended for all cases when
PEP is indicated; however, the use of a 2-drug regimen (2 NRTIs or a combination of a PI and a NNRTI) may be considered if
tolerability or adherence is a concern. Begin prophylaxis as soon as possible after exposure; prophylaxis initiated more than 72
hours after exposure is unlikely to be effective.[61819]
Oral dosage (tablets)
Children weighing more than 35 kg
Children 2 years and older weighing 15 to 25 kg
INVESTIGATIONAL USE: For the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) infection†, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)†
Oral dosage
Adults
400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily for 10 to 14 days is being evaluated alone and in combination based on use in retrospective
cohorts, historically controlled studies, case reports, and case series for other coronavirus infections, including severe acute
respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
This low-level evidence suggests use may reduce the incidence or mortality associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS).[65116] [65117] [65118] [65123]
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Suggested target trough concentration: 5,500 ng/mL
Routine monitoring of plasma concentrations of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is generally not recommended in HIV-infected
patients. However, therapeutic drug monitoring may be considered in the following situations [42452][46638]:
use of drugs with significant food and/or drug interactions
suboptimal treatment response
suspected suboptimal absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of the drug
suspected concentration-dependent drug-associated toxicity
use of alternative dosing regimens and ARV combinations for which safety and efficacy have not been established
in clinical trials
heavily pretreated patients experiencing virologic failure and who may have viral isolates with reduced
susceptibility to ARVs
pregnant patients who have risk factors for virologic failure, particularly during the later stages of pregnancy
use of drugs in children with limited pharmacokinetic data and/or therapeutic experience
Maximum Dosage Limits

NOTE: The following maximum dosage limits apply for typical lopinavir; ritonavir use; maximum dosage limits may be altered based
on certain individual patient circumstances, such as in the case of specific drug interactions.
Adults
800 mg/200 mg per day PO.
Geriatric
800 mg/200 mg per day PO.
Adolescents
> 40 kg: 800 mg/200 mg per day PO for tablets; 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral solution is recommended in the
FDA-approved labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day for oral solution (Max: 800 mg/200 mg per day) is
recommended in the HIV guidelines.
> 35—40 kg: 800 mg/200 mg per day PO for tablets; 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral solution is recommended in the
> 30—35 kg: 600 mg/150 mg per day PO for tablets; 20 mg/5 mg per kg/day or 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral
solution is recommended in the FDA-approved labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day oral solution or 800
mg/200 mg per day for oral tablets is recommended in the HIV guidelines.
Children
> 40 kg: 800 mg/200 mg per day PO for tablets; 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral solution is recommended in the
> 35—40 kg: 800 mg/200 mg per day PO for tablets; 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral solution is recommended in the
solution is recommended in the FDA-approved labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day for oral solution or 800
solution is recommended in the FDA-approved labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day oral solution is
solution is recommended in the FDA-approved labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day for oral solution or 600
15—20 kg: 400 mg/100 mg per day PO for tablets; 20 mg/5 mg per kg/day or 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral
solution is recommended in the FDA-approved labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day for oral solution is
< 15 kg: 24 mg/6 mg per kg/day or 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral solution is recommended in the FDA-approved
labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day is recommended in the HIV guidelines. Safety and efficacy of other
formulations have not been established.
Infants
> 6 months: 24 mg/6 mg per kg/day PO or 460 mg/115 mg per m2/day PO for oral solution is recommended in the FDA-
approved labeling; however, up to 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day is recommended in the HIV guidelines. Safety and efficacy of
other formulations have not been established.
<= 6 months: 32 mg/8 mg per kg/day PO or 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day PO for oral solution. Safety and efficacy of other
formulations have not been established.
Neonates
>= 14 days postnatal age and >= 42 weeks postmenstrual age: 32 mg/8 mg per kg/day PO or 600 mg/150 mg per m2/day
PO for oral solution. Safety and efficacy of other formulations have not been established.
< 14 days or postmenstrual age of < 42 weeks: Not recommended.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing

Dosing in patients with hepatic impairment has not been studied. Since lopinavir is hepatically metabolized, a reduction in dosage may
be necessary.[28341]
Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing

Dosing in patients with renal impairment has not been studied; however, since the renal clearance of lopinavir is negligible, a decrease
in total body clearance is not expected.[28341]
Intermittent Hemodialysis
Avoid once-daily dosing in patients on hemodialysis.[46638]
† Off-label indication
Revision Date: 03/16/2020 03:10:45 PM
References
23512 – Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Department of Health
and Human Services. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to
reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Available at https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines. Accessed Dec 19, 2019.
28341 – Kaletra (lopinavir; ritonavir) tablet and solution package insert. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2019 Dec.
42452 – Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-infected Children. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral
agents in pediatric HIV infection. Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/pediatricguidelines.pdf. Accessed
January 10, 2020.
46638 – Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and
adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines. Accessed Dec 19,
2019.
51080 – Kaletra (lopinavir; ritonavir) capsule package insert. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2019 Aug.
55597 – Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, et al. Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational
exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
2013;34:875-92.
60367 – New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. HIV prophylaxis following occupational exposure. New York State
Department of Health October 2014.
60431 – World Health Organization. Guidelines on post exposure prophylaxis for HIV and the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for
HIV-related infections among adults, adolescents and children: Recommendations for a public health approach-December 2014
supplement to the 2013 consolidated ARV guidelines. World Health Organization, 2014. Available at:
http://www/who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/arvs2013upplement_dec2014/en/. Accessed December 11, 2015.
61819 – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for antiretroviral
posteexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV - United States, 2016. MMWR
2016;65:458.
65116 – Chu CM, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical
findings. Thorax 2004;59:252-256.
65117 – Jin Y, Cai L, Cheng Z, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Med Res 2020;7(1):4.
65118 – Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet
2020;395(10223):497-506
65123 – World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus: landscape analysis of therapeutics as of 17 Februrary 2020. Accessed March
16, 2020. Available on the World Wide Web at https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-
action/Table_of_therapeutics_Appendix_17022020.pdf?ua=1.
How Supplied
Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral capsule
Kaletra 133.3mg-33.3mg Capsule (00074-3959) (AbbVie US LLC) (off

market)
Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral solution
Kaletra 80mg-20mg/mL Solution (00074-3956) (AbbVie US LLC)
Lopinavir/Ritonavir 80mg-20mg/mL Solution (00527-1947) (Lannett Company, Inc.)
Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral tablet
Kaletra 100mg-25mg Tablet (00074-0522) (AbbVie US LLC)
Kaletra 200mg-50mg Tablet (00074-6799) (AbbVie US LLC)
Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral tablet
Kaletra 200mg-50mg Tablet (55289-0947) (PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)
Description/Classification
Description
Lopinavir; ritonavir is indicated for use in combination with other antiretroviral medications to treat HIV-1 infections in adults and
pediatric patients 14 days and older. Lopinavir is an antiretroviral protease inhibitor. It is formulated with a small amount of ritonavir to
increase and maintain adequate lopinavir concentrations. Lopinavir is the active component of the lopinavir; ritonavir formulation.
Although data are limited, lopinavir; ritonavir has shown some clinical benefit in the treatment of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2.
Additional data regarding clinical efficacy for COVID-19 are being evaluated.[65116] [65117] [65118]
Classifications
General Anti-infectives Systemic
Antivirals For Systemic Use
HIV Antivirals
Combination HIV Antivirals
Protease Inhibitor Combinations
Revision Date: 03/13/2020 03:31:55 PM
References
65116 – Chu CM, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, et al. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: Initial virological and clinical
findings. Thorax 2004;59:252-256.
65117 – Jin Y, Cai L, Cheng Z, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Med Res 2020;7(1):4.
65118 – Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet
2020;395(10223):497-506
Administration Information
General Administration Information

For storage information, see the specific product information within the How Supplied section.
Route-Specific Administration
https://www.clinicalkey.com/pharmacology/monograph/print?cpnum=2548&type=0&printSections=monindi&printSections=monsup&printSections=… 10/158
Oral Administration
Oral Solid Formulations
Tablets: May be taken with or without food. Administered whole; do not crush, break, or chew.[28341]
Capsules: Must be taken with food.[51080]
Oral Liquid Formulations
Oral Solution:
Administer with food to enhance absorption.

Always administer using a calibrated oral dosing syringe or the provided dosing cup. Pay close attention to dosage of the oral
solution, especially in children, to ensure appropriate administration and to avoid overdosage. Children's dosage is weight-
based.
The oral solution is highly concentrated and contains lopinavir 80 mg/ritonavir 20 mg per ml. The oral solution contains
approximately 42% (v/v) alcohol and 15% (w/v) propylene glycol; caution is advised when administering to patients 14 days
to 6 months of age. Additionally, the oral solution should be avoided during pregnancy due to the alcohol content.[42452]
Because the oral solution contains ethanol and propylene glycol, it is not recommended for use with polyurethane feeding
tubes due to potential incompatibility. Feeding tubes that are compatible with ethanol and propylene glycol, such as silicone
and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) feeding tubes, can be used.[28341]
Compounding Drug Information

From Trissel's 2™ Clinical Pharmaceutics Database
Lopinavir and Ritonavir
1. Identity/Properties
Lopinavir has been described as a colorless material and also as a white to light tan powder. Ritonavir is a white to light tan
powder having a bitter metallic taste. Solubility: Lopinavir and ritonavir are practically insoluble in water but freely soluble
in ethanol and methanol and soluble in isopropanol.
References
Anon. The Merck Index, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc. Current edition.
Anon. The United States Pharmacopeia. Rockville, Maryland: The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Current edition.
Anon. Manufacturer's information and labeling. (Package insert and bulk material data sheet).
2. General Stability Info
The manufacturer of the lopinavir and ritonavir combination (Kaletra) states that the commercial oral tablets should be left in
the original packaging or packaged in tight containers. The tablets should be stored at controlled room temperature and
protected from exposure to high humidity outside the original container or in an equivalent tight container for more than two
weeks is not recommended. The manufacturer also states that the commercial oral liquid formulation should be stored
refrigerated at 2 to 8degree C to remain stable until the labeled expiration date. If stored at controlled room temperature, the
manufacturer states the oral liquid formulation should be used within two months.
References
Anon. Manufacturer's information and labeling. (Package insert and bulk material data sheet).
3. Enteral Feeds
Prohaska and King reported that the lopinavir and ritonavir combination (Kaletra) has been given by enteral administration
via gastrostomy tube, jejunal tube, and percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube. King et al. reported that administration of
protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors by a gastrostomy tube to HIV-infected children
provided comparable blood concentrations to oral administration. Leipe et al. published a case report on successfully using a
percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy tube to administer antiretroviral drugs. Kamimura et al. published a case report on
successful antiretroviral drugs after gastrojejunal bypass surgery.
References
Kamimura M, Watanabe K, Kobayakawa M, et al. Successful absorption of retroviral drugs after gastrojejunal bypass
surgery following failure of therapy through a jejunal tube. Intern Med. 2009; 48:1103-4
King JR, Yogev R, Aldrovandi G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals administered to HIV-infected children via
gastrostomy tube. HIV Clin Trials. 2004; 5:288-93
Leipe J, Hueber AJ, Rech J, et al. Bypassing non-adherence via PEG in a critically ill HIV-1-infected patient. AIDS Care.
2008; 20:863-7
Prohaska ES, King AR. Administration of antiretroviral medication via enteral tubes. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2012;
69:2140-6
Revision Date: 10/17/2017 11:15:18 AM
Copyright 2004-2015 by Lawrence A. Trissel. All Rights Reserved.
References
January 10, 2020.
Adverse Reactions
abdominal pain elevated hepatic enzymes

alopecia erythema multiforme
amenorrhea fatigue
anemia fecal incontinence
angioedema fever
anorexia flatulence
anxiety folliculitis
appetite stimulation furunculosis
arthralgia gastritis
asthenia gastroesophageal reflux
AV block GI bleeding
back pain gonadal suppression
bleeding gynecomastia
bradycardia headache
breast enlargement hematoma
cardiomyopathy hematuria
cholangitis hemorrhoids
colitis hepatitis
constipation hepatomegaly
Cushingoid features hyperamylasemia
diabetes mellitus hyperbilirubinemia
diabetic ketoacidosis hypercholesterolemia
diarrhea hyperglycemia
dizziness hyperlipidemia
dysgeusia hypernatremia
dyspepsia hypertension
hypertriglyceridemia pruritus
hyperuricemia QT prolongation
hyponatremia rash
hypophosphatemia renal failure (unspecified)
impotence (erectile dysfunction) rhabdomyolysis
infection seborrhea
insomnia seizures
jaundice steatosis
lactic acidosis Stevens-Johnson syndrome
leukopenia stomatitis
libido decrease thrombocytopenia
lipodystrophy thrombosis
lymphadenopathy tinnitus
maculopapular rash torsade de pointes
menorrhagia toxic epidermal necrolysis
migraine tremor
myalgia urticaria
myocardial infarction vasculitis
nausea vertigo
neutropenia visual impairment
night sweats vomiting
oral ulceration weakness
osteonecrosis weight gain
pancreatitis weight loss
peptic ulcer xerosis
peripheral neuropathy xerostomia
PR prolongation
Adverse events affecting the reproductive system have been reported following use of lopinavir; ritonavir. During clinical trials, less
than 2% of lopinavir; ritonavir recipients experienced reproductive adverse events including impotence (erectile dysfunction) (1.7%),
libido decrease (0.7%), male gonadal suppression (0.8%), amenorrhea (1.7%), and menorrhagia (1.7%).[28341] [51080]
Pancreatitis, in some cases fatal, has been observed in 1.7% of patients receiving treatment with lopinavir; ritonavir. Marked triglyceride
elevations is a risk factor for the development of pancreatitis; marked triglyceride elevations with the development of pancreatitis has
occurred with lopinavir; ritonavir. Patients with advanced HIV disease may be at increased risk of elevated triglycerides and
pancreatitis, and patients with a history of pancreatitis may be at increased risk for recurrence. If clinical symptoms (nausea/vomiting,
abdominal pain) or lab abnormalities (hyperamylasemia or increased serum lipase) suggestive of pancreatitis occur, evaluate the patient
and hold lopinavir; ritonavir and other antiretroviral therapy as clinically appropriate. In clinical trials with adults, hyperamylasemia
(more than 2-times the upper limit of normal) was noted in 3% to 8% of patients. In clinical trials of pediatric patients who received
lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution, hyperamylasemia (more than 2.5-times the upper limit of normal) was reported in 7% of patients. In
clinical trials with adults, elevated lipase (more than 2-times the upper limit of normal) was reported in 1% to 5% of patients.[28341]
[51080]
Gastrointestinal (GI) related disorders were among the most frequently reported adverse events during lopinavir; ritonavir clinical trials,
and included diarrhea (19.5% adults; pediatrics 12%), nausea (10.3%), vomiting (6.8% adults; 21% pediatrics), abdominal pain (6.1%),
gastroenteritis and colitis (2.5%), and dyspepsia (2%). Other reported GI adverse events include constipation (1%), duodenitis (0.8%),
abdominal distension (1.3%), fecal incontinence (0.2%), gastric or peptic ulcer (0.2%), gastritis (0.8%), gastroesophageal reflux disease
(1.5%), hemorrhoids (1.5%), flatulence (1.4%), oral ulceration (0.9%), GI bleeding (0.5%), rectal bleeding (0.5%), stomatitis (0.9%),
and xerostomia (0.3%).[28341] [51080]
Hyperlipidemia, with large increases in total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, has been reported during treatment with
lopinavir; ritonavir. In clinical trials in adults, hypercholesterolemia (greater than 300 mg/dL) was reported in 3% to 27% of treatment-
naive patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir (vs. 5% of control group patients) and in 6% to 39% of treatment-experienced patients (vs.
21% control group). In clinical trials of pediatric patients who received lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution, hypercholesterolemia (greater
than 300 mg/dL) was reported in 3% of patients. Also, in adults, hypertriglyceridemia (greater than 750 mg/dL) was reported in 3% to
29% of treatment-naive patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir (vs. 1% control group) and in 5% to 36% of treatment-experienced
patients (vs. 21% control group). Marked triglyceride elevations is a risk factor for the development of pancreatitis; marked triglyceride
elevations with the development of pancreatitis has occurred with lopinavir; ritonavir. Lipid disorders should be managed as clinically
appropriate, taking potential drug interactions into account.[28341] [51080]
Elevated hepatic enzymes have been reported during clinical trials of lopinavir; ritonavir, with elevations in SGOT/AST (range: 1% to
10% lopinavir; ritonavir-teated patients vs. 4% to 11% control patients) and SGPT/ALT (range: 1% to 11% vs. 4% to 13%).
Hyperbilirubinemia was reported in 1% of adult patients in trials (3% of pediatrics), while elevated GGT was noted in 10% to 29% of
adult patients. Hepatitis (3.5%), jaundice, hepatomegaly (0.2%), hepatic steatosis (0.1%), and cholangitis (0.1%) were also reported in
patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir during clinical trials. Patients with underlying hepatitis B or C or marked transaminase elevations
prior to treatment may be at increased risk for developing further transaminase elevations or hepatic decompensation. There have been
postmarketing reports of hepatic dysfunction, including some fatalities, which have generally occurred in patients with advanced HIV
disease taking multiple concomitant medications and who have underlying chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. However, elevated hepatic
enzymes (with or without elevated bilirubin), leading to serious hepatic dysfunction in some case, have been reported in patients without
hepatitis.[28341] [51080]
Rash was reported in up to 3.8% of adult patients and 12% of pediatric patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir during clinical trials. Other
dermatologic reactions reported in less than 2% of patients during clinical trials include alopecia (0.4%), dry skin (xerosis), eczema
(1.9%), exfoliative dermatitis (1.9%), furunculosis, night sweats (1.6%), pruritus (1.1%), maculopapular rash, and seborrhea (1.9%).
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and erythema multiforme have been noted in postmarketing reports.
[28341] [51080]
Musculoskeletal and generalized adverse reactions reported by recipients of lopinavir; ritonavir during clinical trials included fatigue
and asthenia (7.6%), fever, arthralgia and back pain (6.4%), myalgia (1.8%), elevated creatine phosphokinase (more than 4-times upper
limits of normal; 4% to 5%), muscle weakness and spasms (1.3%), rhabdomyolysis (0.7%), and osteonecrosis (0.1%).[28341] [51080]
Cardiovascular adverse events reported in patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir during clinical trials included hypertension (1.8%), deep
vein thrombosis (0.7%), myocardial infarction (0.4%), AV block (0.1%), tricuspid valve incompetence (0.1%), capillaritis and vasculitis
(0.1%). Bradyarrhythmias (bradycardia), PR prolongation, QT prolongation, and torsade de pointes have been reported in postmarketing
surveillance of lopinavir; ritonavir; however, causality has not been established. Lopinavir; ritonavir was evaluated for QT prolongation
in a randomized, placebo- and moxifloxacin- (400 mg once-daily) controlled, crossover study in 39 healthy adults; QT intervals were
measured on the third day. Patients received lopinavir; ritonavir at normal doses (400 mg/100 mg twice daily) and supratherapeutic
doses (800 mg/200 mg twice daily). The maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) difference in QT interval in patients versus
placebo after baseline correction was 5.3 (8.1) milliseconds in patients receiving normal doses of lopinavir; ritonavir and 15.2 (18.0)
milliseconds in patients receiving supratherapeutic doses. Lopinavir; ritonavir 800 mg/200 mg twice daily resulted in a Cmax that was
2-fold higher than observed with approved once and twice daily regimens at steady state.[28341] [51080]
Dysgeusia was reported in 22% of pediatric patients, and ageusia was noted in 0.7% of adults who received lopinavir; ritonavir during
clinical trials.[28341] [51080]
Adverse events affecting the nervous system and special senses reported during lopinavir; ritonavir clinical trials included headache
(including migraine, 6.3%), insomnia (3.8%), abnormal dreams (0.7%), anxiety (3.9%), dizziness (1.7%), peripheral neuropathy (2%),
cerebral vascular event (0.2%), convulsion or seizures (0.3%), and tremor (0.3%). Visual impairment (0.3%), vertigo (0.3%), and
tinnitus (0.2%) have also been reported.[28341] [51080]
In patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir, neutropenia (less than 750 neutrophils/mm3) was reported in 1% to 5% of adults. Neutrophil
counts less than 0.4 x 109/L were reported in 2% of pediatric patients who received lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution in clinical trials. In
addition, 4% of pediatric patients who received lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution in clinical trials report thrombocytopenia (platelet
counts less than 50,000/mm3). Anemia was noted in 2.1% of adult drug recipients, with 1% to 2% reporting hemoglobin concentrations
less than 80 g/L. Leukopenia (1.7%) and lymphadenopathy (1.3%) have also been observed in adults.[28341] [51080]
Increased bleeding, including spontaneous skin hematoma and hemarthrosis, has been reported in HIV infected patients with hemophilia
(type A and B) being treated with protease inhibitors. The majority of patients have been able to continue taking their protease inhibitor
therapy in spite of bleeding events; some patients received additional coagulation factor. A causal relationship with lopinavir; ritonavir
has not been established.[28341] [51080]
A lipodystrophy syndrome (2.2%) consisting of redistribution and accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat
enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, gynecomastia, and other cushingoid features has
been reported in patients receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) that includes protease inhibitors. This
syndrome may be associated with metabolic complications such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, but not always. The mechanism
and long-term consequences are not known. A casual relationship has not been established. Changes in HAART to reverse
lipodystrophy should probably be avoided unless the patient finds the changes in body fat intolerable and more conservative
interventions fail.[28341] [51080]
Anorexia or decreased appetite (2%) with weight loss (2.3%) was observed in adult patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir during clinical
trials. Other metabolic and nutritional disorders reported in lopinavir; ritonavir recipients included appetite stimulation (0.2%) with
weight gain (0.8%) and lactic acidosis (0.4%).[28341] [51080]
In clinical trials, hyperglycemia (glucose more than 250 mg/dL) was observed in 1% to 5% of patients and diabetes mellitus was
observed in 1.1% of patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir in combination with other antiretrovirals. New onset diabetes mellitus,
exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with postmarketing use of protease
inhibitors. Diabetic ketoacidosis has also occurred. Initiation or adjustment of hypoglycemic therapy is required in some patients after
beginning protease inhibitor treatment. In some patients who have discontinued protease inhibitor therapy, hyperglycemia has persisted.
However, a causal relationship has not been established. It should also be noted that many of these patients have confounding medical
conditions that require therapy with drugs that have been associated with the development of diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia.[28341]
[51080]
In clinical trials of pediatric patients who received lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution, hypernatremia (sodium more than 149 mEq/L) and
hyponatremia (less than 130 mEq/L) were reported in 3% of patients each. Additional laboratory abnormalities reported in adults during
lopinavir; ritonavir clinical trials include hypophosphatemia (less than 1.5 mg/dL; up to 2%) and hyperuricemia (more than 12 mg/dL;
up to 5%).[28341] [51080]
Upper respiratory tract infection (13.9%), lower respiratory tract infection (7.7%), and skin infection (cellulitis and folliculitis; 3.3%)
were observed in adults receiving treatment with lopinavir; ritonavir during clinical trials. Viral infections were reported during clinical
trials in pediatric patients.[28341] [51080]
Renal and urinary disorders reported in adult patients during lopinavir; ritonavir trials included renal failure (unspecified) (1.2%),
hematuria (0.8%), and nephritis (0.1%). Creatinine clearance of less than 50 mL/min was noted in 2% to 3% of adult patients in trials.
[28341] [51080]
Adverse events, including death, have resulted from accidental overdose of the lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution in young children. In
one case, a 2.1 kg infant experience fatal cardiogenic shock 9 days after receiving a dose 10-fold above the recommended lopinavir
dose. Other adverse events occurring in infants receiving unintentional overdoses include bradycardia, complete AV block,
cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, CNS depression, respiratory complications, and acute renal failure (unspecified). Health care providers
are advised to use caution when calculating and administering the oral solution to young children. Further, because the lopinavir;
ritonavir solution contains a high concentration of alcohol 42.4% (v/v) and propylene glycol 15.3% (w/v), the manufacturer
recommends evaluating all medications being given to the infant to ensure an alcohol and propylene glycol overdose does not occur. If
an overdose does occur, administer supportive measures and monitor the patients vital signs. Gastric lavage and activated charcoal may
aid in the removal of unabsorbed drug. Use of dialysis is unlikely to be beneficial as lopinavir is highly protein bound; however, excess
alcohol and propylene glycol may be removed by dialysis.[28341]
Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema and urticaria, were reported in 2.7% of patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir during
clinical trials.[28341] [51080]
Revision Date: 07/02/2019 11:36:51 AM
References
Contraindications/Precautions
Absolute contraindications are italicized.
alcoholism hepatitis B and HIV coinfection

autoimmune disease hepatitis C and HIV coinfection
AV block human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection resistance
bradycardia hypercholesterolemia
breast-feeding hyperglycemia
cardiac arrhythmias hyperlipidemia
cardiac disease hypertension
cardiomyopathy hypertriglyceridemia
children hypocalcemia
coronary artery disease hypokalemia
diabetes mellitus hypomagnesemia
diabetic ketoacidosis immune reconstitution syndrome
females infants
geriatric jaundice
Graves' disease long QT syndrome
Guillain-Barre syndrome malnutrition
heart failure myocardial infarction
hemophilia neonates
hepatic disease pancreatitis
hepatitis pregnancy
QT prolongation thyroid disease
Unplanned antiretroviral therapy interruption may be necessary in specific situations, such as serious drug toxicity, intercurrent illness or
surgery precluding oral intake, severe hyperemesis gravidarum unresponsive to antiemetics, or drug non-availability. If short-term
treatment interruption (i.e., < 1—2 days) is necessary, in general it is recommended that all antiretroviral agents be discontinued
simultaneously, especially if the interruption is because of serious toxicity. However, if a short-term treatment interruption is anticipated
in the case of elective surgery, the pharmacokinetic properties and food requirements of specific drugs should be considered. When the
antiretroviral regimen contains drugs with differing half-lives, stopping all drugs simultaneously may result in functional monotherapy
of the drug with the longest half-life. For example, after discontinuation, the duration of detectable serum concentrations of efavirenz
and nevirapine range from < 1 week to > 3 weeks. Simultaneously stopping all drugs in a regimen containing these agents may result in
functional monotherapy with the NNRTI and may increase the risk of NNRTI-resistant mutations. Planned long-term treatment
interruptions are not recommended due to the potential for HIV disease progression (i.e., declining CD4 counts, viral rebound, acute
viral syndrome), development of minor HIV-associated manifestations or serious non-AIDS complications, development of drug
resistance, increased risk of HIV transmission, and increased risk for opportunistic infections. If therapy must be discontinued, counsel
patient on the potential risks and closely monitor for any clinical or laboratory abnormalities.[46638][42452]
Lopinavir; ritonavir should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing hepatitis. Patients with underlying hepatitis prior to
treatment may be at increased risk for developing further enzyme elevations or hepatic decompensation. All patients presenting with
HIV infection should be screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection to assure appropriate treatment. Patients with hepatitis B and
HIV coinfection should be started on a fully suppressive antiretroviral (ARV) regimen with activity against both viruses (regardless of
CD4 counts and HBV DNA concentrations). HIV treatment guidelines recommend these patients receive an ARV regimen that contains
a dual NRTI backbone of tenofovir alafenamide with emtricitabine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with either emtricitabine or
lamivudine. If tenofovir cannot be used, entecavir should be used in combination with a fully suppressive ARV regimen (note: entecavir
should not be considered part of the ARV regimen). Avoid using single-drug therapy to treat HBV (i.e., lamivudine, emtricitabine,
tenofovir, or entecavir as the only active agent) as this may result in HIV resistant strains. Further, HBV treatment regimens that include
adefovir or telbivudine should also be avoided, as these regimens are associated with a higher incidence of toxicities and increased rates
of HBV treatment failure. Most coinfected patients should continue treatment indefinitely with the goal of maximal HIV suppression
and prevention of HBV relapse. If treatment must be discontinued, monitor transaminase concentrations every 6 weeks for the first 3
months, and every 3 to 6 months thereafter. For patients who refuse a fully suppressive ARV regimen, but still requires treatment for
HBV, consider 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa; do not administer HIV-active medications in the absence of a fully suppressive ARV
regimen. Instruct coinfected patients to avoid consuming alcohol, and offer vaccinations against hepatitis A and hepatitis B as
appropriate.[46638] [28341] [51080] [34362]
Lopinavir; ritonavir should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing hepatic disease (e.g., alcoholism), liver enzyme
abnormalities (e.g., jaundice), or hepatitis. Patients with underlying hepatitis B or C or marked elevations in liver enzymes prior to
treatment may be at increased risk for developing further enzyme elevations or hepatic decompensation. There have been post-
marketing reports of hepatic dysfunction, including some fatalities. These have generally occurred in patients with advanced HIV
disease taking multiple concomitant medications in the setting of underlying chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis; however, elevated hepatic
enzymes (with or without elevated bilirubin), leading to serious hepatic dysfunction in some case, have been reported in patients without
underlying hepatis as early as 7 days after the initiation of lopinavir; ritonavir. Of note, lopinavir; ritonavir was initiated with other
antiretrovirals. A causal relationship has not been established. Increased monitoring of LFTs should be considered in these patients,
especially during the first several months of treatment.[28341] [51080]
Patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may be at increased risk for developing hypertriglyceridemia and
pancreatitis. Patients who exhibit signs or symptoms of pancreatitis (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, abnormal serum lipase or
amylase concentrations) should discontinue treatment with lopinavir; ritonavir. Fat redistribution and hyperlipidemia have become
increasingly recognized side effects with the use of protease inhibitors. Triglyceride and cholesterol testing should be performed prior to
beginning lopinavir; ritonavir and at regular intervals during treatment. According to CDC guidelines, patients with
hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia should be evaluated for risks for cardiovascular events and pancreatitis. If a patient
develops hyperlipidemia during treatment with a protease inhibitor, possible interventions include dietary modification, use of lipid
lowering agents, or discontinuation of the protease inhibitor. Clinicians should be aware of the potential drug interaction between certain
cholesterol-lowering agents and the lopinavir; ritonavir combination.[28341] [51080]
Patients with diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia may experience an exacerbation of their condition with lopinavir; ritonavir treatment.
In some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred. Further, reports of new onset diabetes mellitus has been associated with protease
inhibitor therapy. Either initiation or dose adjustments of insulin or oral hyperglycemic agents may be required. Drug recipients should
be monitored closely for new onset diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, or hyperglycemia.[28341] [51080]
Protease inhibitors such as lopinavir or ritonavir should be used cautiously in patients with hemophilia A or B due to reports of
spontaneous bleeding episodes requiring treatment with additional factor VIII. In many cases, treatment with protease inhibitors was
continued or restarted. A casual relationship has not been established.[28341] [51080]
Testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection resistance is recommended in all antiretroviral treatment-naive patients at
the time of HIV diagnosis, regardless of whether treatment will be initiated. Additionally, perform resistance testing prior to initiating or
changing any HIV treatment regimen.[42452] [46638] Transmission of drug-resistant HIV strains has been both well documented and
associated with suboptimal virologic response to initial antiretroviral therapy. In high-income countries (e.g., US, some European
countries, Australia, Japan), approximately 10% to 17% of treatment-naive individuals have resistance mutations to at least 1
antiretroviral drug; up to 8% (but generally less than 5%) of transmitted viruses will exhibit resistance to drugs from more than 1 class.
Therefore, resistance testing at baseline can help optimize treatment and, thus, virologic response. In the absence of therapy, resistant
viruses may decline over time to less than the detection limit of standard resistance tests, but may still increase the risk of treatment
failure when therapy is eventually initiated. Thus, if therapy is deferred, resistance testing should still be performed during acute HIV
infection with the genotypic resistance test result kept in the patient's medical record until it becomes clinically useful. Additionally,
because of the possibility of acquisition of another drug-resistant virus before treatment initiation, repeat resistance testing at the time
therapy is initiated would be prudent. Varying degrees of cross-resistance among protease inhibitors have been observed. Continued
administration of lopinavir; ritonavir following loss of viral suppression may increase the likelihood of antimicrobial resistance to other
protease inhibitors.[46638]
Administering lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution to neonates with a postnatal age of less than 14 days or a postmenstrual age (first day of
the mother's last menstrual period to birth plus the time since birth) of less than 42 weeks may result in significant alcohol and propylene
glycol-related toxicities; use is not recommended. If the benefits of using the oral solution in infants immediately after birth outweighs
the potential risk, the manufacturer recommends monitoring for increases in serum osmolarity, serum creatinine, and for adverse events
such as hyperosmolarity, lactic acidosis, renal toxicity, CNS depression (stupor, coma, apnea), seizures, hypotonia, cardiac arrhythmias
(ECG changes), and hemolysis. When dosing and administering the oral solution to any pediatric patient, use caution to avoid an
overdosage. The solution contains approximately 42% (v/v) alcohol and 15% (w/v) propylene glycol; an accidental overdosage by a
young child could result in significant propylene glycol or alcohol-related toxicities including death. For patients between the ages 14
days and 6 months, health care providers are advised to calculate the total amounts of alcohol and propylene glycol from all medications
that are being administered to patient. In children, lopinavir; ritonavir dosages are either based on weight or body surface area (BSA).
Typically, a child younger than 12 years will receive less than 5 mL of solution, unless certain enzyme-inducing drugs are prescribed or
the child weighs 40 kg or more; the oral solution is highly concentrated and contains lopinavir 80 mg/ritonavir 20 mg per mL. In infants
and children 6 months to 12 years of age, the adverse events reported during clinical trials were similar to adults.[28341]
Antiretroviral therapy should be provided to all women during pregnancy, regardless of HIV RNA concentrations or CD4 cell count.
Using highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (HAART) to maximally suppress viral replication is the most effective strategy to
prevent the development of resistance and to minimize the risk of perinatal transmission. In treatment-naive women, begin HAART as
soon as pregnancy is recognized or HIV is diagnosed, without waiting for the results of resistance testing; subsequent modifications to
the treatment regimen should be made once the test results are available. Women who are currently receiving antiretroviral treatment
when pregnancy is recognized should continue their treatment regimen if it is currently effective in suppressing viral replication;
consider resistance testing if HIV RNA concentrations are more than 500 copies/mL. For women not currently receiving HAART, but
who have previously received treatment, obtain a complete and accurate history of all prior antiretroviral regimens used and results of
prior resistance testing, and perform resistance testing if HIV RNA concentrations are more than 500 copies/mL; treatment should be
initiated prior to receiving resistance test results. Available data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, which includes more than
1,400 1st trimester exposures to lopinavir-containing regimens, have shown no difference in the risk of overall major birth defects when
compared to the 2.7% background rate among pregnant women in the US. When lopinavir; ritonavir exposures occurred in the 1st
trimester, the prevalence of defects was 2.1% (30 out of 1,418 births; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.0). Administer lopinavir; ritonavir twice daily in
pregnant patients with no documented lopinavir-associated resistance substitutions; there are insufficient data to recommend dosing for
pregnant patients with any documented lopinavir-associated resistance substitutions. Once daily lopinavir; ritonavir dosing is NOT
recommended in pregnancy. No dosing adjustment is required for patients during the postpartum period. Avoid use of lopinavir;
ritonavir oral solution during pregnancy due to the alcohol content.[28341] [47165] Regular laboratory monitoring is recommended to
determine antiretroviral efficacy. Monitor CD4 counts at the initial visit and at least every 3 months during pregnancy; consideration
may be given to monitoring every 6 months in patients on HAART with consistently suppressed viral loads and a CD4 count well above
the opportunistic infection threshold. Monitor plasma HIV RNA at the initial visit, 2 to 4 weeks after initiating or changing therapy,
monthly until undetectable, then at least every 3 months during pregnancy, and at 34 to 36 weeks gestation. Perform antiretroviral
resistance assay (genotypic testing) at baseline in all women with HIV RNA concentrations greater than 500 copies/mL, unless they
have already been tested for resistance. First-trimester ultrasound is recommended to confirm gestational age and provide an accurate
estimation of gestational age at deliver. A second-trimester ultrasound can be used for both anatomical survey and determination of
gestational age in those patients not seen until later in gestation. Perform standard glucose screening in women receiving antiretroviral
therapy at 24 to 28 weeks gestation, although it should be noted that some experts would perform earlier screening with ongoing chronic
protease inhibitor-based therapy initiated prior to pregnancy, similar to recommendations for women with high-risk factors for glucose
intolerance. All pregnant women should be counseled about the importance of adherence to their antiretroviral regimen to reduce the
potential for development of resistance and perinatal transmission. It is strongly recommended that antiretroviral therapy, once initiated,
not be discontinued. If a woman decides to discontinue therapy, a consultation with an HIV specialist is recommended. It is strongly
recommended that health care providers report cases of antenatal antiretroviral drug exposure to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry;
telephone 800-258-4263; fax 800-800-1052; the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry is also accessible via the Internet.[23512] [27468]
[28341]
To reduce the risk of postnatal transmission, HIV-infected mothers within the United States are advised by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention to avoid breast-feeding. This recommendation applies to both untreated women and women who are receiving
antiretroviral therapy. If an HIV-infected mother opts to breast-feed, the infant should undergo immediate diagnostic and virologic HIV
testing. Testing should continue throughout breast-feeding and up to 6 months after cessation of breast-feeding. For expert consultation,
health care workers may contact the Perinatal HIV Hotline (888-448-8765).[42452] There are limited data regarding lopinavir; ritonavir
use of during breast-feeding, and excretion into human breast milk is unknown. In 1 study, breast milk from mothers receiving lopinavir;
ritonavir were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry; the analysis failed to detect
either drug in any of the 60 samples. Antiretroviral medications whose passage into human breast milk have been evaluated include
nevirapine, zidovudine, lamivudine, and nelfinavir.[28341] [46936] [46675] [46679] [46680] [46682]
Ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients, and post-marketing cases of second or third degree AV block have been reported.
Lopinavir; ritonavir should be used with caution in patients with cardiac disease such as underlying structural heart disease, preexisting
conduction system abnormalities, ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy, as these patients may be at increased risk for developing
cardiac conduction abnormalities. The impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR
interval (including calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blockers, digoxin and atazanavir) has not been evaluated; however,
concomitant administration with such drugs should be undertaken with caution, particularly with those drugs metabolized by
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzymes. Clinical monitoring is recommended.[28315] [51080]
Cases of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been reported during post-marketing surveillance; however, the causality of
lopinavir; ritonavir has not been established. Lopinavir; ritonavir should not be used unmonitored in patients with known QT
prolongation, with ongoing proarrhythmic conditions that may increase the risk of developing TdP, or receiving drugs that prolong the
QT interval.[28341] [51080] Use lopinavir; ritonavir with caution in patients with cardiac disease or other conditions that may increase
the risk of QT prolongation including cardiac arrhythmias, congenital long QT syndrome, heart failure, bradycardia, myocardial
infarction, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, or in patients receiving medications
known to cause electrolyte imbalances. Females, geriatric patients, patients with diabetes, thyroid disease, malnutrition, a history of
alcohol abuse, or hepatic impairment may also be at increased risk for QT prolongation.[28432] [28457] [56959] [56961] [56592] [56963]
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. During the initial phase
of HIV treatment, patients whose immune system responds to antiretroviral therapy may develop an inflammatory response to indolent
or residual opportunistic infections (such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), mycobacterium avium complex
(MAC), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Pneumocystis pneumonia, or tuberculosis (TB)), which may necessitate further evaluation and
treatment.[34362] In addition, autoimmune disease (including Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and polymyositis) may also
develop; the time to onset is variable and may occur months after treatment initiation.[28341]
HIV treatment guidelines recommend all patients presenting with HIV infection undergo testing for hepatitis C, with continued annual
screening advised for those persons considered high risk for acquiring hepatitis C. If hepatitis C and HIV coinfection is identified,
consider treating both viral infections concurrently. For most patients, the benefits of concurrent therapy outweighs the potential risks
(i.e., drug-induced hepatic injury, complex drug interactions, overlapping toxicities); therefore, it is recommended to initiate a fully
suppressive antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and a hepatitis C regimen in all coinfected patients regardless of CD4 count. However, for
antiretroviral naive patients with CD4 counts greater than 500 cells/mm3, consideration may be given to deferring ARV until the
hepatitis C treatment regimen has been completed. Conversely, for patients with CD4 counts less than 200 cells/mm3, consider delaying
initiation of the hepatitis C treatment regimen until the patient is stable on fully suppressive ARV regimen. Instruct coinfected patients
to avoid consuming alcohol, and offer vaccinations against hepatitis A and hepatitis B as appropriate.[46638]
Revision Date: 04/18/2019 09:08:07 AM
References
27468 – APR Steering Committee and Advisory Committee. The Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (The Antiretroviral Pregnancy
Registry is a collaboration of product manufacturers managed by PharmaResearch Corporation). Issued December 2013. Retrieved
April 2, 2014. Available on the World Wide Web at: www.apregistry.com.
28315 – Norvir (ritonavir capsules) package insert. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2019 Dec.
28432 – Roden, DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. New Engl J Med 2004;350:1013-22.
28457 – Crouch MA, Limon L, Cassano AT. Clinical relevance and management of drug-related QT interval prolongation.
Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:881-908.
34362 – Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of
opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the
National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Accessed Feb 11, 2020.
Available at http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines.
January 10, 2020.
2019.
46675 – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Breastfeeding recommendation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and
acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS). Retrieved November 9, 2011. Available on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/hiv.htm.
46679 – Musoke P, Guay LA, Bagenda D, et al. A phase I/II study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-1-infected
pregnant Ugandan women and their neonates (HIVNET 006). AIDS 1999;13(4):479-486.
46680 – Moodley J, Moodley D, Pillay K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral activity of lamivudine alone or when
coadministered with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected pregnant women and their offspring. J Infec Dis
1998;178:1327-1333.
46682 – Colebunders R, Hodossy B, Burger D, et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment on viral load and antiretroviral
drug levels in breast milk. AIDS 2005;19(16):1912-1915.
46936 – Rezk NL, White N, Bridges AS, et al. Studies on antiretroviral drug concentrations in breast milk: validation of a liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of 7 anti-human immunodeficiency virus medications. Ther Drug
Monit 2008;30(5):611-619.
47165 – Norvir (ritonavir tablets, solution, and powder) package insert. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; 2019 Dec.
56592 – van Noord C, Eijgelsheim M, Stricker BH. Drug- and non-drug-associated QT interval prolongation. Br J Clin Pharmacol
2010;70(1):16-23.
56959 – Benoit SR, Mendelsohn AB, Nourjah P, et al. Risk factors for prolonged QTc among US adults: Third National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005;12(4):363-368.
56961 – Koide T, Ozeki K, Kaihara S, et al. Etiology of QT prolongation and T wave changes in chronic alcoholism. Jpn Heart J
1981;22:151-166.
56963 – Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Chatzidimitriou A, Kyrgios I, et al. Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus have a sixfold
greater risk for prolonged QTc interval. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014;27:237-243.
Mechanism of Action
Lopinavir 400 mg; ritonavir 100 mg given twice daily yields mean steady-state lopinavir plasma concentrations 15- to 20-fold higher
than those of ritonavir, with plasma levels of ritonavir less than 7% of those obtained after administration of ritonavir 600 mg twice
daily. The in vitro antiviral EC50 (the mean 50% effective concentration) of lopinavir is approximately 10-fold lower than that of
ritonavir. Therefore, the antiviral activity of lopinavir; ritonavir is due to lopinavir. Lopinavir is a competitive inhibitor of HIV protease,
an enzyme involved in the replication of HIV. During the later stages of the HIV growth cycle, the gag and gag-pol gene products are
first translated into polyproteins and become immature budding particles. Protease is responsible for cleaving these precursor molecules
to produce the final structural proteins of a mature virion core and to activate reverse transcriptase for a new round of infection. Thus,
protease is necessary for the production of mature virions. Protease inhibition renders the virus noninfectious. Because HIV protease
inhibitors inhibit the HIV replication cycle after translation and before assembly, they are active in acutely and chronically infected
cells, and in cells not normally affected by dideoxynucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (i.e., monocytes and macrophages).[28341]
[53123]
The selection of resistance to lopinavir; ritonavir in treatment-naive patients has not yet been characterized. The presence of ritonavir
does not appear to influence the selection of lopinavir-resistant viruses in vitro. Resistance to lopinavir; ritonavir has been noted in
patients who were previously treated with protease inhibitors. In 4 patients with mutations associated with protease inhibitor resistance
prior to treatment with lopinavir; ritonavir, additional mutations were noted following viral rebound. Some of these mutations were
recognized to be associated with protease inhibitor resistance. In vitro, isolates that displayed greater than 4-fold reduced susceptibility
to nelfinavir and saquinavir displayed less than 4-fold reduced susceptibility to lopinavir. Isolates with greater than 4-fold reduced
susceptibility to indinavir and ritonavir displayed a mean of 5.7- and 8.3-fold reduced susceptibility to lopinavir, respectively. Virologic
response to lopinavir; ritonavir is affected by the presence of 3 or more of the following amino acid substitution in protease at baseline:
L10F/I/R/V, K20M/N/R, L24I, L33F, M36I, I47V, G48V, I54L/T/V, V82A/C/F/S/T, and I84V.[28341]
Revision Date: 07/03/2019 01:44:43 PM
References
53123 – Corbett AH, Lim ML, Kashuba ADM. Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir). Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:1193-203.
Pharmacokinetics
Lopinavir; ritonavir is administered orally. Lopinavir is 98 to 99% protein bound to alpha1-acid glycoprotein and albumin, with a greater
affinity for alpha1-acid glycoprotein. It undergoes oxidative metabolism via the hepatic cytochrome CYP450 system, almost exclusively
by the CYP3A isozyme. Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A, thereby increasing plasma concentrations of lopinavir. Other drugs that affect
CYP3A or may be metabolized via this isozyme may interact with lopinavir; ritonavir. At least 13 lopinavir oxidative metabolites have
been identified in humans. Ritonavir has been shown to induce its own metabolism. Trough lopinavir concentrations decline with time
during multiple dosing stabilizing after approximately 10 to 16 days. The half-life of lopinavir is 5 to 6 hours. The majority of lopinavir
is excreted as metabolites in the feces (82%), with about 10% of the dose appearing in the urine.[28341] [51080]
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2B6, Organic
Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), glucuronosyl transferase (UGT)
When given as single agents, lopinavir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of the drug transporters P-gp and OATP1B1.[28341]
[56579] Ritonavir is a substrate, inducer, and potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 (in vivo and in vitro), a partial substrate and minor inhibitor of
CYP2D6, and a substrate and inhibitor of P-gp. Ritonavir also appears to induce CYP1A2 and UGT. According to the manufacturer,
ritonavir may induce CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6. Ritonavir has been associated with many clinically significant drug
interactions; however, the magnitude and effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered drugs are difficult to predict due
to various CYP enzymes that are affected and the potential of ritonavir to induce or inhibit these enzymes. Interactions with drugs that
are substrates of multiple CYP enzymes or that have a low intrinsic CYP3A clearance are especially difficult to predict. Drugs
metabolized by CYP3A4 are expected to have large (greater than 3-fold) increases in the AUC when coadministered with ritonavir;
drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 may display up to a 2-fold increase in AUC when coadministered with treatment doses of ritonavir.
However, according to the manufacturer of lopinavir; ritonavir, the booster dose of ritonavir used in the combination product is unlikely
to cause inhibition of CYP2D6.[26120] [27493] [28315] [28341] [28380] [34557] [47165]
Route-Specific Pharmacokinetics
Oral Route
Lopinavir; ritonavir tablets were compared to the original capsule formulation, which is no longer available. Similar
lopinavir and ritonavir plasma concentrations are seen following the administration of 2 lopinavir; ritonavir tablets (200 mg;
50 mg each) compared to lopinavir; ritonavir capsules (133.3 mg; 33.3 mg each) under fed conditions; however, less
pharmacokinetic variability was seen following the administration of the tablets. In HIV-infected patients, 400 mg/100 mg
lopinavir; ritonavir administered twice daily yields the mean lopinavir Cmax of 9.8 +/- 3.7 mcg/mL approximately 4 hours
after administration. In comparison, once daily dosing of 800 mg/200 mg yields the mean lopinavir Cmax of 11.8 +/- 3.7
mcg/mL. The lopinavir AUC over a 24-hour dosing interval is approximately 1.5 times that seen with a 12-hour dosing
interval (154.1 +/- 61.4 mcg x h/mL vs. 92.6 +/- 36.7 mcg x h/mL, respectively). Also, once daily administration of
lopinavir; ritonavir yields trough concentrations that are approximately 60% of the concentrations achieved after twice daily
administration (1.7 +/- 1.6 mcg/mL vs. 5.5 +/- 2.7 mcg/mL respectively).[28341]
Relative to fasting, the administration of lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution with a meal increases lopinavir AUC by 130%. To
enhance bioavailability and minimize pharmacokinetic variability, lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution should be administered
with food. Relative to fasting, administration of lopinavir; ritonavir tablets with a meal increases lopinavir AUC by 19%.
These pharmacokinetic alterations were not found to be clinically relevant, and lopinavir; ritonavir tablets may be taken with
or without food.[28341]
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir; ritonavir are altered in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Lopinavir is extensively
metabolized by the liver. In a small study, multiple dosing of lopinavir; ritonavir, 400; 100 mg twice daily, to HIV and HCV
coinfected patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (n = 12), a 30% increase in lopinavir AUC and 20% increase in
Cmax was seen compared to HIV-infected patients with normal hepatic function (n = 12). Additionally, the plasma protein
binding of lopinavir was statistically significantly lower in both mild and moderate hepatic impairment compared to controls
(99.09% vs. 99.31%, respectively). Use caution when administering lopinavir; ritonavir to patients with hepatic impairment.
Lopinavir; ritonavir has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment.[28341]
Renal Impairment
Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir; ritonavir are not altered in patients with renal dysfunction. Lopinavir pharmacokinetics have
not been studied in patients with renal impairment, although no change in total clearance of lopinavir is expected in patients
with renal dysfunction.[28341]
Pediatrics
Infants 6 months or older, Children, and Adolescents
The clearance of lopinavir; ritonavir is dependent on weight and postmenstrual age in infants less than 2 years of age.[53197]
Children have a lower drug exposure than adults when treated with doses that are directly scaled for body surface areas
(BSA). The directly scaled dose of 230 mg/57.5 mg/m2 of lopinavir ritonavir would be comparable to the adult dose of 400
mg/100 mg; however, younger children have increased lopinavir clearance and higher doses of the drug would be needed to
achieve drug exposures similar to adults with standard dosing. The pediatric dose needs to be increased by 30% to achieve
similar trough concentrations compared to those observed in adults.[42452] In a study of pediatric patients ranging in age
from 6 months to 12 years, the mean lopinavir trough concentration was 4.74 +/- 2.93 mcg/mL for doses of 230 mg/57.4
mg/m2 (n = 12), while the mean trough concentration was 7.91 +/- 4.52 mcg/mL for doses of 300 mg/75 mg/m2 (n = 15)
compared to the adult value of 7.1 +/- 4.52 mcg/mL.[28341][42452][53193] In a study of 23 children, aged 4.8 months to 13
years treated with lopinavir; ritonavir 230 mg/57.5 mg/m2, the mean AUC and Cmin were lower than those observed in
adults treated with doses of 400 mg/100 mg. Additionally, a Cmin of less than 1 mg/L was noted in 7 patients (5 patients
younger than 2 years and 2 patients older than 2 years, p = 0.011). Lower age was significantly correlated with a lower Cmin
(p = 0.003) and AUC (p = 0.009).[42452][53194] The mean half-life reported in studies was 5.8 to 7.6 hours.[53193][53194]
Neonates and Infants younger than 6 months
The clearance of lopinavir; ritonavir is dependent on weight and postmenstrual age in neonates and infants.[53197] The
pharmacokinetics of the oral solution at a dose of approximately 300 mg/75 mg/m2 twice daily have been evaluated in
infants 14 days and older to younger than 6 weeks of age (n = 9) and between 6 weeks and 6 months of age (n = 18). The
mean steady-state lopinavir AUC, Cmax, and trough were 43.4 +/- 14.8 mcg x hour/mL, 5.2 +/- 1.8 mcg/mL, and 2.5
mcg/mL, respectively, in neonates and infants 14 days and older and younger than 6 weeks of age. The mean half-life was
3.67 +/- 1.46 hours. The mean lopinavir AUC, Cmax, and trough were 74.5 +/- 37.9 mcg x hour/mL, 9.4 +/- 4.9 mcg/mL,
and 2.7 mcg/mL, respectively, in infants between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. The mean half-life was 4.24 +/- 2.83 hours.
[28341][42452][53195][53196]
Other
Pregnancy
Administration of standard dose lopinavir; ritonavir to women during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters results in reduced systemic
drug exposure (AUC). In one study involving 17 HIV-infected pregnant women in their 3rd trimester, standard lopinavir;
ritonavir dosing resulted in AUC values that were 46% lower than those observed in the nonpregnant control group. Another
study, a population pharmacokinetic model, found systemic clearance of lopinavir increased by 38% early in the 2nd
trimester. Based on these data, HIV guidelines suggest use of higher doses (i.e., 600 mg lopinavir; 150 mg ritonavir) given
twice daily during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. If standard dosing is used, closely monitor virologic response and lopinavir
drug concentrations (if available). Avoid use of the once daily dosing regimen throughout pregnancy as no pharmacokinetic
data are available. Lopinavir; ritonavir has low placental transfer to the fetus.[23512][60126]
Revision Date: 07/03/2019 02:05:07 PM
References
26120 – Hsu A, Granneman GR, Cao G, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and indinavir in healthy volunteers.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2784-91.
27493 – Piscitelli SC, Gallicano KD. Interactions among drugs for HIV and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med 2001;344:984-96.
28380 – Phillips E, Rachlis A, Ito S. Digoxin toxicity and ritonavir: a drug interaction mediated through p-glycoprotein? AIDS
2003;17:1577-8.
34557 – Lee CG, Gottesman MM, Cardarelli CO. HIV-1 protease inhibitors are substrates for the MDR1 multidrug transporter.
Biochemistry 1998;37:3594-601.
January 10, 2020.
53193 – Saez-Llorens X, Violari A, Deetz CO, et al. Forty-eight week evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir, a new protease inhibitor, in
human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:216-23.
53194 – Verweel G, Burger DM, Sheehan NL, et al. Plasma concentrations of the HIV-protease inhibitor lopinavir are suboptimal in
children aged 2 years and below. Antivir Ther 2007;12:453-8.
53195 – Chadwick EG, Pinto J, Yogev R, et al. Early initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir in infants less than 6 weeks of age:
pharmacokinetics and 24 week safety and efficacy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009;28:215-9.
53196 – Chadwick EG, Capparelli EV, Yogev R, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in infants less than 6
months of age: 24 week results. AIDS 2008;22:249-55.
53197 – Urien S, Firtion G, Anderseon ST, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir population pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants. Br J Clin
Pharmacol 2011;71:956-60.
56579 – Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers. Updated Nov 14, 2017. Retrieved from
the World Wide Web at
www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/DrugInteractionsLabeling/ucm093664.htm
60126 – Gilbert EM, Darin KM, Scarsi KK, McLaughlin MM. Antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in pregnant women. Pharmacotherapy
2015;35(9):838-855.
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding
Pregnancy
Antiretroviral therapy should be provided to all women during pregnancy, regardless of HIV RNA concentrations or CD4 cell count.
Using highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (HAART) to maximally suppress viral replication is the most effective strategy to
prevent the development of resistance and to minimize the risk of perinatal transmission. In treatment-naive women, begin HAART as
soon as pregnancy is recognized or HIV is diagnosed, without waiting for the results of resistance testing; subsequent modifications to
the treatment regimen should be made once the test results are available. Women who are currently receiving antiretroviral treatment
when pregnancy is recognized should continue their treatment regimen if it is currently effective in suppressing viral replication;
consider resistance testing if HIV RNA concentrations are more than 500 copies/mL. For women not currently receiving HAART, but
who have previously received treatment, obtain a complete and accurate history of all prior antiretroviral regimens used and results of
prior resistance testing, and perform resistance testing if HIV RNA concentrations are more than 500 copies/mL; treatment should be
initiated prior to receiving resistance test results. Available data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, which includes more than
1,400 1st trimester exposures to lopinavir-containing regimens, have shown no difference in the risk of overall major birth defects when
compared to the 2.7% background rate among pregnant women in the US. When lopinavir; ritonavir exposures occurred in the 1st
trimester, the prevalence of defects was 2.1% (30 out of 1,418 births; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.0). Administer lopinavir; ritonavir twice daily in
pregnant patients with no documented lopinavir-associated resistance substitutions; there are insufficient data to recommend dosing for
pregnant patients with any documented lopinavir-associated resistance substitutions. Once daily lopinavir; ritonavir dosing is NOT
recommended in pregnancy. No dosing adjustment is required for patients during the postpartum period. Avoid use of lopinavir;
ritonavir oral solution during pregnancy due to the alcohol content.[28341] [47165] Regular laboratory monitoring is recommended to
determine antiretroviral efficacy. Monitor CD4 counts at the initial visit and at least every 3 months during pregnancy; consideration
may be given to monitoring every 6 months in patients on HAART with consistently suppressed viral loads and a CD4 count well above
the opportunistic infection threshold. Monitor plasma HIV RNA at the initial visit, 2 to 4 weeks after initiating or changing therapy,
monthly until undetectable, then at least every 3 months during pregnancy, and at 34 to 36 weeks gestation. Perform antiretroviral
resistance assay (genotypic testing) at baseline in all women with HIV RNA concentrations greater than 500 copies/mL, unless they
have already been tested for resistance. First-trimester ultrasound is recommended to confirm gestational age and provide an accurate
estimation of gestational age at deliver. A second-trimester ultrasound can be used for both anatomical survey and determination of
gestational age in those patients not seen until later in gestation. Perform standard glucose screening in women receiving antiretroviral
therapy at 24 to 28 weeks gestation, although it should be noted that some experts would perform earlier screening with ongoing chronic
protease inhibitor-based therapy initiated prior to pregnancy, similar to recommendations for women with high-risk factors for glucose
intolerance. All pregnant women should be counseled about the importance of adherence to their antiretroviral regimen to reduce the
potential for development of resistance and perinatal transmission. It is strongly recommended that antiretroviral therapy, once initiated,
not be discontinued. If a woman decides to discontinue therapy, a consultation with an HIV specialist is recommended. It is strongly
recommended that health care providers report cases of antenatal antiretroviral drug exposure to the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry;
telephone 800-258-4263; fax 800-800-1052; the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry is also accessible via the Internet.[23512] [27468]
[28341]
Breast-Feeding
To reduce the risk of postnatal transmission, HIV-infected mothers within the United States are advised by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention to avoid breast-feeding. This recommendation applies to both untreated women and women who are receiving
antiretroviral therapy. If an HIV-infected mother opts to breast-feed, the infant should undergo immediate diagnostic and virologic HIV
testing. Testing should continue throughout breast-feeding and up to 6 months after cessation of breast-feeding. For expert consultation,
health care workers may contact the Perinatal HIV Hotline (888-448-8765).[42452] There are limited data regarding lopinavir; ritonavir
use of during breast-feeding, and excretion into human breast milk is unknown. In 1 study, breast milk from mothers receiving lopinavir;
ritonavir were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry; the analysis failed to detect
either drug in any of the 60 samples. Antiretroviral medications whose passage into human breast milk have been evaluated include
nevirapine, zidovudine, lamivudine, and nelfinavir.[28341] [46936] [46675] [46679] [46680] [46682]
Revision Date: 04/18/2019 09:08:07 AM
References
27468 – APR Steering Committee and Advisory Committee. The Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (The Antiretroviral Pregnancy
Registry is a collaboration of product manufacturers managed by PharmaResearch Corporation). Issued December 2013. Retrieved
April 2, 2014. Available on the World Wide Web at: www.apregistry.com.
January 10, 2020.
2019.
46675 – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Breastfeeding recommendation for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and
acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS). Retrieved November 9, 2011. Available on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/hiv.htm.
46679 – Musoke P, Guay LA, Bagenda D, et al. A phase I/II study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-1-infected
pregnant Ugandan women and their neonates (HIVNET 006). AIDS 1999;13(4):479-486.
46680 – Moodley J, Moodley D, Pillay K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral activity of lamivudine alone or when
coadministered with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected pregnant women and their offspring. J Infec Dis
1998;178:1327-1333.
46682 – Colebunders R, Hodossy B, Burger D, et al. The effect of highly active antiretroviral treatment on viral load and antiretroviral
drug levels in breast milk. AIDS 2005;19(16):1912-1915.
46936 – Rezk NL, White N, Bridges AS, et al. Studies on antiretroviral drug concentrations in breast milk: validation of a liquid
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of 7 anti-human immunodeficiency virus medications. Ther Drug
Monit 2008;30(5):611-619.
Interactions
Level 1 (Severe)
Alfuzosin Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin
Apalutamide Ivabradine
Atazanavir; Cobicistat Lomitapide
Belladonna Alkaloids; Ergotamine; Phenobarbital Lovastatin
Bepridil Lovastatin; Niacin
Caffeine; Ergotamine Lurasidone
Cisapride Meperidine
Cobicistat Meperidine; Promethazine
Conivaptan Methylergonovine
Darunavir; Cobicistat Methysergide
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Mirtazapine
alafenamide Mitotane
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine Naloxegol
Dihydroergotamine Niacin; Simvastatin
Dronedarone Pergolide
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir Pimozide
Eletriptan Posaconazole
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Quinidine
Alafenamide Ranolazine
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Red Yeast Rice
Disoproxil Fumarate Ribociclib
Enzalutamide Ribociclib; Letrozole
Eplerenone Rifampin
Ergoloid Mesylates Silodosin
Ergonovine Simvastatin
Ergot alkaloids Simvastatin; Sitagliptin
Ergotamine St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum
Ezetimibe; Simvastatin Terfenadine
Flibanserin Thioridazine
Fluconazole Tolvaptan
Idelalisib Triazolam
Isavuconazonium Ubrogepant
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin
Level 2 (Major)
Abemaciclib Cilostazol
Acalabrutinib Ciprofloxacin
Acetaminophen; Butalbital Citalopram
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine Clarithromycin
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine Clofazimine
Acetaminophen; Tramadol Clorazepate
Adefovir Clozapine
Ado-Trastuzumab emtansine Cobimetinib
Almotriptan Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine
Alosetron Codeine; Promethazine
Alprazolam Colchicine
Amiodarone Colchicine; Probenecid
Amitriptyline; Chlordiazepoxide Conjugated Estrogens; Medroxyprogesterone
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin Copanlisib
Amobarbital Crizotinib
Amoxapine Cyclosporine
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Lansoprazole Dabrafenib
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole Daclatasvir
Anagrelide Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin
Apixaban Darunavir
Apomorphine Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant Dasatinib
Aripiprazole Deferasirox
Armodafinil Deflazacort
Arsenic Trioxide Degarelix
Artemether; Lumefantrine Deutetrabenazine
Asenapine Dexamethasone
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine Dextromethorphan; Promethazine
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine Diazepam
Atorvastatin Digoxin
Atorvastatin; Ezetimibe Diltiazem
Atropine; Hyoscyamine; Phenobarbital; Scopolamine Disopyramide
Avanafil Disulfiram
Avapritinib Docetaxel
Avatrombopag Dofetilide
Axitinib Dolasetron
Azelastine; Fluticasone Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine
Azithromycin Doxorubicin
Barbiturates Doxorubicin Liposomal
Bedaquiline Dronabinol
Betrixaban Droperidol
Bexarotene Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol
Bicalutamide Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline Dutasteride; Tamsulosin
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline Duvelisib
Boceprevir Efavirenz
Bosentan Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir
Bosutinib Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
Brexpiprazole Elagolix
Brigatinib Elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor
Bromocriptine Eliglustat
Budesonide Eluxadoline
Budesonide; Formoterol Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide
Buspirone Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Butabarbital Encainide
Cabazitaxel Encorafenib
Cabozantinib Entrectinib
Carbamazepine Erdafitinib
Cariprazine Eribulin
Ceritinib Erlotinib
Cevimeline Erythromycin
Chlordiazepoxide Erythromycin; Sulfisoxazole
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium Escitalopram
Chloroquine Eslicarbazepine
Chlorpromazine Estradiol Cypionate; Medroxyprogesterone
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel Lapatinib
Eszopiclone Larotrectinib
Ethanol Lefamulin
Ethinyl Estradiol Lenvatinib
Ethinyl Estradiol; Desogestrel Leuprolide
Ethinyl Estradiol; Ethynodiol Diacetate Leuprolide; Norethindrone
Ethinyl Estradiol; Etonogestrel Levofloxacin
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel Levomethadyl
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Ferrous bisglycinate Levomilnacipran
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levonorgestrel
Levomefolate Lithium
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin Lofexidine
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Lorlatinib
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate; Ferrous fumarate Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone; Ferrous fumarate Lumateperone
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestimate Macimorelin
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel Macitentan
Ethotoin Maprotiline
Etonogestrel Maraviroc
Everolimus Medroxyprogesterone
Ezogabine Mefloquine
Fedratinib Mephobarbital
Felbamate Mesoridazine
Fentanyl Mestranol; Norethindrone
Fingolimod Metformin; Saxagliptin
Flecainide Methadone
Fluoxetine; Olanzapine Methohexital
Flurazepam Metronidazole
Fluticasone Mexiletine
Fluticasone; Salmeterol Midazolam
Fluticasone; Umeclidinium; Vilanterol Midostaurin
Fluticasone; Vilanterol Mifepristone
Fosamprenavir Modafinil
Foscarnet Moxifloxacin
Fosphenytoin Nafcillin
Gemifloxacin Naldemedine
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin Nefazodone
Gilteritinib Nelfinavir
Glasdegib Neratinib
Glecaprevir; Pibrentasvir Netupitant, Fosnetupitant; Palonosetron
Goserelin Nevirapine
Granisetron Nifedipine
Guanfacine Nilotinib
Halogenated Anesthetics Norfloxacin
Haloperidol Octreotide
Histrelin Ofloxacin
Hydantoins Olanzapine
Hydroxychloroquine Olaparib
Ibrutinib Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir
Ibutilide Omeprazole; Amoxicillin; Rifabutin
Iloperidone Ondansetron
Imatinib Oritavancin
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin Orlistat
Interferon Alfa-2b; Ribavirin Osimertinib
Irinotecan Ospemifene
Irinotecan Liposomal Oxaliplatin
Istradefylline Oxcarbazepine
Itraconazole Palbociclib
Ivacaftor Paliperidone
Ivosidenib Panobinostat
Ixabepilone Paroxetine
Ketoconazole Pasireotide
Lamotrigine Pazopanib
Lanthanum Carbonate Pentamidine
Pentobarbital Suvorexant
Pexidartinib Tacrolimus
Phenobarbital Tadalafil
Phenylephrine; Promethazine Tamoxifen
Phenytoin Tamsulosin
Pimavanserin Tasimelteon
Pitolisant Tazemetostat
Ponatinib Telaprevir
Primidone Telavancin
Procainamide Telithromycin
Promethazine Temsirolimus
Propafenone Tetrabenazine
Quazepam Tezacaftor; Ivacaftor
Quetiapine Thiopental
Quinine Thiotepa
Regorafenib Ticagrelor
Revefenacin Tofacitinib
Ribavirin Tolterodine
Rifabutin Topotecan
Rifapentine Toremifene
Rilpivirine Trabectedin
Rimegepant Tramadol
Riociguat Trazodone
Rivaroxaban Tricyclic antidepressants
Roflumilast Triptorelin
Romidepsin Valbenazine
Rosuvastatin Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium
Ruxolitinib Vandetanib
Salmeterol Vardenafil
Saquinavir Vemurafenib
Saxagliptin Venetoclax
Secobarbital Venlafaxine
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol Vilazodone
Sertraline Vinblastine
Sildenafil Vincristine
Simeprevir Vincristine Liposomal
Siponimod Vorapaxar
Sirolimus Voriconazole
Sodium Oxybate Vorinostat
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir; Voxilaprevir Voxelotor
Solifenacin Warfarin
Sonidegib Zalcitabine, ddC
Sorafenib Zanubrutinib
Sotalol Ziprasidone
Sunitinib
Level 3 (Moderate)
Acarbose Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine
Acebutolol Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin;
Acetaminophen Phenylephrine
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine
Acetaminophen; Caffeine Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine Acetaminophen; Dichloralphenazone; Isometheptene
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine
Phenyltoloxamine Acetaminophen; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Acetaminophen; Oxycodone
Phenylephrine Acetaminophen; Pentazocine
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Acetaminophen; Propoxyphene
Pseudoephedrine Acetaminophen; Pseudoephedrine
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine; Aclidinium; Formoterol
Phenyltoloxamine Afatinib
Acetaminophen; Codeine Aldesleukin, IL-2
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan Alfentanil
Aliskiren Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine
Aliskiren; Amlodipine Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Pseudoephedrine
Aliskiren; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ Chlorpheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone;
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ Pseudoephedrine
Aliskiren; Valsartan Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone
Alogliptin Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine
Alogliptin; Metformin Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine
Amitriptyline Ciclesonide
Amlodipine Cidofovir
Amlodipine; Benazepril Cimetidine
Amlodipine; Celecoxib Cinacalcet
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan Clevidipine
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan Clindamycin
Amlodipine; Olmesartan Clobazam
Amlodipine; Telmisartan Clofarabine
Amlodipine; Valsartan Clomipramine
Amphetamine Clonazepam
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Cocaine
Amphetamines Codeine
Arformoterol Codeine; Guaifenesin
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine Conjugated Estrogens
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine Conjugated Estrogens; Bazedoxifene
Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate Cyclophosphamide
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole Dabigatran
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone Dapagliflozin
Atenolol Dapagliflozin; Metformin
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone Dapsone
Belladonna; Opium Darifenacin
Bendroflumethiazide; Nadolol Darolutamide
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen Delavirdine
Benzphetamine Desipramine
Betamethasone Dexlansoprazole
Betaxolol Dextroamphetamine
Bictegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine
Bisoprolol Diclofenac
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ Diclofenac; Misoprostol
Bortezomib Dienogest; Estradiol valerate
Brimonidine; Timolol Dihydrocodeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine
Brompheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone Diphenhydramine
Brompheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine Diphenhydramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine
Bupivacaine; Lidocaine Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen
Buprenorphine Diphenhydramine; Naproxen
Buprenorphine; Naloxone Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine
Bupropion Donepezil
Bupropion; Naltrexone Donepezil; Memantine
Calcifediol Doravirine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Canagliflozin Dorzolamide; Timolol
Canagliflozin; Metformin Doxazosin
Cannabidiol Doxepin
Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine Doxercalciferol
Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine Drospirenone; Estradiol
Carbetapentane; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine Dutasteride
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine Echinacea
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine Edoxaban
Carteolol Eltrombopag
Carvedilol Elvitegravir
Cetirizine Empagliflozin
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine Empagliflozin; Linagliptin
Chloramphenicol Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin
Chlorpheniramine Empagliflozin; Metformin
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan Emtricitabine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine Enalapril; Felodipine
Enfortumab vedotin Letermovir
Ertugliflozin; Metformin Levocetirizine
Esmolol Levorphanol
Esomeprazole Lidocaine
Esomeprazole; Naproxen Linagliptin
Estazolam Linagliptin; Metformin
Esterified Estrogens Lisdexamfetamine
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone Long-acting beta-agonists
Estradiol Loperamide
Estradiol; Norethindrone Loperamide; Simethicone
Estradiol; Norgestimate Losartan
Estradiol; Progesterone Meclizine
Estropipate Meloxicam
Ethosuximide Metformin
Etravirine Metformin; Pioglitazone
Felodipine Metformin; Repaglinide
Fesoterodine Metformin; Rosiglitazone
Fluoxetine Metformin; Sitagliptin
Fluvastatin Methamphetamine
Fluvoxamine Methylprednisolone
food Metoclopramide
Formoterol Metoprolol
Formoterol; Mometasone Miglitol
Fostamatinib Mirabegron
Galantamine Mitomycin
Gefitinib Mometasone
Glipizide; Metformin Morphine
Glyburide; Metformin Morphine; Naltrexone
Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol Nabilone
grapefruit juice Nadolol
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone Nateglinide
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine Nebivolol
Halofantrine Nebivolol; Valsartan
Homatropine; Hydrocodone Nicardipine
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Losartan Nimodipine
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Metoprolol Nintedanib
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol Nisoldipine
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan Norethindrone
Hydrocodone Nortriptyline
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen Olodaterol
Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine Omeprazole
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate; Oxybutynin
Pseudoephedrine Oxycodone
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine Oxymorphone
Hydromorphone Paricalcitol
Hydroxyprogesterone Penbutolol
Hydroxyzine Perampanel
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone Perindopril; Amlodipine
Ifosfamide Perphenazine; Amitriptyline
Imipramine Phentermine; Topiramate
Incretin Mimetics Pindolol
Indacaterol Pirfenidone
Indacaterol; Glycopyrrolate Polatuzumab Vedotin
Insulins Pomalidomide
Interferons Pramlintide
Isradipine Praziquantel
Labetalol Prednisolone
Lacosamide Prednisone
Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Propoxyphene
Lansoprazole Propranolol
Lansoprazole; Naproxen Protriptyline
Ledipasvir; Sofosbuvir Ramelteon
Lesinurad Remifentanil
Lesinurad; Allopurinol Repaglinide
Retapamulin Tiagabine
Rifaximin Timolol
Riluzole Tinidazole
Risperidone Tiotropium; Olodaterol
Sacubitril; Valsartan Topiramate
Sapropterin Trandolapril; Verapamil
Selegiline Triamcinolone
Selexipag Trimetrexate
Sibutramine Trimipramine
Sitagliptin Ulipristal
Sodium Bicarbonate Umeclidinium; Vilanterol
Sufentanil Upadacitinib
Sulfonylureas Valsartan
Talazoparib Verapamil
Telotristat Ethyl Vinorelbine
Teniposide Yohimbine
Tenofovir Alafenamide Zafirlukast
Tenofovir Alafenamide Zaleplon
Tenofovir, PMPA Zileuton
Terbinafine Zolmitriptan
Testosterone Zolpidem
Theophylline, Aminophylline Zonisamide
Thiazolidinediones
Level 4 (Minor)
Abacavir Indinavir
Abacavir; Dolutegravir; Lamivudine Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC Levalbuterol
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV Levobupivacaine
Albuterol Metaproterenol
Albuterol; Ipratropium Paclitaxel
Atazanavir Perphenazine
Atovaquone Pirbuterol
Atovaquone; Proguanil Prochlorperazine
Brentuximab vedotin Rabeprazole
Bupivacaine Short-acting beta-agonists
Bupivacaine Liposomal Somatropin, rh-GH
Doravirine Terbutaline
Fexofenadine Tesamorelin
Fexofenadine; Pseudoephedrine Trifluoperazine
Fluphenazine Zidovudine, ZDV
Abacavir: (Minor) Lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation and therefore has the potential to reduce abacavir plasma concentrations
during concurrent therapy. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is unknown. [5070]
Abacavir; Dolutegravir; Lamivudine: (Minor) Lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation and therefore has the potential to reduce
abacavir plasma concentrations during concurrent therapy. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is unknown.
[5070]
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC: (Minor) Lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation and therefore has the potential to reduce abacavir
plasma concentrations during concurrent therapy. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is unknown. [5070]
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Minor) Lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation and therefore has the potential to
reduce abacavir plasma concentrations during concurrent therapy. The clinical significance of the potential for this interaction is
unknown. [5070] (Minor) Since ritonavir induces glucuronidation, there is the potential for reduction in zidovudine, ZDV plasma
concentrations during concurrent therapy with ritonavir. When coadministered with ritonavir, the AUC and Cmax of zidovudine, ZDV
are decreased by 12% and 27%. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown. [28315] [47165] [58664]
Abemaciclib: (Major) If coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary, reduce the dose of abemaciclib to 100 mg PO twice
daily in patients on either of the recommended starting doses of either 200 mg or 150 mg twice daily. In patients who have had already
had a dose reduction to 100 mg twice daily due to adverse reactions, further reduce the dose of abemaciclib to 50 mg PO twice daily.
Discontinue abemaciclib for patients unable to tolerate 50 mg twice daily. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, increase the dose of
abemaciclib to the original dose after 3 to 5 half-lives of lopinavir; ritonavir. Abemaciclib is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir
is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the relative potency adjusted unbound
AUC of abemaciclib plus its active metabolites (M2, M18, and M20) by 2.5-fold in cancer patients. [28341] [62393] (Major) If
coadministration with ritonavir is necessary, reduce the dose of abemaciclib to 100 mg PO twice daily in patients on either of the
recommended starting doses of either 200 mg or 150 mg twice daily. In patients who have had already had a dose reduction to 100 mg
twice daily due to adverse reactions, further reduce the dose of abemaciclib to 50 mg PO twice daily. Discontinue abemaciclib for
patients unable to tolerate 50 mg twice daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the dose of abemaciclib to the original dose after 3 to
5 half-lives of ritonavir. Abemaciclib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the relative potency adjusted unbound AUC of abemaciclib plus its active metabolites (M2, M18,
and M20) by 2.5-fold in cancer patients. [47165] [62393]
Acalabrutinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of acalabrutinib and lopinavir; significantly increased acalabrutinib exposure may
occur. Acalabrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In healthy subjects, the Cmax and AUC
values of acalabrutinib were increased by 3.9-fold and 5.1-fold, respectively, when acalabrutinib was coadministered with another strong
inhibitor for 5 days. [28341] [62578] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of acalabrutinib and ritonavir; significantly increased
acalabrutinib exposure may occur. Acalabrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In healthy subjects, the
Cmax and AUC values of acalabrutinib were increased by 3.9-fold and 5.1-fold, respectively, when acalabrutinib was coadministered
with another strong inhibitor for 5 days. [47165] [62578]
Acarbose: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have
been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. [7238] [7335]
Acebutolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma
concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an
inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme
CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
[25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Butalbital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy.
In addition, coadministration of lopinavir boosted with ritonavir may induce the CYP metabolism of barbiturates, resulting in decreased
barbiturate concentrations. Appropriate dose adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both anti-retroviral agent and the
barbiturate are unknown; however, once daily lopinavir; ritonavir should not be used. Anticonvulsant serum concentrations should be
monitored closely if these agents are added; the patient should be observed for changes in the clinical efficacy of the antiretroviral or
anticonvulsant regimen. [28341] [46638] (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other barbiturates should be done
cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir. However, since these
anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur, leading to decreased
antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. [46638] (Moderate)
Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent
adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and
close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral
efficacy. In addition, coadministration of lopinavir boosted with ritonavir may induce the CYP metabolism of barbiturates, resulting in
decreased barbiturate concentrations. Appropriate dose adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both anti-retroviral agent and
the barbiturate are unknown; however, once daily lopinavir; ritonavir should not be used. Anticonvulsant serum concentrations should
be monitored closely if these agents are added; the patient should be observed for changes in the clinical efficacy of the antiretroviral or
antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. [46638] (Moderate)
Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent
adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased
antiretroviral efficacy. In addition, coadministration of lopinavir boosted with ritonavir may induce the CYP metabolism of barbiturates,
resulting in decreased barbiturate concentrations. Appropriate dose adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both anti-
retroviral agent and the barbiturate are unknown; however, once daily lopinavir; ritonavir should not be used. Anticonvulsant serum
concentrations should be monitored closely if these agents are added; the patient should be observed for changes in the clinical efficacy
of the antiretroviral or anticonvulsant regimen. [28341] [46638] (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with phenobarbital or other
barbiturates should be done cautiously. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due metabolism induction by ritonavir.
However, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur,
leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required.
[46638] (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in
greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension,
respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for
cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until
stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid
efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If lopinavir; ritonavir is
discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized
by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong
inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [33654] [34883] [56579] (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma
concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid
adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this
combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and
consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma
concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and
potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient
carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by
CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor
of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. [33654]
[34883] [47165] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma
concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an
Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen
plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with lopinavir/ritonavir may increase
dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and
prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If
coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until
stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir/ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease
opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If
lopinavir/ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate.
Lopinavir/ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine. [28341]
[30282] [56579] (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with ritonavir may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations,
resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions,
including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients
closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of
ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome
in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing
the opioid dosage if appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of
dihydrocodeine. [30282] [47165] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Phenyltoloxamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with
ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by
the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are
administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may
result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic
isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered
together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with

administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in
elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is
an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen
with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is
metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if
these drugs are administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir
may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme
CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165]
[57935] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine; Phenyltoloxamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with

administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in
elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is
an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma
concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse
reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this
consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease
codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical
dependence to codeine. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if
appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have
analgesic properties. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [33654] [34883] [56579] (Moderate) Concomitant use of
codeine with ritonavir may alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or
symptoms of opioid withdrawal or prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound
sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is
necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are
achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged
opioid adverse reactions or decreased opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence
to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is
primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties.
Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse
effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. [33654] [34883] [47165] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen
with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is
metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if
these drugs are administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in
elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme
[25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with

Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result
in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic
together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may
result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic
together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Dichloralphenazone; Isometheptene: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result
together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close
monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [34522] [34523] [47165] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in
elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme
[25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone
plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma,
and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary,
monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved.
Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead
to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient
carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a
strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [30379] [56303] [56579] [58531] (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may
increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression,
profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If
coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable
drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and
potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the
patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.
Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. [30379] [30391] [47165] [56303] [58531] (Moderate) Concurrent
administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated acetaminophen plasma concentrations and subsequent adverse
events. Acetaminophen is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close
monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664] (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and
sedation if concurrent use of lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone
dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and
coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like lopinavir; ritonavir can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or
prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If
lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and
potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone. [28341] [39926] [56579] (Moderate)
Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of ritonavir is
necessary. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for
evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like ritonavir
can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly
when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease
resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to
oxycodone. [39926] [47165]
Acetaminophen; Pentazocine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Propoxyphene: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664] (Moderate) Due to effects on microsomal isoenzymes responsible for hepatic metabolism, ritonavir may alter the
response and/or increase the AUC of opiate analgesics. Concurrent use of ritonavir and propoxyphene is not recommended, due the
increased formation of the neurotoxic metabolites of propoxyphene. Also, propoxyphene is a substrate/inhibitor of CYP3A4. Increased
serum concentrations of propoxyphene can occur from concurrent use of ritonavir, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. A reduced dosage of
propoxyphene may be needed. Monitor for CNS and respiratory depression. [11379] [36008] [4718] [5044]
Acetaminophen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664]
Acetaminophen; Tramadol: (Major) Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; drugs that inhibit these enzymes,
such as ritonavir, may decrease the metabolism of tramadol. This may result in a decreased concentration of the active metabolite (O-
desmethyltramadol) leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects (seizures and serotonin syndrome) due to
higher tramadol concentrations. [40255] [5043] [9316] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result
together. [25460] [28100] [58664]
Aclidinium; Formoterol: (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with
other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval
such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually
at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as
increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which might increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions,
like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Adefovir: (Major) Patients who are concurrently taking adefovir with antiretrovirals like the protease inhibitors, are at risk of developing
lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis. Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases,
have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogs alone or in combination with antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been
in women; obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may also be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when
administering nucleoside analogs to any patient with known risk factors for hepatic disease; however, cases have also been reported in
patients with no known risk factors. Suspend adefovir in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic
acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase
elevations). [28784]
Ado-Trastuzumab emtansine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with ado-trastuzumab emtansine if possible due to
the risk of elevated exposure to the cytotoxic component of ado-trastuzumab emtansine, DM1. Delay ado-trastuzumab emtansine
treatment until lopinavir; ritonavir has cleared from the circulation (approximately 3 half-lives of lopinavir; ritonavir) when possible. If
concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor patients for ado-trastuzumab emtansine-related adverse reactions. The cytotoxic
component of ado-trastuzumab emtansine, DM1, is metabolized mainly by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A5; lopinavir;
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Formal drug interaction studies with ado-trastuzumab emtansine have not been conducted.
[28315] [28341] [53295] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with ado-trastuzumab emtansine if possible due to the risk of
elevated exposure to the cytotoxic component of ado-trastuzumab emtansine, DM1. Delay ado-trastuzumab emtansine treatment until
ritonavir has cleared from the circulation (approximately 3 half-lives of ritonavir) when possible. If concomitant use is unavoidable,
closely monitor patients for ado-trastuzumab emtansine-related adverse reactions. The cytotoxic component of ado-trastuzumab
emtansine, DM1, is metabolized mainly by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A5; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Formal
drug interaction studies with ado-trastuzumab emtansine have not been conducted. [28315] [53295]
Afatinib: (Moderate) If the concomitant use of lopinavir and afatinib is necessary, monitor for afatinib-related adverse reactions. If the
original dose of afatinib is not tolerated, consider reducing the daily dose of afatinib by 10 mg; resume the previous dose of afatinib as
tolerated after discontinuation of lopinavir. The manufacturer of afatinib recommends permanent discontinuation of therapy for severe
or intolerant adverse drug reactions at a dose of 20 mg per day, but does not address a minimum dose otherwise. Afatinib is a P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor; coadministration may increase plasma concentrations of afatinib.
Administration with another P-gp inhibitor, given 1 hour before a single dose of afatinib, increased afatinib exposure by 48%; there was
no change in afatinib exposure when the P-gp inhibitor was administered at the same time as afatinib or 6 hours later. In healthy
subjects, the relative bioavailability for AUC and Cmax of afatinib was 119% and 104%, respectively, when coadministered with the
same P-gp inhibitor, and 111% and 105% when the inhibitor was administered 6 hours after afatinib. [28315] [28341] [55331] (Moderate)
If the concomitant use of ritonavir and afatinib is necessary, monitor for afatinib-related adverse reactions. If the original dose of afatinib
is not tolerated, consider reducing the daily dose of afatinib by 10 mg; resume the previous dose of afatinib as tolerated after
discontinuation of ritonavir. The manufacturer of afatinib recommends permanent discontinuation of therapy for severe or intolerant
adverse drug reactions at a dose of 20 mg per day, but does not address a minimum dose otherwise. Afatinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor; coadministration may increase plasma concentrations of afatinib. Administration with another
P-gp inhibitor, given 1 hour before a single dose of afatinib, increased afatinib exposure by 48%; there was no change in afatinib
exposure when the P-gp inhibitor was administered at the same time as afatinib or 6 hours later. In healthy subjects, the relative
bioavailability for AUC and Cmax of afatinib was 119% and 104%, respectively, when coadministered with the same P-gp inhibitor, and
111% and 105% when the inhibitor was administered 6 hours after afatinib. [28315] [55331]
Albuterol: (Minor) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that
prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-
agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher
doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as
Albuterol; Ipratropium: (Minor) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other
drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such
as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at
higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as
Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of aldesleukin, IL-2 with ritonavir may result in increased plasma
concentrations of ritonavir. Aldesleukin, IL-2 increases IL-6 concentrations, and IL-6 is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4;
ritonavir is a substrate of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [2356] [34540]
[58664]
Alfentanil: (Moderate) Alfentanil is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Drugs that inhibit this enzyme, such as protease
inhibitors, may alter responses to alfentanil. A dose reduction of one or both drugs may be warranted. Monitor closely for oversedation
and respiratory depression. [28001] [28995] [47165]
Alfuzosin: (Severe) Coadministration of alfuzosin and protease inhibitors is contraindicated due to increased alfuzosin exposure.
Protease inhibitors are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Alfuzosin is a CYP3A4 substrate. When coadministered with another strong CYP3A4
inhibitor, the AUC of alfuzosin was increased by 2.5-fold to 3.2-fold. [28261]
Aliskiren: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir.
Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Lopinavir; ritonavir
is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [28341] [33200] [56579]
(Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring
for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4
and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [33200] [47165] [56579]
Aliskiren; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral
protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension
in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic
response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of
coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated.
If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered
concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during
coadministration. Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4
and P-gp. [28341] [33200] [56579] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently
with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration.
Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [33200] [47165]
[56579]
Aliskiren; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors,
such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect
might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with
amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on
the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has
not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-
channel blocker doses may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated
when administered concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is
recommended during coadministration. Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a
substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [28341] [33200] [56579] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when
administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended
during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and
P-gp. [33200] [47165] [56579]
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered
concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during
coadministration. Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4
and P-gp. [28341] [33200] [56579] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently
with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration.
Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [33200] [47165]
[56579]
Aliskiren; Valsartan: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with valsartan may result in elevated valsartan serum concentrations.
Valsartan is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1
inhibitor. Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [56575] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Moderate) The plasma
concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse
effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and
P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [28341] [33200] [56579] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations
of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased
blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a
substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [33200] [47165] [56579] (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and
ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for
adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration. [28315] [29130] [36646] [39870] [60860]
Almotriptan: (Major) Ritonavir may increase the systemic exposure of almotriptan. If coadministered, the recommended starting dose of
almotriptan is 6.25 mg; do not exceed 12.5 mg within a 24-hour period. Avoid coadministration in patients with renal or hepatic
impairment. Almotriptan is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study,
coadministration of almotriptan and ketoconazole, another potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, resulted in an approximately 60% increase in
almotriptan exposure. [28001] [31869] (Moderate) The maximum recommended starting dose of almotriptan is 6.25 mg if
coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary; do not exceed 12.5 mg within a 24-hour period. Concomitant use of almotriptan
and lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Almotriptan is a CYP3A4 substrate and
lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased almotriptan
exposure by approximately 60%. [28341] [31869] [56579]
Alogliptin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have
been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged
approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic
ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on
antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor
therapy is initiated. [7238] [7335]
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function.
Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning
therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor
treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if
protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [7238] [7335] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and
hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism
is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as
early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic
prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control,
specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30480] [30575]
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [7238] [7335]
Alosetron: (Major) Concurrent administration of alosetron with ritonavir may alter alosetron plasma concentrations; however, the
precise effect is undefined. Alosetron is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A2; ritonavir is an
inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inducer of CYP1A2 and possibly CYP2C9. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are
administered together. [28382] [5044]
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to
insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. [7238] [7335]
Alprazolam: (Major) Coadministration of alprazolam and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended. If coadministration cannot be
avoided, a dosage reduction of alprazolam should be considered. Lopinavir and ritonavir are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors. The initial step
in alprazolam metabolism is hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome CYP3A. Drugs that inhibit this metabolic pathway may profoundly
decrease alprazolam clearance, resulting in increased potential for serious alprazolam-related adverse events, such as respiratory
depression and prolonged sedation. Consequently, alprazolam should be avoided in patients receiving very potent inhibitors of CYP3A
isoenzymes. [28040] [28341] [47165] (Major) Coadministration of alprazolam and ritonavir or lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended. If
coadministration cannot be avoided, a dosage reduction of alprazolam should be considered. Lopinavir and ritonavir are potent CYP3A4
inhibitors. The initial step in alprazolam metabolism is hydroxylation catalyzed by cytochrome CYP3A. Drugs that inhibit this
metabolic pathway may profoundly decrease alprazolam clearance, resulting in increased potential for serious alprazolam-related
adverse events, such as respiratory depression and prolonged sedation. Consequently, alprazolam should be avoided in patients receiving
very potent inhibitors of CYP3A isoenzymes. [28040] [28341] [47165]
Amiodarone: (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and amiodarone is contraindicated due to the potential for
serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. Cautious consideration may be given to administering amiodarone
with boosting doses of ritonavir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and increased plasma concentrations of drugs extensively
metabolized by this enzyme, such as amiodarone, should be expected with concurrent use. [47165] (Major) Concurrent use of
amiodarone and lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP).
Amiodarone, a Class III antiarrhythmic agent, is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and TdP. Although the
frequency of TdP is less with amiodarone than with other Class III agents, amiodarone is still associated with a risk of TdP. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and amiodarone is a CYP3A4
substrate. Coadministration may increase the serum concentrations of amiodarone. Due to the extremely long half-life of amiodarone, a
drug interaction is possible for days to weeks after discontinuation of amiodarone. [28224] [28341] [28432] [28457]
Amitriptyline: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations. [47165]
Amitriptyline; Chlordiazepoxide: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of
chlordiazepoxide and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the chlordiazepoxide dose may be needed. [32432]
[5286] (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Amlodipine: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease
inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some
individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response
should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: (Major) Use caution and the lowest atorvastatin dose necessary if atorvastatin must be coadministered with
ritonavir. The risk of developing myopathy/rhabdomyolysis increases when atorvastatin is used concomitantly with ritonavir. Monitor
patients for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness especially in the initial months of therapy and any time the
dosage of either drug is titrated upward. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of atorvastatin. The serious risk of
myopathy or rhabdomyolysis should be weighed carefully against the benefits of combined 'statin' and lopinavir; ritonavir therapy; there
is no assurance that periodic monitoring of CK will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy and renal damage. [43900] (Major) Use
caution and the lowest atorvastatin dose necessary if coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary due to an increased risk of
myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Carefully weigh the potential benefits and risk of combined therapy. Use the lowest possible atorvastatin
dose. Closely monitor patients for signs and symptoms of muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness especially during the initial months of
therapy and during upward titration of either drug. There is no assurance that period monitoring of creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) will
prevent the occurrence of myopathy. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of atorvastatin. In addition, atorvastatin is a
substrate of the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. [28341] [28729]
[34503] [41275] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-
retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to
hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine;
therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR
interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been
evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel
blocker doses may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4
inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this
effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered
with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the
impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel
blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased
calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors,
such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect
might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with
amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on
the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has
not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-
channel blocker doses may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with valsartan may result in
elevated valsartan serum concentrations. Valsartan is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide
(OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [56575] [61510]
[61511] [61513] (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2.
Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during
coadministration. [28315] [29130] [36646] [39870] [60860]
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Amlodipine; Telmisartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with valsartan may result in elevated valsartan serum
concentrations. Valsartan is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an
OATP1B1 inhibitor. Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [56575] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Minor) Valsartan is
a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic
exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration. [28315] [29130] [36646]
[39870] [60860]
Amobarbital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
coadministration of lopinavir boosted with ritonavir may induce the CYP metabolism of barbiturates, resulting in decreased barbiturate
concentrations. Appropriate dose adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both anti-retroviral agent and the barbiturate are
unknown; however, once daily lopinavir; ritonavir should not be used. Anticonvulsant serum concentrations should be monitored
closely if these agents are added; the patient should be observed for changes in the clinical efficacy of the antiretroviral or
antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. [46638]
Amoxapine: (Major) Ritonavir potently inhibits CYP2D6, and may inhibit the metabolism of amoxapine. Since the magnitude of the
interaction with the amoxapine is difficult to predict but may be significant, monitor patients receiving ritonavir and amoxapine
concurrently closely. Adjust the dosage of the coadministered drug based on therapeutic response. Amoxapine serum concentration
monitoring may be useful to guide adjustments and prevent toxicity. [28558] [46638] [47165]
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Lansoprazole: (Major) Because the exposure to 14-OH clarithromycin is significantly decreased by
ritonavir, consider alternative antibiotic therapy for indications other than Mycobacterium avium. Clarithromycin doses above 1000 mg
should not be administered with ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, clarithromycin dosage reductions are recommended in
patients with renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 60 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 50%; CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, decrease
clarithromycin by 75%). Concomitant administration of ritonavir and clarithromycin resulted in a 77% increase in clarithromycin
exposure and a 100% decrease in 14-OH clarithromycin exposure. The microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-
clarithromycin are different for different bacteria. [28238] [46638] [47165] (Major) Concomitant administration of lopinavir; ritonavir and
clarithromycin results in an increase in the clarithromycin AUC. Clarithromycin dosage adjustments are recommended in patients with
renal impairment who are receiving lopinavir; ritonavir concurrently. For patients with creatinine clearance 60 to 30 ml/min, the dose of
clarithromycin should be reduced by 50%. For patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min, the dose of clarithromycin should
be reduced by 75%. No dosage adjustment of clarithromycin is required for patients with normal renal function who are also receiving
lopinavir; ritonavir. Additionally, the risk of QT prolongation may increase with coadministration as both drugs have been known to
prolong the QT interval. [28225] [28238] [28341] [28413] [28419] (Moderate) Increased exposure to lansoprazole may occur during
concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of lansoprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be
considered in patients receiving higher lansoprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. Lansoprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
the lansoprazole AUC by an average of 4-times. [40596] [47165]
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Because the exposure to 14-OH clarithromycin is significantly decreased by
ritonavir, consider alternative antibiotic therapy for indications other than Mycobacterium avium. Clarithromycin doses above 1000 mg
should not be administered with ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, clarithromycin dosage reductions are recommended in
patients with renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 60 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 50%; CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, decrease
clarithromycin by 75%). Concomitant administration of ritonavir and clarithromycin resulted in a 77% increase in clarithromycin
exposure and a 100% decrease in 14-OH clarithromycin exposure. The microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-
clarithromycin are different for different bacteria. [28238] [46638] [47165] (Major) Concomitant administration of lopinavir; ritonavir and
clarithromycin results in an increase in the clarithromycin AUC. Clarithromycin dosage adjustments are recommended in patients with
renal impairment who are receiving lopinavir; ritonavir concurrently. For patients with creatinine clearance 60 to 30 ml/min, the dose of
clarithromycin should be reduced by 50%. For patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min, the dose of clarithromycin should
be reduced by 75%. No dosage adjustment of clarithromycin is required for patients with normal renal function who are also receiving
lopinavir; ritonavir. Additionally, the risk of QT prolongation may increase with coadministration as both drugs have been known to
prolong the QT interval. [28225] [28238] [28341] [28413] [28419] (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during
concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be
considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times. [29564] [47165]
Amphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a
strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of
amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the
amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented. [25887] [29219]
[33263] [47165] [57067]
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent
use of ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties;
inhibition of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both
the amphetamine and CYP2D6 inhibitor should be discontinued and appropriate medical treatment should be implemented. [25887]
[29219] [33263] [47165] [57067]
Amphetamines: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a
[33263] [47165] [57067]
Anagrelide: (Major) Torsades de pointes (TdP) and ventricular tachycardia have been reported during use of anagrelide. A
cardiovascular examination, including an ECG, should be obtained in all patients prior to initiating anagrelide therapy. Monitor patients
during anagrelide therapy for cardiovascular effects and evaluate as necessary. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP
that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with anagrelide include lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [30163]
Apalutamide: (Severe) Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with apalutamide is contraindicated. Taking these drugs together could
decrease lopinavir concentrations, and may lead to a reduction in antiretroviral activity; apalutamide exposure may also increase.
Lopinavir; ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong inhibitor. Apalutamide is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong inducer. [28341] [56579]
[62874] (Severe) Coadministration of ritonavir with apalutamide is contraindicated as there is a potential for decreased ritonavir
concentrations which may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance; exposure to
apalutamide may also increase. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong inhibitor. Apalutamide is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong
inducer. [47165] [62874]
Apixaban: (Major) Reduce the apixaban dose by 50% when coadministered with drugs that are both strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 and P-
gp, such as ritonavir. If patients are already receiving the reduced dose of 2.5 mg twice daily, avoid concomitant administration of
apixaban and ritonavir. Concomitant administration of ritonavir and apixaban results in increased exposure to apixaban and an increase
in the risk of bleeding. [52739] (Major) Reduce the apixaban dose by 50% when coadministered with drugs that are combined P-gp and
strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as lopinavir; ritonavir. If patients are already receiving 2.5 mg twice daily, avoid concomitant
administration. Concomitant administration results in increased exposure to apixaban and an increase in the risk of bleeding. [28341]
[52739] [56579]
Apomorphine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with apomorphine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Limited data indicate that QT
prolongation is also possible with apomorphine administration. The change in QTc interval is not significant in most patients receiving
dosages within the manufacturer's guidelines; however, large increases (> 60 msecs from pre-dose) have occurred in two patients
receiving 6 mg doses. Doses <= 6 mg SC are associated with minimal increases in QTc; doses > 6 mg SC do not provide additional
clinical benefit and are not recommended. [28341] [28661]
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of lopinavir with aprepitant, fosaprepitant due to substantially increased
exposure of aprepitant; increased lopinavir exposure may also occur for several days after administration of a multi-day regimen of oral
aprepitant. Lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and aprepitant is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a single oral dose of
aprepitant (125 mg) on day 5 of a 10-day ketoconazole regimen (strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) increased the aprepitant AUC approximately
5-fold, and increased the mean terminal half-life by approximately 3-fold. Lopinavir is also a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when
administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may additionally
increase plasma concentrations of lopinavir. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4
substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of
midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15,
respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of
midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and
shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4
for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of
midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the
midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important. [28341] [28380] [30676] [34557] [40027] [47165] [56579] (Major) Avoid the
concomitant use of ritonavir with aprepitant, fosaprepitant due to substantially increased exposure of aprepitant; after administration,
fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. Increased ritonavir exposure may also
occur. If coadministration cannot be avoided, use caution and monitor for an increase in ritonavir- and aprepitant-related adverse effects
for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and aprepitant is a
CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of aprepitant by approximately 5-fold,
and the mean terminal half-life by approximately 3-fold. Ritonavir is also a is also a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered
as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. When administered as a single oral or single
intravenous dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak and does not result in a clinically significant increase in the
AUC of a sensitive substrate. [30676] [40027] [47165]
Arformoterol: (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as
beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher
like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231] (Moderate) The use of ritonavir could result in QT prolongation. Drugs
with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with ritonavir, include beta-
agonists. [28318] [33925] [41231] [47165]
Aripiprazole: (Major) Because ritonavir (including lopinavir; ritonavir) and aripiprazole are associated with a possible risk for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), these combinations should be used cautiously and with close monitoring. In addition,
because aripiprazole is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that the oral aripiprazole dose be reduced
to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 such as ritonavir. Patients
classified as CYP2D6 poor metabolizers (PMs) who are receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor should have their oral aripiprazole dose
reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose with subsequent adjustments based upon clinical response. Adults receiving a
combination of a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor for more than 14 days should have their Abilify Maintena dose reduced from 400
mg/month to 200 mg/month or from 300 mg/month to 160 mg/month, respectively. Adults receiving Abilify Maintena who are PMs and
receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as ritonavir, should have a dose reduction to 200 mg/month IM. In adults receiving Aristada,
the Aristada dose should be reduced to the next lower strength during use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor for more than 14 days. For
patients receiving 882 mg of Aristada every 6 weeks or 1064 mg every 2 months, the next lower strength should be 441 mg
administered every 4 weeks. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients taking 441 mg IM of Aristada, if tolerated. Adults receiving
Aristada who are PMs of CYP2D6 and receiving a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor for more than 14 days should have their dose reduced from
662 mg, 882 mg, or 1064 mg to 441 mg IM; no dose adjustment is needed in patients receiving 441 mg of Aristada, if tolerated. In
adults receiving Aristada 662 mg, 882 mg, or 1064 mg, combined use of a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor for
more than 14 days should be avoided; no dose adjustment is needed in patients taking 441 mg, if tolerated. Avoid concurrent use of
Aristada Initio and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors because the dose of Aristada Initio cannot be modified. [28341] [42845] [47165] [53394]
[60196] [63328]
Armodafinil: (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir with armodafinil may result in elevated armodafinil concentrations and decreased
ritonavir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential
development of viral resistance. Armodafinil is a substrate and inducer of CYP3A4, and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Ritonavir is a
substrate of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of P-gp. Ritonavir is also a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. [33467] [47165]
Arsenic Trioxide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir and arsenic trioxide. The use of ritonavir could result in QT prolongation.
If possible, drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval should be discontinued prior to initiating arsenic trioxide therapy. If
concomitant drug use is unavoidable, frequently monitor electrocardiograms. QT prolongation should be expected with the
administration of arsenic trioxide. [28226] [28432] [28457] [47165] [59438] (Major) If possible, drugs that are known to prolong the QT
interval should be discontinued prior to initiating arsenic trioxide therapy. QT prolongation should be expected with the administration
of arsenic trioxide. Torsade de pointes (TdP) and complete atrioventricular block have been reported. Drugs with a possible risk for QT
prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously with arsenic trioxide include lopinavir. [28226] [28341] [28432] [28457]
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Avoid the concomitant administration of lopinavir; ritonavir and artemether; lumefantrine.
Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, and both components of artemether; lumefantrine are substrates of
CYP3A4. Furthermore, although there are no studies examining the effects of artemether; lumefantrine in patients receiving other QT
prolonging drugs, coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir may result in additive QT prolongation. Consider ECG monitoring if
lopinavir; ritonavir must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. [28341] [35401] [5162] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir is
an inhibitor of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, and both components of artemether; lumefantrine are substrates of CYP3A4. Furthermore, QT
prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Lopinavir; ritonavir should be used cautiously with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval such as artemether; lumefantrine. Consider ECG monitoring if lopinavir; ritonavir must be used with or
after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. [28341] [35401] (Major) Ritonavir is a substrate, potent inhibitor, and inducer of the CYP3A4
isoenzyme, depending on the activity of the coadministered drug. Both components of artemether; lumefantrine are substrates of the
CYP3A4 isoenzyme; therefore, coadministration may lead to increased or decreased artemether; lumefantrine concentrations.
Concomitant use warrants caution due to the potential for increased side effects, including increased potentiation of QT prolongation
due to increased drug concentrations, or loss of antimalarial activity depending on the artemether; lumefantrine concentrations. Consider
ECG monitoring if ritonavir must be used with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. [11416] [35401] [4194] [47165] [5044] [5110]
(Major) Ritonavir is a substrate, potent inhibitor, and inducer of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, depending on the activity of the
coadministered drug. Both components of artemether; lumefantrine are substrates of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme; therefore,
coadministration may lead to increased or decreased artemether; lumefantrine concentrations. Concomitant use warrants caution due to
the potential for increased side effects, including increased potentiation of QT prolongation due to increased drug concentrations, or loss
of antimalarial activity depending on the artemether; lumefantrine concentrations. Consider ECG monitoring if ritonavir must be used
with or after artemether; lumefantrine treatment. [11416] [35401] [4194] [5044] [5110] [60002]
Asenapine: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir administration is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with
other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4
metabolism. Coadministration with drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 may result in elevated plasma concentrations and an added risk
of adverse reactions such as QT prolongation. Asenapine prolongs the QT interval and is a CYP3A4 substrates. According to the
manufacturer of asenapine, the drug should be avoided in combination with other agents also known to have this effect. [28341] [36343]
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased
antiretroviral efficacy. In addition, coadministration of lopinavir boosted with ritonavir may induce the CYP metabolism of barbiturates,
resulting in decreased barbiturate concentrations. Appropriate dose adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both anti-
retroviral agent and the barbiturate are unknown; however, once daily lopinavir; ritonavir should not be used. Anticonvulsant serum
[46638] (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in
[34883] [47165]
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with lopinavir/ritonavir may increase
dihydrocodeine. [30282] [47165]
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma
effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. [33654] [34883] [47165]
Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tipranavir and ritonavir with antacids results
in decreased tipranavir concentrations. Administer tipranavir and ritonavir 2 hours before or 1 hour after antacids. [1800] [1802]
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir.
Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher
omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and
CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-
times. [29564] [47165]
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and
oxycodone. [39926] [47165]
Atazanavir: (Minor) Coadministration of atazanavir with ritonavir results in higher atazanavir concentrations; reduced adult doses of
atazanavir 300 mg once daily are recommended when ritonavir (100 mg once daily) is given concomitantly. Ritonavir also prolongs the
PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the
PR interval (including atazanavir) has not been evaluated. Atazanavir is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
[28142] [28315]
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both
ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. [51664] [58000] [58761] [58763] (Minor) Coadministration of atazanavir with
ritonavir results in higher atazanavir concentrations; reduced adult doses of atazanavir 300 mg once daily are recommended when
ritonavir (100 mg once daily) is given concomitantly. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on
the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including atazanavir) has not been
evaluated. Atazanavir is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28142] [28315]
Atenolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered
with beta-blockers. [5044]
Atorvastatin: (Major) Use caution and the lowest atorvastatin dose necessary if atorvastatin must be coadministered with ritonavir. The
risk of developing myopathy/rhabdomyolysis increases when atorvastatin is used concomitantly with ritonavir. Monitor patients for any
signs or symptoms of muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness especially in the initial months of therapy and any time the dosage of either
drug is titrated upward. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of atorvastatin. The serious risk of myopathy or
rhabdomyolysis should be weighed carefully against the benefits of combined 'statin' and lopinavir; ritonavir therapy; there is no
assurance that periodic monitoring of CK will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy and renal damage. [43900] (Major) Use
[34503] [41275] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Atorvastatin; Ezetimibe: (Major) Use caution and the lowest atorvastatin dose necessary if atorvastatin must be coadministered with
ritonavir. The risk of developing myopathy/rhabdomyolysis increases when atorvastatin is used concomitantly with ritonavir. Monitor
patients for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness especially in the initial months of therapy and any time the
dosage of either drug is titrated upward. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of atorvastatin. The serious risk of
myopathy or rhabdomyolysis should be weighed carefully against the benefits of combined 'statin' and lopinavir; ritonavir therapy; there
is no assurance that periodic monitoring of CK will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy and renal damage. [43900] (Major) Use
[34503] [41275] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Atovaquone: (Minor) Concurrent administration of lopinavir; ritonavir with atovaquone; proguanil has shown to decrease the
atovaquone AUC by 74% and the proguanil AUC by 38%. Consider alternative malaria prophylaxis. [46638] (Minor) The concurrent
administration of ritonavir with atovaquone may result in decreased plasma levels of atovaquone. The clinical significance and
mechanism of this potential interaction are unknown; the manufacturer states that an increase in atovaquone doses may be needed.
[28315] [28341] [46638] [58664]
Atovaquone; Proguanil: (Minor) Concurrent administration of lopinavir; ritonavir with atovaquone; proguanil has shown to decrease the
atovaquone AUC by 74% and the proguanil AUC by 38%. Consider alternative malaria prophylaxis. [46638] (Minor) The concurrent
administration of ritonavir with atovaquone may result in decreased plasma levels of atovaquone. The clinical significance and
mechanism of this potential interaction are unknown; the manufacturer states that an increase in atovaquone doses may be needed.
[28315] [28341] [46638] [58664]
Atropine; Hyoscyamine; Phenobarbital; Scopolamine: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to
decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition, coadministration of lopinavir boosted with ritonavir may induce the CYP metabolism of
barbiturates, resulting in decreased barbiturate concentrations. Appropriate dose adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both
anti-retroviral agent and the barbiturate are unknown; however, once daily lopinavir; ritonavir should not be used. Anticonvulsant serum
[46638]
Avanafil: (Major) Avanafil is a substrate of and primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Studies have shown that drugs that inhibit CYP3A4
can increase avanafil exposure. Patients taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ritonavir, should not take avanafil. For example,
ketoconazole increased avanafil AUC and Cmax equal to 13-fold and 3-fold, respectively and prolonged the half-life of avanafil to
approximately 9 hours. Likewise, coadministration of ritonavir with avanafil resulted in an approximate 13-fold increase in AUC and
2.4-fold increase in Cmax of avanafil. Therefore, concomitant use with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is not recommended. [28315] [47165]
[49866]
Avapritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of avapritinib with lopinavir due to the risk of increased avapritinib-related adverse
reactions. Avapritinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase the AUC of avapritinib by 600% at steady-state. [28341] [56579] [64922] (Major) Avoid
coadministration of avapritinib with ritonavir due to the risk of increased avapritinib-related adverse reactions. Avapritinib is a CYP3A4
substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase
the AUC of avapritinib by 600% at steady-state. [47165] [64922]
Avatrombopag: (Major) In patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), increase the starting dose of avatrombopag to 40 mg
PO once daily when used concomitantly with ritonavir. In patients starting ritonavir while receiving avatrombopag, monitor platelet
counts and adjust the avatrombopag dose as necessary. Dosage adjustments are not required for patients with chronic liver disease.
Avatrombopag is a CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrate, and dual moderate or strong inducers such as ritonavir decrease avatrombopag
exposure, which may reduce efficacy. [47165] [63175]
Axitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of axitinib with lopinavir due to the risk of increased axitinib-related adverse reactions. If
coadministration is unavoidable, decrease the dose of axitinib by approximately half; subsequent doses can be increased or decreased
based on individual safety and tolerability. Resume the original dose of axitinib approximately 3 to 5 half-lives after lopinavir is
discontinued. Axitinib is a CYP3A4/5 substrate and lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong
CYP3A4/5 inhibitor significantly increased the plasma exposure of axitinib in healthy volunteers. [28341] [48494] [56579] (Major) Avoid
coadministration of axitinib with ritonavir due to the risk of increased axitinib-related adverse reactions. If coadministration is
unavoidable, decrease the dose of axitinib by approximately half; subsequent doses can be increased or decreased based on individual
safety and tolerability. Resume the original dose of axitinib approximately 3 to 5 half-lives after ritonavir is discontinued. Axitinib is a
CYP3A4/5 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor significantly
increased the plasma exposure of axitinib in healthy volunteers. [47165] [48494]
Azelastine; Fluticasone: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended; use
caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. Increased systemic corticosteroid effects, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal
suppression, may occur. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In drug interaction
studies, coadministration with strong inhibitors increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in 45% to 86% decreases in
serum cortisol AUC. A strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean
serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [28341] [40360] [40475] [43972] [57805] (Major)
Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate.
During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients receiving inhaled fluticasone
propionate with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Fluticasone
is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with ritonavir increased
plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in an 86% decrease in serum cortisol AUC. Another strong inhibitor increased
fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose
adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [40360] [40475] [43972] [57805]
Azithromycin: (Major) Due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when
administering azithromycin with lopinavir; ritonavir. There have been case reports of QT prolongation and TdP with the use of
azithromycin in post-marketing reports, and lopinavir; ritonavir has been associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [28855] [43974]
Barbiturates: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Bedaquiline: (Major) Concurrent use of bedaquiline and ritonavir should be avoided due to the potential risk of adverse reactions to
bedaquiline because of increased systemic exposure. Bedaquiline is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Concurrent use of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased bedaquiline exposure by 22%. [47165] [52746] (Major) Concurrent use of
bedaquiline with lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided unless the benefits justify the risks. Lopinavir; ritonavir may inhibit the CYP3A4
metabolism of bedaquiline resulting in increased systemic exposure (AUC) and potentially more adverse reactions. One study found
bedaquiline AUC increased by 22% when administered with lopinavir; ritonavir PO twice daily for 24 days. Furthermore, since both
drugs are associated with QT prolongation, coadministration may result in additive prolongation of the QT interval. Prior to initiating
bedaquiline, obtain serum electrolyte concentrations and a baseline ECG. An ECG should also be performed at least 2, 12, and 24 weeks
after starting bedaquiline therapy. [28341] [52746]
Belladonna Alkaloids; Ergotamine; Phenobarbital: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral
ischemia, peripheral ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this
interaction in the medical literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred. [28142] [28341] [28731] [28839] [28995] [32432] [46638]
[5018] [5044] [5623] [5747] [8102] (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral
Belladonna; Opium: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of
opium if the two drugs are coadministered. [4718]
Bendroflumethiazide; Nadolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently
administered with beta-blockers. [5044]
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of acetaminophen with ritonavir may result in elevated
[25460] [28100] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent use of benzhydrocodone with lopinavir may increase the risk of increased opioid-related
adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Consider a dose reduction of benzhydrocodone until stable drug effects are
achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Discontinuation of lopinavir in a patient taking
benzhydrocodone may decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal
syndrome in those with physical dependence to opioid agonists. If lopinavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider
increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug for hydrocodone. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4.
Lopinavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4. Lopinavir must be administered with ritonavir, which is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341]
[56579] [62889] (Moderate) Concurrent use of benzhydrocodone with ritonavir may increase the risk of increased opioid-related adverse
reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Consider a dose reduction of benzhydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved.
Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Discontinuation of ritonavir in a patient taking
benzhydrocodone may decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal
syndrome in those with physical dependence to opioid agonists. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider
increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug for hydrocodone. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4
and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a weak in vitro inhibitor of CYP2D6. [47165] [62889]
Benzphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir, a
[33263] [47165] [57067]
Bepridil: (Severe) Ritonavir can produce large increases in plasma concentrations of certain drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450
3A4. The concurrent use of ritonavir is contraindicated with bepridil. [46638] [5044] (Major) Lopinavir may decrease the clearance of
bepridil via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. Caution is warranted and clinical monitoring of the patient is recommended [5070]
Betamethasone: (Moderate) Consider an alternative corticosteroid that is less affected by CYP3A4 (i.e., beclomethasone or
prednisolone), particularly for long-term use, in patients receiving ritonavir. Coadministration may significantly increase betamethasone
exposure increasing the risk for Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and
betamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain
corticosteroids by up to 60%. [28341] [47165] [63066] (Moderate) Monitor for corticosteroid-related adverse effects if coadministration is
necessary. Consider using an alternative treatment to betametasone, such as a corticosteroid less affected by CYP3A4 (i.e.,
beclomethasone or prednisolone), particularly if long term use is indicated. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and
betamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain
corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to increased risk of corticosteroid side effects. [28341] [63066]
Betaxolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Betrixaban: (Major) Avoid betrixaban use in patients with severe renal impairment receiving lopinavir. Reduce betrixaban dosage to 80
mg PO once followed by 40 mg PO once daily in all other patients receiving lopinavir. Bleeding risk may be increased; monitor patients
closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Betrixaban is a substrate of P-gp; lopinavir inhibits P-gp. [28341] [56579] [62037] (Major)
Avoid betrixaban use in patients with severe renal impairment receiving ritonavir. Reduce betrixaban dosage to 80 mg PO once followed
by 40 mg PO once daily in all other patients receiving ritonavir. Bleeding risk may be increased; monitor patients closely for signs and
symptoms of bleeding. Betrixaban is a substrate of P-gp; ritonavir inhibits P-gp. [28380] [56579] [62037]
Bexarotene: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of bexarotene and lopinavir; ritonavir as decreased plasma concentrations of lopinavir
may occur resulting in reduced therapeutic effect. Consider alternative therapy. Bexarotene is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer and lopinavir
is a CYP3A4 substrate. [28341] [61590]
Bicalutamide: (Major) Bicalutamide is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Substances that are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 activity,
such as protease inhibitors, decrease the metabolism of bicalutamide and increase bicalutamide concentrations. This increase may be
clinically relevant as adverse reactions to bicalutamide are related to dose and exposure. [7874]
Bictegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with tenofovir alafenamide may result in
elevated tenofovir serum concentrations. Tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting
polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. When 10 mg of tenofovir alafenamide was administered daily with
lopinavir; ritonavir (800 mg/200 mg PO daily), the tenofovir Cmax and AUC increased by 2.19-fold and 1.47-fold, respectively.
Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [60269] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be
ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Oral solutions of ritonavir
contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or
metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing
formulations of ritonavir. [28315] [28581] [47165] (Major) QT prolongation has been reported with metronidazole therapy; therefore, it
should be used cautiously and with close monitoring when administered with lopinavir; ritonavir, which also has a possible risk for QT
prolongation. Additionally, oral solutions of lopinavir; ritonavir contain ethanol. Medications with significant alcohol content should not
be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after metronidazole is discontinued. Administration of
lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like
reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341]
[57377] [57378]
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during
therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Oral solutions of ritonavir contain ethanol.
Administration of ritonavir oral solution to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in
disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir.
[28315] [28581] [47165] (Major) QT prolongation has been reported with metronidazole therapy; therefore, it should be used cautiously
and with close monitoring when administered with lopinavir; ritonavir, which also has a possible risk for QT prolongation. Additionally,
oral solutions of lopinavir; ritonavir contain ethanol. Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy
with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after metronidazole is discontinued. Administration of lopinavir; ritonavir oral
solution to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction
would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [57377] [57378]
Bisoprolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently
administered with beta-blockers. [5044]
Boceprevir: (Major) Concurrent administration of lopinavir; ritonavir with boceprevir is not recommended due to the potential for HIV
and hepatitis C treatment failures. Use of this combination has resulted in decreased serum concentrations of both drugs. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is an inhibitor, inducer, and substrate of CYP3A4; boceprevir is an inhibitor and substrate of this isoenzyme. Additionally, both
are substrates and inhibitors of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). If these drugs are coadministered, health care providers
are advised to closely monitor for decreased treatment response and virologic rebound. Health care providers are also encouraged to
report any drug-related adverse reactions to the FDA MedWatch Program. [28341] [44314] [48674] [51080] (Major) Concurrent
administration of ritonavir with boceprevir is not recommended due to the potential for HIV and hepatitis C treatment failures. This
combination has resulted in decreased serum concentrations of both medications. Ritonavir is an inhibitor, inducer, and substrate of the
hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; boceprevir is an inhibitor and substrate of this isoenzyme. Additionally, both drugs are substrates and
inhibitors of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (PGP). If these drugs are coadministered, health care providers are advised to
closely monitor for decreased treatment response and virologic rebound. Health care providers are also encouraged to report any drug-
related adverse reactions to the FDA MedWatch Program. [28315] [44314] [48674]
Bortezomib: (Moderate) In vitro studies with human liver microsomes indicate that bortezomib is a significant substrate for CYP3A4.
Agents that inhibit CYP3A4, such ritonavir, may increase the exposure to bortezomib and increase the risk for toxicity. The
manufacturer warns that patients who are receiving bortezomib concurrently with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors should be closely
monitored for potential toxicity. Additionally, ritonavir can cause peripheral neuropathy. It may be prudent to monitor patients for signs
and symptoms of neuropathy. [28383] (Moderate) In vitro studies with human liver microsomes indicate that bortezomib is a significant
substrate for cytochrome P450 3A4. Agents that inhibit CYP3A4, such as lopinavir, may increase the exposure to bortezomib and
increase the risk for toxicity. The manufacturer warns that patients who are receiving bortezomib concurrently with CYP3A4 inhibitors
should be closely monitored for potential toxicity. [28001] [28383]
Bosentan: (Major) Do not administer bosentan with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors that are not boosted with ritonavir as decreased
protease inhibitor concentrations are expected. In addition, administration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with bosentan may
increase bosentan serum concentrations due to the inhibition of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. In patients who have been receiving protease
inhibitor therapy for at least 10 days, initiate bosentan at the recommended initial dose once daily or every other day based on
tolerability. For patients on bosentan who need protease inhibitor therapy, discontinue use of bosentan at least 36 hours prior to starting
protease inhibitor therapy. After 10 days of the protease inhibitor therapy, bosentan may be restarted at the recommended initial dose
once daily or every other day based on tolerability. Bosentan is a substrate for organic anion transport protein (OATP), CYP3A, and
CYP2C9. In healthy subjects, initial and steady state trough plasma concentrations of bosentan were approximately 48-fold and 5-fold
higher, respectively, after coadministration of bosentan 125 mg twice daily PO and lopinavir; ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily PO
compared to those measured after bosentan alone. This is most likely explained by inhibition by lopinavir of OATP-mediated uptake
into hepatocytes; toxicity of bosentan is possible. Monitor for potential adverse effects of bosentan during coadministration with
CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 inhibitors; excessive bosentan dosage may result in hypotension or elevated hepatic enzyme. Additionally,
bosentan is a significant inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 hepatic enzymes. Theoretically, bosentan may increase the clearance of the
protease inhibitors and potentially lead to a reduction of anti-retroviral efficacy. However, this interaction has not been studied. [28142]
[28315] [28341] [28496] [28731] [28839] [28995] [29012] [31320] [32432] [46638] [56579] [61510] [61511] [61512] [61513]
Bosutinib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of bosutinib and ritonavir or lopinavir; ritonavir as bosutinib plasma exposure may be
significantly increased resulting in an increased risk of bosutinib adverse events (e.g., myelosuppression, GI toxicity). Bosutinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a cross-over trial in 24 healthy volunteers, the Cmax and AUC values
of bosutinib were increased 5.2-fold and 8.6-fold, respectively, when a single oral dose of bosutinib 100 mg PO was administered after 5
days of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28315] [51739]
Brentuximab vedotin: (Minor) Concomitant administration of brentuximab vedotin and ritonavir may increase the exposure of
monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), one of the 3 components released from brentuximab vedotin. The manufacturer suggests that potent
CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may alter MMAE exposure as MMAE is a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor patients for adverse
reactions. [11416] [45378] [5044] [5110]
Brexpiprazole: (Major) Because brexpiprazole is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, the manufacturer recommends that
the brexpiprazole dose be reduced to one-quarter (25%) of the usual dose in patients receiving a moderate to strong inhibitor of
CYP3A4 inhibitor in combination with a moderate to strong inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir (including lopinavir; ritonavir) is a strong
inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully
monitored for brexpiprazole-related adverse reactions. If the co-administered CYP inhibitor is discontinued, adjust the brexpiprazole
dose to its original level. [59949]
Brigatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of brigatinib with lopinavir if possible due to increased plasma exposure of brigatinib; an
increase in brigatinib-related adverse reactions may occur. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of brigatinib by
approximately 50% without breaking tablets (i.e., from 180 mg to 90 mg; from 90 mg to 60 mg); after discontinuation of lopinavir,
resume the brigatinib dose that was tolerated prior to initiation of lopinavir. Brigatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir is a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of brigatinib by 101% and
21%, respectively. [28341] [61909] (Major) Avoid coadministration of brigatinib with ritonavir if possible due to increased plasma
exposure of brigatinib; an increase in brigatinib-related adverse reactions may occur. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose
of brigatinib by approximately 50% without breaking tablets (i.e., from 180 mg to 90 mg; from 90 mg to 60 mg); after discontinuation
of ritonavir, resume the brigatinib dose that was tolerated prior to initiation of ritonavir. Brigatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of brigatinib by 101%
and 21%, respectively. [28315] [61909]
Brimonidine; Timolol: (Moderate) Timolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir,
may impair timolol metabolism; the clinical significance of such interactions is unknown. [5044] [5270]
Bromocriptine: (Major) When bromocriptine is used for diabetes, avoid coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir ensuring adequate
washout before initiating bromocriptine. Use this combination with caution in patients receiving bromocriptine for other indications.
Concurrent use may significantly increase bromocriptine concentrations. Bromocriptine is extensively metabolized in the liver via
CYP3A4; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28337] [28341] [35591] (Major) When bromocriptine is used for diabetes,
avoid coadministration with ritonavir ensuring adequate washout before initiating bromocriptine. Use this combination with caution in
patients receiving bromocriptine for other indications. Concurrent use may significantly increase bromocriptine concentrations.
Bromocriptine is extensively metabolized in the liver via CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28337] [35591] [47165]
Brompheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound
sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration
is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are
achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and
potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued,
monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4.
Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [30379] [56303] [56579] [58531] (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone
with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension,
respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being
used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of
hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations,
decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir
is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for
CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. [30379] [30391] [47165] [56303] [58531]
Brompheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
Budesonide: (Major) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and ritonavir due to the potential for increased budesonide exposure.
Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure to the corticosteroid may also increase. Budesonide is a CYP3A4
substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure to oral
budesonide was increased by 8-fold. [28315] [31824] [34979] [47165] (Major) Decreased lopinavir plasma concentrations have been
observed when systemic budesonide and lopinavir; ritonavir are coadministered, increasing the risk for HIV treatment failure.
Additionally, inhibition of CYP3A4 by lopinavir; ritonavir increases plasma exposure of budesonide, resulting in significantly reduced
serum cortisol concentrations. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients
receiving inhaled or intranasally administered budesonide with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing
syndrome and adrenal suppression. Therefore, coadministration of budesonide (or budesonide-containing products) and ritonavir (or
ritonavir-containing products or treatment regimens) is not recommended unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of
systemic corticosteroid side effects. If concurrent use if required, caution and carefully monitor of HIV treatment status and adverse
effects are recommended. [28341] [4718] [51080]
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and ritonavir due to the potential for increased budesonide
exposure. Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure to the corticosteroid may also increase. Budesonide is a
CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure
to oral budesonide was increased by 8-fold. [28315] [31824] [34979] [47165] (Major) Decreased lopinavir plasma concentrations have been
observed when systemic budesonide and lopinavir; ritonavir are coadministered, increasing the risk for HIV treatment failure.
Additionally, inhibition of CYP3A4 by lopinavir; ritonavir increases plasma exposure of budesonide, resulting in significantly reduced
serum cortisol concentrations. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients
receiving inhaled or intranasally administered budesonide with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing
syndrome and adrenal suppression. Therefore, coadministration of budesonide (or budesonide-containing products) and ritonavir (or
ritonavir-containing products or treatment regimens) is not recommended unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the risk of
systemic corticosteroid side effects. If concurrent use if required, caution and carefully monitor of HIV treatment status and adverse
effects are recommended. [28341] [4718] [51080] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported.
Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that
prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT
interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir;
ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which might increase the
risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Bupivacaine Liposomal: (Minor) Bupivacaine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzymes. Known inhibitors of CYP
3A4, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may result in increased systemic levels of bupivacaine when given concurrently, with
potential for toxicity. Although not studied, dosage adjustments of bupivacaine may be needed. [4718]
Bupivacaine: (Minor) Bupivacaine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzymes. Known inhibitors of CYP 3A4, such as
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may result in increased systemic levels of bupivacaine when given concurrently, with potential for
toxicity. Although not studied, dosage adjustments of bupivacaine may be needed. [4718]
Bupivacaine; Lidocaine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors can inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4, an isoenzyme that is
partially responsible for the metabolism of lidocaine. The concurrent use of systemic lidocaine and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors
should be carefully monitored due to the potential for serious toxicity. [4718] [5172] (Minor) Bupivacaine is metabolized by cytochrome
P450 (CYP) 3A4 isoenzymes. Known inhibitors of CYP 3A4, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may result in increased
systemic levels of bupivacaine when given concurrently, with potential for toxicity. Although not studied, dosage adjustments of
bupivacaine may be needed. [4718]
Buprenorphine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and ritonavir can increase the plasma concentration of buprenorphine,
resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects, particularly when ritonavir is added after a stable buprenorphine dose is achieved. If
concurrent use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of buprenorphine until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patient for
respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. When stopping ritonavir, the buprenorphine concentration will decrease,
potentially resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependency. If
ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing buprenorphine dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid
withdrawal. Buprenorphine is a substrate of CYP3A4. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [41235] [41666] [47165]
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of buprenorphine and ritonavir can increase the plasma concentration of
buprenorphine, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects, particularly when ritonavir is added after a stable buprenorphine dose
is achieved. If concurrent use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of buprenorphine until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor
patient for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. When stopping ritonavir, the buprenorphine concentration will
decrease, potentially resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical
dependency. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing buprenorphine dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for
signs of opioid withdrawal. Buprenorphine is a substrate of CYP3A4. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [41235] [41666] [47165]
Bupropion: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of bupropion with ritonavir results in decreased concentrations of bupropion and its
active metabolite. According to the manufacturers of bupropion, increased doses of bupropion may be necessary during concurrent
therapy; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded. Closely monitor bupropion efficacy if these
drugs are given together. Ritonavir induces CYP2B6, which is responsible for bupropion's metabolism. In one study, ritonavir 100 mg
twice daily reduced the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by 22% and 21%, respectively. In addition, exposure to the active metabolite of
bupropion (hydroxybupropion) was decreased by 23%. When given with ritonavir 600 mg twice daily, the AUC and Cmax of bupropion
decreased by 66% and 63% respectively and exposure to hydroxybupropion decreased by 78%. [28058] [28315] [34743] [34744] [34745]
[34746] [44095]
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of bupropion with ritonavir results in decreased concentrations of
bupropion and its active metabolite. According to the manufacturers of bupropion, increased doses of bupropion may be necessary
during concurrent therapy; however, the maximum recommended dose of bupropion should not be exceeded. Closely monitor bupropion
efficacy if these drugs are given together. Ritonavir induces CYP2B6, which is responsible for bupropion's metabolism. In one study,
ritonavir 100 mg twice daily reduced the AUC and Cmax of bupropion by 22% and 21%, respectively. In addition, exposure to the
active metabolite of bupropion (hydroxybupropion) was decreased by 23%. When given with ritonavir 600 mg twice daily, the AUC and
Cmax of bupropion decreased by 66% and 63% respectively and exposure to hydroxybupropion decreased by 78%. [28058] [28315]
[34743] [34744] [34745] [34746] [44095]
Buspirone: (Major) When buspirone is administered with a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 like ritonavir, a low dose of buspirone used
cautiously is recommended. Some patients receiving drugs that are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 with buspirone have reported
lightheadedness, asthenia, dizziness, and drowsiness. If the two drugs are to be used in combination, a low dose of buspirone (e.g., 2.5
mg PO twice daily) is recommended. Subsequent dose adjustment of either drug should be based on clinical assessment. Several other
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors also inhibit CYP3A4, and these may interact with buspirone in a similar manner. [28001] [28501]
(Moderate) When buspirone is administered with an inhibitor of CYP3A4 like lopinavir, a lower dose of buspirone is recommended.
Dose adjustment of either drug should be based on clinical assessment. [28001] [28501]
Butabarbital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Cabazitaxel: (Major) Avoid coadministration of cabazitaxel with lopinavir; ritonavir if possible due to increased cabazitaxel exposure. If
concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of cabazitaxel by 25%. Cabazitaxel is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4
and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration with another strong CYP3A4
inhibitor increased cabazitaxel exposure by 25%. [28341] [40981] [56579] (Major) Avoid coadministration of cabazitaxel with ritonavir if
possible due to increased cabazitaxel exposure. If concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of cabazitaxel by 25%.
Cabazitaxel is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study,
coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased cabazitaxel exposure by 25%. [40981] [47165]
Cabozantinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of cabozantinib with lopinavir; ritonavir due to the risk of increased cabozantinib
exposure. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of cabozantinib. For patients taking cabozantinib tablets, reduce the dose
of cabozantinib by 20 mg (e.g., 60 mg/day to 40 mg/day; 40 mg/day to 20 mg/day); for patients taking cabozantinib capsules, reduce the
dose of cabozantinib by 40 mg (e.g., 140 mg/day to 100 mg/day or 100 mg/day to 60 mg/day). Resume the cabozantinib dose that was
used prior to initiating treatment with lopinavir; ritonavir 2 to 3 days after discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir. Cabozantinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
increased single-dose cabozantinib exposure by 38%. [28341] [52506] [56579] [60738] (Major) Avoid coadministration of cabozantinib
with ritonavir due to the risk of increased cabozantinib exposure. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of cabozantinib.
For patients taking cabozantinib tablets, reduce the dose of cabozantinib by 20 mg (e.g., 60 mg/day to 40 mg/day; 40 mg/day to 20
mg/day); for patients taking cabozantinib capsules, reduce the dose of cabozantinib by 40 mg (e.g., 140 mg/day to 100 mg/day or 100
mg/day to 60 mg/day). Resume the cabozantinib dose that was used prior to initiating treatment with ritonavir 2 to 3 days after
discontinuation of ritonavir. Cabozantinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased single-dose cabozantinib exposure by 38%. Cabozantinib is also P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and
has the potential to increase plasma concentrations of P-gp substrates such as ritonavir; however, the clinical relevance of this finding is
unknown. [34557] [52506] [60738]
Caffeine; Ergotamine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease
inhibitors is considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral
ischemia and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical
literature. In some cases, fatal interactions have occurred. [28142] [28341] [28731] [28839] [28995] [32432] [46638] [5018] [5044] [5623] [5747]
[8102]
Calcifediol: (Moderate) Dose adjustment of calcifediol may be necessary during coadministration with ritonavir. Additionally, serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D, intact PTH, and calcium concentrations should be closely monitored if a patient initiates or discontinues therapy
with ritonavir. Ritonavir, which is a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, may inhibit enzymes involved in vitamin D metabolism (CYP24A1 and
CYP27B1) and may alter serum concentrations of calcifediol. [60895]
Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of canagliflozin if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. In patients
taking ritonavir who have an eGFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg once
daily, increase the dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. In patients who are tolerating canagliflozin
to 200 mg and who require additional glycemic control, the dose may be increased to 300 mg once daily. In patients taking ritonavir
who have an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg once daily, increase the
dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. Consider other antihyperglycemic therapy in patients who
require additional glycemic control. Canagliflozin is a UGT1A9 and 2B4 substrate and ritonavir is a UGT inducer. Coadministration
with a nonselective inducer of several UGT enzymes decreased canagliflozin exposure by 51%. In addition, new onset diabetes mellitus,
exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of antiretroviral protease
inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease
inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients
including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely
monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30575] [47165] [53972]
(Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been
reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, such as lopinavir. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function.
protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [28341] [30575]
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of canagliflozin if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. In
patients taking ritonavir who have an eGFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg
once daily, increase the dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. In patients who are tolerating
canagliflozin to 200 mg and who require additional glycemic control, the dose may be increased to 300 mg once daily. In patients taking
ritonavir who have an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and are currently tolerating a canagliflozin dose of 100 mg once daily,
increase the dose of canagliflozin to 200 mg (taken as two 100 mg tablets) once daily. Consider other antihyperglycemic therapy in
patients who require additional glycemic control. Canagliflozin is a UGT1A9 and 2B4 substrate and ritonavir is a UGT inducer.
Coadministration with a nonselective inducer of several UGT enzymes decreased canagliflozin exposure by 51%. In addition, new onset
diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of
antiretroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after
initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in
some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be
closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30575] [47165]
[53972] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have
been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, such as lopinavir. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell
function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after
beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease
inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically
hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [28341] [30575] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of
diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another
possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor
therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including
patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for
changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30480] [30575]
Cannabidiol: (Moderate) Consider a dose adjustment of cannabidiol if coadministered with ritonavir. Coadministration may alter
cannabidiol plasma concentrations increasing the risk of adverse reactions or decreasing efficacy. Cannabidiol is metabolized by
CYP3A4 and CYP2C19; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a strong inducer of CYP2C19. [47165] [56579] [63309] (Moderate)
Consider a dose reduction of cannabidiol if coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir. Coadministration may increase cannabidiol plasma
concentrations increasing the risk of adverse reactions. Cannabidiol is metabolized by CYP3A4; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor
of CYP3A4. [28341] [63309]
Carbamazepine: (Major) Concurrent administration of lopinavir; ritonavir (Kaletra) twice daily with carbamazepine should be done
cautiously. Once daily lopinavir; ritonavir should not be administered with carbamazepine due to hepatic enzyme induction by the
antiepileptic. While the use of ritonavir as a single PI has been noted to induce anticonvulsant metabolism, coadministration of
lopinavir; ritonavir (Kaletra) with carbamazepine will more likely result in decreased lopinavir plasma concentrations, leading to loss of
virologic control. In addition, coadministration may result in increased carbamazepine concentrations; carbamazepine is a CYP3A4
substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. If lopinavir; ritonavir (Kaletra) is used with carbamazepine, the patient's
HIV status, as well as carbamazepine plasma concentrations, should be closely monitored. [28341] [41237] [46638] (Major) Ritonavir
decreases the hepatic CYP metabolism of carbamazepine, resulting in increased carbamazepine concentrations. In addition,
carbamazepine increases the metabolism of the protease inhibitors and may lead to decreased efficacy of these medications.
Carbamazepine is a potent inducer and substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of this
isoenzyme. In addition, carbamazepine induces P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a drug efflux transporter for which ritonavir is a substrate.
Treatment failures have been reported with protease inhibitors when carbamazepine is used concomitantly. The appropriate drug-dose
adjustments necessary to ensure optimum levels of both antiretroviral drugs and carbamazepine are unknown. If used concomitantly, the
patient should be observed for changes in the clinical efficacy of the antiretroviral regimen or for carbamazepine toxicity. [28315] [46638]
Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated
plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an
inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result
in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir
is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Carbetapentane; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result
in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [34522] [34523] [47165] [58664]
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
Cariprazine: (Major) Cariprazine and its active metabolites are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4. When a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor,
such as ritonavir, is initiated in a patient who is on a stable dose of cariprazine, reduce the cariprazine dosage by half. For adult patients
taking cariprazine 4.5 mg daily, the dosage should be reduced to 1.5 mg or 3 mg daily. For patients taking cariprazine 1.5 mg daily, the
dosing frequency should be adjusted to every other day. When the CYP3A4 inhibitor is withdrawn, the cariprazine dosage may need to
be increased. When initiating cariprazine in a patient who is stable on a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, the patient should be administered 1.5
mg of cariprazine on Day 1 and on Day 3 with no dose administered on Day 2. From Day 4 onward, the dose should be administered at
1.5 mg daily, then increased to a maximum dose of 3 mg daily. When the CYP3A4 inhibitor is withdrawn, the cariprazine dosage may
need to be increased. [28341] [60164]
Carteolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Carvedilol: (Moderate) Coadministration of lopinavir with carvedilol may result in increased concentrations of carvedilol. Carvedilol is
a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp); lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and
careful monitoring. A decrease in the carvedilol dose may be warranted. [28315] [51834] [56579] [58220] (Moderate) Inhibitors of the
hepatic CYP450 isozyme CYP2D6, such as ritonavir, may inhibit the hepatic oxidative metabolism of carvedilol. In addition, both drugs
are inhibitors and subtrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Close monitoring of serum drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse
effects is required when carvedilol is coadministered with ritonavir. [4718] [5044] [5267]
Ceritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ceritinib with lopinavir due to increased exposure to ceritinib; additive QT prolongation
and increased lopinavir exposure may also occur. If concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the dose of ceritinib by approximately
one-third, rounded to the nearest multiple of 150 mg; monitor for treatment-related adverse reactions. Periodically monitor electrolytes
and ECGs; an interruption of ceritinib therapy, dose reduction, or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation
occurs. After lopinavir is discontinued, resume the dose of ceritinib taken prior to initiating lopinavir. Both drugs are CYP3A4
substrates and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ceritinib exposure by 2.9-
fold after a single dose in healthy subjects. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Concentration-dependent QT
prolongation also occurred with ceritinib therapy. [28341] [56579] [57094] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ceritinib with ritonavir due
to increased exposure to ceritinib; plasma concentrations of ritonavir may also increase. If concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the
dose of ceritinib by approximately one-third, rounded to the nearest multiple of 150 mg; monitor for treatment-related adverse reactions.
After ritonavir is discontinued, resume the dose of ceritinib taken prior to initiating ritonavir. Both drugs are CYP3A4 substrates and
strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ceritinib exposure by 2.9-fold after a
single dose in healthy subjects. [47165] [57094]
Cetirizine: (Moderate) Coadministration of cetirizine and ritonavir resulted in a 42% increase in the AUC, 53% increase in half-life, and
29% decrease in clearance of cetirizine. Cetirizine did not alter ritonavir disposition. [28874] [33350]
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Coadministration of cetirizine and ritonavir resulted in a 42% increase in the AUC, 53%
increase in half-life, and 29% decrease in clearance of cetirizine. Cetirizine did not alter ritonavir disposition. [28874] [33350]
Cevimeline: (Major) Cevimeline is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors inhibit one or both of
these isoenzymes and are expected to lead to an increase in cevimeline plasma concentrations. [28001] [34711] [48617]
Chloramphenicol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chloramphenicol with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations
of ritonavir, and subsequent adverse events. Chloramphenicol is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate
of this enzyme. Monitor patient for ritonavir-related adverse events. [29624] [58664]
Chlordiazepoxide: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of chlordiazepoxide and
increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the chlordiazepoxide dose may be needed. [32432] [5286]
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of chlordiazepoxide
and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the chlordiazepoxide dose may be needed. [32432] [5286]
Chloroquine: (Major) Coadminister chloroquine with other drugs known to prolong the QT interval, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, with
caution as this may result in additive QT prolongation. Chloroquine is associated with an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade
de pointes (TdP); fatalities have been reported. The risk of QT prolongation is increased with higher chloroquine doses. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. [28229] [28230] [28231] [28341] [29758]
Chlorpheniramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of
this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma
effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce efficacy. [33654] [34883] [47165] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine
with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic
isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together.
[34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may
result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6;
ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935]
[58664]
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with lopinavir/ritonavir may
increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine
concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and
death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine
until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir/ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations,
decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If
dihydrocodeine. [30282] [47165] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with lopinavir/ritonavir may
increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine
concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and
death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine
until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir/ritonavir could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations,
decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If
dihydrocodeine. [30282] [47165] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
Chlorpheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir
may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression,
drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid
efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If lopinavir; ritonavir is
discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for
CYP3A4. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [30379] [56303] [56579] [58531] (Moderate) Concomitant use of
hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including
hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when
hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a
dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma
concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to
hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate.
Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. [30379]
[30391] [47165] [56303] [58531] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone
Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. [30379] [30391] [47165] [56303] [58531] (Moderate) Concurrent
administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine
is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are
administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
(Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of
chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme.
Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
(Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of
chlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme.
Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [34390] [47165] [57935] [58664]
Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of chlorpheniramine with ritonavir may result in elevated
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Concurrent use of chlorpromazine and lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Chlorpromazine is also associated
with an established risk of QT prolongation and TdP; case reports have included patients receiving therapeutic doses of chlorpromazine.
[28341] [28417] [43065]
Ciclesonide: (Moderate) Coadministration of ciclesonide with ritonavir may cause elevated ciclesonide serum concentrations,
potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Ciclesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor
of CYP3A4. Corticosteroids, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4
inhibitors, should be considered, especially for long-term use. [28341] [47165]
Cidofovir: (Moderate) Additive adverse effects may be seen when cidofovir is given with other agents that cause neutropenia. Patients
receiving anti-retroviral protease inhibitors in combination with cidofovir may have an increased risk of iritis or uveitis. [24859]
Cilostazol: (Major) Concurrent administration of cilostazol with protease inhibitors can result in elevated cilostazol plasma
concentrations; the manufacturer recommends prescribers consider up to a 50% reduction in cilostazol dosage during concurrent
administration. Cilostazol is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors block this enzyme. Caution and close
monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [47165] [48620]
Cimetidine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of cimetidine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ritonavir.
Cimetidine is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; ritonavir is partially metabolized by both of these enzymes.
Monitor for adverse events if these drugs are administered together. [34364] [56579] [57012] [58664]
Cinacalcet: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of cinacalcet with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of
cinacalcet. Cinacalcet is a substrate of CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised
if these drugs are administered together. [47165] [58664]
Ciprofloxacin: (Major) Due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when
administering lopinavir; ritonavir with ciprofloxacin. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation, and ciprofloxacin is
associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP. [28341] [43411]
Cisapride: (Severe) Concurrent use of cisapride with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PI) is contraindicated due to the risk of life
threatening cardiac arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Cisapride is metabolized by CYP3A4, and all PIs inhibit this enzyme;
thus, coadministration may increases cisapride plasma concentrations and increase the risk of adverse events. Cases of QT prolongation
and ventricular arrhythmias, including TdP and death, have been observed during post-marketing surveillance when cisapride is
administered with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors. [28978] [28995] [46638] [47221]
Citalopram: (Major) Concurrent use of citalopram and lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). If concurrent therapy is considered essential, ECG monitoring is recommended. Citalopram
causes dose-dependent QT interval prolongation. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir;
ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and citalopram is a CYP3A4 substrate. However, since citalopram is metabolized by multiple enzyme
systems, inhibition of one pathway may not appreciably decrease citalopram clearance. [28001] [28269] [28341] (Minor) Concurrent use
of ritonavir may increase citalopram exposure and treatment-related adverse effects. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Because
CYP3A4 is one of the primary enzymes involved in the metabolism of citalopram, it is expected that strong CYP3A4 inhibitors might
decrease the clearance of citalopram. However, coadministration of citalopram and another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole did
not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of citalopram. [28269] [47165]
Clarithromycin: (Major) Because the exposure to 14-OH clarithromycin is significantly decreased by ritonavir, consider alternative
antibiotic therapy for indications other than Mycobacterium avium. Clarithromycin doses above 1000 mg should not be administered
with ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, clarithromycin dosage reductions are recommended in patients with renal
impairment (CrCl 30 to 60 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by 50%; CrCl less than 30 mL/minute, decrease clarithromycin by
75%). Concomitant administration of ritonavir and clarithromycin resulted in a 77% increase in clarithromycin exposure and a 100%
decrease in 14-OH clarithromycin exposure. The microbiological activities of clarithromycin and 14-OH-clarithromycin are different for
different bacteria. [28238] [46638] [47165] (Major) Concomitant administration of lopinavir; ritonavir and clarithromycin results in an
increase in the clarithromycin AUC. Clarithromycin dosage adjustments are recommended in patients with renal impairment who are
receiving lopinavir; ritonavir concurrently. For patients with creatinine clearance 60 to 30 ml/min, the dose of clarithromycin should be
reduced by 50%. For patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min, the dose of clarithromycin should be reduced by 75%. No
dosage adjustment of clarithromycin is required for patients with normal renal function who are also receiving lopinavir; ritonavir.
Additionally, the risk of QT prolongation may increase with coadministration as both drugs have been known to prolong the QT
interval. [28225] [28238] [28341] [28413] [28419]
Clevidipine: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (mainly through
CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel blocker concentrations. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some
patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including
calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful
monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. [5044]
Clindamycin: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in clindamycin-related adverse reactions with coadministration of ritonavir as
concurrent use may increase clindamycin exposure. Clindamycin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
[44982] [47165]
Clobazam: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased response to lopinavir; ritonavir and increased adverse effects from clobazam and
lopinavir; ritonavir during concurrent use. Coadministration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of clobazam and altered
concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir. Clobazam is a substrate of CYP3A4, weak inducer of CYP3A4, and a weak inhibitor of
CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is also a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Lopinavir is a substrate of
CYP3A4. [28341] [46370] [47165] [56579] (Moderate) Monitor for reduced response to ritonavir and increased adverse effects from both
clobazam and ritonavir during concurrent use. Coadministration may result in elevated plasma concentrations of clobazam and altered
concentrations of ritonavir. Clobazam is a substrate of CYP3A4, weak inducer of CYP3A4, and an inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a
substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is also a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [46370] [47165]
Clofarabine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of clofarabine, a substrate of OCT1, and ritonavir, an inhibitor of OCT1, may result in
increased clofarabine levels. Therefore, monitor for signs of clofarabine toxicity such as gastrointestinal toxicity (e.g., nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, mucosal inflammation), hematologic toxicity, and skin toxicity (e.g. hand and foot syndrome, rash, pruritus) in patients also
receiving OCT1 inhibitors. [51834] [54578]
Clofazimine: (Major) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation when clofazimine is administered with lopinavir; ritonavir. QT prolongation
and torsade de pointes have been reported in patients receiving clofazimine in combination with QT prolonging medications. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [63936]
Clomipramine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with
ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations. [47165]
Clonazepam: (Moderate) Use protease inhibitors cautiously and carefully monitor patients receiving concurrent clonazepam due to
impaired metabolism of clonazepam leading to exaggerated concentrations and adverse effects, such as CNS and/or respiratory
depression. Clonazepam is a CYP3A4 substrate. Protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 inhibitors. [28315] [28444] [32432]
Clorazepate: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of N-desmethyldiazepam, the active
metabolite of clorazepate, and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. Monitor patients closely who receive concurrent
therapy. [46638] [4718] [5074]
Clozapine: (Major) Consider a clozapine dose adjustment if coadministered with ritonavir and monitor for efficacy and adverse
reactions. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor for lack of clozapine effect and adverse effects and adjust dose if necessary. A clinically
relevant increase or decrease in the plasma concentration of clozapine may occur during concurrent use. Clozapine is partially
metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 and weak CYP2D6 inhibitor and a moderate inducer
of CYP1A2. [28262] [47165] [56579] (Major) Treatment with clozapine has been associated with QT prolongation, torsade de pointes
(TdP), cardiac arrest, and sudden death. The manufacturer of clozapine recommends caution during concurrent use with medications
known to cause QT prolongation such as lopinavir; ritonavir. In addition, ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, two of the
isoenzymes responsible for the metabolism of clozapine. Ritonavir may also have inducing effects on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. Elevated
plasma concentrations of clozapine occurring through CYP inhibition may potentially increase the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias or
other adverse effects. Use with a CYP inducer may result in loss of effectiveness of clozapine. According to the manufacturer, patients
receiving clozapine in combination with inhibitors or inducers of CYP2D6, CYP3A4, or CYP1A2 should be monitored for adverse
reactions or loss of effectiveness. Consideration should be given to adjusting the clozapine dose if clinically warranted. [28262] [28341]
[28416] [5044]
Cobicistat: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and
cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. [51664] [58000] [58761] [58763]
Cobimetinib: (Major) Avoid the concurrent use of cobimetinib with ritonavir due to the risk of cobimetinib toxicity. Cobimetinib is a P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate as well as a CYP3A substrate in vitro; ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor as well as a strong CYP3A inhibitor. In
healthy subjects (n = 15), coadministration of a single 10 mg dose of cobimetinib with itraconazole (200 mg once daily for 14 days),
another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased the mean cobimetinib AUC by 6.7-fold (90% CI, 5.6 to 8) and the mean Cmax by 3.2-fold
(90% CI, 2.7 to 3.7). [28380] [34557] [47165] [60281]
Cocaine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of cocaine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of cocaine and ritonavir.
Cocaine is a substrate/inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of CYP2D6; ritonavir is a substrate/inhibitor of both these enzymes. While
single uses of topical cocaine for local anethesia would not be expected to have clinically significant interactions, users of systemic
cocaine could experience adverse events. [57067] [58664]
Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in
[34883] [47165]
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma concentrations,
resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including
hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is
being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of
codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease codeine plasma concentrations,
decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If lopinavir;
ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily
metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [33654] [34883] [56579] (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may
alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or
prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is
recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely
at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir
could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased
opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued,
monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to
morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and
a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce
efficacy. [33654] [34883] [47165]
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Major) Promethazine carries a possible risk of QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for
QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with promethazine include lopinavir; ritonavir.
[28225] [28341] [55578] (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma concentrations,
resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including
hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is
being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of
codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease codeine plasma concentrations,
decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If lopinavir;
ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily
metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [33654] [34883] [56579] (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with ritonavir may
alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as reduced efficacy or symptoms of opioid withdrawal or
prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is
recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely
at frequent intervals and consider a dosage adjustment of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir
could alter codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in an unpredictable effect such as prolonged opioid adverse reactions or decreased
opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If ritonavir is discontinued,
monitor the patient carefully and consider adjusting the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to
morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and
a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase codeine-related adverse effects while CYP2D6 inhibitors may reduce
efficacy. [33654] [34883] [47165]
Codeine; Promethazine: (Major) Promethazine carries a possible risk of QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT
prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with promethazine include lopinavir; ritonavir. [28225]
[28341] [55578] (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting
in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension,
[34883] [47165]
Colchicine: (Major) Due to the risk for serious colchicine toxicity including multi-organ failure and death, avoid coadministration of
colchicine and lopinavir in patients with normal renal and hepatic function unless the use of both agents is imperative. Coadministration
is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment because colchicine accumulation may be greater in these populations.
Lopinavir can inhibit colchicine's metabolism via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, resulting in increased colchicine exposure. If
coadministration in patients with normal renal and hepatic function cannot be avoided, adjust the dose of colchicine by either reducing
the daily dose or the dosage frequency, and carefully monitor for colchicine toxicity. Specific dosage adjustment recommendations are
available for the Colcrys product for patients who have taken lopinavir in the past 14 days or require concurrent use: for prophylaxis of
gout flares, if the original dose is 0.6 mg twice daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once daily or if the original dose is 0.6 mg once daily, decrease
to 0.3 mg once every other day; for treatment of gout flares, give 0.6 mg as a single dose, then 0.3 mg 1 hour later, and do not repeat for
at least 3 days; for familial Mediterranean fever, do not exceed a 0.6 mg/day. [27493] [28341] [34557] [36114] [61147] (Major) Due to the
risk for serious colchicine toxicity including multi-organ failure and death, avoid coadministration of colchicine and ritonavir in patients
with normal renal and hepatic function unless the use of both agents is imperative. Coadministration is contraindicated in patients with
renal or hepatic impairment because colchicine accumulation may be greater in these populations. Ritonavir can inhibit colchicine's
metabolism via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, resulting in increased colchicine exposure. If coadministration in patients with
normal renal and hepatic function cannot be avoided, adjust the dose of colchicine by either reducing the daily dose or the dosage
frequency, and carefully monitor for colchicine toxicity. Specific dosage adjustment recommendations are available for the Colcrys
product for patients who have taken ritonavir in the past 14 days or require concurrent use: for prophylaxis of gout flares, if the original
dose is 0.6 mg twice daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once daily or if the original dose is 0.6 mg once daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once every
other day; for treatment of gout flares, give 0.6 mg as a single dose, then 0.3 mg 1 hour later, and do not repeat for at least 3 days; for
familial Mediterranean fever, do not exceed a 0.6 mg/day. [27493] [28380] [34557] [34558] [36114] [61147]
Colchicine; Probenecid: (Major) Due to the risk for serious colchicine toxicity including multi-organ failure and death, avoid
coadministration of colchicine and lopinavir in patients with normal renal and hepatic function unless the use of both agents is
imperative. Coadministration is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment because colchicine accumulation may be
greater in these populations. Lopinavir can inhibit colchicine's metabolism via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, resulting in
increased colchicine exposure. If coadministration in patients with normal renal and hepatic function cannot be avoided, adjust the dose
of colchicine by either reducing the daily dose or the dosage frequency, and carefully monitor for colchicine toxicity. Specific dosage
adjustment recommendations are available for the Colcrys product for patients who have taken lopinavir in the past 14 days or require
concurrent use: for prophylaxis of gout flares, if the original dose is 0.6 mg twice daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once daily or if the original
dose is 0.6 mg once daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once every other day; for treatment of gout flares, give 0.6 mg as a single dose, then 0.3
mg 1 hour later, and do not repeat for at least 3 days; for familial Mediterranean fever, do not exceed a 0.6 mg/day. [27493] [28341]
[34557] [36114] [61147] (Major) Due to the risk for serious colchicine toxicity including multi-organ failure and death, avoid
coadministration of colchicine and ritonavir in patients with normal renal and hepatic function unless the use of both agents is
imperative. Coadministration is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment because colchicine accumulation may be
greater in these populations. Ritonavir can inhibit colchicine's metabolism via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, resulting in
increased colchicine exposure. If coadministration in patients with normal renal and hepatic function cannot be avoided, adjust the dose
of colchicine by either reducing the daily dose or the dosage frequency, and carefully monitor for colchicine toxicity. Specific dosage
adjustment recommendations are available for the Colcrys product for patients who have taken ritonavir in the past 14 days or require
concurrent use: for prophylaxis of gout flares, if the original dose is 0.6 mg twice daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once daily or if the original
dose is 0.6 mg once daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once every other day; for treatment of gout flares, give 0.6 mg as a single dose, then 0.3
mg 1 hour later, and do not repeat for at least 3 days; for familial Mediterranean fever, do not exceed a 0.6 mg/day. [27493] [28380]
[34557] [34558] [36114] [61147]
Conivaptan: (Severe) Coadministration of conivaptan with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors like lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated. The
plasma concentrations of both drugs may be elevated during concurrent use. Coadministration of conivaptan with ketoconazole, a potent
CYP3A4 inhibitor, results in 4- and 11- fold increase in conivaptan Cmax and AUC, respectively; similar pharmacokinetic effects could
be seen with the coadministration of conivaptan and lopinavir; ritonavir. In addition, conivaptan inhibits both CYP3A4 and P-
glycoprotein; ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. Per the manufacturer of conivaptan, concomitant use of conivaptan with
CYP3A4 substrates should be avoided. Subsequent treatment with CYP3A substrates may be initiated no sooner than 1 week after
completion of conivaptan therapy. [28341] [31764] (Severe) Coadministration of conivaptan with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors like ritonavir
is contraindicated. The plasma concentrations of both drugs may be elevated during concurrent use. Coadministration of conivaptan
with ketoconazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, results in 4- and 11- fold increase in conivaptan Cmax and AUC, respectively; similar
pharmacokinetic effects could be seen with the coadministration of conivaptan and ritonavir. In addition, conivaptan inhibits both
CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. Per the manufacturer of conivaptan, concomitant
use of conivaptan with CYP3A4 substrates should be avoided. Subsequent treatment with CYP3A substrates may be initiated no sooner
than 1 week after completion of conivaptan therapy. [28315] [28341] [31764] [56579]
Conjugated Estrogens: (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by CYP3A4.
Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens resulting in an increased risk of
estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering lopinavir; ritonavir (more than 30
days) with conjugated estrogens, adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated by
signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with
undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to
their prescribers. [28315] [28341] [56074] (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by
CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens resulting in an increased risk of
estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering ritonavir (more than 30 days) with
conjugated estrogens, adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated by signs and
symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed
persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their
prescribers. [28315] [56074]
Conjugated Estrogens; Bazedoxifene: (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by
CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens resulting in an
increased risk of estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering lopinavir;
ritonavir (more than 30 days) with conjugated estrogens, adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial
sampling when indicated by signs and symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in
postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. Patients should report any breakthrough
bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28315] [28341] [56074] (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens
are metabolized partially by CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens
resulting in an increased risk of estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering
bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28315] [56074]
Conjugated Estrogens; Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Coadministration of medroxyprogesterone, a CYP3A substrate with ritonavir, a
strong CYP3A inhibitor should be avoided since it is expected to increase concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Formal drug
interaction studies have not been conducted; however, medroxyprogesterone is metabolized primarily by hydroxylation via the CYP3A4
in vitro. [28380] [34557] [47165] [57648] (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens are metabolized partially by
CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens resulting in an
increased risk of estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering lopinavir;
bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28315] [28341] [56074] (Moderate) In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that estrogens
are metabolized partially by CYP3A4. Inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, may increase the exposure of conjugated estrogens
resulting in an increased risk of estrogen-related side effects or endometrial hyperplasia. Therefore, when chronically coadministering
Copanlisib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of copanlisib and lopinavir; ritonavir if possible; increased copanlisib exposure may
occur. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the copanlisib dose to 45 mg and monitor patients for copanlisib-related adverse
events (e.g., hypertension, infection, and skin rash). Copanlisib is a CYP3A substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor.
[28341] [62347] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of copanlisib and ritonavir if possible; increased copanlisib exposure may occur. If
coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the copanlisib dose to 45 mg and monitor patients for copanlisib-related adverse events
(e.g., hypertension, infection, and skin rash). Copanlisib is a CYP3A substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. [47165] [62347]
Crizotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with crizotinib due to increased plasma concentrations of crizotinib; QT
prolongation may also occur. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of crizotinib to 250 mg by mouth once daily. Monitor
ECGs for QT prolongation and electrolytes. Resume the original crizotinib dose after discontinuation of lopinavir. Crizotinib is a
CYP3A substrate that has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation. Lopinavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor that is
also associated with QT prolongation. Concomitant use may result in additive QT prolongation. Coadministration with one strong
CYP3A inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of single-dose crizotinib by 216% and 44%, respectively. Concomitant use with another
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the steady-state AUC and Cmax of crizotinib by 57% and 33%, respectively, compared to crizotinib
alone. [28341] [45458] [56579] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with crizotinib due to increased plasma concentrations of
crizotinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of crizotinib to 250 mg by mouth once daily; resume the original
crizotinib dose after discontinuation of ritonavir. Crizotinib is a CYP3A substrate. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration with one strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of single-dose crizotinib by 216% and 44%,
respectively. Concomitant use with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the steady-state AUC and Cmax of crizotinib by 57%
and 33%, respectively, compared to crizotinib alone. [45458] [47165]
Cyclophosphamide: (Moderate) Use caution if cyclophosphamide is used concomitantly with lopinavir and monitor for possible changes
in the efficacy or toxicity profile of cyclophosphamide. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown. Cyclophosphamide is a
prodrug that is hydroxylated and activated primarily by CYP2B6; the contribution of CYP3A4 to the activation of cyclophosphamide is
variable. Additional isoenzymes involved in the activation of cyclophosphamide include CYP2A6, 2C9, 2C18, and 2C19. N-
dechloroethylation to therapeutically inactive but neurotoxic metabolites occurs primarily via CYP3A4. The active metabolites, 4-
hydroxycyclophosphamide and aldophosphamide, are then inactivated by aldehyde dehydrogenase-mediated oxidation. Lopinavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Conversion of cyclophosphamide to its active metabolites may be affected. The use of protease inhibitor-
based regimens was found to be associated with a higher incidence of infections and neutropenia in patients receiving
cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (CDE) than use of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen. In
vitro, coadministration with troleandomycin, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, had little-to-no effect on cyclophosphamide metabolism. However,
concurrent use of cyclophosphamide conditioning therapy with itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) and fluconazole (a moderate
CYP3A4 inhibitor) in a randomized trial resulted in increases in serum bilirubin and creatinine, along with increased exposure to toxic
cyclophosphamide metabolites (n = 197). [26577] [27058] [28045] [28057] [28341] [47165] (Moderate) Use caution if cyclophosphamide is
used concomitantly with ritonavir, and monitor for possible changes in the efficacy or toxicity profile of cyclophosphamide. The clinical
significance of this interaction is unknown. Cyclophosphamide is a prodrug that is hydroxylated and activated primarily by CYP2B6;
the contribution of CYP3A4 to the activation of cyclophosphamide is variable. Additional isoenzymes involved in the activation of
cyclophosphamide include CYP2A6, 2C9, 2C18, and 2C19. N-dechloroethylation to therapeutically inactive but neurotoxic metabolites
occurs primarily via CYP3A4. The active metabolites, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and aldophosphamide, are then inactivated by
aldehyde dehydrogenase-mediated oxidation. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor as well as a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C9;
conversion of cyclophosphamide to its active metabolites may be affected. The use of protease inhibitor-based regimens was found to be
associated with a higher incidence of infections and neutropenia in patients receiving cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide
(CDE) than use of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimen. In vitro, coadministration with troleandomycin, a
CYP3A4 inhibitor, had little-to-no effect on cyclophosphamide metabolism. However, concurrent use of cyclophosphamide
conditioning therapy with itraconazole (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) and fluconazole (a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) in a randomized
trial resulted in increases in serum bilirubin and creatinine, along with increased exposure to toxic cyclophosphamide metabolites (n =
197). [26577] [27058] [28045] [28057] [47165]
Cyclosporine: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with all anti-retroviral protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as all protease
inhibitors inhibit CYP3A4. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient
receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. Prior to beginning saquinavir the patient had been receiving stable doses of cyclosporine
resulting in trough concentrations of 150 to 200 mcg/ml. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration
increased to 580 mcg/ml. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms. This interaction is
probably due to CYP3A4 inhibition by saquinavir. Another possible mechanism is that both drugs have a high affinity for the drug
efflux protein, P-glycoprotein, which may increase the absorption or decrease the clearance of the other drug. [2357] [28142] [28341]
[28839] [28995] [32432] [4718] [5936]
Dabigatran: (Moderate) Increased serum concentrations of dabigatran are possible when dabigatran, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, is
coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir, a P-gp inhibitor. Patients should be monitored for increased adverse effects of dabigatran.
When dabigatran is administered for treatment or reduction in risk of recurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary
embolism (PE) or prophylaxis of DVT or PE following hip replacement surgery, avoid coadministration with P-gp inhibitors like
lopinavir; ritonavir in patients with CrCl less than 50 mL/minute. When dabigatran is used in patients with non-valvular atrial
fibrillation and severe renal impairment (CrCl less than 30 mL/minute), avoid coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir, as serum
concentrations of dabigatran are expected to be higher than when administered to patients with normal renal function. P-gp inhibition
and renal impairment are the major independent factors that result in increased exposure to dabigatran. [27493] [28380] [42121] [56579]
(Moderate) Increased serum concentrations of dabigatran are possible when dabigatran, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, is
coadministered with ritonavir, a P-gp inhibitor. Patients should be monitored for increased adverse effects of dabigatran. When
dabigatran is administered for treatment or reduction in risk of recurrence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism
(PE), or prophylaxis of DVT or PE following hip replacement surgery, avoid coadministration with P-gp inhibitors like ritonavir in
patients with CrCl less than 50 mL/minute. When dabigatran is used in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and severe renal
impairment (CrCl less than 30 mL/minute), avoid coadministration with ritonavir, as serum concentrations of dabigatran are expected to
be higher than when administered to patients with normal renal function. P-gp inhibition and renal impairment are the major
independent factors that result in increased exposure to dabigatran. [27493] [28380] [42121]
Dabrafenib: (Major) The concomitant use of dabrafenib, a CYP3A4 substrate and a moderate CYP3A4 inducer, and lopinavir; ritonavir
may result in altered levels of either agent; avoid concomitant use if possible. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and a CYP3A4
substrate and inducer, while lopinavir is a CYP3A4 substrate. If another agent cannot be substituted and coadministration of these
agents is unavoidable, monitor patients closely for dabrafenib or ritonavir adverse effects and/or reduced efficacy. [28315] [28341] [54802]
(Major) The concomitant use of dabrafenib, a CYP3A4 substrate and a moderate CYP3A4 inducer, and ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor and a CYP3A4 substrate and inducer, may result in altered levels of either agent; avoid concomitant use if possible. If another
agent cannot be substituted and coadministration of these agents is unavoidable, monitor patients closely for dabrafenib or ritonavir
adverse effects and/or reduced efficacy. [28315] [54802]
Daclatasvir: (Major) The dose of daclatasvir, a CYP3A4 substrate, must be reduced to 30 mg PO once daily when administered in
combination with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as lopinavir; ritonavir. Taking these drugs together may increase daclatasvir serum
concentrations, and potentially increase the risk for adverse effects. In addition, the therapeutic effects of ritonavir, a P-glycoprotein (P-
gp) substrate, may be increased by daclatasvir, a P-gp inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [60001] (Major) The dose of daclatasvir, a CYP3A4
substrate, must be reduced to 30 mg PO once daily when administered in combination with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir.
Taking these drugs together may increase daclatasvir serum concentrations, and potentially increase the risk for adverse effects. In
addition, the therapeutic effects of ritonavir, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, may be increased by daclatasvir, a P-gp inhibitor. [28380]
[34557] [47165] [60001]
Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance
have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset
averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy.
Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment.
Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease
inhibitor therapy is initiated. [7238] [7335]
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin: (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited
to 2.5 mg once daily when coadministered with a strong CYP 3A4/5 inhibitor such as the ritonavir component of lopinavir; ritonavir. In
addition, new onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported
with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately
63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has
occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy
should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
[28341] [36111] [7335] (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to 2.5
mg once daily when coadministered with a strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor such as ritonavir. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of
diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have also been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors,
such as ritonavir. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically
hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [36111] [7238] [7335] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of
diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A
patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for
Dapsone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dapsone with ritonavir may result in elevated dapsone plasma concentrations.
Dapsone is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are
advised if these drugs are administered together. [11191] [47165] [58664]
Darifenacin: (Moderate) The daily dose of darifenacin should not exceed 7.5 mg PO when administered with lopinavir; ritonavir due to
increased darifenacin exposure. Darifenacin is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [30711]
[56579] (Moderate) The daily dose of darifenacin should not exceed 7.5 mg PO when administered with ritonavir due to increased
darifenacin exposure. Darifenacin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [30711] [47165]
Darolutamide: (Moderate) Monitor patients more frequently for darolutamide-related adverse reactions if coadministration with
lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary due to the risk of increased darolutamide exposure; decrease the dose of darolutamide for grade 3 or 4
adverse reactions or for otherwise intolerable adverse reactions. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor; darolutamide is a CYP3A4 substrate. Concomitant use with another combined P-gp inhibitor and strong CYP3A4
inhibitor increased the mean AUC and Cmax of darolutamide by 1.7-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively. [28341] [56579] [64525] (Moderate)
Monitor patients more frequently for darolutamide-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary due to the
risk of increased darolutamide exposure; decrease the dose of darolutamide for grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions or for otherwise
intolerable adverse reactions. Ritonavir is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; darolutamide is a CYP3A4
substrate. Concomitant use with another combined P-gp inhibitor and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean AUC and Cmax of
darolutamide by 1.7-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively. [28380] [34557] [47165] [64525]
Darunavir: (Major) Coadministration of darunavir with lopinavir is not recommended. Coadministration of darunavir with lopinavir;
ritonavir resulted in decreased darunavir exposure by approximately 38% to 41% depending on lopinavir; ritonavir dose. Appropriate
dose adjustments for this combination have not been established. [32432]
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both
ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. [51664] [58000] [58761] [58763] (Major) Coadministration of darunavir with
lopinavir is not recommended. Coadministration of darunavir with lopinavir; ritonavir resulted in decreased darunavir exposure by
approximately 38% to 41% depending on lopinavir; ritonavir dose. Appropriate dose adjustments for this combination have not been
established. [32432]
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because of
similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. [51664] [58000] [58761] [58763] (Major)
Coadministration of darunavir with lopinavir is not recommended. Coadministration of darunavir with lopinavir; ritonavir resulted in
decreased darunavir exposure by approximately 38% to 41% depending on lopinavir; ritonavir dose. Appropriate dose adjustments for
this combination have not been established. [32432] (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with tenofovir alafenamide may result in
elevated tenofovir serum concentrations. Tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting
polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. When 10 mg of tenofovir alafenamide was administered daily with
lopinavir; ritonavir (800 mg/200 mg PO daily), the tenofovir Cmax and AUC increased by 2.19-fold and 1.47-fold, respectively.
Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [60269] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with paritaprevir. Use of these drugs in
combination has resulted in elevated paritaprevir serum concentrations. Paritaprevir is a substrate of the drugs transporter organic anion
transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. [58664] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Dasatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of dasatinib and lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for increased dasatinib exposure and
subsequent toxicity including QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). An alternative to lopinavir; ritonavir with no or minimal
enzyme inhibition potential is recommended if possible. If coadministration cannot be avoided, consider a dasatinib dose reduction to 40
mg PO daily if original dose was 140 mg daily, 20 mg PO daily if original dose was 100 mg daily, or 20 mg PO daily if original dose
was 70 mg daily. Concomitant use of lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended in patients receiving dasatinib 60 mg or 40 mg daily. If
dasatinib is not tolerated after dose reduction, consider alternative therapies. Allow a washout of approximately 1 week after lopinavir;
ritonavir is stopped before increasing the dasatinib dose. Dasatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate that has the potential to prolong the QT
interval; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of another strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean Cmax and AUC of dasatinib by 4-fold and 5-fold, respectively. [28341] [60087] (Major) Avoid
coadministration of dasatinib and ritonavir due to the potential for increased dasatinib exposure and subsequent toxicity including QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). An alternative to ritonavir with no or minimal enzyme inhibition potential is recommended if
possible. If coadministration cannot be avoided, consider a dasatinib dose reduction to 40 mg PO daily if original dose was 140 mg
daily, 20 mg PO daily if original dose was 100 mg daily, or 20 mg PO daily if original dose was 70 mg daily. Concomitant use of
ritonavir is not recommended in patients receiving dasatinib 60 mg or 40 mg daily. If dasatinib is not tolerated after dose reduction,
consider alternative therapies. If ritonavir is stopped, allow a washout of approximately 1 week before increasing the dasatinib dose.
Dasatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate that has the potential to prolong the QT interval; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean Cmax and AUC of dasatinib by 4-fold and 5-fold,
respectively. [47165] [60087]
Deferasirox: (Major) Deferasirox undergoes UGT metabolism, and ritonavir is a potent inducer of this enzyme system. The concomitant
administration of deferasirox (single dose of 30 mg/kg) and the potent UGT inducer rifampin (i.e., rifampicin 600 mg/day for 9 days)
resulted in a decrease in deferasirox AUC by 44%. Although specific drug interaction studies of deferasirox and ritonavir are not
available, a similar interaction may occur. Avoid the concomitant use of ritonavir and deferasirox if possible. If ritonavir and deferasirox
coadministration is necessary, consider increasing the initial dose of deferasirox. Monitor serum ferritin concentrations and clinical
response for further modifications. [31807]
Deflazacort: (Major) Decrease deflazacort dose to one third of the recommended dosage when coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir.
Concurrent use may significantly increase concentrations of 21-desDFZ, the active metabolite of deflazacort, resulting in an increased
risk of toxicity. Deflazacort is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Administration of deflazacort
with clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased total exposure to 21-desDFZ by about 3-fold. [28341] [56579] [61750] (Major)
Decrease deflazacort dose to one third of the recommended dosage when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may
significantly increase concentrations of 21-desDFZ, the active metabolite of deflazacort, resulting in an increased risk of toxicity.
Deflazacort is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Administration of deflazacort with clarithromycin, a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased total exposure to 21-desDFZ by about 3-fold. [47165] [61750]
Degarelix: (Major) Since degarelix can cause QT prolongation, degarelix should be used cautiously with other drugs that are associated
with QT prolongation. Prescribers need to weigh the potential benefits and risks of degarelix use in patients with prolonged QT
syndrome or in patients taking other drugs that may prolong the QT interval. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and torsade
de pointes (TdP) that should be used cautiously with degarelix include lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [46869]
Delavirdine: (Moderate) Monitor for increased toxicity of ritonavir during coadministration of delavirdine. Appropriate doses of
ritonavir in combination with delavirdine with respect to safety and efficacy have not been established. The exposure to ritonavir has
been increased by 70% during concurrent administration of delavirdine. [28476] [46638] [47165]
Desipramine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Deutetrabenazine: (Major) For patients taking a deutetrabenazine dosage more than 24 mg/day with lopinavir; ritonavir, assess the QTc
interval before and after increasing the dosage of either medication. Clinically relevant QTc prolongation may occur with
deutetrabenazine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs that
prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. [28341] [61845]
Dexamethasone: (Major) Decreased plasma levels of lopinavir are seen when dexamethasone and lopinavir; ritonavir (Kaletra)
coadministered. Use this treatment combination with caution and carefully monitor HIV treatment status, as decreased clinical efficacy
of lopinavir; ritonavir may be seen. [28341] (Moderate) Close monitoring of therapeutic and adverse effects is required when
dexamethasone is coadministered with ritonavir. Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and dexamethasone is a CYP3A4 substrate. [4718] [5070]
[5206]
Dexlansoprazole: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dexlansoprazole with ritonavir may result in elevated dexlansoprazole
plasma concentrations. Dexlansoprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme.
Caution and monitoring for adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together. [40029] [47165] [58664]
Dextroamphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of
ritonavir, a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition
of amphetamine metabolism may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or other toxicity. If serotonin syndrome occurs, both the
[33263] [47165] [57067]
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may
result in elevated plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6
inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [34522] [34523] [47165] [58664]
Dextromethorphan; Promethazine: (Major) Promethazine carries a possible risk of QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT
[28341] [55578]
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Severe) The use of ritonavir is considered contraindicated with quinidine due to the potential to induce
quinidine toxicity. The manufacturer of dextromethorphan; quinidine recommends an initial ECG evaluation (baseline and 3 to 4 hours
post-dose) in patients taking dextromethorphan; quinidine in combination with moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ritonavir.
Quinidine causes a dose-dependent QT prolongation and is metabolized via CYP3A4. Concurrent use of dextromethorphan; quinidine
with moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in elevated quinidine plasma concentrations with the potential for enhanced QT-
prolonging effects. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation; additive effects on QT
prolongation are possible. [28315] [28341] [42280] [46638] [4718] (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and
quinidine is contraindicated due to the potential for serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. Cautious
consideration may be given to administering quinidine with boosting doses of ritonavir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and
increased plasma concentrations of drugs extensively metabolized by this enzyme, such as quinidine, should be expected with
concurrent use. [28315] [42280] [46638] [47165] [47357]
Diazepam: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of diazepam and increase the potential
for benzodiazepine toxicity. Prolonged sedation and respiratory depression can occur. A decrease in the diazepam dose may be needed
[28001] [28345] [28556] [47165] [55901]
Diclofenac: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diclofenac with ritonavir may result in elevated diclofenac plasma concentrations.
Diclofenac is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring for
adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together. [11181] [47165] [58664]
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diclofenac with ritonavir may result in elevated diclofenac plasma
concentrations. Diclofenac is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close
monitoring for adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together. [11181] [47165] [58664]
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using estrogens for
hormone replacement therapy should be monitored for signs of estrogen deficiency. Patients should be instructed to report any
breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28001] [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the
metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are
similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol. [28315]
Digoxin: (Major) In a pharmacokinetic study of 11 healthy men, increases in digoxin AUC (86%), volume of distribution, and half-life
were seen, while renal and non-renal clearance decreased, when coadministered with ritonavir. It appears that this interaction is
mediated by ritonavir's inhibition or P-glycoprotein-mediated renal tubular secretion of digoxin. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval
in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval
(including digoxin) has not been evaluated. Measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating ritonavir or lopinavir; ritonavir.
Reduce digoxin concentrations by decreasing the digoxin dose by approximately 30 to 50% or by modifying the dosing frequency and
continue monitoring. [28272] [28380] [30195] (Major) In a pharmacokinetic study of 11 healthy men, increases in digoxin AUC (86%),
volume of distribution, and half-life were seen, while renal and non-renal clearance decreased, when coadministered with ritonavir. It
appears that this interaction is mediated by ritonavir's inhibition or P-glycoprotein-mediated renal tubular secretion of digoxin. Ritonavir
also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs
that prolong the PR interval (including digoxin) has not been evaluated. Measure serum digoxin concentrations before initiating
ritonavir or lopinavir; ritonavir. Reduce digoxin concentrations by decreasing the digoxin dose by approximately 30-50% or by
modifying the dosing frequency and continue monitoring. [28272] [5110] [6945]
Dihydrocodeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with lopinavir/ritonavir may increase
dihydrocodeine. [30282] [47165]
Dihydroergotamine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease
[8102]
Diltiazem: (Major) Ritonavir is expected to decreases the hepatic CYP metabolism of diltiazem, resulting in increased diltiazem
concentrations. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased diltiazem may be
warranted. In addition, ritonavir and diltiazem both prolong the PR interval and caution for increased risk is recommended with
coadministration. [4718] [5044] (Moderate) Lopinavir may decrease the clearance of diltiazem via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism.
Caution is warranted and clinical monitoring of the patient is recommended. [5070]
Diphenhydramine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
Diphenhydramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
(Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of
diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are
advised if these drugs are administered together. [34522] [34523] [47165] [58664]
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of diphenhydramine with ritonavir may result in elevated
plasma concentrations of diphenhydramine. Diphenhydramine is a CYP2D6 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. Caution and
close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [34522] [34523] [47165] [58664]
Disopyramide: (Major) Caution is warranted when ritonavir is coadministered with antiarrhythmics, including disopyramide. Ritonavir
is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, and increased concentrations of disopyramide may be expected during coadministration. Therapeutic
antiarrhythmic concentration monitoring is suggested when available. Monitor therapeutic response closely; dosage reduction may be
needed. In some cases, the drug interaction may require more than 50% dosage reduction due to potent inhibitory effects and drug
accumulation. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with disopyramide.
[28001] [28228] [28315] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP)
and also inhibits CYP3A4. Disopyramide is also associated with QT prolongation and TdP and is a substrate for CYP3A4. Coadminister
with caution and close clinical monitoring of patients. [28228] [28341]
Disulfiram: (Major) Oral solutions of ritonavir contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution to patients receiving or who
have recently received disulfiram may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with
non-ethanol containing formulations. [28315] [48545] (Major) The ingestion of ethanol by patients receiving disulfiram causes an
extremely unpleasant reaction ('Antabuse Reaction') that can last from 30 minutes to several hours; however, the intensity and duration
are dependent upon the disulfiram dosage. Oral solutions of lopinavir; ritonavir contain ethanol. Administration of lopinavir; ritonavir
oral solution to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram may result in antabuse reactions. A disulfiram reaction
would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations. [28341] [48545]
Docetaxel: (Major) Avoid coadministration of docetaxel with lopinavir; ritonavir if possible due to increased plasma concentrations of
docetaxel. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for docetaxel-related adverse reactions and consider a 50% dose reduction
of docetaxel. Docetaxel is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased docetaxel exposure by 2.2-fold. [28341] [56579] [60484] (Major) Avoid coadministration of docetaxel
with ritonavir if possible due to increased plasma concentrations of docetaxel. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for
docetaxel-related adverse reactions and consider a 50% dose reduction of docetaxel. Docetaxel is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased docetaxel exposure by 2.2-fold. [47165]
[60484]
Dofetilide: (Major) Coadministration of dofetilide and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as concurrent use may increase the risk
of QT prolongation. Dofetilide, a Class III antiarrhythmic agent, is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and
torsade de pointes (TdP). Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. [28221] [28341] [28432] [28457]
Dolasetron: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with dolasetron. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Dolasetron has also been associated with a
dose-dependent prolongation in the QT, PR, and QRS intervals on an electrocardiogram. Use of dolasetron injection for prevention of
chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is contraindicated because the risk of QT prolongation is higher with the doses needed for
this indication. When the injectable formulation is used at lower doses (i.e., those approved for post-operative nausea and vomiting) or
when the oral formulation is used, the risk of QT prolongation is lower and caution is advised. Additionally, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits
CYP3A4 and dolasetron is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may increase the serum concentrations of dolasetron. [28341] [42844]
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when
administering rilpivirine with lopinavir; ritonavir. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT
prolongation. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir may inhibit the CYP3A4
metabolism of rilpivirine, resulting in elevated rilpivirine plasma concentrations and an added risk of adverse reactions such as QT
prolongation. [28341] [44376]
Donepezil: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of donepezil may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical
monitoring for adverse effects, such as GI or cholinergic effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor
of CYP3A4 and a CYP2D6 inhibitor, while donepezil is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. [29640] [47165]
Donepezil; Memantine: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of donepezil may be elevated when administered concurrently with
ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as GI or cholinergic effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir
is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a CYP2D6 inhibitor, while donepezil is a CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrate. [29640] [47165]
Doravirine: (Minor) Coadministration of doravirine and lopinavir; ritonavir may result in increased doravirine plasma concentrations.
Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor. In drug interaction studies, concurrent use of strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors increased doravirine exposure by more than 3-fold; however, this increase was not considered clinically significant.
[28341] [56579] [63484] (Minor) Coadministration of doravirine and ritonavir may result in increased doravirine plasma concentrations.
Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, concurrent use of ritonavir increased
doravirine exposure by more than 3-fold; however, this increase was not considered clinically significant. [63484]
Doravirine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as
ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. [28193]
[58664] (Minor) Coadministration of doravirine and lopinavir; ritonavir may result in increased doravirine plasma concentrations.
Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor. In drug interaction studies, concurrent use of strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors increased doravirine exposure by more than 3-fold; however, this increase was not considered clinically significant.
[28341] [56579] [63484] (Minor) Coadministration of doravirine and ritonavir may result in increased doravirine plasma concentrations.
Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, concurrent use of ritonavir increased
doravirine exposure by more than 3-fold; however, this increase was not considered clinically significant. [63484] (Minor) There are
varying results in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir. In one report, the concurrent administration of
tenofovir with lopinavir; ritonavir increased tenofovir Cmax 31%, AUC 34%, and Cmin 29%, with slight (15%) decreases in lopinavir
Cmax and AUC; the alterations may be a food effect rather than a drug-drug interaction. In another report, lopinavir; ritonavir (400 mg;
100 mg PO twice daily for 14 days) increased the tenofovir (300 mg/day PO) Cmin 51% and AUC 32%, with no effect seen on
lopinavir; ritonavir pharmacokinetics. While the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown, and is suspected to be insignificant,
patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir with tenofovir should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse events. [46638]
Dorzolamide; Timolol: (Moderate) Timolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir,
may impair timolol metabolism; the clinical significance of such interactions is unknown. [5044] [5270]
Doxazosin: (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for signs of hypotension during coadministration. The plasma concentrations of
doxazosin may be elevated when administered concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor;
doxazosin is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of doxazosin with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in a 10% increase in mean
AUC and an insignificant increase in mean Cmax and mean half-life of doxazosin. Although not studied in combination with doxazosin,
strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may have a larger impact on doxazosin concentrations and therefore should be used with caution. [28341]
[29824] [56579] (Moderate) Monitor blood pressure and for signs of hypotension during coadministration. The plasma concentrations of
doxazosin may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; doxazosin is a
CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of doxazosin with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in a 10% increase in mean AUC and an
insignificant increase in mean Cmax and mean half-life of doxazosin. Although not studied in combination with doxazosin, strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors may have a larger impact on doxazosin concentrations and therefore should be used with caution. [29824] [47165]
[56579]
Doxepin: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Doxercalciferol: (Moderate) Protease inhibitors may decrease efficacy of doxercalciferol. Doxercalciferol is converted in the liver to
1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, the major active metabolite, and 1-alpha, 24-dihydroxyvitamin D2, a minor metabolite. Although not
specifically studied, cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors, including protease inhibitors, may inhibit the 25-hydroxylation of
doxercalciferol, thereby decreasing the formation of the active metabolite and thus, decreasing efficacy. Patients should be monitored for
a decrease in efficacy if these drugs are administered together. [30802] [49493]
Doxorubicin Liposomal: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with doxorubicin due to increased systemic exposure of
doxorubicin resulting in increased treatment-related adverse reactions. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and a P-gp inhibitor;
doxorubicin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. Concurrent use of CYP3A4 and/or P-gp inhibitors with doxorubicin has resulted in
clinically significant interactions. [47165] [56361]
Doxorubicin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with doxorubicin due to increased systemic exposure of
doxorubicin resulting in increased treatment-related adverse reactions. Lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits the metabolism of doxorubicin via
the CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) pathways. Concurrent use of CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors with doxorubicin has resulted in
clinically significant interactions. [28341] [56361] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with doxorubicin due to increased
systemic exposure of doxorubicin resulting in increased treatment-related adverse reactions. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and
a P-gp inhibitor; doxorubicin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. Concurrent use of CYP3A4 and/or P-gp inhibitors with doxorubicin has
resulted in clinically significant interactions. [47165] [56361]
Dronabinol: (Major) Use caution if coadministration of dronabinol with lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary, and closely monitor for an
increase in dronabinol-related adverse reactions (e.g., cognitive impairment, psychosis, seizures, and hemodynamic instability, as well as
feeling high, dizziness, confusion, somnolence). Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate CYP2C9 inducer; it is
contraindicated with sensitive drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A4/5 for clearance. Lopinavir is also a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor,
and dronabinol is a CYP2C9 and 3A4 substrate. Concomitant use may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dronabinol. [28341]
[30431] [47165] [56579] [60951] (Major) Use caution if coadministration of dronabinol with ritonavir is necessary, and closely monitor for
an increase in dronabinol-related adverse reactions (e.g., cognitive impairment, psychosis, seizures, and hemodynamic instability, as
well as feeling high, dizziness, confusion, somnolence). Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a moderate CYP2C9 inducer; it
is contraindicated with sensitive drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A4/5 for clearance. Dronabinol is a CYP2C9 and 3A4
substrate; concomitant use may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dronabinol. [30431] [47165] [60951]
Dronedarone: (Severe) Concomitant use of dronedarone and lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated as coadministration may result in
additive QT prolongation. Dronedarone is associated with dose-related increases in the QTc interval, and lopinavir; ritonavir has been
associated with QT prolongation and Torsade de Pointes (TdP). In addition, dronedarone is metabolized by CYP3A and is an inhibitor
of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4. Ritonavir is also an inducer of CYP3A and substrate of CYP3A
and P-gp. Coadministration of dronedarone and lopinavir; ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of either drug.
Furthermore, theoretically, lopinavir; ritonavir may decrease the plasma concentration of dronedarone due to ritonavir being a CYP3A
inducer. [28341] [36101] (Severe) The concomitant use of dronedarone and ritonavir is contraindicated. Dronedarone is metabolized by
CYP3A, is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A, and is an inhibitor of P-gp. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, is an inducer of
CYP3A, and is a substrate of CYP3A and P-gp. Repeated doses of ketoconazole, also a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased
dronedarone exposure 17-fold and increased dronedarone Cmax 9-fold. Furthermore, coadministration of dronedarone and ritonavir
may, theoretically, result in decreased concentrations of dronedarone due to CYP3A induction by ritonavir; the net effect on
dronedarone plasma concentrations is not known. However, no data exist regarding the safe administration of dronedarone with strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors; therefore, concomitant use is contraindicated. Also, the effects of dronedarone on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir
have not been described, although an increase in ritonavir serum concentrations is possible. [36101]
Droperidol: (Major) Droperidol should be administered with extreme caution to patients receiving other agents that may prolong the QT
interval. Droperidol administration is associated with an established risk for QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Any drug
known to have potential to prolong the QT interval should not be coadministered with droperidol. Drugs with a possible risk for QT
prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously with droperidol include lopinavir; ritonavir. [28235] [28236] [28237] [28341] [28737]
[51289]
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using estrogens for hormone
replacement therapy should be monitored for signs of estrogen deficiency. Patients should be instructed to report any breakthrough
bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28001] [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of
ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on
estradiol; however, estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol. [28315]
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral
contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease
inhibitors (PIs), such as lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their
prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of
contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the
transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs
should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [5070] (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral
contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%.
Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report
any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal
contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally,
because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women
who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
[46638] [5044]
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives,
including oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral
protease inhibitors (PIs), such as lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to
their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method
of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the
[46638] [5044]
Dutasteride: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dutasteride with protease inhibitors may result in elevated dutasteride plasma
concentrations. Dutasteride is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent inhibitors of this enzyme.
Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [28001] [28875]
Dutasteride; Tamsulosin: (Major) Plasma concentrations of tamsulosin may be increased with concomitant use of anti-retroviral protease
inhibitors. Tamsulosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 hepatic enzymes. In clinical evaluation, concomitant
treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in significant increases in tamsulosin exposure. Such increases in tamsulosin
concentrations may be expected to produce clinically significant and potentially serious side effects, such as hypotension. Therefore,
concomitant use of tamsulosin with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, or an agent with both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor activity, should
be avoided. [29677] [4194] [8102] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of dutasteride with protease inhibitors may result in elevated
dutasteride plasma concentrations. Dutasteride is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent
inhibitors of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [28001] [28875]
Duvelisib: (Major) Reduce duvelisib dose to 15 mg PO twice daily and monitor for increased toxicity when coadministered with
lopinavir; ritonavir. Coadministration may increase the exposure of duvelisib. Duvelisib is a CYP3A substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A inhibitor. The increase in exposure to duvelisib is estimated to be approximately 2-fold when used concomitantly with
strong CYP3A inhibitors such as lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [56579] [63571] (Major) Reduce duvelisib dose to 15 mg PO twice daily and
monitor for increased toxicity when coadministered with ritonavir. Coadministration may increase the exposure of duvelisib. Duvelisib
is a CYP3A substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. The increase in exposure to duvelisib is estimated to be approximately 2-
fold when used concomitantly with strong CYP3A inhibitors such as ritonavir. [47165] [63571]
Echinacea: (Moderate) Use Echinacea sp. with caution in patients taking medications for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection. Some experts have suggested that Echinacea's effects on the immune system might cause problems for patients with HIV
infection, particularly with long-term use. There may be less risk with short-term use (less than 2 weeks). A few pharmacokinetic
studies have shown reductions in blood levels of some antiretroviral medications when Echinacea was given, presumably due to CYP
induction. However, more study is needed for various HIV treatment regimens. Of the agents studied, the interactions do not appear to
be significant or to require dose adjustments at the time of use. Although no dose adjustments are required, monitoring drug
concentrations may give reassurance during co-administration. Monitor viral load and other parameters carefully during therapy. [25398]
[30456] [61924] [61926] [61927]
Edoxaban: (Moderate) Coadministration of edoxaban and ritonavir may result in increased concentrations of edoxaban. Edoxaban is a
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Increased concentrations of edoxaban may occur during concomitant
use of ritonavir; monitor for increased adverse effects of edoxaban. Dosage reduction may be considered for patients being treated for
deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism. [28315] [58685]
Efavirenz: (Major) Although data are limited, coadministration of efavirenz and lopinavir; ritonavir may increase the risk for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Both drugs are associated with QT prolongation. In addition, induction of CYP3A by
efavirenz may decrease lopinavir plasma concentrations. If coadministered, the dose of lopinavir; ritonavir must be increased and given
twice daily; do not use once daily administration. Consult dosing information for recommended adjustments. [28341] [28442] [32514]
[42452] [46638] [51080] (Moderate) Monitor for elevation of liver enzymes and for adverse clinical experiences (e.g., dizziness, nausea,
paresthesia) when efavirenz is coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use is is expected to result in increased concentrations of both
drugs. [28442] [47165]
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir: (Major) Although data are limited, coadministration of efavirenz and lopinavir; ritonavir may
increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Both drugs are associated with QT prolongation. In addition,
induction of CYP3A by efavirenz may decrease lopinavir plasma concentrations. If coadministered, the dose of lopinavir; ritonavir must
be increased and given twice daily; do not use once daily administration. Consult dosing information for recommended adjustments.
[28341] [28442] [32514] [42452] [46638] [51080] (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-
gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir.
Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. [28193] [58664]
(Moderate) Monitor for elevation of liver enzymes and for adverse clinical experiences (e.g., dizziness, nausea, paresthesia) when
efavirenz is coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use is is expected to result in increased concentrations of both drugs. [28442]
[47165] (Minor) There are varying results in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir. In one report, the
concurrent administration of tenofovir with lopinavir; ritonavir increased tenofovir Cmax 31%, AUC 34%, and Cmin 29%, with slight
(15%) decreases in lopinavir Cmax and AUC; the alterations may be a food effect rather than a drug-drug interaction. In another report,
lopinavir; ritonavir (400 mg; 100 mg PO twice daily for 14 days) increased the tenofovir (300 mg/day PO) Cmin 51% and AUC 32%,
with no effect seen on lopinavir; ritonavir pharmacokinetics. While the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown, and is
suspected to be insignificant, patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir with tenofovir should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse
events. [46638]
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Although data are limited, coadministration of efavirenz and lopinavir;
ritonavir may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Both drugs are associated with QT prolongation. In
addition, induction of CYP3A by efavirenz may decrease lopinavir plasma concentrations. If coadministered, the dose of lopinavir;
ritonavir must be increased and given twice daily; do not use once daily administration. Consult dosing information for recommended
adjustments. [28341] [28442] [32514] [42452] [46638] [51080] (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as
ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. [28193]
[58664] (Moderate) Monitor for elevation of liver enzymes and for adverse clinical experiences (e.g., dizziness, nausea, paresthesia)
when efavirenz is coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use is is expected to result in increased concentrations of both drugs.
[28442] [47165] (Minor) There are varying results in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir. In one report, the
concurrent administration of tenofovir with lopinavir; ritonavir increased tenofovir Cmax 31%, AUC 34%, and Cmin 29%, with slight
(15%) decreases in lopinavir Cmax and AUC; the alterations may be a food effect rather than a drug-drug interaction. In another report,
events. [46638]
Elagolix: (Major) Concomitant use of elagolix 200 mg twice daily and lopinavir for more than 1 month is not recommended. Limit
concomitant use of elagolix 150 mg once daily and lopinavir to 6 months. Monitor for elagolix-related side effects and reduced response
to lopinavir. Elagolix is a CYP3A substrate and a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer; lopinavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A and a
CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may increase elagolix plasma concentrations and decrease lopinavir concentrations. In drug
interaction studies, coadministration of elagolix with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of elagolix by 77%
and 120%, respectively. [28341] [63387] (Major) Concomitant use of elagolix 200 mg twice daily and ritonavir for more than 1 month is
not recommended. Limit concomitant use of elagolix 150 mg once daily and ritonavir to 6 months. Monitor for elagolix-related side
effects and reduced response to ritonavir. Elagolix is a CYP3A substrate and a weak to moderate CYP3A4 inducer; ritonavir is a strong
inhibitor of CYP3A and a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may increase elagolix plasma concentrations and decrease ritonavir
concentrations. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of elagolix with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the Cmax and
AUC of elagolix by 77% and 120%, respectively. [28341] [63387]
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir: (Severe) Concurrent administration of elbasvir; grazoprevir with lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Use of
these drugs together is expected to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of elbasvir and grazoprevir, and may result in
adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations). Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A and the organic
anion transporting protein (OATP). Elbasvir and grazoprevir are metabolized by CYP3A, and grazoprevir is also a substrate of
OATP1B1/3. [28341] [60523] (Severe) Concurrent administration of elbasvir; grazoprevir with lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Use
of these drugs together is expected to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of elbasvir and grazoprevir, and may result in
adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations). Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A and the organic
anion transporting protein (OATP1B1). Elbasvir and grazoprevir are metabolized by CYP3A, and grazoprevir is also a substrate of
OATP1B1/3. [28341] [60523] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Major) Concurrent administration of elbasvir with ritonavir should be avoided if
possible. Use of these drugs together is expected to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of elbasvir, and may result in
adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations and hepatotoxicity). Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A,
while elbasvir is metabolized by CYP3A. [47165] [60523] (Major) Concurrent administration of grazoprevir with ritonavir should be
avoided if possible. Use of these drugs together is expected to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of grazoprevir, and may
result in adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations and hepatotoxicity). Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of the hepatic enzyme
CYP3A, while grazoprevir is metabolized by CYP3A. In addition, concentrations of ritonavir (also a CYP3A substrate) may be
increased when given with grazoprevir (a weak CYP3A inhibitor). [47165] [60523]
Eletriptan: (Severe) Eletriptan is contraindicated for use within 72 hours of using any drug that is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor as
described in the prescribing information of the interacting drug including protease inhibitors. Eletriptan is metabolized via CYP3A4, and
coadministration with protease inhibitors may cause increased eletriptan concentrations and thus toxicity. [28341] [47165]
Elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor: (Major) If ritonavir and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended
dose but reduce the frequency to twice weekly. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration
with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 8.5-fold. [48524] (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of
elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor when coadministered with lopinavir/ritonavir; coadministration may increase elexacaftor; tezacaftor;
ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When combined, dose 2 elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor combination tablets twice a week,
approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4). The evening dose of ivacaftor should not be taken. Elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and
ivacaftor are CYP3A4 substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate); lopinavir/ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration
of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased elexacaftor exposure by 2.8- fold, tezacaftor exposure by 4.5-fold, and ivacaftor exposure by
15.6-fold. [28341] [56579] [64697] (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor when coadministered with
ritonavir; coadministration may increase elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When combined, dose 2
elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor combination tablets twice a week, approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4). The evening
dose of ivacaftor should not be taken. Elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor are CYP3A4 substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate);
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased elexacaftor exposure by 2.8- fold,
tezacaftor exposure by 4.5-fold, and ivacaftor exposure by 15.6-fold. [47165] [64697] (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of tezacaftor;
ivacaftor when coadministered with lopinavir; coadministration may increase tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions.
When combined, dose 1 tezacaftor; ivacaftor combination tablet twice a week, approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4).
The evening dose of ivacaftor should not be taken. Both tezacaftor and ivacaftor are CYP3A substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive
substrate); lopinavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A inhibitor increased tezacaftor and ivacaftor
exposure 4- and 15.6-fold, respectively. [28341] [56579] [62870] (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of tezacaftor; ivacaftor when
coadministered with ritonavir; coadministration may increase tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When combined,
dose 1 tezacaftor; ivacaftor combination tablet twice a week, approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4). The evening dose
of ivacaftor should not be taken. Both tezacaftor and ivacaftor are CYP3A substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate); ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A inhibitor increased tezacaftor and ivacaftor exposure 4- and 15.6-fold,
Eliglustat: (Major) Coadministration of eliglustat and ritonavir is contraindicated in intermediate or poor CYP2D6 metabolizers (IMs or
PMs). In extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers (EMs), coadministration of these agents requires dosage reduction of eliglustat to 84 mg PO
once daily. The coadministration of eliglustat with ritonavir and a moderate or strong CYP2D6 inhibitor is contraindicated in all
patients. Eliglustat is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate. Coadministration of eliglustat with CYP3A inhibitors, such as ritonavir,
increases eliglustat exposure and the risk of serious adverse events (e.g., QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias); this risk is the
highest in CYP2D6 IMs and PMs because a larger portion of the eliglustat dose is metabolized via CYP3A. [28341] [47165] [57803]
Eltrombopag: (Moderate) Eltrombopag is metabolized by CYP1A2. The significance of administering inducers of CYP1A2, such as
ritonavir, on the systemic exposure of eltrombopag has not been established. Monitor patients for a decrease in the efficacy of
eltrombopag if these drugs are coadministered. [27493] [28315] [40392]
Eluxadoline: (Major) When administered concurrently with lopinavir, the dose of eluxadoline must be reduced to 75 mg PO twice daily,
and the patient should be closely monitored for eluxadoline-related adverse effects (i.e., decreased mental and physical acuity).
Eluxadoline is a substrate of the organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP1B1); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. Advise patients
against driving or operating machinery until the combine effects of these drugs on the individual patient is known. [59741] [61510] [61511]
[61513] (Major) When administered concurrently with ritonavir, the dose of eluxadoline must be reduced to 75 mg PO twice daily, and
the patient should be closely monitored for eluxadoline-related adverse effects (i.e., decreased mental and physical acuity). Advise
patients against driving or operating machinery until the combine effects of these drugs on the individual patient is known. Eluxadoline
is a substrate of the organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP1B1); ritonavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. [59741]
Elvitegravir: (Moderate) Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and elvitegravir results in significantly elevated plasma concentrations
of elvitegravir. The recommended dosing regimen for these drugs used in combination is elvitegravir 85 mg PO once daily with
lopinavir; ritonavir 400/100 mg PO twice daily. [58001] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with ritonavir may result in
elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the
CYP3A4 enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [51664] [58001] [58664]
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended, because
of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. [51664] [58000] [58761] [58763] (Moderate)
Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and elvitegravir results in significantly elevated plasma concentrations of elvitegravir. The
recommended dosing regimen for these drugs used in combination is elvitegravir 85 mg PO once daily with lopinavir; ritonavir 400/100
mg PO twice daily. [58001] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir
plasma concentrations. Elvitegravir is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme. Caution
and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [51664] [58001] [58664] (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir
with tenofovir alafenamide may result in elevated tenofovir serum concentrations. Tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate for the drug
transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. When 10 mg of tenofovir
alafenamide was administered daily with lopinavir; ritonavir (800 mg/200 mg PO daily), the tenofovir Cmax and AUC increased by
2.19-fold and 1.47-fold, respectively. Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [60269] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Severe) Use of ritonavir with cobicistat is not recommended,
because of similar effects on CYP3A. Both ritonavir and cobicistat are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. [51664] [58000] [58761] [58763]
(Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein
(BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased
absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. [28193] [58664] (Moderate) Coadministration of lopinavir;
ritonavir and elvitegravir results in significantly elevated plasma concentrations of elvitegravir. The recommended dosing regimen for
these drugs used in combination is elvitegravir 85 mg PO once daily with lopinavir; ritonavir 400/100 mg PO twice daily. [58001]
(Moderate) Concurrent administration of elvitegravir with ritonavir may result in elevated elvitegravir plasma concentrations.
Elvitegravir is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are
advised if these drugs are administered together. [51664] [58001] [58664] (Minor) There are varying results in reports of an interaction
between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir. In one report, the concurrent administration of tenofovir with lopinavir; ritonavir increased
tenofovir Cmax 31%, AUC 34%, and Cmin 29%, with slight (15%) decreases in lopinavir Cmax and AUC; the alterations may be a
food effect rather than a drug-drug interaction. In another report, lopinavir; ritonavir (400 mg; 100 mg PO twice daily for 14 days)
increased the tenofovir (300 mg/day PO) Cmin 51% and AUC 32%, with no effect seen on lopinavir; ritonavir pharmacokinetics. While
the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown, and is suspected to be insignificant, patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir with
tenofovir should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse events. [46638]
Empagliflozin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance
Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is administered
concurrently with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning
treatment. [28315] [30575] [31240] [34557] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia
due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-
cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after
inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically
hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [7238] [7335] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes
mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible
mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has
occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not
diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy, such as linagliptin, should be closely monitored for
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is
administered concurrently with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to
insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell
function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after
inhibitor treatment. [28315] [30575] [31240] [34557] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and
hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is
impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as
prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control,
specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [7238] [7335] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation
of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A
patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy, such as linagliptin, should be
(Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been
reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged
approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic
ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking
antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor
therapy is initiated. [30480] [30575]
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP),
caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with lopinavir; ritonavir. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have
caused QT prolongation. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir may inhibit the
CYP3A4 metabolism of rilpivirine, resulting in elevated rilpivirine plasma concentrations and an added risk of adverse reactions such as
QT prolongation. [28341] [44376] (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with tenofovir alafenamide may result in elevated tenofovir
serum concentrations. Tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide
(OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. When 10 mg of tenofovir alafenamide was administered daily with lopinavir;
ritonavir (800 mg/200 mg PO daily), the tenofovir Cmax and AUC increased by 2.19-fold and 1.47-fold, respectively. Monitor for
increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [60269] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes
(TdP), caution is advised when administering rilpivirine with lopinavir; ritonavir. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300
mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir
may inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of rilpivirine, resulting in elevated rilpivirine plasma concentrations and an added risk of adverse
reactions such as QT prolongation. [28341] [44376] (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein
(P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir.
(Minor) There are varying results in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir. In one report, the concurrent
administration of tenofovir with lopinavir; ritonavir increased tenofovir Cmax 31%, AUC 34%, and Cmin 29%, with slight (15%)
decreases in lopinavir Cmax and AUC; the alterations may be a food effect rather than a drug-drug interaction. In another report,
events. [46638]
Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with tenofovir alafenamide may result in elevated
tenofovir serum concentrations. Tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide
(OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. When 10 mg of tenofovir alafenamide was administered daily with lopinavir;
ritonavir (800 mg/200 mg PO daily), the tenofovir Cmax and AUC increased by 2.19-fold and 1.47-fold, respectively. Monitor for
increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [60269] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Emtricitabine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-
events. [46638]
Enalapril; Felodipine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of felodipine with protease inhibitors may result in elevated felodipine
plasma concentrations. This increase in felodipine concentration may lead to increased therapeutic and adverse effects, such as lower
blood pressure, dizziness, and headache. Felodipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent
inhibitors of this enzyme. In addition, ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of
If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. [32432] [47165]
Encainide: (Major) Concurrent administration of encainide with ritonavir may result in elevated encainide plasma concentrations.
Encainide is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme and may increase serum encainide
concentrations by as much as 2-fold. Because encainide has a narrow therapeutic index and adverse events may be severe, close
monitoring and dose adjustment are advised if these drugs are administered together. [28315] [47165] [57084] [58664]
Encorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of encorafenib and lopinavir; ritonavir due to increased encorafenib exposure and QT
prolongation. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the encorafenib dose to one-third of the dose used prior to the addition of
lopinavir; ritonavir. Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia prior to
treatment. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, the original encorafenib dose may be resumed after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of
lopinavir; ritonavir. Encorafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate that has been associated with dose-dependent QT prolongation; lopinavir;
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that has been associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
with a single 50 mg dose of encorafenib (0.1 times the recommended dose) increased the encorafenib AUC and Cmax by 3-fold and
68%, respectively. [28341] [56579] [63317] (Major) Avoid coadministration of encorafenib and ritonavir due to increased encorafenib
exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the encorafenib dose to one-third of the dose used prior to the addition of
ritonavir. If ritonavir is discontinued, the original encorafenib dose may be resumed after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of ritonavir.
Encorafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor with a
single 50 mg dose of encorafenib (0.1 times the recommended dose) increased the encorafenib AUC and Cmax by 3-fold and 68%,
Enfortumab vedotin: (Moderate) Monitor for signs of enfortumab vedotin-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lopinavir is
necessary. Concomitant use may increase free monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) exposure, which may increase the incidence or
severity of enfortumab-vedotin toxicities. MMAE, the microtubule-disrupting component of enfortumab vedotin, is a CYP3A4
substrate; lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Clinical drug interaction studies have not been conducted for enfortumab vedotin.
However, coadministration of another antibody-drug conjugate that contains MMAE with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the
Cmax and AUC of MMAE by 25% and 34%, respectively, with no change in the total exposure of the antibody-drug conjugate. [28341]
[56579] [64845] (Moderate) Monitor for signs of enfortumab vedotin-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is
necessary. Concomitant use may increase free monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) exposure, which may increase the incidence or
severity of enfortumab-vedotin toxicities. MMAE, the microtubule-disrupting component of enfortumab vedotin, is a CYP3A4
substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Clinical drug interaction studies have not been conducted for enfortumab vedotin.
However, coadministration of another antibody-drug conjugate that contains MMAE with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the
Cmax and AUC of MMAE by 25% and 34%, respectively, with no change in the total exposure of the antibody-drug conjugate. [34557]
[64845]
Entrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of entrectinib with lopinavir; ritonavir due to additive risk of QT prolongation and
increased entrectinib exposure resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. If coadministration cannot be avoided in adults
and pediatric patients 12 years and older with BSA greater than 1.5 m2, reduce the entrectinib dose to 100 mg PO once daily. If
lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original entrectinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of lopinavir; ritonavir.
Entrectinib is a CYP3A4 substrate that has been associated with QT prolongation; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that
has been associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of entrectinib by 6-fold
in a drug interaction study. [28341] [56579] [64567] (Major) Avoid coadministration of entrectinib with ritonavir due to increased
entrectinib exposure resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. If coadministration cannot be avoided in adults and
pediatric patients 12 years and older with BSA greater than 1.5 m2, reduce the entrectinib dose to 100 mg PO once daily. If ritonavir is
discontinued, resume the original entrectinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of ritonavir. Entrectinib is a CYP3A4 substrate;
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of entrectinib by 6-fold in a
drug interaction study. [47165] [64567]
Enzalutamide: (Severe) Coadministration of lopinavir with strong inducers of CYP3A4, such as enzalutamide, is contraindicated.
Taking these drugs together could decrease lopinavir concentrations, and may lead to a reduction in antiretroviral activity. [28341] [51727]
[56579] (Severe) Coadministration of ritonavir with enzalutamide is contraindicated as there is a potential for decreased ritonavir
concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development
of viral resistance. Ritonavir is metabolized by CYP3A4; enzalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer. [47165] [51727]
Eplerenone: (Severe) Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and eplerenone is contraindicated. Ritonavir potently inhibits the hepatic
CYP3A4 isoenzyme and can increase the serum concentrations of eplerenone. Increased eplerenone concentrations may lead to a risk of
developing hyperkalemia and hypotension. [27990] (Severe) Coadministration of ritonavir and eplerenone is contraindicated. Ritonavir
potently inhibits the hepatic CYP3A4 isoenzyme and can increase the serum concentrations of eplerenone. Increased eplerenone
concentrations may lead to a risk of developing hyperkalemia and hypotension. [27990]
Erdafitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of erdafitinib and lopinavir due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of erdafitinib.
If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for erdafitinib-related adverse reactions and consider dose modifications as clinically
appropriate. If lopinavir is discontinued, the dose of erdafitinib may be increased in the absence of drug-related toxicity. Erdafitinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The mean ratios for the Cmax and AUC of erdafitinib were 105% and
134%, respectively, when coadministered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [64064] (Major) Avoid coadministration
of erdafitinib and ritonavir due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of erdafitinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely
monitor for erdafitinib-related adverse reactions and consider dose modifications as clinically appropriate. If ritonavir is discontinued,
the dose of erdafitinib may be increased in the absence of drug-related toxicity. Erdafitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The mean ratios for the Cmax and AUC of erdafitinib were 105% and 134%, respectively, when
coadministered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [47165] [64064]
Ergoloid Mesylates: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease
[8102]
Ergonovine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is
considered contraindicated due to the risk of acute ergot toxicity (e.g., vasospasm leading to cerebral ischemia, peripheral ischemia
and/or other serious effects). Several case reports have established the clinical significance of this interaction in the medical literature. In
some cases, fatal interactions have occurred. [28142] [28341] [28731] [28839] [28995] [32432] [46638] [5018] [5044] [5623] [5747] [8102]
Ergot alkaloids: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is
Ergotamine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is
Eribulin: (Major) Eribulin has been associated with QT prolongation. If eribulin and another drug that prolongs the QT interval, such as
lopinavir; ritonavir, must be coadministered, ECG monitoring is recommended; closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation.
[28341] [42449]
Erlotinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of erlotinib with lopinavir; ritonavir if possible due to the increased risk of erlotinib-related
adverse reactions. If concomitant use is unavoidable and severe reactions occur, reduce the dose of erlotinib by 50 mg decrements.
Erlotinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4
inhibitor increased erlotinib exposure by 67%. [28341] [30555] [56579] (Major) Avoid coadministration of erlotinib with ritonavir if
possible due to the increased risk of erlotinib-related adverse reactions. If concomitant use is unavoidable and severe reactions occur,
reduce the dose of erlotinib by 50 mg decrements. Erlotinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased erlotinib exposure by 67%. [30555] [47165]
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell
inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically
hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30480] [30575]
Erythromycin: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
erythromycin with lopinavir; ritonavir. Erythromycin is associated with prolongation of the QT interval and TdP. Lopinavir; ritonavir is
also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and erythromycin is a CYP3A4
substrate/inhibitor. Coadministration may result in elevated erythromycin plasma concentrations and an added risk of adverse reactions
such as QT prolongation. [28341] [28978] [43258] (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and ritonavir as
erythromycin may increase ritonavir serum concentrations resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. Erythromycin inhibits
CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), while ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [47165] [53544]
Erythromycin; Sulfisoxazole: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when
administering erythromycin with lopinavir; ritonavir. Erythromycin is associated with prolongation of the QT interval and TdP.
Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and erythromycin is a
CYP3A4 substrate/inhibitor. Coadministration may result in elevated erythromycin plasma concentrations and an added risk of adverse
reactions such as QT prolongation. [28341] [28978] [43258] (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of erythromycin and ritonavir as
erythromycin may increase ritonavir serum concentrations resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. Erythromycin inhibits
CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), while ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [47165] [53544]
Escitalopram: (Major) Although not studied, anti-retroviral protease inhibitors might theoretically impair the metabolism of
escitalopram when administered concomitantly. In addition, escitalopram has been associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration
with other drugs that have a possible risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), such as saquinavir and lopinavir; ritonavir,
should be done with caution and close monitoring. Escitalopram is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. Several drugs can inhibit
the metabolism of CYP 450 isoenzymes, including those that are responsible for the metabolism of escitalopram. Although clinical
studies have not been done to determine the clinical significance of such an interaction, the potential for increased adverse effects and
toxicity associated with elevated plasma levels of escitalopram theoretically exists. In clinical trial subjects, combined administration of
cimetidine and citalopram for 8 days resulted in an increase in citalopram AUC and Cmax of 43% and 39%, respectively. The clinical
relevance of these findings is unknown as the combination was not associated with significant adverse effects. Because escitalopram is
metabolized by multiple enzyme systems, inhibition of one pathway may not appreciably decrease drug clearance. [28270] [28341]
[47165] [4718]
Eslicarbazepine: (Major) Concurrent administration of eslicarbazepine with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of
ritonavir. Eslicarbazepine is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close
monitoring for decreased antiviral efficacy are advised if these drugs are administered together. [56436] [58664]
Esmolol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of beta-blockers, resulting in increased beta-blocker
concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers.
Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with
other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is
warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted. [5044]
Esomeprazole: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of esomeprazole with ritonavir may result in elevated esomeprazole plasma
concentrations. Esomeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor
patients for increased side effects if these drugs are administered together. [58664] [6265]
Esomeprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of esomeprazole with ritonavir may result in elevated esomeprazole
plasma concentrations. Esomeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme.
Monitor patients for increased side effects if these drugs are administered together. [58664] [6265]
Estazolam: (Moderate) In vitro studies with human liver microsomes indicate that the biotransformation of estazolam to the major
circulating metabolite 4-hydroxy-estazolam is mediated by CYP3A. In theory, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may
reduce the metabolism of estazolam and increase the potential for benzodiazepine toxicity (i.e., prolonged sedation and respiratory
depression) [30413] [32432] [46638]
Esterified Estrogens: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol; a similar
interaction may occur with other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or
adverse events to their prescribers. [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol; a
similar interaction may occur with other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any breakthrough
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl
estradiol; a similar interaction may occur with other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any
breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of
ethinyl estradiol; a similar interaction may occur with other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any
breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28315] [28341]
Estradiol Cypionate; Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Coadministration of medroxyprogesterone, a CYP3A substrate with ritonavir, a
strong CYP3A inhibitor should be avoided since it is expected to increase concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Formal drug
interaction studies have not been conducted; however, medroxyprogesterone is metabolized primarily by hydroxylation via the CYP3A4
in vitro. [28380] [34557] [47165] [57648] (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using estrogens
for hormone replacement therapy should be monitored for signs of estrogen deficiency. Patients should be instructed to report any
breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28001] [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the
Estradiol: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using estrogens for hormone replacement
therapy should be monitored for signs of estrogen deficiency. Patients should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or
adverse events to their prescribers. [28001] [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol.
Ritonavir is a substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however,
estradiol is metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol. [28315]
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and
progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease
(i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be
affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors
concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for
women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to
protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor.
Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of
contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044] (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using
estrogens for hormone replacement therapy should be monitored for signs of estrogen deficiency. Patients should be instructed to report
any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28001] [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using estrogens for hormone
bleeding or adverse events to their prescribers. [28001] [28341] (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with
hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease
inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-
containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many
HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving
norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern
changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because
norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases,
women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception
such as condoms. [58679] [7731] (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol. Ritonavir is a
substrate and inhibitor of CYP3A4. It is not known if the effects of protease inhibitors are similar on estradiol; however, estradiol is
metabolized by CYP3A4, similar to ethinyl estradiol. [28315]
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using estrogens for hormone
Estradiol; Progesterone: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of estrogens. Women using estrogens for hormone
Estropipate: (Moderate) Ritonavir has been shown to increase the metabolism of ethinyl estradiol; a similar interaction may occur with
other estrogens used for hormone replacement therapy. Patients should report any breakthrough bleeding or adverse events to their
prescribers. [5044] [5070]
Eszopiclone: (Major) The adult dose of eszopiclone should not exceed 2 mg/day during co-administration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors,
such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. CYP3A4 is a primary metabolic pathway for eszopiclone, and increased systemic exposure to
eszopiclone increases the risk of next-day psychomotor or memory impairment, which may decrease the ability to perform tasks
requiring full mental alertness such as driving. [30571] [31320]
Ethanol: (Major) Concurrent administration of ethanol with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir, which
may affect antiviral efficacy. Ethanol is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate of this enzyme. Caution
and close monitoring are advised if ethanol and ritonavir are administered together. [34760] [34761] [34762] [58664]
Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral contraceptives and
non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as
lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be
prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect
against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and
other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier
method of contraception such as condoms. [5070] (Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral
combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal
contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or
other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to
use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not
protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives
concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Desogestrel: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral
[46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Ethynodiol Diacetate: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including
oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease
[46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Etonogestrel: (Major) Coadministration may result in an increased or decreased effect of etonogestrel. Contraceptive
efficacy may be reduced. Etonogestrel is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and CYP3A4 inducer. [41597]
[46375] [47165] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral contraceptives and non-
oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as
lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be
concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and
progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease
(i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be
affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors
concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for
women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to
protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor.
Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of
contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives,
[46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Ferrous bisglycinate: (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum
concentrations of estrogens and progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir,
tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of
hormonal contraceptives may be affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their
prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an
additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the
manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors
should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the
metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving
hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any
breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives
concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because
hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who
receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [5070]
(Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases
ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors
(PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be
method of contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate: (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum
concentrations of estrogens and progestins are complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir,
tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e., atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of
hormonal contraceptives may be affected if coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their
prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an
additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the
manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of
HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors
should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the
metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving
hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any
breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives
concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because
hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who
receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [5070]
(Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases
ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40% and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors
(PIs), such as ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be
method of contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral
[46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including
oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease
[46638] [5044] (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their
actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of
norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also
found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of
norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone replacement or contraception should
report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability) or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted
changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing contraceptives do not protect against the
transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive norethindrone contraception concurrently with
ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [58679] [7731]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal
contraceptives, including oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other
adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an
additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy. Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect
against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives
concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [5070] (Major) Ritonavir increases the
metabolism of oral contraceptives and non-oral combination contraceptives; coadministration decreases ethinyl estradiol AUC by 40%
and Cmax by 32%. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such as ritonavir, should be
instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive
hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy.
Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception
such as condoms. [46638] [5044] (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like
norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the
serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For
example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may
decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone
replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability)
or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing
contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive
norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
[58679] [7731]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives,
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral
[46638] [5044]
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral
[46638] [5044]
Ethosuximide: (Moderate) Lopinavir; ritonavir may inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of ethosuximide, and may necessitate up to a 50%
dose reduction of ethosuximide. Closely monitor patients during concurrent therapy [27896] [28001] [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir
decreases the hepatic CYP metabolism of ethosuximide, resulting in increased ethosuximide concentrations. If coadministration is
warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring of ethosuximide concentrations. A 50% dose reduction of ethosuximide may be
needed. [27896] [28001] [28315] [46638]
Ethotoin: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible. Increased
doses of anticonvulsants may be required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic
enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close
monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. [28315] [46638]
Etonogestrel: (Major) Coadministration may result in an increased or decreased effect of etonogestrel. Contraceptive efficacy may be
reduced. Etonogestrel is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and CYP3A4 inducer. [41597] [46375] [47165]
Etravirine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of etravirine with full-dose ritonavir (i.e., 600 mg twice daily) may cause a significant decrease
in etravirine plasma concentration and, thus, a loss of therapeutic effect. Etravirine and full-dose ritonavir should not be coadministered.
[33718] (Moderate) The mean systemic exposure of etravirine is reduced when coadministering etravirine with lopinavir; ritonavir;
however, no etravirine dosage adjustments are necessary. The etravirine Cmax was decreased by 30%, the AUC is decreased by 35%,
and the Cmin was decreased by 45% when coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir. [33718]
Everolimus: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with everolimus (Afinitor; Afinitor Disperz) due to increased plasma
concentrations of everolimus. Coadministration of lopinavir with everolimus (Zortress) is not recommended without close monitoring of
everolimus whole blood trough concentrations. Everolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate as well as a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp);
lopinavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4/P-gp inhibitor increased
everolimus exposure by 15-fold. [28341] [49598] [49823] [56579] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with everolimus (Afinitor;
Afinitor Disperz) due to increased plasma concentrations of everolimus. Coadministration of ritonavir with everolimus (Zortress) is not
recommended without close monitoring of everolimus whole blood trough concentrations. Everolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate as well as
a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration with another
strong CYP3A4/P-gp inhibitor increased everolimus exposure by 15-fold. [28380] [34557] [47165] [49598] [49823]
Ezetimibe; Simvastatin: (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking
these drugs together may significantly increase the serum concentration of simvastatin; thereby increasing the risk of myopathy and
rhabdomyolysis. One report has demonstrated that ritonavir plus saquinavir therapy markedly increases the AUC for simvastatin by
3059%. Simvastatin is a substrate for CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1); protease
inhibitors are CYP3A4 and OATP inhibitors. [28605] [39682] [46638] [61510] [61511] [61512] [61513]
Ezogabine: (Major) Ezogabine has been associated with QT prolongation. The manufacturer of ezogabine recommends caution during
concurrent use of medications known to increase the QT interval, such as lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [44800]
Fedratinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of fedratinib with lopinavir; ritonavir as concurrent use may increase fedratinib exposure. If
concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of fedratinib to 200 mg PO once daily. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, increase
the fedratinib dose as follows: 300 mg PO once daily for 2 weeks and then 400 mg PO once daily thereafter as tolerated. Fedratinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
fedratinib exposure by 3-fold. [28341] [56579] [64568] (Major) Avoid coadministration of fedratinib with ritonavir as concurrent use may
increase fedratinib exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of fedratinib to 200 mg PO once daily. If ritonavir is
discontinued, increase the fedratinib dose as follows: 300 mg PO once daily for 2 weeks and then 400 mg PO once daily thereafter as
tolerated. Fedratinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4
inhibitor increased fedratinib exposure by 3-fold. [28315] [64568]
Felbamate: (Major) Concurrent administration of felbamate with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir.
Felbamate is a mild inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Monitor for antiviral efficacy if
these drugs are administered together. [4190] [58664]
Felodipine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of felodipine with protease inhibitors may result in elevated felodipine plasma
concentrations. This increase in felodipine concentration may lead to increased therapeutic and adverse effects, such as lower blood
pressure, dizziness, and headache. Felodipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are potent
inhibitors of this enzyme. In addition, ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of
If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. [32432] [47165]
Fentanyl: (Major) Consider a reduced dose of fentanyl with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent
use of ritonavir is necessary. If ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the fentanyl dose until stable drug effects are achieved and
monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Fentanyl is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like ritonavir
can increase fentanyl exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly
when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of fentanyl. If ritonavir is discontinued, fentanyl plasma concentrations will decrease
fentanyl. Clinical investigations have suggested that ritonavir may decrease the clearance of fentanyl by 67%, increase the elimination
half-life from 9.4 to 20.1 hours, and increase the systemic exposure of fentanyl by 174% (range: 52 to 420%). [26403] [29623] [29763]
[32731] [40943] [47165] (Moderate) Concurrent use of fentanyl with lopinavir may increase the risk of increased fentanyl-related adverse
reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Consider a dose reduction of fentanyl until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor
patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Discontinuation of lopinavir in a patient taking fentanyl may
decrease fentanyl plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical
dependence to fentanyl. If lopinavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if
appropriate. Fentanyl is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Lopinavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor
of P-gp. [28341] [29623] [29763] [32731] [40943] [56579]
Fesoterodine: (Moderate) Fesoterodine is rapidly hydrolyzed to its active metabolite, 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine, which is metabolized
via hepatic CYP3A4 and 2D6. In theory, the CYP3A4 inhibitory effects of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may result in an increase in
plasma concentrations of 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine. Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors which also inhibit 2D6, such as ritonavir, may
impair both CYP metabolic pathways of 5-hydroxymethyltolterodine. Fesoterodine doses greater than 4 mg/day are not recommended
during concurrent use of potent 3A4 inhibitors. [11397]
Fexofenadine: (Minor) The plasma concentrations of fexofenadine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir.
Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as drowsiness, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a P-glycoprotein (P-
gp) inhibitor, while fexofenadine is a P-gp substrate. [28380] [34526] [34527] [47165]
Fexofenadine; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) The plasma concentrations of fexofenadine may be elevated when administered concurrently
with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as drowsiness, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, while fexofenadine is a P-gp substrate. [28380] [34526] [34527] [47165]
Fingolimod: (Major) If possible, avoid coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and fingolimod. If concomitant use cannot be avoided,
overnight monitoring with continuous ECG in a medical facility after the first fingolimod dose is advised. Fingolimod has not been
studied in patients treated with drugs that prolong the QT interval, but drugs that prolong the QT interval have been associated with
cases of torsade de pointes in patients with bradycardia. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and
torsade de pointes (TdP) based on varying levels of documentation. Fingolimod initiation results in decreased heart rate and may
prolong the QT interval. Fingolimod is contraindicated for use by patients with a baseline QTc interval >= 500 msec. [28341] [41823]
Flecainide: (Major) Concurrent use of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir with flecainide is contraindicated. Cautious consideration may
be given to administering amiodarone with boosting doses of ritonavir. The potential increase in plasma concentrations of flecainide
could result in significant adverse effects. [47165] (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution
is advised when administering lopinavir; ritonavir with flecainide. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Flecainide is
a Class IC antiarrhythmic associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation and/or TdP; flecainide increases the QT interval, but
largely due to prolongation of the QRS interval. Although causality for TdP has not been established for flecainide, patients receiving
concurrent drugs which have the potential for QT prolongation may have an increased risk of developing proarrhythmias. [23774] [28341]
[28752]
Flibanserin: (Severe) The concomitant use of flibanserin and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, is contraindicated. Strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase flibanserin concentrations, which can cause severe hypotension and syncope. If initiating flibanserin
following use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, start flibanserin at least 2 weeks after the last dose of the CYP3A4 inhibitor. If initiating a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor following flibanserin use, start the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor at least 2 days after the last dose of flibanserin.
[60099] (Severe) The concomitant use of flibanserin and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, is contraindicated. Strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase flibanserin concentrations, which can cause severe hypotension and syncope. If initiating flibanserin
following use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, start flibanserin at least 2 weeks after the last dose of the CYP3A4 inhibitor. If initiating a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor following flibanserin use, start the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor at least 2 days after the last dose of flibanserin. A
similar contraindication applies to combination products containing ritonavir such as lopinavir; ritonavir. [60099]
Fluconazole: (Severe) Due to the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP), coadministration of fluconazole
with drugs that both prolong the QT interval and are CYP3A4 substrates, like lopinavir; ritonavir, is contraindicated. Fluconazole has
been associated with QT prolongation and rare cases of TdP. Additionally, fluconazole is an inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration
may result in elevated plasma concentrations of lopinavir; ritonavir, causing an increased risk for adverse events such as QT
prolongation. [28341] [28674] (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the use of fluconazole and ritonavir as ritonavir serum
concentrations may be increased resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. Fluconazole is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor,
while ritonavir is a substrate of CYP3A4. [28315] [28674]
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of fluoxetine may ne necessary if coadministered with ritonavir. Increased fluoxetine exposure
may occur. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir has been administered with fluoxetine. [47165] (Moderate)
Coadministration of fluoxetine and lopinavir; ritonavir may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). QT
prolongation and TdP have been reported in patients treated with fluoxetine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT
prolongation. [28341]
Fluoxetine; Olanzapine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when
administering lopinavir; ritonavir with olanzapine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Limited data, including
some case reports, suggest that olanzapine may also be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval in rare instances.
[28341] [28785] [32732] [32734] [32745] [32746] (Moderate) A dose reduction of fluoxetine may ne necessary if coadministered with
ritonavir. Increased fluoxetine exposure may occur. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir has been
administered with fluoxetine. [47165] (Moderate) Coadministration of fluoxetine and lopinavir; ritonavir may increase the risk for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). QT prolongation and TdP have been reported in patients treated with fluoxetine. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. [28341] (Moderate) Ritonavir may reduce olanzapine serum concentrations by
approximately 50%; how this affects olanzapine efficacy, however, is not known. Ritonavir appears to induce olanzapine's metabolism
by either CYP1A2 or glucuronide conjugation. If ritonavir and olanzapine are used concurrently, monitor for reduced olanzapine effect
and adjust olanzapine dose as needed. [27275]
Fluphenazine: (Minor) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with fluphenazine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Fluphenazine, a phenothiazine, is also
associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. [28341] [28415]
Flurazepam: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of flurazepam and increase the
potential for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the flurazepam dose may be needed. [28001] [28345] [32432]
Fluticasone: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with
inhaled fluticasone furoate. Increased systemic corticosteroid effects, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression, may
occur. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In drug interaction studies,
coadministration with strong inhibitors increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in 45% to 86% decreases in serum
cortisol AUC. A strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum
cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [28341] [40360] [40475] [43972] [57805] (Major)
adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [40360] [40475] [43972] [57805]
Fluticasone; Salmeterol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of salmeterol with ritonavir. The coadministration of salmeterol with CYP3A4
inhibitors can result in elevated salmeterol plasma concentrations and increased risk for adverse reactions, particularly cardiovascular
effects. [28315] [28467] [47165] (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended;
use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. Increased systemic corticosteroid effects, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal
adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [40360] [40475] [43972] [57805] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has
been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously
with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects
including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol
and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which
might increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Fluticasone; Umeclidinium; Vilanterol: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and lopinavir; ritonavir is not
recommended; use caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. Increased systemic corticosteroid effects, including Cushing's syndrome and
adrenal suppression, may occur. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In drug
interaction studies, coadministration with strong inhibitors increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in 45% to 86%
decreases in serum cortisol AUC. A strong inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in
weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [28341] [40360] [40475] [43972]
[57805] (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and ritonavir is not recommended; use caution with inhaled
fluticasone furoate. During post-marketing use, there have been reports of clinically significant drug interactions in patients receiving
inhaled fluticasone propionate with ritonavir, resulting in systemic corticosteroid effects including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal
suppression. Fluticasone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, coadministration
with ritonavir increased plasma fluticasone propionate exposure resulting in an 86% decrease in serum cortisol AUC. Another strong
inhibitor increased fluticasone furoate exposure by 1.33-fold with a 27% reduction in weighted mean serum cortisol; this change does
not necessitate dose adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [40360] [40475] [43972] [57805] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking
lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT
prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with
adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia.
Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via
inhibition of CYP3A4, which might increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901]
[33925] [41231]
Fluticasone; Vilanterol: (Major) Coadministration of inhaled fluticasone propionate and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended; use
caution with inhaled fluticasone furoate. Increased systemic corticosteroid effects, including Cushing's syndrome and adrenal
adjustment of fluticasone furoate. [40360] [40475] [43972] [57805] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has
been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously
with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects
including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol
and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which
might increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Fluvastatin: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and may increase exposure to drugs metabolized by this enzyme, such as
fluvastatin. Because fluvastatin does not rely exclusively on CYP3A4 for its metabolism (approximately 20%), ritonavir may not
interact to the same extent as expected with other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Elevated serum concentrations of fluvastatin may
increase the risk for adverse reactions, such as myopathy. [28774] [45527] [58664]
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of fluvoxamine with ritonavir may result in increased plasma concentrations of one
or both drugs. Fluvoxamine is partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and ritonavir is a weak CYP2D6 inhibitor. In addition, ritonavir is
metabolized by CYP3A4, and fluvoxamine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are
Food: (Moderate) The pharmacokinetic parameters of anti-retroviral medications (anti-retroviral non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs), anti-retroviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), anti-retroviral nucleotide reverse transcriptase
inhibitors, and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors) metabolized through the CYP isoenzyme system are slightly altered by smoked and
oral marijuana. Despite this interaction, marijuana is not expected to adversely affect anti-retroviral efficacy. However, the incidence of
marijuana associated adverse effects may change following coadministration with anti-retroviral drugs. Many anti-retrovirals are
inhibitors of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of marijuana's most psychoactive compound, delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC). When given concurrently with anti-retrovirals, the amount of Delta-9-THC converted to the active
metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) may be reduced. These changes in Delta-9-THC and 11-OH-THC
plasma concentrations may result in an altered marijuana adverse event profile. [42135] [42294] [42448]
Formoterol: (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that
Formoterol; Mometasone: (Moderate) Coadministration of mometasone with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) may cause
mometasone serum concentrations to increase, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider use of an
alternative corticosteroid whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as beclomethasone and
prednisolone, especially during long-term treatment. [28341] [47165] [58620] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir;
ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use
cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular
effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of
salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4,
which might increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Fosamprenavir: (Major) The coadministration of fosamprenavir (twice daily, boosted with ritonavir) and lopinavir; ritonavir tablets
(400/100 mg) resulted in altered pharmacokinetics of both drugs in addition to an increased rate of adverse events. Decreases were seen
in the fosamprenavir Cmax (by 58%), AUC (by 63%), and Cmin (by 65%). Increases were seen in the lopinavir; ritonavir (400/100 mg)
Cmax (by 30%), AUC (by 37%), and Cmin (by 52%). The coadministration of fosamprenavir (1400 mg twice daily) and lopinavir;
ritonavir (533/133 mg twice daily) resulted in decreased fosamprenavir Cmax (by 13%), AUC (by 26%), and Cmin (by 42%), in
addition to an increased rate of adverse events. With respect to safety and efficacy, appropriate doses of fosamprenavir and lopinavir;
ritonavir, when used in combination, have not been established. [28341] [29012] [46638]
Foscarnet: (Major) When possible, avoid concurrent use of foscarnet with other drugs known to prolong the QT interval, such as
lopinavir; ritonavir. Foscarnet has been associated with postmarketing reports of both QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP).
Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. If these drugs are administered together, obtain an electrocardiogram and
electrolyte concentrations before and periodically during treatment. [28341] [28377] (Moderate) Abnormal renal function has been
observed in clinical practice during the use of foscarnet in combination with ritonavir. If these drugs are administered together, monitor
kidney function. [28377] [47165]
Fosphenytoin: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible.
Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants
are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy.
Close monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. [28315] [46638]
Fostamatinib: (Moderate) Monitor for fostamatinib toxicities that may require fostamatinib dose reduction (i.e., elevated hepatic
enzymes, neutropenia, high blood pressure, severe diarrhea) if given concurrently with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use of
fostamatinib with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases exposure to the major active metabolite, R406, which may increase the risk of
adverse reactions. R406 is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4; lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of
fostamatinib with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased R406 AUC by 102% and Cmax by 37%. [28341] [56579] [63084]
(Moderate) Monitor for fostamatinib toxicities that may require fostamatinib dose reduction (i.e., elevated hepatic enzymes,
neutropenia, high blood pressure, severe diarrhea) if given concurrently with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use of
fostamatinib with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increases exposure to the major active metabolite, R406, which may increase the risk of
adverse reactions. R406 is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of
fostamatinib with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased R406 AUC by 102% and Cmax by 37%. [47165] [63084]
Galantamine: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of galantamine, a partial CYP3A4 substrate, may be elevated when administered
with protease inhibitors, which are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. If this combination is required, monitor for galantamine-related adverse
effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased urination, decreased appetite, confusion, dizziness, bradycardia, and excessive
sweating. [62457]
Gefitinib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in gefitinib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir is
necessary. Gefitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor increased gefitinib exposure by 80%. [28341] [45935] [56579] (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in gefitinib-related
adverse reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Gefitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased gefitinib exposure by 80%. [28341] [45935] [47165] [56579]
Gemifloxacin: (Major) Due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when
administering lopinavir; ritonavir with gemifloxacin. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Gemifloxacin may also
prolong the QT interval in some patients, with the maximal change in the QTc interval occurring approximately 5 to 10 hours following
oral administration. The likelihood of QTc prolongation may increase with increasing dose of gemifloxacin; therefore, the recommended
dose should not be exceeded especially in patients with renal or hepatic impairment where the Cmax and AUC are slightly higher.
[28341] [28419] [28420] [28424]
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Use gemtuzumab ozogamicin and lopinavir; ritonavir together with caution due to the potential for
additive QT interval prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). If these agents are used together, obtain an ECG and serum
electrolytes prior to the start of gemtuzumab and as needed during treatment. Although QT interval prolongation has not been reported
with gemtuzumab, it has been reported with other drugs that contain calicheamicin. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT
Gilteritinib: (Major) Consider an alternative to lopinavir; ritonavir during treatment with gilteritinib due to increased gilteritinib
exposure and the potential for additive QT prolongation. If coadministration is required, frequently monitor for gilteritinib-related
adverse effects and cardiac toxicity. Interrupt therapy and reduce the gilteritinib dose if serious or life-threatening toxicity occurs.
Gilteritinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
increased the gilteritinib AUC by 120% in a drug interaction study. Both drugs have been associated with QT prolongation. [28341]
[56579] [63787] (Major) Consider an alternative to ritonavir during treatment with gilteritinib. Concurrent use may increase gilteritinib
exposure resulting in treatment-related adverse events. If coadministration is required, frequently monitor for gilteritinib adverse
reactions. Interrupt therapy and reduce the gilteritinib dose if serious or life-threatening toxicity occurs. Gilteritinib is a CYP3A4
substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the gilteritinib AUC by
120% in a drug interaction study. [47165] [63787]
Glasdegib: (Major) Consider an alternative to lopinavir; ritonavir during treatment with glasdegib due to the potential for additive QT
prolongation and increased glasdegib exposure. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor for increased glasdegib-related adverse
events and for increased risk of QT prolongation with more frequent ECG monitoring. Glasdegib is a CYP3A4 substrate that may cause
QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
increased the glasdegib AUC by 2.4-fold in a drug interaction study. [28341] [63777] (Major) Consider an alternative to ritonavir during
treatment with glasdegib. Concurrent use may increase glasdegib exposure resulting in treatment-related adverse events including QT
prolongation. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor for increased adverse events; more frequent ECG monitoring is
recommended. Glasdegib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor increased the glasdegib AUC by 2.4-fold in a drug interaction study. [47165] [63777]
Glecaprevir; Pibrentasvir: (Major) Coadministration of glecaprevir with lopinavir is not recommended as coadministration may increase
serum concentrations of glecaprevir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Glecaprevir is a substrate of CYP3A4, P-glycoprotein (P-
gp), and OATP1B1; lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, P-gp, and OATP1B1. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of
lopinavir; ritonavir with glecaprevir; pibrentasvir resulted in an approximately 4-fold increase in the AUC of glecaprevir. [28341] [56579]
[62201] (Major) Coadministration of glecaprevir with ritonavir is not recommended as coadministration may increase serum
concentrations of glecaprevir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Glecaprevir is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp);
ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Additionally, ritonavir is a P-gp substrate and glecaprevir is a P-gp inhibitor;
concentrations of ritonavir may also be increased. [28380] [34557] [62201] (Major) Coadministration of pibrentasvir with lopinavir is not
recommended as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of pibrentasvir and increase the risk of adverse effects.
Pibrentasvir is a substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of P-gp. In drug interaction
studies, coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with glecaprevir; pibrentasvir resulted in an approximately 2.5-fold increase in the AUC
of pibrentasvir [28341] [56579] [62201] (Major) Coadministration of pibrentasvir with ritonavir is not recommended as coadministration
may increase serum concentrations of pibrentasvir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Pibrentasvir is a substrate of the drug
transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of P-gp. Additionally, ritonavir is a P-gp substrate and pibrentasvir is a P-gp
inhibitor; concentrations of ritonavir may also be increased. [28380] [34557] [62201]
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration
with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT
interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation,
usually at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not
recommended as increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which might increase the risk for cardiac
adverse reactions, like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Goserelin: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT
prolongation in patients receiving lopinavir. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Androgen deprivation therapy may
also prolong the QT/QTc interval. Coadministration may result in additive QT prolongation. [28341] [28592]
Granisetron: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes, caution is advised when administering lopinavir;
ritonavir with granisetron. Both lopinavir; ritonavir and granisetron are associated with prolongation of the QT interval. In addition,
lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and granisetron is a CYP3A substrate. Coadministration may increase the serum concentrations of
granisetron. [28341] [31723] (Minor) Plasma concentrations of granisetron may be elevated when administered concurrently with
ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal or CNS effects, is recommended during coadministration.
Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor; granisetron is a CYP3A4 substrate. [28315] [31723] [47165]
Grapefruit juice: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of ritonavir with grapefruit juice may result in elevated ritonavir concentrations.
Grapefruit juice is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, and an inhibitor of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein
(P-gp). Ritonavir is metabolized by both enzymes and is a substrate for P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs
are administered together. [58664]
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma
concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.
It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor
patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved.
Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. [30379] [30391] [47165] [56303] [58531]
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
Guanfacine: (Major) Ritonavir may significantly alter guanfacine plasma concentrations. Guanfacine is primarily metabolized by
CYP3A4. Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor; moderate CYP3A4 induction has been reported with concomitant use of
voriconazole. The net effect of this potential interaction is unclear, but guanfacine dosage adjustments, most likely a dose decrease, may
be required. FDA-approved labeling for extended-release (ER) guanfacine recommends that, if used with a moderate to strong CYP3A4
inhibitor, the guanfacine dosage should be decreased to half of the recommended dose and the patient should be closely monitored for
alpha-adrenergic effects (e.g., hypotension, drowsiness, bradycardia). However, if used with a moderate to strong CYP3A4 inducer,
labeling recommends to consider doubling the recommended dose of guanfacine ER; if the inducer is added in a patient already
receiving guanfacine, this escalation should occur over 1 to 2 weeks. If the inducer or inhibitor is discontinued, guanfacine ER should
return to its recommended dose (with downward titration occurring over 1 to 2 weeks). Specific recommendations for immediate-release
(IR) guanfacine are not available. [27493] [43566] [47165]
Halofantrine: (Moderate) Protease Inhibitors significantly inhibit cytochrome CYP3A4,and may lead to an inhibition of halofantrine
metabolism, placing the patient at risk for halofantrine cardiac toxicity. [4718] [4968]
Halogenated Anesthetics: (Major) Halogenated anesthetics should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with lopinavir;
ritonavir. Halogenated anesthetics can prolong the QT interval. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation.
Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. [28341]
[28457] [28458] [28754] [28755] [28756]
Haloperidol: (Major) QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been observed during haloperidol treatment. Excessive doses
(particularly in the overdose setting) or IV administration of haloperidol may be associated with a higher risk of QT prolongation.
According to the manufacturer of haloperidol, caution is advisable when prescribing the drug concurrently with medications known to
prolong the QT interval, such as lopinavir. In addition, haloperidol is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Mild to moderate increases
in haloperidol plasma concentrations have been reported during concurrent use of haloperidol and inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP2D6.
Therefore, it is advisable to closely monitor for adverse events when haloperidol is co-administered with drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 and
CYP2D6 and prolong the QT interval, such as lopinavir; ritonavir. [23500] [23779] [28225] [28307] [28341] [28415] [28416] (Moderate) Mild
to moderate increases in haloperidol plasma concentrations have been reported during concurrent use of haloperidol and inhibitors of
CYP3A4 or CYP2D6, such as ritonavir. Elevated haloperidol concentrations may increase the risk of adverse effects. Closely monitor
for adverse events when these medications are coadministered. [28307] [47165]
Histrelin: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., histrelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma
Hydantoins: (Major) Concurrent use of lopinavir; ritonavir and hydantoins should be avoided when possible. Coadministration results in
decreased plasma concentrations of lopinavir, ritonavir, and the hydantoin. Additionally, once daily regimens of lopinavir; ritonavir
should not be administered with phenytoin due to hepatic enzyme induction by phenytoin. [28341] [46638] (Major) Concurrent use of
ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible. Increased doses of anticonvulsants may be
required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic enzyme inducing drugs,
increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close monitoring of drug
concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. [28315] [46638]
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Losartan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of losartan with ritonavir may result in elevated losartan
plasma concentrations. Losartan is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Metoprolol: (Moderate) Metoprolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6
inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may impair metoprolol metabolism. Clinicians should be alert to exaggerated beta-blocker effects if
metoprolol is given with these drugs. [5044] [5269]
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of propranolol with ritonavir may result in elevated
propranolol plasma concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with
beta-blockers. Propranolol is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close
monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Decreased beta-blocker dosage may be needed. [28315] [47165] [4998]
[58664]
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with valsartan may result in elevated valsartan serum
concentrations. Valsartan is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an
OATP1B1 inhibitor. Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [56575] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Minor) Valsartan is
a substrate of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic
exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration. [28315] [29130] [36646]
[39870] [60860]
Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations
and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is
recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients
closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of
lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal
syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and
consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor
of CYP3A4. [28341] [30379] [56303] [56579] [58531] (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase
achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead
to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully
and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong
inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. [30379] [30391] [47165] [56303] [58531]
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma
Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir
may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression,
drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid
efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to hydrocodone. If lopinavir; ritonavir is
discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Hydrocodone is a substrate for
CYP3A4. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28341] [30379] [56303] [56579] [58531] (Moderate) Concomitant use of
hydrocodone with ritonavir may increase hydrocodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions, including
hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when
hydrocodone is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a
dosage reduction of hydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of ritonavir could decrease hydrocodone plasma
concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to
hydrocodone. If ritonavir is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate.
Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and also inhibits CYP2D6. [30379]
[30391] [47165] [56303] [58531]
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of hydrocodone with lopinavir; ritonavir may increase hydrocodone
Hydromorphone: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of
hydromorphone if the two drugs are coadministered. [5044]
Hydroxychloroquine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir; ritonavir. Hydroxychloroquine increases the
QT interval and should not be administered with other drugs known to prolong the QT interval. Ventricular arrhythmias and torsade de
pointes have been reported with the use of hydroxychloroquine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [41806]
Hydroxyprogesterone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of hydroxyprogesterone with ritonavir may result in elevated
hydroxyprogesterone plasma concentrations. Hydroxyprogesterone is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an
inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [43316] [47165]
Hydroxyzine: (Moderate) Caution is recommended if hydroxyzine is administered with lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for
additive QT prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). Postmarketing data indicate that hydroxyzine causes QT prolongation
and TdP. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [47129]
Ibrutinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of ibrutinib and lopinavir; ritonavir; ibrutinib plasma concentrations may increase resulting
in severe ibrutinib toxicity (e.g., hematologic toxicity, bleeding, infection). Ibrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. When ibrutinib was administered with multiple doses of other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, the Cmax and AUC
values of ibrutinib were increased significantly. [28341] [56410] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of ibrutinib and ritonavir; ibrutinib
plasma concentrations may increase resulting in severe ibrutinib toxicity (e.g., hematologic toxicity, bleeding, infection). Ibrutinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. When ibrutinib was administered with multiple doses of other strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors, the Cmax and AUC values of ibrutinib were increased significantly. [47165] [56410]
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and
oxycodone. [39926] [47165]
Ibutilide: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Ibutilide can cause QT prolongation and torsade de pointes;
proarrhythmic events should be anticipated. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with ibutilide may result in additive QT
prolongation. Monitor patients closely if these drugs are used together. [28341] [41830]
Idelalisib: (Severe) Concomitant use of idelalisib, a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the
exposure of idelalisib. Additionally, idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor while ritonavir is a CYP3A substrate. The AUC of a sensitive
CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib. Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib and ritonavir. [5070]
[57675] (Major) Concomitant use of idelalisib, a CYP3A4 substrate, and lopinavir; ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase
the exposure of idelalisib. Additionally, idelalisib is a strong CYP3A inhibitor while lopinavir and ritonavir are CYP3A substrates. The
AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib. Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib
and lopinavir; ritonavir. [5070] [57675]
Ifosfamide: (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in the efficacy of ifosfamide if coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary.
Ifosfamide is metabolized by CYP3A4 to its active alkylating metabolites. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration may decrease plasma concentrations of these active metabolites, decreasing the effectiveness of ifosfamide treatment.
[28341] [51027] (Moderate) Monitor for a decrease in the efficacy of ifosfamide if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary.
Ifosfamide is metabolized by CYP3A4 to its active alkylating metabolites. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration
may decrease plasma concentrations of these active metabolites, decreasing the effectiveness of ifosfamide treatment. [47165] [51027]
Iloperidone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of iloperidone and lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for QT prolongation. If
coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the iloperidone dose by one-half. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, increase the
iloperidone dose to the previous level. Increased iloperidone exposure may occur with concurrent use. Iloperidone is a CYP3A4
substrate that has been associated with QT prolongation. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that has also been associated
with QT prolongation. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of iloperidone and its metabolites P88
and P95 by 57%, 55% and 35%, respectively. [28341] [36146] [56579] (Major) Reduce the iloperidone dose by one-half if coadministered
with ritonavir. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the iloperidone dose to the previous level. Increased iloperidone exposure may occur
with concurrent use. Iloperidone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of iloperidone and its metabolites P88 and P95 by 57%, 55% and 35%, respectively. [36146]
[47165]
Imatinib: (Major) Protease Inhibitors inhibit cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and may decrease the metabolism of imatinib and increase
imatinib concentrations leading to an increased incidence of adverse reactions. In addition, because imatinib inhibits CYP2C9,
CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5, the metabolism of protease inhibitors may be decreased by imatinib. Close monitoring of the antiviral and
antineoplastic responses is recommended. [28240] [28341]
Imipramine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
resistance have been reported with use of protease inhibitors. Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes
in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30575] [50113] [50814]
Indacaterol: (Moderate) Although no dosage adjustment of the 75 mcg indacaterol daily dose is needed, use caution if indacaterol and
ritonavir are used concurrently. Monitor the patient clinically for beta-agonist side effects like tremor, nervousness, or fast, irregular
heart rate. In addition, both ritonavir and long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) are associated with QT prolongation; concomitant use may
increase the risk of QT prolongation. By inhibiting CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein, ritonavir reduces indacaterol metabolism. In
drug interaction studies, coadministration of indacaterol 300 mcg (single dose) with ritonavir (300 mg twice daily for 7.5 days) resulted
in a 1.7-fold increase in indacaterol exposure (AUC) whereas indacaterol maximal concentration (Cmax) was unaffected. [44979] [47165]
[51080] [59321] [60263] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other
Indacaterol; Glycopyrrolate: (Moderate) Although no dosage adjustment of the 75 mcg indacaterol daily dose is needed, use caution if
indacaterol and ritonavir are used concurrently. Monitor the patient clinically for beta-agonist side effects like tremor, nervousness, or
fast, irregular heart rate. In addition, both ritonavir and long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) are associated with QT prolongation;
concomitant use may increase the risk of QT prolongation. By inhibiting CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein, ritonavir reduces
indacaterol metabolism. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of indacaterol 300 mcg (single dose) with ritonavir (300 mg twice
daily for 7.5 days) resulted in a 1.7-fold increase in indacaterol exposure (AUC) whereas indacaterol maximal concentration (Cmax)
was unaffected. [44979] [47165] [51080] [59321] [60263] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been
reported. Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with
drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including
QT interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and
lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which might
increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate. [28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Indinavir: (Minor) Coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir increases plasma concentrations indinavir, due to the ritonavir component.
When administered with standard doses of lopinavir; ritonavir (Kaletra), the indinavir dose should be decreased to 600 mg PO twice
daily. Once daily lopinavir; ritonavir in combination with indinavir has not been studied. [28341] [46638] (Minor) Ritonavir inhibits the
clearance of indinavir, and increased indinavir serum concentrations are seen with concurrent administration. In a pharmacokinetic study
in healthy volunteers, the AUC of single indinavir dose increased 185 to 475% during concurrent ritonavir dosing; the mean indinavir
half-life increased from 1.2 to 2.7 hours. In an observational study of HIV-infected patients, the combination of indinavir 1200 mg and
ritonavir 100 mg, both twice daily, led to high systemic exposure to indinavir and was not well tolerated. The combination of indinavir
800 mg and ritonavir 100 mg twice daily resulted in therapeutic indinavir serum concentrations with improved tolerability and similar
maximum serum concentrations as the approved indinavir dosage of 800 mg three times a day. Patients should be closely monitored for
possible indinavir toxicity during concurrent administration; indinavir dosage reductions may be necessary. The recommended dosing
regimen for this combination is indinavir 800 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100 or 200 mg twice daily. [26120] [26121] [46638]
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of inotuzumab ozogamicin with lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for
additive QT prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). If coadministration is unavoidable, obtain an ECG and serum electrolytes
prior to the start of treatment, after treatment initiation, and periodically during treatment. Both inotuzumab and lopinavir; ritonavir have
been associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [62245]
Insulins: (Moderate) Monitor patients receiving insulin closely for changes in diabetic control, specifically hyperglycemia, when anti-
retroviral protease inhibitors are instituted. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to
insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-
inhibitor treatment. [30575] [60172]
Interferon Alfa-2b; Ribavirin: (Major) The concomitant use of ribavirin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be done with
caution as both can cause hepatic damage. Most protease inhibitors have been associated with episodes of liver toxicity, with
lopinavir/low-dose ritonavir, fosamprenavir/low-dose ritonavir, and nelfinavir being less hepatotoxic and tipranavir/low-dose ritonavir
being the most hepatotoxic. Hyperbilirubinemia is often associated with atazanavir and/or indinavir therapy but does not reflect liver
damage and is related to the inhibition of UDP glucuronosyltransferase. Overall, the HCV-HIV International Panel recommends the
management of hepatotoxicity should be based on the knowledge of the mechanisms involved for each drug. Furthermore, they state
that there are lower rates of liver-related mortality in coinfected patients taking HAART, even in those with end-stage liver disease,
compared with patients not receiving HAART. Closely monitor patients for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic
decompensation. [34878]
Interferons: (Moderate) The concomitant use of interferons and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be done with caution as both
can cause hepatotoxicity. Closely monitor patients for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation. Most protease
inhibitors have been associated with episodes of liver toxicity. Cirrhotic chronic HCV infected patients co-infected with HIV receiving
HAART and alpha interferons appear to be at increased risk for hepatic decompensation (e.g., Childs-Pugh score 6 or more) compared
to patients not receiving HAART. The HCV-HIV International Panel recommends the management of hepatotoxicity should be based on
the knowledge of the mechanisms involved for each drug. Furthermore, they state that there are lower rates of liver-related mortality in
coinfected patients taking HAART, even in those with end-stage liver disease, compared with patients not receiving HAART. [31649]
[34878]
Irinotecan Liposomal: (Major) Avoid administration of lopinavir; ritonavir during treatment with irinotecan and for at least 1 week prior
to starting therapy unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. Irinotecan is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure of irinotecan. [30469] [51080] (Major) Avoid administration of
ritonavir during treatment with irinotecan and for at least 1 week prior to starting therapy unless there are no therapeutic alternatives.
Irinotecan is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure of
irinotecan. [30469] [47165]
Irinotecan: (Major) Avoid administration of lopinavir; ritonavir during treatment with irinotecan and for at least 1 week prior to starting
therapy unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. Irinotecan is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure of irinotecan. [30469] [51080] (Major) Avoid administration of ritonavir
during treatment with irinotecan and for at least 1 week prior to starting therapy unless there are no therapeutic alternatives. Irinotecan is
a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use may increase systemic exposure of irinotecan. [30469]
[47165]
Isavuconazonium: (Severe) Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with high-dose ritonavir (i.e., 400 mg every 12 hours) is
contraindicated due to the risk for increased isavuconazole serum concentrations and serious adverse reactions, such as hepatic toxicity.
Isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a sensitive substrate of hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong
inhibitor of this enzyme. According to the manufacturer, coadministration of isavuconazole with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is
contraindicated. Isavuconazole serum concentrations were increased 5-fold when coadministered with ketoconazole, another strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor. Elevated ritonavir concentrations may also be seen with coadministration, as ritonavir is a substrate and
isavuconazole is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). [47165] [59042] (Major) Caution is advised
when administering isavuconazonium concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. Coadministration may result in a loss of antiviral efficacy,
due to decreased lopinavir; ritonavir plasma concentrations, as well as isavuconazole-related adverse effects, due to elevated
isavuconazole plasma concentrations. Isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a substrate/inhibitor/inducer of the
hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; lopinavir; ritonavir is a substrate and potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. During drug interaction studies in
healthy adults, coadministration resulted in a 96% increase in isavuconazole serum concentrations and a 27% and 31% decrease in
lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations, respectively. [28341] [59042]
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Severe) Coadministration of rifampin and ritonavir results in markedly decreased
ritonavir concentrations; HIV treatment failure and virologic resistance would be expected. Rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days)
decreases the AUC and Cmax of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. Coadministration may
lead to loss of virologic response if ritonavir is the sole protease inhibitor and increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The DHHS/NIH HIV
Treatment Guidelines recommend ritonavir and rifampin should not be coadministered and suggest the consideration of alternative
antimycobacterial agents, such as rifabutin. However, CDC guidelines suggest no change in ritonavir or rifampin dose when the drugs
are coadministered, but this appears to only be in the setting of low-dose ritonavir (i.e., 100 mg or 200 mg twice daily) used to 'boost'
concentrations of other protease inhibitors. In this setting it would be less likely to produce adverse events than higher ritonavir doses;
however, a net CYP3A4 induction still results when used with rifampin. [1299] [30314] [46638] (Severe) The coadministration of
lopinavir; ritonavir and rifampin is contraindicated. Concurrent use may lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to
lopinavir; ritonavir, the class of protease inhibitors, or other antiretroviral agents. [28341] [30314] [46638]
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Severe) Coadministration of rifampin and ritonavir results in markedly decreased ritonavir concentrations;
HIV treatment failure and virologic resistance would be expected. Rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days) decreases the AUC and
Cmax of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. Coadministration may lead to loss of virologic
response if ritonavir is the sole protease inhibitor and increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The DHHS/NIH HIV Treatment Guidelines
recommend ritonavir and rifampin should not be coadministered and suggest the consideration of alternative antimycobacterial agents,
such as rifabutin. However, CDC guidelines suggest no change in ritonavir or rifampin dose when the drugs are coadministered, but this
appears to only be in the setting of low-dose ritonavir (i.e., 100 mg or 200 mg twice daily) used to 'boost' concentrations of other
protease inhibitors. In this setting it would be less likely to produce adverse events than higher ritonavir doses; however, a net CYP3A4
induction still results when used with rifampin. [1299] [30314] [46638] (Severe) The coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and rifampin
is contraindicated. Concurrent use may lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to lopinavir; ritonavir, the class of
protease inhibitors, or other antiretroviral agents. [28341] [30314] [46638]
Isradipine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of isradipine with protease inhibitors may result in elevated isradipine plasma
concentrations and increased hypotensive effects. Isradipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors are
potent inhibitors of this enzyme. In addition, ritonavir prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval
of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been
evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel
blocker doses may be warranted. [29128] [32432] [47165]
Istradefylline: (Major) Do not exceed 20 mg once daily of istradefylline if administered with lopinavir; ritonavir as istradefylline
exposure and adverse effects may increase. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Istradefylline exposure was increased by
2.5-fold when administered with a strong inhibitor in a drug interaction study. [28341] [56579] [64590] (Major) Do not exceed 20 mg once
daily of istradefylline if administered with ritonavir as istradefylline exposure and adverse effects may increase. Ritonavir is a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor. Istradefylline exposure was increased by 2.5-fold when administered with a strong inhibitor in a drug interaction
study. [47165] [64590]
Itraconazole: (Major) When administering itraconazole with lopinavir; ritonavir, do not exceed the maximum recommended
itraconazole dose of 200 mg per day. Concurrent administration of lopinavir; ritonavir (a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor) with itraconazole (a
CYP3A4 substrate) significantly increases itraconazole systemic concentrations. In addition, because both drugs are associated with
prolongation of the QT interval, coadministration may increase the risk for developing QT prolongation. If these drugs are given
together, closely monitor patients for itraconazole-associated adverse effects, including QT prolongation. If itraconazole therapy is
stopped, it may be prudent to continue close monitoring for up to 2 weeks after discontinuing itraconazole. Once discontinued, the
plasma concentration of itraconazole decreases to almost undetectable concentrations within 7 to 14 days. The decline in plasma
concentrations may be even more gradual in patients with hepatic cirrhosis or who are receiving concurrent CYP3A4 inhibitors. [28341]
[29036] [40233] [57441] [57486] (Major) When administering itraconazole with ritonavir or ritonavir-containing drugs, do not exceed the
maximum recommended itraconazole dose of 200 mg per day. Concurrent administration may result in increased exposure to both
drugs. Monitor patients for itraconazole and ritonavir-associated adverse effects. Both itraconazole and ritonavir are strong CYP3A4
inhibitors and substrates. [27983] [47165]
Ivabradine: (Severe) Coadministration of ivabradine and lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Ivabradine is primarily metabolized by
CYP3A4; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration will increase the plasma concentrations of ivabradine.
Increased ivabradine concentrations may result in bradycardia exacerbation and conduction disturbances. [59430] (Severe)
Coadministration of ivabradine and ritonavir is contraindicated. Ivabradine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration will increase the plasma concentrations of ivabradine. Increased ivabradine concentrations may
result in bradycardia exacerbation and conduction disturbances. [59430]
Ivacaftor: (Major) If ritonavir and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but reduce the
frequency to twice weekly. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong
CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 8.5-fold. [48524]
Ivosidenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivosidenib with lopinavir; ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of ivosidenib
and additive QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of ivosidenib to 250 mg PO once daily. Monitor ECGs
for QTc prolongation and monitor electrolytes, correcting any electrolyte abnormalities as clinically appropriate. If lopinavir; ritonavir is
discontinued, wait at least 5 half-lives of lopinavir; ritonavir before increasing the dose of ivosidenib to the recommended dose of 500
mg PO once daily. Ivosidenib is a CYP3A4 substrate that has been associated with QTc prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias.
Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4
inhibitor increased ivosidenib single-dose AUC to 269% of control, with no change in Cmax. [28341] [56579] [63368] (Major) Avoid
coadministration of ivosidenib with ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of ivosidenib, which increases the risk of QT
prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of ivosidenib to 250 mg PO once daily. Monitor ECGs for QTc
prolongation and monitor electrolytes, correcting any electrolyte abnormalities as clinically appropriate. If ritonavir is discontinued, wait
at least 5 half-lives of ritonavir before increasing the dose of ivosidenib to the recommended dose of 500 mg PO once daily. Ivosidenib
is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
ivosidenib single-dose AUC to 269% of control, with no change in Cmax. [47165] [63368]
Ixabepilone: (Major) If possible, avoid coadministration of ixabepilone with ritonavir; concurrent use is expected to result in increased
ixabepilone plasma concentrations and risk of adverse events. Consider alternative therapies before using ixabepilone with ritonavir. If
coadministration of ixabepilone with ritonavir cannot be avoided, consider an ixabepilone dosage reduction to 20 mg/m2 IV over 3
hours given every 3 weeks, as this dose is predicted to adjust the ixabepilone AUC to the range observed without inhibitors. Carefully
monitor for adverse events. If a patient is already receiving ritonavir, a washout period of approximately 1 week is recommended before
starting ixabepilone. Ixabepilone is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme.
[10415] [47165] (Major) Ixabepilone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and concomitant use of ixabepilone with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as
lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided. Alternative therapies that do not inhibit the CYP3A4 isoenzyme should be considered. If
concurrent treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is necessary, strongly consider reducing the adult ixabepilone dose to 20 mg/m2
every 3 weeks; data supporting this dose adjustment are lacking. Closely monitor patients for ixabepilone-related toxicities. If a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, allow 7 days to elapse before increasing the ixabepilone dose [10415]
Ketoconazole: (Major) When administering ketoconazole with lopinavir; ritonavir, do not exceed the maximum recommended
ketoconazole dose of 200 mg per day. Concurrent administration of lopinavir; ritonavir (a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor) with ketoconazole
(a CYP3A4 substrate) significantly increases ketoconazole systemic concentrations. In one drug interaction study, ketoconazole
exposure was increased by 4-fold when given concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. In addition, because both drugs are associated with
prolongation of the QT interval, coadministration may increase the risk for developing QT prolongation. If these drugs are given
together, closely monitor patients for ketoconazole-associated adverse effects, including QT prolongation. [27982] [28341] [29036] [57486]
(Major) When administering ketoconazole with ritonavir or ritonavir-containing drugs, do not exceed the maximum recommended
ketoconazole dose of 200 mg per day. Concurrent administration of ritonavir (a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor) with ketoconazole (a
CYP3A4 substrate) significantly increases ketoconazole systemic concentrations. In one drug interaction study, ketoconazole exposure
was increased by 3.4-fold when given concurrently with ritonavir (500 mg twice daily). [27982] [47165]
Labetalol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Lacosamide: (Moderate) Lacosamide causes PR interval prolongation in some patients. Caution is advised during coadministration of
lacosamide with other drugs that cause PR prolongation, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, since further PR prolongation is possible. [34626]
(Moderate) Use caution during concurrent use of lacosamide and ritonavir, particularly in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Lacosamide is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Patients with renal or hepatic impairment may have
significantly increased exposure to lacosamide if coadministered with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Dosage reduction of lacosamide may
be necessary in this population. [28315] [34626]
Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Minor) Since ritonavir induces glucuronidation, there is the potential for reduction in zidovudine,
ZDV plasma concentrations during concurrent therapy with ritonavir. When coadministered with ritonavir, the AUC and Cmax of
zidovudine, ZDV are decreased by 12% and 27%. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown. [28315] [47165] [58664]
Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-
events. [46638]
Lamotrigine: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant lopinavir;
ritonavir use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is
metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of
lamotrigine with lopinavir; ritonavir in 18 healthy subjects, induction of glucuronidation by lopinavir (400 mg twice daily); ritonavir
(100 mg twice daily) decreased lamotrigine AUC, Cmax, and half-life by approximately 50% to 55.4%. [28451]
Lansoprazole: (Moderate) Increased exposure to lansoprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage
adjustment of lansoprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher lansoprazole doses
(e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Lansoprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4
substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the lansoprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
[40596] [47165]
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) Increased exposure to lansoprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir.
Although dosage adjustment of lansoprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher
lansoprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Lansoprazole is a CYP2C19
and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the lansoprazole AUC by an average
of 4-times. [40596] [47165]
Lanthanum Carbonate: (Major) Oral compounds known to interact with antacids, like protease inhibitors, should not be taken within 2
hours of dosing with lanthanum carbonate. If these agents are used concomitantly, space the dosing intervals appropriately. Monitor
serum concentrations and clinical condition. [9126]
Lapatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lapatinib with lopinavir; ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of lapatinib; QT
prolongation may also occur. If concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the dose of lapatinib to 500 mg PO once daily. Monitor ECGs
for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct any electrolyte abnormalities prior to treatment. If lopinavir; ritonavir is
discontinued, increase lapatinib to the indicated dose after a washout period of approximately 1 week. Lapatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate
that has been associated with concentration-dependent QT prolongation; ventricular arrhythmias and torsade de pointes (TdP) have also
been reported in postmarketing experience. lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that is also associated with QT
prolongation in combination with ritonavir. Concomitant use with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased lapatinib exposure by 3.6-
fold and increased the half-life of lapatinib by 1.7-fold. [28341] [33192] [56579] (Major) Avoid coadministration of lapatinib with ritonavir
due to increased plasma concentrations of lapatinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the dose of lapatinib to 500 mg PO
once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase lapatinib to the indicated dose after a washout period of approximately 1 week.
Lapatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concomitant use with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
increased lapatinib exposure by 3.6-fold and increased the half-life of lapatinib by 1.7-fold. [33192] [47165]
Larotrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of larotrectinib with lopinavir; ritonavir due to increased larotrectinib exposure resulting
in increased treatment-related adverse effects. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the larotrectinib dose by 50%. If lopinavir;
ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original larotrectinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of lopinavir; ritonavir. Larotrectinib is
a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the
AUC of larotrectinib by 4.3-fold in a drug interaction study. [28341] [56579] [63780] (Major) Avoid coadministration of larotrectinib with
ritonavir due to increased larotrectinib exposure resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. If coadministration cannot be
avoided, reduce the larotrectinib dose by 50%. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume the original larotrectinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination
half-lives of ritonavir. Larotrectinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of larotrectinib by 4.3-fold in a drug interaction study. [47165] [63780]
Ledipasvir; Sofosbuvir: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when lopinavir; ritonavir is administered with ledipasvir; sofosbuvir as there is
a potential for elevated concentrations of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir. Lopinavir; ritonvir is an inhibitor of the transporter P-glycoprotein
(P-gp). Both ledipasvir and sofosbuvir are substrates of P-gp. According to the manufacturer, no dosage adjustments are required when
ledipasvir; sofosbuvir is administered concurrently with P-gp inhibitors; however, if these drugs are given together, consider increased
monitoring for potential adverse effect. [28380] [47165] [56579] [58167] (Moderate) Caution is warranted when ritonavir is administered
with ledipasvir; sofosbuvir as there is a potential for elevated concentrations of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the
transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Both ledipasvir and sofosbuvir are substrates of P-gp. According to the manufacturer, no dosage
adjustments are required when ledipasvir; sofosbuvir is administered concurrently with P-gp inhibitors; however, if these drugs are
given together, consider increased monitoring for potential adverse effects. [28380] [47165] [58167]
Lefamulin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lefamulin with lopinavir; ritonavir as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT
prolongation; concurrent use may also increase exposure from lefamulin tablets which may increase the risk of adverse effects.
Lefamulin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate that has a concentration dependent QTc prolongation effect. The pharmacodynamic
interaction potential to prolong the QT interval of the electrocardiogram between lefamulin and other drugs that effect cardiac
conduction is unknown. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that is also associated with QT prolongation.
Coadministration of a combined P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the exposure of oral and intravenous lefamulin by 165%
and 31%, respectively. [28341] [56579] [64576] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with oral lefamulin due to increased lefamulin
exposure; ritonavir may be administered with intravenous lefamulin. Lefamulin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp
and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a combined P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the exposure of oral and
intravenous lefamulin by 165% and 31%, respectively. [47165] [64576]
Lenvatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lenvatinib with lopinavir due to the risk of QT prolongation. Prolongation of the QT
interval has been reported with lenvatinib therapy. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration may result
in additive QT prolongation. [28341] [58782]
Lesinurad: (Moderate) Ritonavir may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic effect of lesinurad; monitor for potential reduction
in efficacy. Ritonavir is a CYP2C9 inducer, and lesinurad is a CYP2C9 substrate. [26120] [28315] [60473]
Lesinurad; Allopurinol: (Moderate) Ritonavir may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic effect of lesinurad; monitor for
potential reduction in efficacy. Ritonavir is a CYP2C9 inducer, and lesinurad is a CYP2C9 substrate. [26120] [28315] [60473]
Letermovir: (Moderate) A clinically relevant increase in the plasma concentration of ritonavir may occur if given with letermovir. In
patients who are also receiving treatment with cyclosporine, the magnitude of this interaction may be amplified. Ritonavir is primarily
metabolized by CYP3A. Letermovir is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor; however, when given with cyclosporine, the combined effect on
CYP3A4 substrates may be similar to a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [47165] [62611] (Moderate) Administering lopinavir concurrently with
letermovir may result in elevated concentrations of both drugs. The exposure to lopinavir may be further increased if the patient is
receiving letermovir combined with cyclosporine. Closely monitor for adverse events, including fast or irregular heartbeats, severe rash,
hepatotoxicity, and gastrointestinal events. Lopinavir is an inhibitor of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1), and a
substrate of CYP3A4. Letermovir is an OATP1B1 substrate and a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. When given with cyclosporine, the
combined effect of letermovir and cyclosporine on CYP3A4 substrates may be similar to a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [56579]
[61510] [61511] [61513] [62611]
Leuprolide: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) outweigh the potential risks of QT
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) outweigh the
potential risks of QT prolongation in patients receiving lopinavir. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Androgen
deprivation therapy may also prolong the QT/QTc interval. Coadministration may result in additive QT prolongation. [28341] [43800]
(Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP
metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of norethindrone are
complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For example, ritonavir (also found in
combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may decrease the metabolism of
Levalbuterol: (Minor) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that
Levobupivacaine: (Minor) Levobupivacaine is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. Known inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir,
may result in increased systemic levels of levobupivacaine when given concurrently, with potential for toxicity. Although not studied,
dosage adjustments of levobupivacaine may be needed. [5637]
Levocetirizine: (Moderate) Coadministration of cetirizine and ritonavir resulted in a 42% increase in the AUC, 53% increase in half-life,
and 29% decrease in clearance of cetirizine. Cetirizine did not alter ritonavir disposition. [28874] [33350]
Levofloxacin: (Major) Concurrent use of lopinavir; ritonavir and levofloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Levofloxacin has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval and infrequent cases
of arrhythmia. Additionally, rare cases of TdP have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving
levofloxacin. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [28421]
Levomethadyl: (Major) Agents that inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP 3A4, including lopinavir, may decrease the metabolism of
levomethadyl, increase levomethadyl levels, and may precipitate severe arrhythmias including torsade de pointes. [4718] (Major) Agents
that inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP 3A4, including ritonavir, may decrease the metabolism of levomethadyl, increase
levomethadyl levels, and may precipitate severe arrhythmias including torsade de pointes. [4718]
Levomilnacipran: (Major) The adult dose of levomilnacipran should not exceed 80 mg/day during concurrent use of strong CYP3A4
inhibitors such as ritonavir. Levomilnacipran is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, and decreased metabolism of the drug can lead to an
increased risk of adverse effects such as urinary retention. Additionally, ritonavir could further increase levomilnacipran concentrations
by inhibiting its P-glycoprotein (P-gp) metabolism. [55469]
Levonorgestrel: (Major) Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the serum concentrations of estrogens and progestins are
complex. Some protease inhibitors increase (i.e., ritonavir, lopinavir; ritonavir, nelfinavir, tipranavir) and others decrease (i.e.,
atazanavir, indinavir) the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives. The safety and efficacy of hormonal contraceptives may be affected if
coadministered with protease inhibitors. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors concurrently
should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who
receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors to use an additional method of contraception to protect against
unwanted pregnancy, unless other drug-specific recommendations are made by the manufacturer of the protease inhibitor. Furthermore,
who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with protease inhibitors should use an additional barrier method of contraception
such as condoms. [46638] [5044]
Levorphanol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of
levorphanol if the two drugs are coadministered. [4718]
Lidocaine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors can inhibit hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4, an isoenzyme that is partially
responsible for the metabolism of lidocaine. The concurrent use of systemic lidocaine and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be
carefully monitored due to the potential for serious toxicity. [4718] [5172]
Linagliptin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is administered concurrently
with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been
reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged
approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic
ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. [28315] [30575]
[31240] [34557] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance
Patients on antidiabetic therapy, such as linagliptin, should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Monitor for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if ritonavir is administered
concurrently with linagliptin. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning
treatment. [28315] [30575] [31240] [34557] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia
due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-
inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy, such as linagliptin, should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control,
specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [7238] [7335] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation
of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors.
Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease
inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients
including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely
monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30480] [30575]
Lisdexamfetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir,
a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of
[33263] [47165] [57067]
Lithium: (Major) Lithium should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with lopinavir; ritonavir. Lithium has been associated
with QT prolongation. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. [28341] [59809] [59810] [59811]
Lofexidine: (Major) Monitor ECG if lofexidine is coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for additive QT
prolongation. Lofexidine prolongs the QT interval. In addition, there are postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [63161]
Lomitapide: (Severe) Concomitant use of lopinavir; ritonavir and lomitapide is contraindicated. If treatment with lopinavir; ritonavir is
unavoidable, lomitapide should be stopped during the course of treatment. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The
exposure to lomitapide was increased 27-fold in the presence of ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [52698] (Severe) Concomitant
use of ritonavir and lomitapide is contraindicated. If treatment with ritonavir is unavoidable, lomitapide should be stopped during the
course of treatment. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The exposure to lomitapide was increased 27-fold in the presence of
ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [52698]
Long-acting beta-agonists: (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with
Loperamide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of loperamide and ritonavir may increase the risk for adverse reactions, such as
CNS events and cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac arrest). At high
doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, TdP,
and cardiac arrest. Loperamide is a substrate for the enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp);
ritonavir is an inhibitor of both enzymes and P-gp. When these drugs were administered together, an increase was seen in loperamide's
Cmax (17%), Tmax (56%), AUC (223%), and amount excreted in the urine (118%). There was also a decrease in loperamide's oral
clearance (70%). No CNS opioid effects (e.g., changes in pupil diameter, changes in pO2 or pCO2) were observed in this study, but it
should be noted that because ritonavir is a potent P-gp inhibitor, it has the potential to hinder transport of loperamide out of the CNS and
thereby depress respiratory ventilation. Monitor for depressed respiratory ventilation and adverse cardiac effects if these drugs are to be
coadministered. [30106] [47165] [60864] (Moderate) Loperamide is metabolized by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, and its hepatic metabolism
may be inhibited by ritonavir. When these drugs were administered together, loperamide's Cmax increased by 17%; the Tmax, AUC,
and amount excreted in the urine also increased by 56%, 223%, and 118%, respectively. In addition, there was also a 70% decrease in
loperamide's oral clearance. No CNS opioid effects (e.g., changes in pupil diameter, changes in pO2 or pCO2) were observed in this
study, but it should be noted that lopinavir; ritonavir is a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor and has the potential to hinder the P-
glycoprotein transport of loperamide out of the CNS thereby depressing respiratory ventilation. The clinician should be alert for
depressed respiratory ventilation if these drugs are to be coadministered. [30106] [5078]
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of loperamide and ritonavir may increase the risk for adverse
reactions, such as CNS events and cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac
arrest). At high doses, loperamide has been associated with serious cardiac toxicities, including syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT
prolongation, TdP, and cardiac arrest. Loperamide is a substrate for the enzymes CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and the drug transporter P-
glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of both enzymes and P-gp. When these drugs were administered together, an increase was
seen in loperamide's Cmax (17%), Tmax (56%), AUC (223%), and amount excreted in the urine (118%). There was also a decrease in
loperamide's oral clearance (70%). No CNS opioid effects (e.g., changes in pupil diameter, changes in pO2 or pCO2) were observed in
this study, but it should be noted that because ritonavir is a potent P-gp inhibitor, it has the potential to hinder transport of loperamide
out of the CNS and thereby depress respiratory ventilation. Monitor for depressed respiratory ventilation and adverse cardiac effects if
these drugs are to be coadministered. [30106] [47165] [60864] (Moderate) Loperamide is metabolized by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, and its
hepatic metabolism may be inhibited by ritonavir. When these drugs were administered together, loperamide's Cmax increased by 17%;
the Tmax, AUC, and amount excreted in the urine also increased by 56%, 223%, and 118%, respectively. In addition, there was also a
70% decrease in loperamide's oral clearance. No CNS opioid effects (e.g., changes in pupil diameter, changes in pO2 or pCO2) were
observed in this study, but it should be noted that lopinavir; ritonavir is a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor and has the potential to hinder
the P-glycoprotein transport of loperamide out of the CNS thereby depressing respiratory ventilation. The clinician should be alert for
depressed respiratory ventilation if these drugs are to be coadministered. [30106] [5078]
Lorlatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lorlatinib with lopinavir due to increased plasma concentrations of lorlatinib, which may
increase the incidence and severity of adverse reactions of lorlatinib; plasma concentrations of lopinavir may also decrease. If
concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the starting dose of lorlatinib from 100 mg PO once daily to 75 mg PO once daily. In patients
who have already had a dose reduction to 75 mg PO once daily due to adverse reactions, reduce the dose of lorlatinib to 50 mg PO once
daily. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, increase the dose of lorlatinib after 3 plasma half-lives of lopinavir to the dose that was used
before starting lopinavir; ritonavir. Lorlatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a
CYP3A4 substrate and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and
Cmax of lorlatinib by 42% and 24%, respectively. Concomitant administration of lopinavir with CYP3A4 inducers may decrease plasma
concentrations, reducing efficacy and increasing the potential for viral resistance. [28341] [56579] [63732] (Major) Avoid coadministration
of lorlatinib with ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of lorlatinib, which may increase the incidence and severity of
adverse reactions of lorlatinib; plasma concentrations of ritonavir may also decrease. If concomitant use is unavoidable, decrease the
starting dose of lorlatinib from 100 mg PO once daily to 75 mg PO once daily. In patients who have already had a dose reduction to 75
mg PO once daily due to adverse reactions, reduce the dose of lorlatinib to 50 mg PO once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase
the dose of lorlatinib after 3 plasma half-lives of ritonavir to the dose that was used before starting ritonavir. Lorlatinib is a CYP3A4
substrate and a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with
another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of lorlatinib by 42% and 24%, respectively. Concomitant administration
of ritonavir with CYP3A4 inducers may decrease plasma concentrations, reducing efficacy and increasing the potential for viral
resistance. [47165] [63732]
Losartan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of losartan with ritonavir may result in elevated losartan plasma concentrations.
Losartan is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are
Lovastatin: (Severe) Concurrent use of lovastatin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is contraindicated. The risk of developing
myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure is substantially increased if lovastatin is administered concomitantly with anti-
retroviral protease inhibitors. Lovastatin is a substrate of CYP3A4 and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are strong inhibitors of
CYP3A4; therefore, coadministration may result in substantial increases in plasma concentrations of lovastatin. [28604]
Lovastatin; Niacin: (Severe) Concurrent use of lovastatin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is contraindicated. The risk of
developing myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure is substantially increased if lovastatin is administered concomitantly with
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Lovastatin is a substrate of CYP3A4 and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are strong inhibitors of
CYP3A4; therefore, coadministration may result in substantial increases in plasma concentrations of lovastatin. [28604]
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Major) If ritonavir and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but
reduce the frequency to twice weekly. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another
strong CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 8.5-fold. [48524] (Major) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may decrease the therapeutic
efficacy of lopinavir; ritonavir; avoid concurrent use if possible. If concomitant use of lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary, monitor
antiretroviral efficacy and adjust therapy as necessary. Lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage adjustment is not required when lopinavir; ritonavir
is started in a patient already taking lumacaftor; ivacaftor. However, if lumacaftor; ivacaftor is initiated in a patient already taking
lopinavir; ritonavir, reduce the dose of lumacaftor; ivacaftor to 1 tablet PO daily or 1 packet of oral granules every other day for the first
week of treatment, and then increase to the usual recommended daily dose. This dosage adjustment is also necessary if lumacaftor;
ivacaftor therapy has been interrupted for more than 1 week and re-initiated while the patient is taking lopinavir; ritonavir. The 1-week
lead-in period at the lower lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage allows for lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A to reach steady state. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is a substrate and strong inhibitor of CYP3A. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer.
Lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A may decrease the systemic exposure of lopinavir; ritonavir and decrease its therapeutic efficacy.
Although lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, net ivacaftor exposure at steady state is not expected to exceed that achieved
with ivacaftor monotherapy (i.e., 150 mg PO every 12 hours) because of lumacaftor's CYP3A induction. In pharmacokinetic studies,
coadministration of lumacaftor; ivacaftor with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 4.3-fold. [28341]
[56579] [59891] (Major) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of ritonavir; avoid concurrent use if possible. If
concomitant use of ritonavir is necessary, monitor antiretroviral efficacy and adjust therapy as necessary. Lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage
adjustment is not required when ritonavir is started in a patient already taking lumacaftor; ivacaftor. However, if lumacaftor; ivacaftor is
initiated in a patient already taking ritonavir, reduce the dose of lumacaftor; ivacaftor to 1 tablet PO daily or 1 packet of oral granules
every other day for the first week of treatment, and then increase to the usual recommended daily dose. This dosage adjustment is also
necessary if lumacaftor; ivacaftor therapy has been interrupted for more than 1 week and re-initiated while the patient is taking ritonavir.
The 1-week lead-in period at the lower lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage allows for lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A to reach steady state.
Ritonavir is a substrate and strong inhibitor of CYP3A. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer.
Lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A may decrease the systemic exposure of ritonavir and decrease its therapeutic efficacy. Although
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, net ivacaftor exposure at steady state is not expected to exceed that achieved with ivacaftor
monotherapy (i.e., 150 mg PO every 12 hours) because of lumacaftor's CYP3A induction. In pharmacokinetic studies, coadministration
of lumacaftor; ivacaftor with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 4.3-fold. Lastly, ritonavir is also a
substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and lumacaftor; ivacaftor has the potential to both induce and inhibit P-gp. The
net effect on P-gp substrates is not clear, but their exposure may be affected. [28142] [59891]
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Major) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of lopinavir; ritonavir; avoid concurrent use
if possible. If concomitant use of lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary, monitor antiretroviral efficacy and adjust therapy as necessary.
Lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage adjustment is not required when lopinavir; ritonavir is started in a patient already taking lumacaftor;
ivacaftor. However, if lumacaftor; ivacaftor is initiated in a patient already taking lopinavir; ritonavir, reduce the dose of lumacaftor;
ivacaftor to 1 tablet PO daily or 1 packet of oral granules every other day for the first week of treatment, and then increase to the usual
recommended daily dose. This dosage adjustment is also necessary if lumacaftor; ivacaftor therapy has been interrupted for more than 1
week and re-initiated while the patient is taking lopinavir; ritonavir. The 1-week lead-in period at the lower lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage
allows for lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A to reach steady state. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a substrate and strong inhibitor of CYP3A.
Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. Lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A may decrease the
systemic exposure of lopinavir; ritonavir and decrease its therapeutic efficacy. Although lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor, net ivacaftor exposure at steady state is not expected to exceed that achieved with ivacaftor monotherapy (i.e., 150 mg PO
every 12 hours) because of lumacaftor's CYP3A induction. In pharmacokinetic studies, coadministration of lumacaftor; ivacaftor with
another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 4.3-fold. [28341] [56579] [59891] (Major) Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may
decrease the therapeutic efficacy of ritonavir; avoid concurrent use if possible. If concomitant use of ritonavir is necessary, monitor
antiretroviral efficacy and adjust therapy as necessary. Lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage adjustment is not required when ritonavir is started
in a patient already taking lumacaftor; ivacaftor. However, if lumacaftor; ivacaftor is initiated in a patient already taking ritonavir,
reduce the dose of lumacaftor; ivacaftor to 1 tablet PO daily or 1 packet of oral granules every other day for the first week of treatment,
and then increase to the usual recommended daily dose. This dosage adjustment is also necessary if lumacaftor; ivacaftor therapy has
been interrupted for more than 1 week and re-initiated while the patient is taking ritonavir. The 1-week lead-in period at the lower
lumacaftor; ivacaftor dosage allows for lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A to reach steady state. Ritonavir is a substrate and strong
inhibitor of CYP3A. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate, and lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. Lumacaftor's induction of CYP3A may
decrease the systemic exposure of ritonavir and decrease its therapeutic efficacy. Although ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, net
ivacaftor exposure at steady state is not expected to exceed that achieved with ivacaftor monotherapy (i.e., 150 mg PO every 12 hours)
because of lumacaftor's CYP3A induction. In pharmacokinetic studies, coadministration of lumacaftor; ivacaftor with another strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 4.3-fold. Lastly, ritonavir is also a substrate of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein
(P-gp), and lumacaftor; ivacaftor has the potential to both induce and inhibit P-gp. The net effect on P-gp substrates is not clear, but their
exposure may be affected. [28142] [59891]
Lumateperone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lumateperone and ritonavir as concurrent use may increase lumateperone exposure
and the risk of adverse effects. Lumateperone is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with
another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased lumateperone exposure by approximately 4-fold. [47165] [64885] (Major) Avoid
coadministration of lumateperone with a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir as concurrent use may increase lumateperone exposure
and the risk of adverse effects. Lumateperone is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir;ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased lumateperone exposure by approximately 4-fold. [28341] [56579]
[64885]
Lurasidone: (Severe) Concurrent use of lurasidone with lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Lurasidone is primarily metabolized by
CYP3A4; ritonavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Increased lurasidone plasma concentrations are expected when the drug is co-administered
with inhibitors of CYP3A4. [28341] [42227] (Severe) Concurrent use of lurasidone with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, is
contraindicated. Lurasidone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Increased lurasidone plasma concentrations are expected when the
drug is co-administered with inhibitors of CYP3A4. [28315] [42227] [47165]
Macimorelin: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of macimorelin with drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as lopinavir;
ritonavir. Use of these drugs together may increase the risk of developing torsade de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia. Sufficient
washout time of drugs that are known to prolong the QT interval prior to administration of macimorelin is recommended. Treatment
with macimorelin has been associated with an increase in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT
Macitentan: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of macitentan and ritonavir. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of
macitentan with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor approximately doubled macitentan exposure. Consider alternative treatment options
for pulmonary hypertension if treatment with ritonavir is necessary. [56260]
Maprotiline: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with maprotiline. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Maprotiline has also been reported to
prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated serum concentrations). Cases of
long QT syndrome and TdP tachycardia have been described with maprotiline use, but rarely occur when the drug is used alone in
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normal prescribed doses and in the absence of other known risk factors for QT prolongation. [28341] [28415] [4951] [5491] (Moderate)
Ritonavir potently inhibits the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 isozymes, and thus may inhibit the metabolism of maprotiline. Since the
magnitude of the interaction with the maprotiline is difficult to predict but may be significant, monitor patients receiving ritonavir and
maprotiline concurrently closely. Adjust the dosage of maprotiline based on therapeutic response. Maprotiline serum concentration
monitoring may be useful to guide adjustments and prevent toxicity. [28759] [46638] [47165] [5542]
Maraviroc: (Major) Coadministration of maraviroc (a substrate of CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP1B1) with lopinavir; ritonavir (a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp/OATP1B1 inhibitor) has been reported to increase the maraviroc AUC by 4-fold. Reduce the dose of
maraviroc when coadministered with strong CYP3A inhibitors; coadministration of maraviroc with strong CYP3A inhibitors is
contraindicated in patients with CrCl less than 30 mL/min. Adjust the maraviroc dosage as follows when administered with lopinavir;
ritonavir (with or without a concomitant CYP3A inducer): adults and children weighing 40 kg or more: 150 mg PO twice daily; children
weighing 30 to 39 kg: 100 mg PO twice daily; children weighing 20 to 29 kg: 75 mg PO twice daily (or 80 mg PO twice daily for
solution); children weighing 10 to 19 kg: 50 mg PO twice daily. [28341] [28380] [33473] [46638] [56579] [61510] (Major) Coadministration
of maraviroc (a substrate of CYP3A, P-gp, MRP2) with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp/MRP2 inhibitor) has been
reported to significantly increase maraviroc concentrations. Reduce the dose of maraviroc when coadministered with strong CYP3A
inhibitors; coadministration of maraviroc with strong CYP3A inhibitors is contraindicated in patients with CrCl less than 30 mL/min.
Adjust the maraviroc dosage as follows when administered with ritonavir (with or without a concomitant CYP3A inducer): adults and
children weighing 40 kg or more: 150 mg PO twice daily; children weighing 30 to 39 kg: 100 mg PO twice daily; children weighing 20
to 29 kg: 75 mg PO twice daily (or 80 mg PO twice daily for solution); children weighing 10 to 19 kg: 50 mg PO twice daily. [28380]
[33473] [46638] [60845]
Meclizine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of meclizine with ritonavir may result in elevated meclizine plasma concentrations.
Meclizine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are
Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Coadministration of medroxyprogesterone, a CYP3A substrate with ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor
should be avoided since it is expected to increase concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate. Formal drug interaction studies have
not been conducted; however, medroxyprogesterone is metabolized primarily by hydroxylation via the CYP3A4 in vitro. [28380] [34557]
[47165] [57648]
Mefloquine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with mefloquine. There is evidence that the use of halofantrine after mefloquine causes significant lengthening of the
QTc interval. Mefloquine alone has not been reported to cause QT prolongation; however due to the lack of clinical data, mefloquine
should be used with caution in patients receiving drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as lopinavir; ritonavir. In addition, mefloquine
is metabolized by CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and is a P-gp inhibitor. Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-gp
and is a substrate for P-gp. Concurrent use may increase the serum concentrations of mefloquine and/or lopinavir; ritonavir, further
increasing the risk for QT prolongation. [28001] [28301] [28341] [32076] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of mefloquine may be
elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as GI or neuropsychiatric effects,
is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, while
mefloquine is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. [28301] [47165]
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of meloxicam with ritonavir may result in elevated meloxicam plasma
concentrations. Meloxicam is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and
Meperidine: (Severe) Concomitant use of high-dose, long-term meperidine therapy with ritonavir is not recommended due the increased
concentration of the neurotoxic metabolite of meperidine, normeperidine. Ritonavir is associated with a 62% decrease in meperidine
AUC thought to be due to increased meperidine metabolism. The AUC and Cmax of normeperidine, the toxic metabolite of meperidine,
increased 47% and 87%, respectively, with concurrent administration of ritonavir. [28315] [46638] [47165] [58664] (Severe) Ritonavir is
associated with a 62% decrease in meperidine AUC thought to be due to increased meperidine metabolism. The AUC and Cmax of
normeperidine, the toxic metabolite of meperidine, increased 47% and 87%, respectively, with concurrent administration of ritonavir.
Meperidine dosage increase or long-term concurrent usage with lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended due the increased concentration
of the neurotoxic metabolite of meperidine, normeperidine. [28315]
Meperidine; Promethazine: (Severe) Concomitant use of high-dose, long-term meperidine therapy with ritonavir is not recommended
due the increased concentration of the neurotoxic metabolite of meperidine, normeperidine. Ritonavir is associated with a 62% decrease
in meperidine AUC thought to be due to increased meperidine metabolism. The AUC and Cmax of normeperidine, the toxic metabolite
of meperidine, increased 47% and 87%, respectively, with concurrent administration of ritonavir. [28315] [46638] [47165] [58664] (Severe)
Ritonavir is associated with a 62% decrease in meperidine AUC thought to be due to increased meperidine metabolism. The AUC and
Cmax of normeperidine, the toxic metabolite of meperidine, increased 47% and 87%, respectively, with concurrent administration of
ritonavir. Meperidine dosage increase or long-term concurrent usage with lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended due the increased
concentration of the neurotoxic metabolite of meperidine, normeperidine. [28315] (Major) Promethazine carries a possible risk of QT
prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with
promethazine include lopinavir; ritonavir. [28225] [28341] [55578]
Mephobarbital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Mesoridazine: (Major) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir
with other drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as mesoridazine, may result in additive QT prolongation. [28341] [4951] [5831]
Mestranol; Norethindrone: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral and non-
oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving this combination should be instructed to report any adverse effects, including
breakthrough bleeding. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir to use
an additional method of contraception, such as condoms, to protect against unwanted pregnancy and transmission of HIV/AIDS. [28341]
(Major) Ritonavir increases the metabolism of mestranol. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and ritonavir should be instructed
to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be prudent for women who receive hormonal
contraceptives concurrently with ritonavir to use an additional method of contraception to protect against unwanted pregnancy.
Additionally, because hormonal contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases, women who receive hormonal contraceptives concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of
contraception such as condoms. [5044] [7731] (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like
norethindrone, due to their actions on CYP metabolism, particularly CYP3A4. Data on the effects that protease inhibitors have on the
serum concentrations of norethindrone are complex and are based mostly off of data with norethindrone-containing contraceptives. For
example, ritonavir (also found in combinations like lopinavir; ritonavir, and used as a booster in many HIV treatment regimens) may
decrease the metabolism of norethindrone, raising norethindrone concentrations. Women receiving norethindrone for hormone
replacement or contraception should report potential hormonal adverse effects (e.g., bleeding pattern changes, acne, emotional lability)
or any changes in efficacy (e.g., noted changes in bleeding patterns) to their prescribers. Because norethindrone-containing
contraceptives do not protect against the transmission of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, women who receive
norethindrone contraception concurrently with ritonavir should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms.
[58679] [7731]
Metaproterenol: (Minor) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as
beta-agonists. Beta-agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher
Metformin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have
been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset
Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease
Metformin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Moderate) Coadministration of repaglinide and protease inhibitors may increase or decrease glucose
concentrations and increase repaglinide AUC; if coadministration is necessary, repaglinide dosage adjustment may be necessary and
increased frequency of glucose monitoring are recommended. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and
hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. In addition, repaglinide is a
substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP1B1); protease
inhibitors are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors and inhibitors of OATP. [29751] [31281] [36049] [61511] [61513] (Moderate) New onset diabetes
mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral
protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after
some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should
be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30480]
[30575]
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to
2.5 mg once daily when coadministered with a strong CYP 3A4/5 inhibitor such as the ritonavir component of lopinavir; ritonavir. In
addition, new onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported
with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately
63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has
occurred in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy
should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated.
[28341] [36111] [7335] (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to 2.5
mg once daily when coadministered with a strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor such as ritonavir. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of
diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have also been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors,
such as ritonavir. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically
hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [36111] [7238] [7335] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of
diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another
patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically
hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30575] (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes
mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible
mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating protease inhibitor therapy, but has
occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some patients including patients who were not
diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic
control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30480] [30575]
Methadone: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with methadone. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Methadone is also considered to be
associated with an increased risk for QT prolongation and TdP, especially at higher doses (> 200 mg/day but averaging approximately
400 mg/day). In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and methadone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. However,
ritonavir may also induce certain hepatic enzymes, and the induction-based interactions may be significant with chronic methadone use.
Some reports have noted a 36% decrease in AUC and 38% decrease in Cmax of methadone during coadministration with ritonavir.
Doses of methadone may need to be increased when coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir; monitor patients carefully for adequate
pain control. [28319] [28320] [28321] [28322] [28341] [33136] [47165] [52650] (Moderate) Coadministration of ritonavir with methadone has
resulted in decreased methadone plasma concentrations. However, because methadone is metabolized by multiple CYP450 enzymes,
including CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6, and ritonavir is known to inhibit CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 and induce CYP2C19
and CYP2C9, the potential for increased methadone exposure should also be considered with concomitant administration. Therefore,
concurrent use may increase or prolong opioid effects, resulting in fatal overdose or may decrease methadone efficacy or produce onset
of withdrawal symptoms in patients physically dependent on methadone. Monitor for respiratory depression, sedation, and signs of
opioid withdrawal. Consider adjusting the methadone dose until stable drug effects are achieved. If ritonavir is discontinued, and its
CYP450 effects decline, methadone plasma concentrations may increase or decrease. Closely monitor for increased opioid adverse
effects and for evidence of withdrawal and adjust the methadone dose as necessary when ritonavir is discontinued. [33136] [47165]
Methamphetamine: (Moderate) Warn patients that the risk of amphetamine toxicity may be increased during concurrent use of ritonavir,
a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor. Amphetamines are partially metabolized by CYP2D6 and have serotonergic properties; inhibition of
[33263] [47165] [57067]
Methohexital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Methylergonovine: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease
[8102]
Methylprednisolone: (Moderate) Coadministration of methylprednisolone with ritonavir may cause elevated methylprednisolone serum
concentrations, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Monitor closely. For long-term use, consider an
alternative corticosteroid, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone, if appropriate. whose concentrations are less affected by strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors. Methylprednisolone is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [30015] [47165] [58664]
Methysergide: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is
Metoclopramide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of metoclopramide with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations
of metoclopramide. Metoclopromide is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution
and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [34515] [47165] [58664]
Metoprolol: (Moderate) Metoprolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may
impair metoprolol metabolism. Clinicians should be alert to exaggerated beta-blocker effects if metoprolol is given with these drugs.
[5044] [5269]
Metronidazole: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and
should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Oral solutions of ritonavir contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral
solution to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A
disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir. [28315] [28581] [47165] (Major)
QT prolongation has been reported with metronidazole therapy; therefore, it should be used cautiously and with close monitoring when
administered with lopinavir; ritonavir, which also has a possible risk for QT prolongation. Additionally, oral solutions of lopinavir;
ritonavir contain ethanol. Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and
should be avoided for 3 days after metronidazole is discontinued. Administration of lopinavir; ritonavir oral solution to patients
receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be
expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [57377] [57378]
Mexiletine: (Major) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 (in vitro), and may increase exposure to drugs metabolized by
these enzymes, such as mexiletine. Increased mexiletine serum concentrations may increase the risk for adverse reactions. [47165]
[60002]
Midazolam: (Major) The use of oral midazolam and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is contraindicated due to the potential for serious
and/or life-threatening events such as prolonged or increased sedation or respiratory depression. Parenteral midazolam can be used with
protease inhibitors in a setting that allows for close clinical monitoring with the ability to manage respiratory depression or sedation
should they occur; a reduction in the dose of parenteral midazolam may be warranted. Lorazepam, oxazepam, or temazepam may be
safer alternatives, as these benzodiazepines are not oxidatively metabolized. Midazolam is metabolized by hepatic isozyme CYP3A4.
Protease inhibitors have been shown to increase oral midazolam AUCs by up to 3-fold, resulting in clinically significant potentiation of
sedation. [28142] [28341] [28731] [28839] [28995] [29012] [31320] [32432] [44859] [47165]
Midostaurin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of midostaurin and lopinavir; ritonavir as significantly increased exposure of
midostaurin and its active metabolites may occur resulting in increased toxicity. Coadministration may also increase the risk of QT
prolongation. Consider an alternative agent to replace lopinavir; ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor patients for
signs and symptoms of midostaurin toxicity (e.g., gastrointestinal toxicity, hematologic toxicity, bleeding, and infection), particularly
during the first week of midostaurin therapy for systemic mastocytosis/mast cell leukemia and the first week of each cycle of
midostaurin therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Consider interval assessments of QT by EKG. Midostaurin is a CYP3A4 substrate;
lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The AUC values of midostaurin and its metabolites CGP62221 and CGP52421
increased by 10.4-fold, 3.5-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, when midostaurin was administered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
in a drug interaction study. The Cmin (trough) levels of midostaurin and its metabolites CGP62221 and CGP52421 on day 28 increased
by 2.1-fold, 1.2-fold, and 1.3-fold, respectively, when midostaurin was administered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor compared
with day 21 Cmin levels with midostaurin alone in another drug interaction study. [28341] [61906] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of
midostaurin and ritonavir as significantly increased exposure of midostaurin and its active metabolites may occur resulting in increased
toxicity. Consider an alternative agent to replace ritonavir. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor patients for signs and
symptoms of midostaurin toxicity (e.g., gastrointestinal toxicity, hematologic toxicity, bleeding, and infection), particularly during the
first week of midostaurin therapy for systemic mastocytosis/mast cell leukemia and the first week of each cycle of midostaurin therapy
for acute myeloid leukemia. Midostaurin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The AUC values of
midostaurin and its metabolites CGP62221 and CGP52421 increased by 10.4-fold, 3.5-fold, and 1.2-fold, respectively, when
midostaurin was administered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor in a drug interaction study. The Cmin (trough) levels of
midostaurin and its metabolites CGP62221 and CGP52421 on day 28 increased by 2.1-fold, 1.2-fold, and 1.3-fold, respectively, when
midostaurin was administered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor compared with day 21 Cmin levels with midostaurin alone in
another drug interaction study. [47165] [61906]
Mifepristone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with mifepristone if possible because increased serum concentrations of
either drug may result. The benefit of concomitant use of these agents should be carefully weighed against the potential risks. The
CYP3A4 metabolism of mifepristone may be inhibited by ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In addition, mifepristone is a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor and may lead to an increase in serum concentrations of CYP3A4 substrates, such as ritonavir. When mifepristone is
used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, coadministration with strong CYP3A inhibitors should be done only when necessary, and
in such cases, the dose of mifepristone should be limited to 600 mg per day. In a patient already receiving ritonavir, initiate mifepristone
at a dose of 300 mg and titrate to a maximum of 600 mg if clinically indicated. If therapy with ritonavir is initiated in a patient already
receiving mifepristone 300 mg, mifepristone dosage adjustments are not required. If therapy with ritonavir is initiated in a patient
already receiving mifepristone 600 mg, reduce dose of mifepristone to 300 mg and titrate to a maximum of 600 mg if clinically
indicated. If therapy with ritonavir is initiated in a patient already receiving mifepristone 900 mg or 1,200 mg, reduce the mifepristone
dose to 600 mg. [28003] [47165] [48697] (Major) Use caution when administering lopinavir with mifepristone. Increased serum
concentrations of lopinavir may result. Mifepristone is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and may lead to an increase in serum concentrations
of CYP3A4 substrates, such as lopinavir. Monitor for diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fast irregular heartbeat, hypokalemia, and pancreatic
or hepatic dysfunction, all of which may be lopinavir-related adverse reactions. Because lopinavir is given with other antiviral
medications that increase the risk for QT prolongation and mifepristone has also been associated with QT prolongation, the benefit of
concomitant use of these agents should be carefully weighed against the potential risks. [28003] [28341] [48697]
Miglitol: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have
been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. [7238] [7335]
Mirabegron: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of mirabegron with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of
ritonavir. Mirabegron is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2D6. Ritonavir is a CYP2D6 substrate. Caution and close monitoring are advised if
these drugs are administered together. [28380] [47165] [51111]
Mirtazapine: (Severe) Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval, such as mirtazapine, may result in additive QT prolongation. In addition, ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4
inhibitor and coadministration with other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 where an increase in serum concentrations would lead to
serious adverse effects is contraindicated. Mirtazapine is a CYP3A4 substrate and has been associated with QT prolongation, torsade de
pointes (TdP), ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death, primarily following overdose or in patients with other risk factors for QT
prolongation, including concomitant use of other medications associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [40942] (Moderate) The plasma
concentrations of mirtazapine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects,
such as CNS or GI effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, while mirtazapine is a
CYP3A4. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased mirtazapine exposure by approximately 50%. [40942]
[47165]
Mitomycin: (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of mitomycin may be elevated when administered concurrently with lopinavir;
ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as myelosuppression and pulmonary toxicity, is recommended during
coadministration. Lopinavir and ritonavir are P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, while mitomycin is a P-gp substrate. [28380] [34516]
[56579] (Moderate) The plasma concentrations of mitomycin may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical
monitoring for adverse effects, such as myelosuppression and pulmonary toxicity, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is
a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, while mitomycin is a P-gp substrate. [28380] [34516] [56579]
Mitotane: (Severe) Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and mitotane is contraindicated due to the potential for reduced antiretroviral
efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor for decreased efficacy of
lopinavir; ritonavir. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and both lopinavir and ritonavir are CYP3A4 substrates; coadministration
may result in decreased plasma concentrations of lopinavir; ritonavir. Another strong CYP3A inducer, rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for
10 days), decreased the AUC and Cmax of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. [28341] [41934]
[46638] [56579] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of mitotane with ritonavir due to the potential for reduced antiretroviral efficacy and
the potential development of viral resistance. If coadministration cannot be avoided, monitor for decreased efficacy of ritonavir.
Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrates; coadministration may result in decreased plasma
concentrations of ritonavir. Another strong CYP3A inducer, rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days), decreased the AUC and Cmax
of ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. [41934] [46638]
Modafinil: (Major) Concurrent administration of modafinil with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of modafinil and
decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Modafinil is a substrate and inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a CYP3A4
substrate. In addition, ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor. Because the resultant effect of coadministration of a CYP3A4 inducer
(modafinil) and inhibitor (ritonavir) on the plasma concentrations of these drugs is not defined, caution and close monitoring are advised
if these drugs are administered together. [41243] [58664]
Mometasone: (Moderate) Coadministration of mometasone with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) may cause mometasone serum
concentrations to increase, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider use of an alternative
corticosteroid whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone,
especially during long-term treatment. [28341] [47165] [58620]
Morphine: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering morphine with ritonavir due to an increased potential for
morphine-related adverse events, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. Dosage reductions
of morphine and/or ritonavir may be required. Morphine is a substrate of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is
an inhibitor of this efflux protein. Coadministration may cause an approximate 2-fold increase in morphine exposure. [28380] [34557]
[40951]
Morphine; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering morphine with ritonavir due to an increased
potential for morphine-related adverse events, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.
Dosage reductions of morphine and/or ritonavir may be required. Morphine is a substrate of the drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein
(P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of this efflux protein. Coadministration may cause an approximate 2-fold increase in morphine exposure.
[28380] [34557] [40951]
Moxifloxacin: (Major) Concurrent use of lopinavir; ritonavir and moxifloxacin should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Moxifloxacin has also been
associated with prolongation of the QT interval. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance has identified very rare cases of ventricular
arrhythmias including TdP, usually in patients with severe underlying proarrhythmic conditions. The likelihood of QT prolongation may
increase with increasing concentrations of moxifloxacin; therefore, the recommended dose or infusion rate should not be exceeded.
[28341] [28423] [5149] [5150] (Moderate) Concomitant use of ritonavir with moxifloxacin may increase ritonavir adverse effects. After 3
days of ritonavir 400 mg twice daily plus moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily), ritonavir exposure was approximately 1.5 times higher than
exposure that has been observed with ritonavir 600 mg twice-daily alone. Caution and close monitoring is advised if these drugs are
Nabilone: (Moderate) Coadministration of ritonavir and oral THC results in increased THC concentrations. A decreased dose of
nabilone may be needed if these drugs are coadministered with ritonavir. [5044]
Nadolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Nafcillin: (Major) Concurrent administration of nafcillin with ritonavir may result in decreased plasma concentrations of ritonavir,
which may affect antiviral efficacy. Nafcillin is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate. Caution
Naldemedine: (Major) Monitor for potential naldemedine-related adverse reactions if coadministered with lopinavir. The plasma
concentrations of naldemedine may be increased during concurrent use. Naldemedine is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp; lopinavir is a
moderate P-gp inhibitor and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [61831] (Major) Monitor for potential naldemedine-related
adverse reactions if coadministered with ritonavir. The plasma concentrations of naldemedine may be increased during concurrent use.
Naldemedine is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp; ritonavir is a moderate P-gp inhibitor and a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28380] [34557]
[47165] [61831]
Naloxegol: (Severe) Concomitant use of naloxegol with lopinavir/ritonavir is contraindicated. Naloxegol is metabolized primarily by
CYP3A. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as lopinavir boosted with ritonavir, can significantly increase exposure to naloxegol which
may precipitate opioid withdrawal symptoms such as hyperhidrosis, chills, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anxiety, irritability, and yawning.
[28341] [56579] [57937] (Severe) Concomitant use of naloxegol with ritonavir is contraindicated. Naloxegol is metabolized primarily by
CYP3A. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, can significantly increase exposure to naloxegol which may precipitate opioid
withdrawal symptoms such as hyperhidrosis, chills, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anxiety, irritability, and yawning. [47165] [57937]
Nateglinide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of nateglinide with some protease inhibitors may result in elevated nateglinide
plasma concentrations via inhibition of CYP2C9. Ritonavir may induce CYP2C9 leading to a reduction of nateglinide concentrations.
Monitor blood glucose concentrations during coadministration as hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia could occur. New onset diabetes
protease inhibitors. Monitor blood glucose concentrations during coadministration. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these
drugs are administered together. [30585] [45644] [47165]
Nebivolol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of beta-blockers like nebivolol, resulting in
increased beta-blocker concentrations. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered
with beta-blockers. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration
of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of
nebivolol and ritonavir is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted. [28315]
[60860]
Nebivolol; Valsartan: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with valsartan may result in elevated valsartan serum concentrations.
inhibitor. Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [56575] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Moderate) Ritonavir is
expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of beta-blockers like nebivolol, resulting in increased beta-blocker concentrations.
Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir is concurrently administered with beta-blockers. Ritonavir also
prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that
prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of nebivolol and ritonavir is warranted, do
so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted. [28315] [60860] (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate
of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to
valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration. [28315] [29130] [36646] [39870] [60860]
Nefazodone: (Major) Elevated plasma concentrations of nefazodone and ritonavir may occur. Both ritonavir and nefazodone are
CYP3A4 substrates/potent inhibitors. Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered
with nefazodone. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. A 50% reduction in the
nefazodone dose may be warranted. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of
coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs with potential bradycardic effects has not been evaluated. [28315] [47165] [4718] [5044]
[5414] [54634] [5772] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir may inhibit the CYP3A metabolism of nefazodone, and necessitate up to a 50%
reduction in nefazodone dose. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of
coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs with potential bradycardic effects has not been evaluated. Close monitoring of
nefazodone concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects would be prudent. Additionally, caution is warranted, as cardiac and
neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir and nefazodone are used concomitantly. [28341] [4718] [5044]
Nelfinavir: (Major) Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and nelfinavir may result in decreased concentratons of lopinavir. If
coadministered, the dose of lopinavir; ritonavir must be increased and given twice daily; do not use once daily administration. Consult
dosing information for recommended adjustments. [28341] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of ritonavir and nelfinavir results in a
1.5-fold increase of nelfinavir AUC. Dosage recommendations for coadministration from HIV treatment guidelines are ritonavir 400 mg
twice daily plus nelfinavir 500 to 750 mg twice daily. Both ritonavir and nelfinavir are potent inhibitors and substrates of CYP3A4 and
P-glycoprotein (P-gp). [11417] [11418] [28839] [46638]
Neratinib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of lopinavir with neratinib due to an increased risk of neratinib-related toxicity. Neratinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
neratinib exposure by 381%; concomitant use with other strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 may also increase neratinib concentrations.
[28341] [56579] [62127] (Major) Avoid concomitant use of ritonavir with neratinib due to an increased risk of neratinib-related toxicity.
Neratinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor
increased neratinib exposure by 381%; concomitant use with other strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 may also increase neratinib
concentrations. [47165] [62127]
Netupitant, Fosnetupitant; Palonosetron: (Major) Netupitant is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and should be used with caution in
patients receiving concomitant medications that are metabolized through CYP3A4 such as lopinavir; ritonavir; the inhibitory effect on
CYP3A4 can last for multiple days. Increased lopinavir or ritonavir concentrations may occur and may lead to ritonavir-induced side
effects, including a possible risk for QT prolongation. In addition, netupitant is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4. Coadministration of
netupitant; palonosetron with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor such as ritonavir can significantly increase the systemic exposure to netupitant.
No dosage adjustment is necessary for single dose administration of netupitant; palonosetron. [58171] (Moderate) Coadministration may
result in increased netupitant and ritonavir exposure. Netupitant is a CYP3A4 substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4; the
inhibitory effect on CYP3A4 can last for multiple days. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased netupitant exposure by 140%. No dosage adjustment is necessary.
[47165] [58171]
Nevirapine: (Major) Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and nevirapine may result in decreased concentratons of lopinavir. If
coadministered, the dose of lopinavir; ritonavir must be increased and given twice daily; do not use once daily administration. Consult
dosing information for recommended adjustments. [28341] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of nevirapine with ritonavir may result
in elevated nevirapine plasma concentrations and decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Nevirapine is a substrate and inducer of the
hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate and potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring for antiviral
efficacy and adverse effects are advised if these drugs are administered together. [5222] [58664]
Niacin; Simvastatin: (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking
Nicardipine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers
(mainly through CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel blocker concentrations. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR
interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR
interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution
and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. [11537] [28315] [47165] [50341] [56565]
Nifedipine: (Major) According to the manufacturer of nifedipine, coadministration with ritonavir may result in increased exposure to
nifedipine, and initiation of nifedipine should begin with the lowest available dose. Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may decrease the
hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (mainly through CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel
blocker concentrations. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of
may be warranted. [28315] [29068] [31749] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir (Kaletra) may decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers
via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval
of coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not
been evaluated. Caution is warranted and clinical monitoring of the patient is recommended. [5044] [5070]
Nilotinib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of nilotinib and lopinavir; ritonavir because significant prolongation of the QT interval
may occur. Sudden death and QT interval prolongation have occurred in patients who received nilotinib therapy. Lopinavir; ritonavir is
associated with QT prolongation. If coadministration is required, monitor closely for prolongation of the QT interval and reduce the
nilotinib dose to 300 mg once daily in adult patients with resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML or to 200 mg once daily in adult patients with
newly diagnosed Ph+ CML. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, a washout period should be allowed before adjusting the nilotinib
dosage upward to the indicated dose. Nilotinib is a substrate of CYP3A4 and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.
[28341] [58766] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of nilotinib and ritonavir. If coadministration is required, monitor patients closely for
prolongation of the QT interval and reduce the nilotinib dose to 300 mg once daily in patients with resistant or intolerant Ph+ CML or to
200 mg once daily in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CML. If ritonavir is discontinued, a washout period should be allowed before
adjusting the nilotinib dosage upward to the indicated dose. Nilotinib is a substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a
substrate and a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. [28315] [47165] [58766]
Nimodipine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 inhibitors and may decrease the hepatic metabolism of
nimodipine, leading to increased plasma concentrations of nimodipine. In addition, ritonavir and calcium channel blockers both prolong
the PR interval and the manufacturer for ritonavir recommends caution during coadministration. Monitor therapeutic response and for
adverse effects, such as hypotension. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. [28315] [29082] [32432] [47165]
Nintedanib: (Moderate) Dual inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, are expected to increase the exposure
and clinical effect of nintedanib. If use together is necessary, closely monitor for increased nintedanib side effects including
gastrointestinal toxicity (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite), headache, elevated liver enzymes, and
hypertension. A dose reduction, interruption of therapy, or discontinuation of nintedanib therapy may be necessary. Ritonavir is a potent
CYP3A4 inhibitor and a P-gp inhibitor; nintedanib is a P-gp substrate and a minor CYP3A4 substrate. In drug interactions studies,
administration of nintedanib with a dual P-gp and CYP3A4 inhibitor increased nintedanib AUC by 60%. [28341] [38968] [47165] [58203]
Nisoldipine: (Moderate) Anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of calcium-channel blockers
(mainly through CYP3A4 inhibition) resulting in increased calcium-channel blocker concentrations. In addition, ritonavir also prolongs
the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong
the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with
caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. [28315] [32432] [47165]
Norethindrone: (Moderate) Many anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may interact with hormonal agents like norethindrone, due to their
Norfloxacin: (Major) Due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with norfloxacin. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Quinolones have also been associated
with QT prolongation and TdP. For norfloxacin specifically, extremely rare cases of TdP were reported during post-marketing
surveillance. These reports generally involved patients with concurrent medical conditions or concomitant medications that may have
been contributory. [28225] [28341] [28432] [28457] [29818]
Nortriptyline: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Octreotide: (Major) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir
with other drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as octreotide, may result in additive QT prolongation. Caution is advised during
concurrent use. [28341] [4951]
Ofloxacin: (Major) Due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with ofloxacin. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Some quinolones, including ofloxacin, have
also been associated with QT prolongation. Additionally, post-marketing surveillance for ofloxacin has identified very rare cases of TdP.
[28341] [30738]
Olanzapine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with olanzapine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Limited data, including some case reports,
suggest that olanzapine may also be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval in rare instances. [28341] [28785]
[32732] [32734] [32745] [32746] (Moderate) Ritonavir may reduce olanzapine serum concentrations by approximately 50%; how this
affects olanzapine efficacy, however, is not known. Ritonavir appears to induce olanzapine's metabolism by either CYP1A2 or
glucuronide conjugation. If ritonavir and olanzapine are used concurrently, monitor for reduced olanzapine effect and adjust olanzapine
dose as needed. [27275]
Olaparib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of olaparib with lopinavir due to the risk of increased olaparib-related adverse reactions. If
concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of olaparib to 100 mg twice daily; the original dose may be resumed 3 to 5 elimination
half-lives after lopinavir is discontinued. Olaparib is a CYP3A substrate and lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; concomitant use
may increase olaparib exposure. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the olaparib Cmax by 42% and the
AUC by 170%. [28341] [56579] [58662] (Major) Avoid coadministration of olaparib with ritonavir due to the risk of increased olaparib-
related adverse reactions. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of olaparib to 100 mg twice daily; the original dose may be
resumed 3 to 5 elimination half-lives after ritonavir is discontinued. Olaparib is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor; concomitant use may increase olaparib exposure. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the
olaparib Cmax by 42% and the AUC by 170%. [28380] [34557] [47165] [58662]
Olodaterol: (Moderate) Beta-agonists, such as olodaterol, may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval
prolongation. Beta-agonists should be administered with extreme caution to patients being treated with drugs known to prolong the QT
interval because the action of beta-agonists on the cardiovascular system may be potentiated. Drugs with a possible risk for QT
prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with olodaterol include ritonavir. [47165] [57710]
(Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the
QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-
agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when
associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of
salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which might increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate.
[28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with paritaprevir. Use of these drugs in combination
has resulted in elevated paritaprevir serum concentrations. Paritaprevir is a substrate of the drugs transporter organic anion transporting
polypeptide (OATP1B1); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. [58664] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Omeprazole: (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage
adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses
(e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4
substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times.
[29564] [47165]
Omeprazole; Amoxicillin; Rifabutin: (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir and rifabutin results in clinically significant alterations of
rifabutin pharmacokinetic parameters, with the rifabutin AUC being increased by 430%. In patients receiving any dosage of ritonavir,
the dose of rifabutin should always be decreased to 150 mg every day or 300 mg three times per week. [46638] (Major) Coadministration
with lopinavir; ritonavir (Kaletra) results in clinically significant alterations in rifabutin pharmacokinetics; the AUC increases by more
than 300% and the metabolite, 25-O-des-acetyl-rifabutin, AUC increases by 47.5 fold. If these drugs are coadministered, the CDC
recommends the adult dose of rifabutin be reduced to 150 mg every day or 300 mg three times per week. Increased monitoring for
adverse reactions is warranted. [46638] (Moderate) Increased exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of
ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving
higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a
CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an
average of 4-times. [29564] [47165]
Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tipranavir and ritonavir with antacids results in decreased
tipranavir concentrations. Administer tipranavir and ritonavir 2 hours before or 1 hour after antacids. [1800] [1802] (Moderate) Increased
exposure to omeprazole may occur during concurrent administration of ritonavir. Although dosage adjustment of omeprazole is not
normally required, dosage reduction may be considered in patients receiving higher omeprazole doses (e.g., those with Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome). Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Omeprazole is a CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of a dual
CYP2C19/strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the omeprazole AUC by an average of 4-times. [29564] [47165]
Ondansetron: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with ondansetron. If these drugs must be coadministered, ECG monitoring is recommended. Lopinavir; ritonavir is
associated with QT prolongation. Ondansetron has also been associated with QT prolongation and post-marketing reports of TdP.
Among 42 patients receiving a 4 mg bolus dose of intravenous ondansetron for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting, the
mean maximal QTc interval prolongation was 20 +/- 13 msec at the third minute after antiemetic administration (p < 0.0001). [28341]
[31266] [9564] (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. Ondansetron exposure may
be altered resulting in increased adverse effects or decreased efficacy. Ondansetron is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4,
CYP2D6, and CYP1A2; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 and induces CYP1A2. [31266] [47165]
Oritavancin: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir is metabolized by CYP3A4; oritavancin is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Plasma concentrations
and efficacy of lopinavir; ritonavir may be reduced if these drugs are administered concurrently. [27493] [27494] [28341] [57741] (Major)
Ritonavir is metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 (minor); oritavancin is a weak CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inducer. Plasma
concentrations and efficacy of ritonavir may be reduced if these drugs are administered concurrently. [27493] [27494] [34557] [57741]
Orlistat: (Major) According to the manufacturer of orlistat, HIV RNA levels should be frequently monitored in patients receiving orlistat
while being treated for HIV infection with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Loss of virological control has been reported in HIV-
infected patients taking orlistat with atazanavir, ritonavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, lopinavir; ritonavir, and
emtricitabine; efavirenz; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The exact mechanism for this interaction is not known, but may involve
inhibition of systemic absorption of the anti-retroviral agent. If an increased HIV viral load is confirmed, orlistat should be discontinued.
[27971]
Osimertinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with osimertinib if possible due to the risk of QT prolongation and torsade de
pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, periodically monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; an
interruption of osimertinib therapy with dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy may be necessary if QT prolongation occurs.
Concentration-dependent QTc prolongation occurred during clinical trials of osimertinib. Lopinavir is associated with QT prolongation;
additive QT prolongation may occur. [28341] [60297]
Ospemifene: (Major) Use caution when administering ospemifene to a patient taking ritonavir, as concurrent use may increase
ospemifene systemic exposure and increase the risk of ospemifene-related adverse reactions. Consider if alternative therapy is
appropriate. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and a CYP2C9 inhibitor, and ospemifene is a CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 substrate. Co-
administration of ospemifene with a drug known to inhibit CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isoenzymes increased the ospemifene exposure 2.7-
fold. [47165] [53344]
Oxaliplatin: (Major) Monitor electrolytes and ECGs for QT prolongation if coadministration of lopinavir with oxaliplatin is necessary;
correct electrolyte abnormalities prior to administration of oxaliplatin. QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias including fatal
torsade de pointes have been reported with oxaliplatin use in postmarketing experience. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT
prolongation; additive QT prolongation may occur. [28341] [41958]
Oxcarbazepine: (Major) Concurrent administration of oxcarbazepine with ritonavir should be undertaken with caution and careful
monitoring of antiviral efficacy. Oxcarbazepine is a moderate inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4, and ritonavir is a CYP3A4
substrate. [29014] [58664]
Oxybutynin: (Moderate) Oxybutynin is metabolized by CYP3A4. Caution should be used when oxybutynin is given in combination
with inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as protease inhibitors. Monitor for adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [29796]
[47165] [58664]
Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if
concurrent use of lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until
stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and
oxycodone. [39926] [47165]
Oxymorphone: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of
oxymorphone if the two drugs are coadministered. [4718]
Paclitaxel: (Minor) Due to ritonavir's potential inhibitory effects on various hepatic isoenzymes, numerous drug interactions may occur
with ritonavir. Close monitoring of serum drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required when paclitaxel (a
CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 substrate) is coadministered with ritonavir (a CYP3A4 inhibitor). In addition, paclitaxel is a substrate of the drug
transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and ritonavir also inhibits P-gp. [28001] [28341] [28380] [28498] [49806] [56579] [58664]
Palbociclib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with palbociclib; significantly increased palbociclib exposure may occur.
Concentrations of lopinavir may also increase. If concomitant use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of palbociclib to 75 mg PO once
daily and monitor for increased adverse reactions. If lopinavir is discontinued, increase the palbociclib dose (after 3 to 5 half-lives) to
the dose used before initiation of lopinavir. Palbociclib is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. In a drug interaction trial, coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of palbociclib
by 87% and 34%, respectively. Palbociclib is also a weak time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A and lopinavir is a sensitive CYP3A4
substrate. [28341] [56579] [58768] [64721] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with palbociclib; significantly increased plasma
exposure of palbociclib may occur. If concomitant use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of palbociclib to 75 mg PO once daily and
monitor for increased adverse reactions. If ritonavir is discontinued, increase the palbociclib dose (after 3 to 5 half-lives of ritonavir) to
the dose used before initiation of ritonavir. Palbociclib is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
In a drug interaction trial, coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of palbociclib by 87%
and 34%, respectively. [47165] [58768] [64721]
Paliperidone: (Major) Paliperidone has been associated with QT prolongation. Per the manufacturer, since paliperidone may prolong the
QT interval, it should be avoided in combination with other agents also known to have this effect. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with
QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT
prolongation. If coadministration is necessary and the patient has known risk factors for cardiac disease or arrhythmias, close
monitoring is essential. [28341] [40936]
Panobinostat: (Major) Reduce the starting dose of panobinostat to10 mg when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may
increase systemic exposure of panobinostat. Panobinostat is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC of panobinostat by 73%. [47165] [58821]
Paricalcitol: (Moderate) Paricalcitol is partially metabolized by CYP3A4. Care should be taken when dosing paricalcitol with strong
CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors. Dose adjustments of paricalcitol may be required. Monitor plasma PTH and serum
calcium and phosphorous concentrations if a patient initiates or discontinues therapy with this combination. [42290]
Paroxetine: (Major) A dose reduction of paroxetine may be necessary during co-administration of ritonavir. Concurrent use of CYP2D6
substrates, such as paroxetine, with ritonavir could result in increases (up to 2-fold) in the AUC of paroxetine. Paroxetine is metabolized
by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are
Pasireotide: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval, such as pasireotide, may result in additive QT prolongation. Pasireotide should be used cautiously and with
close monitoring with lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [52611]
Pazopanib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pazopanib and ritonavir due to the potential for increased pazopanib exposure. If
concurrent use is unavoidable, reduce the pazopanib dose to 400 mg PO once daily; further dose adjustments may be necessary if
adverse effects occur. Pazopanib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concurrent use of another strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the Cmax and AUC of pazopanib by 1.5-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively. [37098] [47165] (Major)
Coadministration of pazopanib and other drugs that prolong the QT interval is not advised; pazopanib and lopinavir; ritonavir have been
reported to prolong the QT interval. If pazopanib and lopinavir; ritonavir must be continued, closely monitor the patient for QT interval
prolongation. In addition, pazopanib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and a substrate for CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Lopinavir;
ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Coadministration of pazopanib and lopinavir; ritonavir may
cause an increase in systemic concentrations of lopinavir; ritonavir and/or pazopanib; avoid use of these agents together if possible. If
coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is unavoidable, reduce the pazopanib dose to 400 mg PO once daily; further dose
adjustments may be necessary if adverse effects occur. [28341] [49829]
Penbutolol: (Moderate) Cardiac and neurologic events have been reported when ritonavir was concurrently administered with beta-
blockers. [5044]
Pentamidine: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should
be used cautiously with lopinavir; ritonavir include pentamidine. [23620] [23778] [28341] [28419] [28879]
Pentobarbital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Perampanel: (Moderate) Concurrent use of perampanel with ritonavir may decrease ritonavir concentrations and increase perampanel
concentrations. Both drugs are metabolized by CYP3A4. Ritonavir is also a CYP3A4 inhibitor, while perampanel is a weak inducer of
CYP3A4. Monitor patients for increases in adverse effects such as anger, anxiety, irritability, somnolence, dizziness, or nausea. Dose
adjustment may be required. [51834] [52140]
Pergolide: (Severe) Coadministration of ergot alkaloids with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, like anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral
may be warranted. [29090] [47165] [58664]
Perphenazine: (Minor) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with perphenazine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Perphenazine, a phenothiazine, is also
associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. [28341] [28415]
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered
with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in elevated TCA plasma concentrations. [47165] (Minor) Due to the potential for QT
prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering lopinavir; ritonavir with perphenazine. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Perphenazine, a phenothiazine, is also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation.
[28341] [28415]
Pexidartinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with lopinavir; ritonavir as concurrent use may increase pexidartinib
exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of pexidartinib. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued, increase the
pexidartinib dose to the original dose after 3 plasma half-lives of lopinavir; ritonavir. Dose adjustments are as follows: 800 mg/day or
600 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg twice daily; 400 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg once daily. Pexidartinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
pexidartinib exposure by 70%. [28341] [56579] [64535] (Major) Avoid coadministration of pexidartinib with ritonavir as concurrent use
may increase pexidartinib exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of pexidartinib. If ritonavir is discontinued,
increase the pexidartinib dose to the original dose after 3 plasma half-lives of ritonavir. Dose adjustments are as follows: 800 mg/day or
600 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg twice daily; 400 mg/day of pexidartinib, reduce to 200 mg once daily. Pexidartinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased pexidartinib
exposure by 70%. [47165] [64535]
Phenobarbital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of
ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution
Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Major) Promethazine carries a possible risk of QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT
[28341] [55578]
Phenytoin: (Major) Concurrent use of ritonavir with ethotoin, phenytoin, or fosphenytoin should be avoided when possible. Increased
doses of anticonvulsants may be required due to metabolism induction by ritonavir. Additionally, since these anticonvulsants are hepatic
enzyme inducing drugs, increased metabolism of protease inhibitors may occur leading to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. Close
monitoring of drug concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required. [28315] [46638]
Pimavanserin: (Major) Reduce the dose of pimavanserin to 10 mg PO once daily and monitor for pimavanserin-related adverse
reactions, including nausea, vomiting, confusion, loss of balance or coordination, and QT prolongation if coadministration with ritonavir
is necessary. Concurrent use may increase pimavanserin exposure. Pimavanserin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. In drug interaction studies, coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased exposure to pimavanserin by 3-fold.
[47165] [60748]
Pimozide: (Severe) Coadministration of pimozide with protease inhibitors is contraindicated due to the risk of life threatening
arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Pimozide is thought to be metabolized through CYP3A4, and to a lesser extent CYP1A2
and CYP2D6. Elevated pimozide plasma levels are probable when coadministered with CYP450 inhibitors, such as the protease
inhibitors. Increased plasma concentrations of pimozide have been associated with QT prolongation and serious cardiovascular adverse
events including death due to TdP. [43463]
Pindolol: (Moderate) Ritonavir is expected to decrease the hepatic CYP metabolism of pindolol, resulting in increased beta-blocker
Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with
other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including beta-blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is
warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased beta-blocker doses may be warranted. [28315]
Pirbuterol: (Minor) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that
Pirfenidone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of pirfenidone with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of
ritonavir. Pirfenidone is a mild inhibitor of CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a substrate of both
CYP3A4 and P-gp. Monitor for antiviral adverse effects if these drugs are administered together. [58189] [58664]
Pitolisant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of pitolisant with lopinavir; ritonavir as concurrent use may increase the risk of QT
prolongation. Pitolisant prolongs the QT interval. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [64562]
Polatuzumab Vedotin: (Moderate) Monitor for increased polatuzumab vedotin toxicity during coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir
due to the risk of elevated exposure to the cytotoxic component of polatuzumab vedotin, MMAE. MMAE is metabolized by CYP3A4;
lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors are predicted to increase the exposure of MMAE by 45%.
[28341] [64290] (Moderate) Monitor for increased polatuzumab vedotin toxicity during coadministration of ritonavir due to the risk of
elevated exposure to the cytotoxic component of polatuzumab vedotin, MMAE. MMAE is metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors are predicted to increase the exposure of MMAE by 45%. [47165] [64290]
Pomalidomide: (Moderate) Use pomalidomide and ritonavir together with caution; decreased pomalidomide exposure may occur
resulting in reduced pomalidomide effectiveness. Pomalidomide is a CYP1A2 substrate and ritonavir is a CYP1A2 inducer. [28315]
[59487]
Ponatinib: (Major) Concomitant use of ponatinib, a CYP3A4 substrate, and lopinavir; ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may
increase the exposure of ponatinib. If the use of both agents is necessary, reduce the starting ponatinib dose to 30 mg/day. [52603]
(Major) Concomitant use of ponatinib, a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, may increase the exposure of
ponatinib. If the use of both agents is necessary, reduce the starting ponatinib dose to 30 mg/day. Additionally, ponatinib is a P-gp
inhibitor and may increase the plasma concentration of a P-gp substrate such as, ritonavir. [11416] [28315] [5110] [52603]
Posaconazole: (Severe) Concurrent use of posaconazole and lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated due to the risk of life threatening
arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes (TdP). Both posaconazole and lopinavir; ritonavir are potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, an
isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of lopinavir; ritonavir. These drugs used in combination may result in elevated lopinavir;
ritonavir plasma concentrations, causing an increased risk for lopinavir; ritonavir-related adverse events, such as QT prolongation. Data
from one study found the Cmax and AUC of ritonavir increased by 49% and 80%, respectively, when administered with posaconazole.
Additionally, posaconazole has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval as well as rare cases of TdP; avoid use with other
drugs that may prolong the QT interval and are metabolized through CYP3A4, such as lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [32723] (Moderate)
Perform frequent monitoring of adverse effects and toxicity of ritonavir during coadministration with posaconazole. These drugs used in
combination may result in elevated ritonavir plasma concentrations, causing an increased risk for ritonavir-related adverse events. Data
from one study found the Cmax and AUC of ritonavir increased by 49% and 80%, respectively, when administered with posaconazole.
[32723]
Pramlintide: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance
have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. [30575] [51227]
Praziquantel: (Moderate) Monitor for increased side effects of praziquantel if administered with ritonavir. Concurrent administration
may result in elevated praziquantel plasma concentrations. Praziquantel is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is
an inhibitor of this enzyme. [27480] [34457] [34458] [34459] [47165] [58664]
Prednisolone: (Moderate) Ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4, and prednisolone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor patients for corticosteroid-
related side effects if prednisone or prednisolone and ritonavir are taken. [4194] [58664]
Prednisone: (Moderate) Coadministration of prednisone with ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) may cause prednisone serum
concentrations to increase, potentially resulting in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider use of an alternative
corticosteroid whose concentrations are less affected by strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as beclomethasone and prednisolone,
especially during long-term treatment. [47165] [58664]
Primidone: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Procainamide: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir should be used cautiously with procainamide. Procainamide is associated with a well-
established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration
may result in additive QT prolongation. [28250] [28341]
Prochlorperazine: (Minor) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with prochlorperazine. If coadministration is considered necessary, and the patient has known risk factors for cardiac
disease or arrhythmia, then close monitoring is essential. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Phenothiazines, such
as prochlorperazine, have also been reported to prolong the QT interval. [28225] [28341] [28415]
Promethazine: (Major) Promethazine carries a possible risk of QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP
that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with promethazine include lopinavir; ritonavir. [28225] [28341] [55578]
Propafenone: (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and propafenone is contraindicated due to the potential for
serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. However, propafenone and ritonavir may be coadministered with
caution to patients receiving ritonavir as a boosting agent. Ritonavir inhibits both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Drugs that inhibit both
pathways are expected to increase propafenone serum concentrations. [28287] [28315] [46638] [58664] (Major) Coadministration of
lopinavir; ritonavir and propafenone may result in increased exposure to propafenone and increased risk of QT prolongation.
Propafenone is metabolized by CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP1A2; lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A. Increased exposure to
propafenone may lead to cardiac arrhythmias and exaggerated beta-adrenergic blocking activity. In addition, both propafenone and
lopinavir; ritonavir have been associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration may result in additive QT prolongation. Close
monitoring is advised if these drugs are administered together. [28287] [28341] [46638]
Propoxyphene: (Moderate) Due to effects on microsomal isoenzymes responsible for hepatic metabolism, ritonavir may alter the
response and/or increase the AUC of opiate analgesics. Concurrent use of ritonavir and propoxyphene is not recommended, due the
increased formation of the neurotoxic metabolites of propoxyphene. Also, propoxyphene is a substrate/inhibitor of CYP3A4. Increased
serum concentrations of propoxyphene can occur from concurrent use of ritonavir, a CYP3A4 inhibitor. A reduced dosage of
propoxyphene may be needed. Monitor for CNS and respiratory depression. [11379] [36008] [4718] [5044]
Propranolol: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of propranolol with ritonavir may result in elevated propranolol plasma
Propranolol is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring
are advised if these drugs are administered together. Decreased beta-blocker dosage may be needed. [28315] [47165] [4998] [58664]
Protriptyline: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Quazepam: (Major) CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors, may reduce the metabolism of quazepam and increase the potential
for benzodiazepine toxicity. A decrease in the quazepam dose may be needed. [28001] [28345] [32432]
Quetiapine: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of quetiapine and lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for additive effects on the QT
interval. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Limited data, including some case reports, suggest that quetiapine may
also be associated with a significant prolongation of the QTc interval in rare instances. Lopinavir; ritonavir may also inhibit the
CYP3A4 metabolism of quetiapine, resulting in elevated quetiapine plasma concentrations. If administration of lopinavir; ritonavir is
required in a patient taking quetiapine, reduce the quetiapine dose to one sixth of the current dose. If lopinavir; ritonavir is discontinued,
increase the quetiapine dose by 6-fold. [28341] [29118] [33068] [33072] [33074] [51080] (Major) The manufacturer of quetiapine
recommends a quetiapine dose reduction to one-sixth the original dose during concurrent administration of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors,
such as ritonavir. When ritonavir is discontinued, the dose should be increased by 6-fold. The plasma concentrations of quetiapine may
be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. [29118] [47165]
Quinidine: (Severe) The use of ritonavir is considered contraindicated with quinidine due to the potential to induce quinidine toxicity.
The manufacturer of dextromethorphan; quinidine recommends an initial ECG evaluation (baseline and 3 to 4 hours post-dose) in
patients taking dextromethorphan; quinidine in combination with moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ritonavir. Quinidine
causes a dose-dependent QT prolongation and is metabolized via CYP3A4. Concurrent use of dextromethorphan; quinidine with
moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors may result in elevated quinidine plasma concentrations with the potential for enhanced QT-
prolonging effects. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation; additive effects on QT
prolongation are possible. [28315] [28341] [42280] [46638] [4718] (Major) Coadministration of HIV treatment doses of ritonavir and
quinidine is contraindicated due to the potential for serious or life-threatening reactions, such as cardiac arrhythmias. Cautious
consideration may be given to administering quinidine with boosting doses of ritonavir. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and
increased plasma concentrations of drugs extensively metabolized by this enzyme, such as quinidine, should be expected with
concurrent use. [28315] [42280] [46638] [47165] [47357]
Quinine: (Major) Concomitant use of quinine and ritonavir should be avoided due to increased quinine concentrations. In a study of
healthy patients who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine with the 15th dose of ritonavir (200 mg PO Q12h for 9 days), there
was a 4-fold increase in the mean quinine AUC and Cmax and an increase in the mean quinine elimination half-life (13.4 h vs. 11.2 h)
when compared to quinine administered alone. There were no significant changes in the ritonavir pharmacokinetics. Ritonavir is a
potent CYP3A4 inhibitor and quinine is a CYP3A4 substrate. [11191] [28315] [31403] [38968] (Major) Concurrent use of quinine and
lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided due to an increased risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Quinine has been
associated with prolongation of the QT interval and rare cases of TdP. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In
addition, concomitant use of quinine (a CYP3A4 substrate/inhibitor) and lopinavir; ritonavir (a CYP3A4 substrate/inhibitor) may
increase the serum concentrations of both quinine and lopinavir. [11191] [28315] [28341] [31403] [38968] [4718]
Rabeprazole: (Minor) Concurrent administration of rabeprazole with ritonavir may result in increased rabeprazole plasma
concentrations; however, the clinical significance of this interaction is unclear. Rabeprazole is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes
CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Monitor for rabeprazole-associated adverse events if these drugs are
Ramelteon: (Moderate) The serum concentrations of ramelteon may increase when ramelteon is administered with strong CYP3A4
inhibitors like the anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Because there is the potential for multiple CYPP450 enzyme inhibition interactions
between protease inhibitors and ramelteon, caution should be used if these 2 drugs are coadministered. The patient should be monitored
closely for toxicity even though ramelteon has a wide therapeutic index. [31359] [31360] [4718] [5074] [8143] [8145]
Ranolazine: (Severe) Concomitant use of ranolazine with ritonavir is contraindicated due to the potential for increased ranolazine
plasma concentrations and therefore increased risk of QTc prolongation and possibly torsade de pointes. Ranolazine is a CYP3A4,
CYP2D6, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of CYP2D6 and P-gp.
Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased plasma concentrations of ranolazine by 220%. [31938] [47165] (Severe)
Ranolazine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A, but it is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein. Ranolazine is contraindicated for use with
moderate or potent inhibitors of CYP3A isoenzymes, including the anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Ranolazine is associated with dose
and plasma concentration-related increases in the QTc interval; lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation.
Coadministration with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors may increase the plasma concentrations of ranolazine, thus increasing the risk
of drug toxicity and proarrhythmic effects. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir and several other anti-retroviral protease inhibitors can
increase the absorption of ranolazine via inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport. [28341] [31938]
Red Yeast Rice: (Severe) The risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, may be increased when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are
given in combination with most HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Since compounds in red yeast rice claim to have HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitor activity, coadministration of red yeast rice with anti-retroviral protease inhibitors is not recommended. [5335] [5911]
Regorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of regorafenib with lopinavir due to increased plasma concentrations of regorafenib and
decreased plasma concentrations of the active metabolites M-2 and M-5, which may lead to increased toxicity. Regorafenib is a
CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
regorafenib exposure by 33% and decreased exposure of M-2 and M-5 by 93% each. [47165] [51883] (Major) Avoid coadministration of
regorafenib with ritonavir due to increased plasma concentrations of regorafenib and decreased plasma concentrations of the active
metabolites M-2 and M-5, which may lead to increased toxicity. Regorafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased regorafenib exposure by 33% and decreased exposure of
M-2 and M-5 by 93% each. [47165] [51883]
Remifentanil: (Moderate) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme and may decrease the metabolism of
remifentanil if the two drugs are coadministered. [4718]
Repaglinide: (Moderate) Coadministration of repaglinide and protease inhibitors may increase or decrease glucose concentrations and
increase repaglinide AUC; if coadministration is necessary, repaglinide dosage adjustment may be necessary and increased frequency of
glucose monitoring are recommended. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. In addition, repaglinide is a substrate of the hepatic
isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP1B1); protease inhibitors are potent CYP3A4
inhibitors and inhibitors of OATP. [29751] [31281] [36049] [61511] [61513]
Retapamulin: (Moderate) Coadministration of retapamulin with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, in patients
younger than 24 months is not recommended. Systemic exposure of topically administered retapamulin may be higher in patients
younger than 24 months than in patients 2 years and older. Retapamulin is a CYP3A4 substrate. [28341] [33239] [56579] (Moderate)
Coadministration of retapamulin with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, in patients younger than 24 months is not
recommended. Systemic exposure of topically administered retapamulin may be higher in patients younger than 24 months than in
patients 2 years and older. Retapamulin is a CYP3A4 substrate. [33239] [47165]
Revefenacin: (Major) Coadministration of revefenacin is not recommended with lopinavir because it could lead to an increase in
systemic exposure of the active metabolite of revefenacin and an increased potential for anticholinergic adverse effects. The active
metabolite of revefenacin is a substrate of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3; lopinavir is an inhibitor of OATP1B1. [28341] [56579] [61511]
[61513] [63742]
Ribavirin: (Major) The concomitant use of ribavirin and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors should be done with caution as both can cause
hepatic damage. Most protease inhibitors have been associated with episodes of liver toxicity, with lopinavir/low-dose ritonavir,
fosamprenavir/low-dose ritonavir, and nelfinavir being less hepatotoxic and tipranavir/low-dose ritonavir being the most hepatotoxic.
Hyperbilirubinemia is often associated with atazanavir and/or indinavir therapy but does not reflect liver damage and is related to the
inhibition of UDP glucuronosyltransferase. Overall, the HCV-HIV International Panel recommends the management of hepatotoxicity
should be based on the knowledge of the mechanisms involved for each drug. Furthermore, they state that there are lower rates of liver-
related mortality in coinfected patients taking HAART, even in those with end-stage liver disease, compared with patients not receiving
HAART. Closely monitor patients for treatment-associated toxicities, especially hepatic decompensation. [34878]
Ribociclib: (Severe) Coadministration of ribociclib with lopinavir is contraindicated, as elevated plasma concentrations of ribociclib
may be associated with QT prolongation; exposure to lopinavir may also increase. Ribociclib is a CYP3A4 substrate and strong
inhibitor that has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Lopinavir is also a CYP3A4 substrate
and strong inhibitor that has been associated with QT prolongation. Concomitant use may increase the risk for QT prolongation. [28341]
[56579] [61816] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with ritonavir due to the potential for significantly increased exposure to
ribociclib. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of ribociclib to 400 mg once daily. If ritonavir is discontinued, resume
the previous ribociclib dose after at least 5 half-lives of ritonavir. Ribociclib is a CYP3A4 substrate. ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. Coadministration with a strong inhibitor increased the ribociclib AUC and Cmax by 3.2-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, in
healthy volunteers. [61816]
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Severe) Coadministration of ribociclib with lopinavir is contraindicated, as elevated plasma concentrations of
ribociclib may be associated with QT prolongation; exposure to lopinavir may also increase. Ribociclib is a CYP3A4 substrate and
strong inhibitor that has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner. Lopinavir is also a CYP3A4
substrate and strong inhibitor that has been associated with QT prolongation. Concomitant use may increase the risk for QT
prolongation. [28341] [56579] [61816] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ribociclib with ritonavir due to the potential for significantly
increased exposure to ribociclib. If coadministration cannot be avoided, reduce the dose of ribociclib to 400 mg once daily. If ritonavir is
discontinued, resume the previous ribociclib dose after at least 5 half-lives of ritonavir. Ribociclib is a CYP3A4 substrate. ritonavir is a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with a strong inhibitor increased the ribociclib AUC and Cmax by 3.2-fold and 1.7-fold,
respectively, in healthy volunteers. [61816]
Rifabutin: (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir and rifabutin results in clinically significant alterations of rifabutin pharmacokinetic
parameters, with the rifabutin AUC being increased by 430%. In patients receiving any dosage of ritonavir, the dose of rifabutin should
always be decreased to 150 mg every day or 300 mg three times per week. [46638] (Major) Coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir
(Kaletra) results in clinically significant alterations in rifabutin pharmacokinetics; the AUC increases by more than 300% and the
metabolite, 25-O-des-acetyl-rifabutin, AUC increases by 47.5 fold. If these drugs are coadministered, the CDC recommends the adult
dose of rifabutin be reduced to 150 mg every day or 300 mg three times per week. Increased monitoring for adverse reactions is
warranted. [46638]
Rifampin: (Severe) Coadministration of rifampin and ritonavir results in markedly decreased ritonavir concentrations; HIV treatment
failure and virologic resistance would be expected. Rifampin (300 or 600 mg daily for 10 days) decreases the AUC and Cmax of
ritonavir (500 mg every 12 hours for 20 days) by 35% and 25%, respectively. Coadministration may lead to loss of virologic response if
ritonavir is the sole protease inhibitor and increase the risk of hepatotoxicity. The DHHS/NIH HIV Treatment Guidelines recommend
ritonavir and rifampin should not be coadministered and suggest the consideration of alternative antimycobacterial agents, such as
rifabutin. However, CDC guidelines suggest no change in ritonavir or rifampin dose when the drugs are coadministered, but this appears
to only be in the setting of low-dose ritonavir (i.e., 100 mg or 200 mg twice daily) used to 'boost' concentrations of other protease
inhibitors. In this setting it would be less likely to produce adverse events than higher ritonavir doses; however, a net CYP3A4 induction
still results when used with rifampin. [1299] [30314] [46638] (Severe) The coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir and rifampin is
contraindicated. Concurrent use may lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to lopinavir; ritonavir, the class of
protease inhibitors, or other antiretroviral agents. [28341] [30314] [46638]
Rifapentine: (Major) Rifapentine is an inducer of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8/9, and should not be coadministered with protease inhibitors as
complex interactions may lead to decreased plasma concentrations of the anti-retroviral agents. In one study, indinavir Cmax and AUC
were reduced by 55% and 70%, respectively. The clearance of indinavir was increased 3-fold in the presence of rifapentine while half-
life did not change. Additionally, HIV patients treated with rifapentine have a higher rate of TB relapse than those treated with other
rifamycin-based regimens; an alternative agent is recommended. [28483] [32432] [46638]
Rifaximin: (Moderate) Although the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown, concurrent use of rifaximin and lopinavir;
ritonavir may substantially increase the systemic exposure to rifaximin; caution is advised if these drugs must be administered together.
Rifaximin is a substrate for the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP); lopinavir is
an inhibitor of OATP1B1 and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. During one in vitro study, coadministration with cyclosporine, a potent P-gp
and OATP1B1 inhibitor, resulted in an 83-fold and 124-fold increase in the mean Cmax and AUC of rifaximin, respectively. In patients
with hepatic impairment, the effects of reduced metabolism and transporter inhibition may further increase exposure to rifaximin.
[28341] [28380] [29289] [56579] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Moderate) Although the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown,
concurrent use of rifaximin, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and ritonavir, a P-gp inhibitor, may substantially increase the systemic
exposure to rifaximin; caution is advised if these drugs must be administered together. During one in vitro study, coadministration with
cyclosporine, a potent P-gp inhibitor, resulted in an 83-fold and 124-fold increase in the mean Cmax and AUC of rifaximin,
respectively. In patients with hepatic impairment, the effects of reduced metabolism and P-gp inhibition may further increase exposure
to rifaximin. [28341] [28380] [29289] [56579]
Rilpivirine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
rilpivirine with lopinavir; ritonavir. Supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 to 300 mg/day) have caused QT prolongation. Lopinavir;
ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir may inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of rilpivirine,
resulting in elevated rilpivirine plasma concentrations and an added risk of adverse reactions such as QT prolongation. [28341] [44376]
Riluzole: (Moderate) Coadministration of riluzole with ritonavir may result in decreased riluzole efficacy. In vitro findings suggest
decreased riluzole exposure is likely. Riluzole is a CYP1A2 substrate and ritonavir is a CYP1A2 inducer. [29747] [47165]
Rimegepant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of rimegepant with lopinavir; concurrent use may increase rimegepant exposure.
Rimegepant is a P-gp substrate and lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [65052] (Major) Avoid coadministration of rimegepant
with ritonavir; concurrent use may significantly increase rimegepant exposure. Rimegepant is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate; ritonavir is
a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration of rimegepant with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
rimegepant exposure by 4-fold. [28380] [34557] [47165] [65052]
Riociguat: (Major) Concomitant use of riociguat with strong cytochrome CYP inhibitors and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)/breast cancer
resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitors, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, increases riociguat exposure and may result in hypotension. Consider
an adult starting dose of 0.5 mg PO three times a day when initiating riociguat in patients receiving strong CYP and P-gp/BCRP
inhibitors. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension on initiation and on treatment with strong CYP and P-gp/BCRP inhibitors. A
dose reduction should be considered in patients who may not tolerate the hypotensive effect of riociguat. [28380] [56096] [56579] (Major)
Concomitant use of riociguat with strong cytochrome CYP inhibitors and P-glycoprotein (P-gp)/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)
inhibitors, such as ritonavir, increases riociguat exposure and may result in hypotension. Consider a starting adult dose of 0.5 mg PO
three times a day when initiating riociguat in patients receiving strong CYP and P-gp/BCRP inhibitors. Monitor for signs and symptoms
of hypotension on initiation and on treatment with strong CYP and P-gp/BCRP inhibitors. A dose reduction should be considered in
patients who may not tolerate the hypotensive effect of riociguat. [56096]
Risperidone: (Moderate) Ritonavir may increase risperidone exposure; use together with caution and monitor for adverse effects of
risperidone, including QT prolongation or other risperidone side effects. A decreased dosage of risperidone may be required.
Risperidone is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and is also partially metabolized by CYP3A4; ritonavir inhibits both CYP2D6 and
CYP3A4. [22256] [28414] [47165] [59321] [63411] (Moderate) Use risperidone and lopinavir; ritonavir together with caution due to the
potential for additive QT prolongation and risk of torsade de pointes (TdP). In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and may
increase plasma concentrations of risperidone, which is a CYP3A4 substrate. Risperidone has been associated with a possible risk for
QT prolongation and/or TdP, primarily in the overdose setting. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. [28225]
[28341] [28414] [28416]
Rivaroxaban: (Major) Avoid concomitant administration of rivaroxaban and lopinavir; ritonavir; significant increases in rivaroxaban
exposure may increase bleeding risk. Rivaroxaban is a substrate of CYP3A4/5 and the P-glycoprotein transporter. Concurrent use of
rivaroxaban and ritonavir, a combined P-glycoprotein and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, led to an increase in the steady-state rivaroxaban
AUC by 150% and to an increase in Cmax by 60%. Similar increases in pharmacodynamic effects such as factor Xa inhibition and PT
prolongation were also observed. [44854] (Major) Avoid concomitant administration of rivaroxaban and ritonavir; significant increases in
rivaroxaban exposure may increase bleeding risk. Rivaroxaban is a substrate of CYP3A4/5 and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter.
Concurrent use of a single dose of rivaroxaban and ritonavir, a combined P-gp and strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, led to an increase in the
rivaroxaban AUC by 150% and Cmax by 60%. Similar increases in pharmacodynamic effects such as factor Xa inhibition and PT
prolongation were also observed. [28315] [44854] [47165]
Roflumilast: (Major) Patients receiving roflumilast may have altered serum concentrations if coadministered with ritonavir. Ritonavir is
a potent inhibitor and an inducer of CYP3A4, and roflumilast is a CYP3A4 substrate. Specific pharmacokinetic study of this potential
interaction has not been conducted. [11416] [43551] [5044] [5110]
Romidepsin: (Major) Romidepsin has been reported to prolong the QT interval. Lopinavir; ritonavir administration is associated with
QT prolongation. If romidepsin and lopinavir; ritonavir must be coadministered, appropriate cardiovascular monitoring precautions
should be considered, such as the monitoring of electrolytes and ECGs at baseline and periodically during treatment. In addition,
lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism and romidepsin is a substrate. Coadministration may result in elevated plasma
concentrations of romidepsin and an added risk of adverse reactions such as QT prolongation. [28341] [37292] (Moderate) Monitor for
toxicity related to increased romidepsin exposure and follow the dose modifications for toxicity during initial administration of
romidepsin with ritonavir. Romidepsin is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In a pharmacokinetic drug
interaction trial a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased romidepsin AUC by approximately 25%. [37292] [47165]
Rosuvastatin: (Major) Due to CYP3A4 inhibition by ritonavir, the risk of myopathy (including rhabdomyolysis) may be increased when
ritonavir is given in combination with rosuvastatin. If coadministration is necessary, use the lowest possible dose of rosuvastatin.
Alternatively, consider using pravastatin or fluvastatin; however, fluvastatin is partially metabolized (about 20%) by CYP3A4 and is
generally recommended to be used cautiously with protease inhibitors. [46638] [5044] [5045] (Major) When rosuvastatin was
coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir in healthy volunteers, the Cmax and AUC of rosuvastatin was increased 5-fold and 2-fold,
respectively. When possible, concurrent use of rosuvastatin and lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided. If rosuvastatin must be used
concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir, limit the rosuvastatin adult dosage to 10 mg/day. Rosuvastatin is a substrate of the drug
transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is OATP1B1 inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [61510] [61511]
[61513]
Ruxolitinib: (Major) Reduce the ruxolitinib dosage during coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir in patients with myelofibrosis (MF)
or polycythemia vera (PV) as increased ruxolitinib exposure and toxicity may occur; no dose adjustments are necessary for patients with
graft-versus-host disease. Reduce the initial dose to 10 mg PO twice daily for platelet count of 100,000 cells/mm3 or more and 5 mg PO
once daily for platelet count of 50,000 to 99,999 cells/mm3 for MF patients. Reduce the initial dose to 5 mg PO twice daily for PV
patients. Avoid the use of lopinavir; ritonavir or interrupt ruxolitinib treatment during lopinavir; ritonavir use in MF or PV patients who
are stable on a ruxolitinib dose of 5 mg PO once daily. For patients stable on higher doses of ruxolitinib, dose adjustments are necessary.
Reduce dose by 50% in patients stable on ruxolitinib dose of 10 mg PO twice daily or more; reduce ruxolitinib to 5 mg PO once daily in
patients stable on ruxolitinib dose of 5 mg PO twice daily. Additional dose modifications should be made with frequent monitoring of
safety and efficacy. Ruxolitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [46782] (Major)
Reduce the ruxolitinib dosage during coadministration with ritonavir in patients with myelofibrosis (MF) or polycythemia vera (PV) as
increased ruxolitinib exposure and toxicity may occur; no dose adjustments are necessary for patients with graft-versus-host disease. In
MF patients, reduce the initial dose to 10 mg PO twice daily for platelet count of 100,000 cells/mm3 or more and 5 mg PO once daily
for platelet count of 50,000 to 99,999 cells/mm3. In PV patients, reduce the initial dose to 5 mg PO twice daily. Avoid the use of
ritonavir in MF or PV patients who are stable on a ruxolitinib dose of 5 mg PO once daily. In MF or PV patients stable on ruxolitinib
dose of 10 mg PO twice daily or more, reduce dose by 50%; in patients stable on ruxolitinib dose of 5 mg PO twice daily, reduce
ruxolitinib to 5 mg PO once daily. Additional dose modifications should be made with frequent monitoring of safety and efficacy.
Ruxolitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [46782] [47165]
Sacubitril; Valsartan: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with valsartan may result in elevated valsartan serum concentrations.
inhibitor. Monitor for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [56575] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate
of the hepatic efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to
valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration. [28315] [29130] [36646] [39870] [60860]
Salmeterol: (Major) Avoid coadministration of salmeterol with ritonavir. The coadministration of salmeterol with CYP3A4 inhibitors
can result in elevated salmeterol plasma concentrations and increased risk for adverse reactions, particularly cardiovascular effects.
[28315] [28467] [47165] (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other
Sapropterin: (Moderate) Caution is advised with the concomitant use of sapropterin and ritonavir as coadministration may result in
increased systemic exposure of ritonavir. Ritonavir is a substrate for the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); in vitro data show that
sapropterin may inhibit P-gp. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for increased side effects of ritonavir. [28315] [33635]
Saquinavir: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir should only be used in combination with saquinavir when there are no acceptable alternative
therapies because additive QT and/or PR interval prolongation may occur, increasing the risk for serious cardiac arrhythmias such as
such as torsade de pointes (TdP). If no acceptable alternative therapy is available, perform a baseline ECG prior to initiation of
concomitant therapy and carefully follow monitoring recommendations. Saquinavir in combination with ritonavir causes dose-
dependent QT and PR prolongation; lopinavir; ritonavir has also been associated with QT and PR interval prolongation. If lopinavir;
ritonavir is used in combination with saquinavir, the recommended dosage is lopinavir/ritonavir 400 mg/100mg PO twice daily plus
saquinavir 1000 mg PO twice daily. [28341] [28995] [5162]
Saxagliptin: (Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to 2.5 mg once
daily when coadministered with a strong CYP 3A4/5 inhibitor such as the ritonavir component of lopinavir; ritonavir. In addition, new
onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have been reported with use of
anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. A possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days
after initiating protease inhibitor therapy but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred
in some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be
[7335](Major) The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5. The saxagliptin dose is limited to 2.5 mg once daily
when coadministered with a strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor such as ritonavir. New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes
mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have also been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, such as
ritonavir. Patients on antidiabetic therapy should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if
protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [36111] [7238] [7335]
Secobarbital: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) Coadministration may result in an increased or decreased effect of segesterone.
Contraceptive efficacy may be reduced. Segesterone is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and CYP3A4
inducer. [47165] [63429] (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir increases the metabolism of hormonal contraceptives, including oral contraceptives
and non-oral combination contraceptives. Women receiving hormonal contraceptives and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), such
as lopinavir; ritonavir, should be instructed to report any breakthrough bleeding or other adverse effects to their prescribers. It may be
concurrently with PIs should use an additional barrier method of contraception such as condoms. [46638] [5044] (Minor)
Coadministration of segesterone and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as lopinavir may increase the serum concentration of segesterone.
[63429]
Selegiline: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of selegiline with ritonavir may result in elevated selegiline plasma concentrations.
Selegiline is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close
Selexipag: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with selexipag may result in elevated selexipag serum concentrations. Selexipag is a
substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. Monitor
for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [60472] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Sertraline: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with sertraline due to the potential for additive QT prolongation.
Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) have been reported during
postmarketing use of sertraline; most cases had confounding risk factors. The risk of sertraline-induced QT prolongation is generally
considered to be low in clinical practice. Its effect on QTc interval is minimal (typically less than 5 msec), and the drug has been used
safely in patients with cardiac disease (e.g., recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina, chronic heart failure). [28341] [28343] [64391]
[64392] [64394] [64395] [64396]
Short-acting beta-agonists: (Minor) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with
Sibutramine: (Moderate) Due to ritonavir's potential inhibitory effects on various hepatic isoenzymes, close monitoring of serum drug
concentrations and/or therapeutic and adverse effects is required when sibutramine is coadministered with ritonavir; dosage reduction
may be needed. [4718]
Sildenafil: (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir is contraindicated in patients receiving sildenafil for pulmonary arterial hypertension
(PAH). If used for erectile dysfunction, the dose of sildenafil should not exceed 25 mg in 48 hours with increased monitoring for adverse
reactions during times of coadministration. Concurrent use substantially increases the sildenafil plasma concentrations and may result in
increased associated adverse events including hypotension, syncope, visual changes, and prolonged erection. Ritonavir, a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased the AUC of sildenafil, a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, by 11-fold in a drug interaction study. [2548] [28315]
[46638] (Major) Sildenafil is contraindicated for use with lopinavir; ritonavir when used for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). If
used for erectile dysfunction, the dose of sildenafil should not exceed 25 mg in 48 hours with increased monitoring for adverse reactions
during times of coadministration. Concurrent use is expected to substantially increase the sildenafil plasma concentrations and may
result in increased associated adverse events including hypotension, syncope, visual changes, and prolonged erection. Sildenafil is a
sensitive CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors
increased the sildenafil AUC between 3- and 11-fold. [28199] [28341] [31697]
Silodosin: (Severe) Concurrent use of silodosin and ritonavir is contraindicated. Silodosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4;
ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Also of note, silodosin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor.
Coadministration may cause significant increases in silodosin plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in adverse events. [34483]
(Severe) Silodosin is extensively metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4. Drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 may cause significant
increases in silodosin plasma concentrations. According to the manufacturer, concurrent use of silodosin and potent inhibitors of
CYP3A4, such as the ritonavir component of lopinavir; ritonavir, is contraindicated. [34483]
Simeprevir: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of simeprevir and lopinavir; ritonavir. Inhibition of CYP3A4, organic anion transporting
polypeptide (OATP1B1), and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) by lopinavir; ritonavir may increase the plasma concentrations of simeprevir,
resulting in adverse effects. [28341] [28380] [56471] [56579] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Major) Avoid concurrent use of simeprevir and
ritonavir. Inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) by ritonavir causes significantly increased plasma concentrations of
simeprevir, potentially resulting in adverse effects. [28380] [47165] [56471] [56579]
Simvastatin: (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking these drugs
together may significantly increase the serum concentration of simvastatin; thereby increasing the risk of myopathy and
Simvastatin; Sitagliptin: (Severe) The coadministration of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors with simvastatin is contraindicated. Taking
inhibitors are CYP3A4 and OATP inhibitors. [28605] [39682] [46638] [61510] [61511] [61512] [61513] (Moderate) New onset diabetes
protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after
some patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be
closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30575]
Siponimod: (Major) In general, do not initiate treatment with siponimod in patients receiving lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for
QT prolongation. Consult a cardiologist regarding appropriate monitoring if siponimod use is required. Siponimod therapy prolonged
the QT interval at recommended doses in a clinical study. Lopinavir; ritonavir has also been associated with prolongation of the QT
interval. Additionally, concomitant use of siponimod and lopinavir; ritonavir may increase siponimod exposure. If the patient is also
receiving a drug regimen containing a moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor, use of siponimod is not recommended due to a significant increase
in siponimod exposure. Siponimod is a CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration with a moderate CYP2C9/CYP3A4 dual inhibitor led to a 2-fold increase in the exposure of siponimod. [28341] [64031]
(Moderate) Concomitant use of siponimod and ritonavir may increase siponimod exposure. If the patient is also receiving a drug
regimen containing a moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor, use of siponimod is not recommended due to a significant increase in siponimod
exposure. Siponimod is a CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with a moderate
CYP2C9/CYP3A4 dual inhibitor led to a 2-fold increase in the exposure of siponimod. [47165] [64031]
Sirolimus: (Major) Avoid the use of sirolimus with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors may affect
absorption and elimination of sirolimus leading to increased blood concentrations. Sirolimus is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 in
the gut and liver and undergoes counter-transport from enterocytes of the small intestine into the gut lumen by the P-glycoprotein drug
efflux pump. Sirolimus is potentially recycled between enterocytes and the gut lumen to allow continued metabolism by CYP3A4.
[28610] [28995] [47165]
Sitagliptin: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance have
been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Another possible mechanism is impairment of beta-cell function. Onset
Patients taking antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease
inhibitor therapy is initiated. [30575]
Sodium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tipranavir and ritonavir with antacids results in decreased tipranavir
concentrations. Administer tipranavir and ritonavir 2 hours before or 1 hour after antacids. [1800] [1802]
Sodium Oxybate: (Major) One case report describes a possible interaction between sodium oxybate and ritonavir and saquinavir, leading
to repetitive, clonic contractions. The patient also experienced shallow respirations, a heart rate of 40 beats per min, and was responsive
only to painful stimuli. The exact contribution of ritonavir and saquinavir to this reaction cannot be determined since several other
compounds were detected through a urinary toxin screen. [2546]
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir; Voxilaprevir: (Major) Avoid concurrent administration of voxilaprevir and lopinavir. Taking these medications
together may increase voxilaprevir plasma concentrations, potentially increasing the risk for adverse events. Voxilaprevir is a substrate
for the drug transporter Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1B1 (OATP1B1). Lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. [61510] [61511]
[61513] [62131]
Solifenacin: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir administration is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir
with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4
metabolism. Coadministration with drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 may result in elevated plasma concentrations and an added risk
of adverse reactions such as QT prolongation. Drugs that prolong the QT interval and are CYP3A4 substrates that should be used
cautiously and with close monitoring with lopinavir; ritonavir include solifenacin. [28341] [30515] (Moderate) Do not exceed a 5 mg
daily dose of solifenacin if coadministered with ritonavir. The plasma concentrations of solifenacin may be elevated when administered
concurrently with ritonavir. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, while solifenacin is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of
another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean Cmax and AUC of solifenacin increased by 1.5 and 2.7-fold, respectively. [30515]
[47165]
Somatropin, rh-GH: (Minor) When somatropin, an inducer of CYP3A4, and anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, a CYP3A4 substrate, are
coadministered, patients should be monitored for changes in anti-retroviral efficacy. Published data indicate that in HIV-infected patients
receiving somatropin for wasting or HIV-associated adipose redistribution syndrome (HARS), somatropin did not adversely affect
antiretroviral effectiveness as indicated by no change in the concentration of circulating CD4 counts or viral load. [10378]
Sonidegib: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sonidegib and lopinavir; ritonavir as sonidegib levels may be significantly increased
resulting in an increased risk of adverse events, particularly musculoskeletal toxicity. Sonidegib is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir;
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the mean Cmax and AUC of
sonidegib by 2.2-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively. [28315] [60000] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sonidegib and ritonavir as
sonidegib levels may be significantly increased resulting in an increased risk of adverse events, particularly musculoskeletal toxicity.
Sonidegib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
the mean Cmax and AUC of sonidegib by 2.2-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively [28315] [58864] [60000] [60002]
Sorafenib: (Major) Monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes if coadministration of sorafenib with lopinavir is
necessary; correct any electrolyte abnormalities. An interruption or discontinuation of sorafenib therapy may be necessary if QT
prolongation occurs. Sorafenib has been associated with QT prolongation. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation.
[31832]
Sotalol: (Major) The use of ritonavir could result in QT prolongation. Drugs with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that
should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with ritonavir include sotalol. [28234] [47165] (Major) Use caution during
coadministration of sotalol and lopinavir; ritonavir. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Sotalol administration is
associated with QT prolongation and torsades de pointes (TdP). Proarrhythmic events should be anticipated after initiation of therapy
and after each upward dosage adjustment. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with sotalol may result in additive QT prolongation.
[28234] [28341]
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: (Severe) Use of St. John's wort with protease inhibitors is contraindicated. St. John's wort is an
inducer of CYP3A and is expected to significantly decrease the plasma concentrations of all currently marketed protease inhibitors.
Reductions in plasma concentrations of these drugs could lead to HIV treatment failures or the development of viral-resistance. St.
John's wort in all forms, including teas, should be avoided in HIV patients treated with these agents. [2718] [28315] [28731] [28995] [46638]
[4718] [4865] [4935] [8102]
Sufentanil: (Moderate) Because the dose of the sufentanil sublingual tablets cannot be titrated, consider an alternate opiate if a protease
inhibitor must be administered. Consider a reduced dose of sufentanil injection with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and
sedation if concurrent use of a protease inhibitor is necessary. If a protease inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the sufentanil
injection dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Sufentanil is a CYP3A4 substrate,
and coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor like protease inhibitors can increase sufentanil exposure resulting in increased or
prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of sufentanil. If a
protease inhibitor is discontinued, sufentanil plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and
potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to sufentanil. [30966] [47165] [63731]
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance
Patients on antidiabetic agents should be closely monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease
inhibitor therapy is initiated. [28380] [29012] [30575] [31320] [34471] [34472] [34489] [34490] [34491] [34557] [47165] [51227] [58000] [58763]
Sunitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with sunitinib if possible due to increased sunitinib exposure, which may
increase the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor patients for QT prolongation and consider reducing the
dose of sunitinib in 12.5 mg decrements based on individual safety and tolerability to a minimum of 37.5 mg (GIST and RCC) or 25 mg
(pNET) daily. In the adjuvant RCC study, the minimum dose administered was 37.5 mg. Sunitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate that can cause
dose-dependent QT prolongation, which may increase the risk for ventricular arrhythmias, including torsades de points (TdP).
Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration with
another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased exposure to sunitinib and its primary active metabolite by 51%. [28341] [31970] [56579]
(Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with sunitinib if possible due to increased sunitinib exposure, which may increase the risk
of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of sunitinib in 12.5 mg decrements based on
individual safety and tolerability to a minimum of 37.5 mg (GIST and RCC) or 25 mg (pNET) daily. In the adjuvant RCC study, the
minimum dose administered was 37.5 mg. Sunitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased exposure to sunitinib and its primary active metabolite by 51%.
[31970] [47165]
Suvorexant: (Major) Coadministration of suvorexant and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended due to the potential for significantly
increased suvorexant exposure. Suvorexant is a CYP3A4 substrate. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration
of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the suvorexant AUC by 2.8-fold. [28341] [56579] [57780] (Major) Coadministration of
suvorexant and ritonavir is not recommended due to the potential for significantly increased suvorexant exposure. Suvorexant is a
CYP3A4 substrate. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the
suvorexant AUC by 2.8-fold. [57780]
Tacrolimus: (Major) Reducing the tacrolimus dose, close monitoring of tacrolimus whole blood concentrations, and monitoring for QT
prolongation is recommended when coadministering tacrolimus with other substrates and/or inhibitors of CYP3A4 that also have the
potential to prolong the QT interval such as lopinavir; ritonavir. In one case, lopinavir; ritonavir was added to a patients' tacrolimus-
containing medication regimen. Three days after initiating lopinavir; ritonavir, tacrolimus concentrations rose to toxic concentrations.
Subsequently, the tacrolimus dosage was decreased from 5 mg twice daily to 0.5 mg once weekly to maintain appropriate tacrolimus
blood concentrations. [27795] [28341] [28611] (Moderate) A reduced dose of tacrolimus based on tacrolimus whole blood concentrations
is recommended if coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent administration is expected to increase tacrolimus whole blood trough
concentrations and increase the risk of serious adverse reactions including neurotoxicity and QT prolongation. Tacrolimus is a CYP3A4
substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28611] [47165]
Tadalafil: (Major) For the treatment of erectile dysfunction, do not exceed 10 mg of tadalafil within 72 hours of lopinavir for the 'as
needed' dose or 2.5 mg daily for the 'once-daily' dose. Avoid the use of tadalafil for pulmonary hypertension during the initiation of
lopinavir; ritonavir therapy. Stop tadalafil at least 24 hours prior to starting amprenavir. After at least 1 week of lopinavir; ritonavir
therapy, resume tadalafil at 20 mg once daily. Increase to 40 mg once daily based on tolerability. Tadalafil is metabolized by CYP3A4,
and lopinavir; ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Substantially increased tadalafil plasma concentrations may result in increased
adverse events including hypotension, syncope, visual changes, and prolonged erection. [28220] [28341] [40250] [40259] (Major) For the
treatment of erectile dysfunction, do not exceed 10 mg of tadalafil within 72 hours of ritonavir for the 'as needed' dose or 2.5 mg daily
for the 'once-daily' dose. Avoid the use of tadalafil for pulmonary hypertension during the initiation of ritonavir therapy. Stop tadalafil at
least 24 hours prior to starting ritonavir. After at least 1 week of ritonavir therapy, resume tadalafil at 20 mg once daily. Increase to 40
mg once daily based on tolerability. Coadministration of ritonavir with tadalafil results in a 124% increase in tadalafil AUC.
Substantially increased tadalafil plasma concentrations may result in increased adverse events including hypotension, syncope, visual
changes, and prolonged erection. It should be noted that during once daily administration of tadalafil, the presence of continuous plasma
tadalafil concentrations may change the potential for interactions with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4. [28220] [28315] [40259]
Talazoparib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in talazoparib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir is
necessary. Talazoparib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration with other P-gp inhibitors
increased talazoparib exposure by 8% to 45%. [28341] [63651] (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in talazoparib-related adverse
reactions if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary. Talazoparib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and ritonavir is a P-gp
inhibitor. Coadministration with other P-gp inhibitors increased talazoparib exposure by 8% to 45%. [28380] [34557] [63651]
Tamoxifen: (Major) Use caution if coadministration of lopinavir with tamoxifen is necessary due to the risk of QT prolongation.
Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Tamoxifen has also been reported to prolong the QT interval, usually in
overdose or when used in high doses. Rare case reports of QT prolongation have also been described when tamoxifen is used at lower
doses. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation.
[28341] [61870] [61871] [61872] [63589]
Tamsulosin: (Major) Plasma concentrations of tamsulosin may be increased with concomitant use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors.
Tamsulosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 hepatic enzymes. In clinical evaluation, concomitant treatment with a
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in significant increases in tamsulosin exposure. Such increases in tamsulosin concentrations may be
expected to produce clinically significant and potentially serious side effects, such as hypotension. Therefore, concomitant use of
tamsulosin with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, or an agent with both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitor activity, should be avoided. [29677]
[4194] [8102]
Tasimelteon: (Major) Concurrent use of tasimelteon and strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, such as ritonavir, should be avoided if possible.
Because tasimelteon is partially metabolized via CYP3A4, a large increase in exposure of tasimelteon with the potential for adverse
reactions is possible if these drugs are coadministered. During administration of tasimelteon and another potent CYP3A4 inhibitor,
tasimelteon exposure increased by about 50%. [56665]
Tazemetostat: (Major) Avoid coadministration of tazemetostat with lopinavir; ritonavir as concurrent use may increase tazemetostat
exposure and the frequency and severity of adverse reactions. Tazemetostat is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong
CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor increased tazemetostat exposure by 3.1-fold. [28341] [56579]
[64952] (Major) Avoid coadministration of tazemetostat with ritonavir as concurrent use may increase tazemetostat exposure and the
frequency and severity of adverse reactions. Tazemetostat is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor increased tazemetostat exposure by 3.1-fold. [47165] [64952]
Telaprevir: (Major) Concurrent administration of lopinavir; ritonavir with telaprevir is not recommended. If lopinavir; ritonavir and
telaprevir are coadministered, monitor the patient closely for HIV and hepatitis C treatment failures. [44393] [5070]
Telavancin: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
telavancin with lopinavir; ritonavir. Both lopinavir; ritonavir and telavancin have been associated with QT prolongation. [28341] [36615]
Telithromycin: (Major) Avoid coadministration of telithromycin and ritonavir due to increased telithromycin exposure which may
increase the risk of QT prolongation; ritonavir exposure may also increase. Both drugs are substrates and strong inhibitors of CYP3A4.
[28156] [47165] (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
telithromycin with lopinavir; ritonavir. Both telithromycin and lopinavir; ritonavir are associated with a risk for QT prolongation and
TdP. Additionally, telithromycin is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and may affect the metabolism of both lopinavir and ritonavir. This
could potentially result in increased plasma concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir. [28156] [28341]
Telotristat Ethyl: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of telotristat ethyl and lopinavir is necessary, as the systemic exposure of
lopinavir may be decreased resulting in reduced efficacy and viral resistance; exposure to telotristat ethyl may also be increased. If these
drugs are used together, monitor patients for suboptimal efficacy of lopinavir as well as an increase in adverse reactions related to
telotristat ethyl. Lopinavir is a CYP3A4 substrate. The mean Cmax and AUC of another sensitive CYP3A4 substrate was decreased by
25% and 48%, respectively, when co-administered with telotristat ethyl; the mechanism of this interaction appears to be that telotristat
ethyl increases the glucuronidation of the CYP3A4 substrate. Additionally, the active metabolite of telotristat ethyl, telotristat, is a
substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Exposure to telotristat ethyl may increase. [28341] [56579] [61795]
(Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of telotristat ethyl and ritonavir is necessary, as the systemic exposure of ritonavir may be
decreased resulting in reduced efficacy; exposure to telotristat ethyl may also be increased. If these drugs are used together, monitor
patients for suboptimal efficacy of ritonavir as well as an increase in adverse reactions related to telotristat ethyl. Ritonavir is a CYP3A4
substrate. The mean Cmax and AUC of another sensitive CYP3A4 substrate was decreased by 25% and 48%, respectively, when
coadministered with telotristat ethyl; the mechanism of this interaction appears to be that telotristat ethyl increases the glucuronidation
of the CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inducer decreased the ritonavir AUC and Cmax by 35% and 25%,
respectively. Additionally, the active metabolite of telotristat ethyl, telotristat, is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ritonavir is a P-
gp inhibitor. Exposure to telotristat ethyl may increase. [28380] [34557] [61795]
Temsirolimus: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with temsirolimus due to increased plasma concentrations of the
primary active metabolite of temsirolimus (sirolimus). If concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of temsirolimus to
12.5 mg per week. Allow a washout period of approximately 1 week after discontinuation of lopinavir before increasing temsirolimus to
its original dose. Temsirolimus is a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with
another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor did not significantly affect temsirolimus exposure, but increased the AUC and Cmax of sirolimus by
3.1-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. [28341] [50586] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with temsirolimus due to increased
plasma concentrations of the primary active metabolite of temsirolimus (sirolimus); exposure to ritonavir may also increase. If
concomitant use is unavoidable, consider reducing the dose of temsirolimus to 12.5 mg per week. Allow a washout period of
approximately 1 week after discontinuation of ritonavir before increasing temsirolimus to its original dose. Temsirolimus is a CYP3A4
substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor did not significantly
affect temsirolimus exposure, but increased the AUC and Cmax of sirolimus by 3.1-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively. Ritonavir is also a P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and temsirolimus is a P-gp inhibitor. Concomitant use may lead to increased concentrations of ritonavir.
[34557] [47165] [50586]
Teniposide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of teniposide with lopinavir; ritonavir may result in elevated teniposide plasma
concentrations. Teniposide is a substrate for CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp, while
lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [11520] [28380] [28498]
[34660] [47165] [56579] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of teniposide with ritonavir may result in elevated teniposide plasma
concentrations. Teniposide is a substrate for CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir inhibits both CYP3A44 and P-gp. Caution
and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [28498] [34660] [47165] [48961] [58664]
Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with tenofovir alafenamide may result in elevated tenofovir serum
concentrations. Tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3);
lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. When 10 mg of tenofovir alafenamide was administered daily with lopinavir; ritonavir (800 mg/200
mg PO daily), the tenofovir Cmax and AUC increased by 2.19-fold and 1.47-fold, respectively. Monitor for increased toxicities if these
drugs are given together. [60269] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with tenofovir alafenamide may result in elevated tenofovir serum
concentrations. Tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3);
lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. When 10 mg of tenofovir alafenamide was administered daily with lopinavir; ritonavir (800 mg/200
mg PO daily), the tenofovir Cmax and AUC increased by 2.19-fold and 1.47-fold, respectively. Monitor for increased toxicities if these
drugs are given together. [60269] [61510] [61511] [61513]
Tenofovir, PMPA: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering tenofovir, PMPA, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer
resistance protein (BCRP) substrate, concurrently with inhibitors of P-gp and BCRP, such as ritonavir. Coadministration may result in
increased absorption of tenofovir. Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions. [28193] [58664] (Minor) There are varying results
in reports of an interaction between tenofovir and lopinavir; ritonavir. In one report, the concurrent administration of tenofovir with
lopinavir; ritonavir increased tenofovir Cmax 31%, AUC 34%, and Cmin 29%, with slight (15%) decreases in lopinavir Cmax and
AUC; the alterations may be a food effect rather than a drug-drug interaction. In another report, lopinavir; ritonavir (400 mg; 100 mg PO
twice daily for 14 days) increased the tenofovir (300 mg/day PO) Cmin 51% and AUC 32%, with no effect seen on lopinavir; ritonavir
pharmacokinetics. While the clinical significance of this interaction is unknown, and is suspected to be insignificant, patients receiving
lopinavir; ritonavir with tenofovir should be monitored for tenofovir-associated adverse events. [46638]
Terbinafine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering terbinafine with ritonavir. Although this interaction has not been studied
by the manufacturer, and published literature suggests the potential for interactions to be low, taking these drugs together may alter the
systemic exposure of terbinafine. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of both drugs.
Terbinafine is metabolized by at least 7 CYP isoenyzmes, with major contributions coming from CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4;
ritonavir is an inducer of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9, and an inhibitor/inducer of CYP3A4. Monitor patients for adverse reactions and
breakthrough fungal infections if these drugs are coadministered. [37590] [43880] [43881] [47165] [56538]
Terbutaline: (Minor) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that
Terfenadine: (Severe) Caution should be used in patients receiving protease inhibitors concurrently with drugs metabolized via CYP3A4
and known to cause QT prolongation. Protease inhibitors inhibit the CYP3A4 isoenzyme at clinically relevant concentrations, which
may lead to increased serum concentrations of terfenadine and an increased potential for QT prolongation or other adverse effects.
Serious and/or life-threatening drug interactions could potentially occur between protease inhibitors and terfenadine. [141] [1800] [4865]
[5044]
Tesamorelin: (Minor) Use caution when coadministering tesamorelin with ritonavir as their concurrent use may alter ritonavir plasma
concentrations. In a pharmacokinetic study, multiple 2 mg doses of tesamorelin administered with ritonavir resulted in a 9% decrease in
ritonavir AUC and an 11% decrease in ritonavir Cmax. The clinical impact of these pharmacokinetic changes is unknown; however,
patients should be monitored for decreased ritonavir efficacy. [42405]
Testosterone: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of testosterone with lopinavir; ritonavir may result in elevated plasma
concentrations of testosterone and ritonavir. Testosterone is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-
glycoprotein (P-gp). Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor, while lopinavir also inhibits P-gp. In addition, testosterone inhibits P-
gp; ritonavir is a substrate of P-gp. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [11580] [11581]
[28380] [56579] (Moderate) Concurrent administration of testosterone with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of
testosterone and ritonavir. Testosterone is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
Ritonavir is a CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor. In addition, testosterone inhibits P-gp; ritonavir is a substrate of P-gp. Caution and close
Tetrabenazine: (Major) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration of lopinavir;
ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as tetrabenazine, may result in additive QT prolongation. Tetrabenazine
causes a small increase in the corrected QT interval (QTc). The manufacturer recommends avoiding concurrent use of tetrabenazine
with other drugs known to prolong QTc. [11246] [28341]
Tezacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Major) If ritonavir and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but
reduce the frequency to twice weekly. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another
strong CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 8.5-fold. [48524] (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of tezacaftor; ivacaftor
when coadministered with lopinavir; coadministration may increase tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When
combined, dose 1 tezacaftor; ivacaftor combination tablet twice a week, approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4). The
evening dose of ivacaftor should not be taken. Both tezacaftor and ivacaftor are CYP3A substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate);
lopinavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A inhibitor increased tezacaftor and ivacaftor exposure 4- and
15.6-fold, respectively. [28341] [56579] [62870] (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of tezacaftor; ivacaftor when coadministered with
ritonavir; coadministration may increase tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When combined, dose 1 tezacaftor;
ivacaftor combination tablet twice a week, approximately 3 to 4 days apart (i.e., Day 1 and Day 4). The evening dose of ivacaftor should
not be taken. Both tezacaftor and ivacaftor are CYP3A substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate); ritonavir is a strong CYP3A
inhibitor. Coadministration of a strong CYP3A inhibitor increased tezacaftor and ivacaftor exposure 4- and 15.6-fold, respectively.
[47165] [62870]
Theophylline, Aminophylline: (Moderate) Ritonavir decreased theophylline AUC and Cmax by 43% and 52%, respectively, when the
two drugs were coadministered. Higher dosages of aminophylline might be required. [1800] [5044] (Moderate) Ritonavir decreased
theophylline AUC and Cmax by 43% and 52%, respectively, when the two drugs were coadministered. If these drugs are used together,
therapeutic drug monitoring should be considered. Higher dosages of theophylline might be required. [47165]
Thiazolidinediones: (Moderate) New onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, and hyperglycemia due to insulin
resistance have been reported with use of anti-retroviral protease inhibitors. Onset averaged approximately 63 days after initiating
protease inhibitor therapy, but has occurred as early as 4 days after beginning therapy. Diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred in some
patients including patients who were not diabetic prior to protease inhibitor treatment. Patients on antidiabetic agents should be closely
monitored for changes in glycemic control, specifically hyperglycemia, if protease inhibitor therapy is initiated. In addition,
coadministration of atazanavir with rosiglitazone may result in elevated rosiglitazone plasma concentrations. Rosiglitazone is a substrate
for CYP2C8; atazanavir is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C8. [28142] [28172] [28380] [30575] [31320] [34557] [47165] [50768] [51227]
Thiopental: (Major) Barbiturates may increase the metabolism of lopinavir and lead to decreased antiretroviral efficacy. In addition,
Thioridazine: (Severe) Thioridazine is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP).
Thioridazine is considered contraindicated for use along with lopinavir; ritonavir which, when combined with thioridazine, may prolong
the QT interval and increase the risk of TdP, and/or cause orthostatic hypotension. [28225] [28293] [28341] (Moderate) Close clinical
monitoring is recommended during coadministration; thioridazine dose reductions may be required. The plasma concentrations of
thioridazine may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Elevated levels of thioridazine may result in prolongation
of the QTc interval and may increase the risk of serious, potentially fatal, cardiac arrhythmias, such as torsades de pointes. [43069]
[47165]
Thiotepa: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of thiotepa and lopinavir; ritonavir if possible because reduced metabolism to the active
thiotepa metabolite may result in decreased thiotepa efficacy. Consider an alternative agent with no or minimal potential to inhibit
CYP3A4. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients for signs of reduced thiotepa efficacy. In vitro, thiotepa is metabolized via
CYP3A4 to the active metabolite, TEPA. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [61718] (Major) Avoid the
concomitant use of thiotepa and ritonavir if possible; reduced metabolism to the active thiotepa metabolite may result in decreased
thiotepa efficacy. Consider an alternative agent with no or minimal potential to inhibit CYP3A4. If coadministration is necessary,
monitor patients for signs of reduced thiotepa efficacy. In vitro, thiotepa is metabolized via CYP3A4 to the active metabolite, TEPA;
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [47165] [61718]
Tiagabine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of tiagabine with ritonavir may result in elevated tiagabine plasma concentrations.
Tiagabine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are
advised if these drugs are administered together. [58664] [7573]
Ticagrelor: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of ticagrelor and ritonavir. Ticagrelor is a substrate of CYP3A4/5 and P-glycoprotein (P-
gp), and ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor and a P-gp inhibitor. Concomitant use with ritonavir substantially increases ticagrelor
exposure which may increase the bleeding risk. In addition, ticagrelor is also a mild CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor. Ritonavir is a
substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [44951] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of ticagrelor and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as
lopinavir; ritonavir. Ticagrelor is a substrate of CYP3A4/5 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and concomitant use with lopinavir; ritonavir
substantially increases ticagrelor exposure which may increase the bleeding risk. [34557] [44951]
Timolol: (Moderate) Timolol is significantly metabolized by CYP2D6 isoenzymes. CYP2D6 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may impair
timolol metabolism; the clinical significance of such interactions is unknown. [5044] [5270]
Tinidazole: (Moderate) Coadministration of tinidazole with ritonavir may accelerate the elimination of tinidazole, decreasing the plasma
concentration of tinidazole, or prolong the half-life and decrease the plasma clearance of tinidazole, increasing the plasma concentration
of tinidazole. Tinidazole is a CYP3A4 substrate, and ritonavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and strong CYP3A4 inducer. [29931]
Tiotropium; Olodaterol: (Moderate) Beta-agonists, such as olodaterol, may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including
QT interval prolongation. Beta-agonists should be administered with extreme caution to patients being treated with drugs known to
prolong the QT interval because the action of beta-agonists on the cardiovascular system may be potentiated. Drugs with a possible risk
for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with olodaterol include ritonavir. [47165] [57710]
(Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with other drugs that prolong the
QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Use cautiously with drugs that prolong the QT interval such as beta-agonists. Beta-
agonists may be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects including QT interval prolongation, usually at higher doses and/or when
associated with hypokalemia. Concomitant use of salmeterol and lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended as increased concentrations of
salmeterol may occur via inhibition of CYP3A4, which might increase the risk for cardiac adverse reactions, like increased heart rate.
[28318] [28341] [32901] [33925] [41231]
Tofacitinib: (Major) A dosage reduction of tofacitinib is necessary if coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir. In patients receiving 5 mg
twice daily, reduce to 5 mg once daily; in patients receiving 10 mg twice daily, reduce to 5 mg twice daily; in patients receiving 11 mg
once daily of the extended-release formulation, switch to the immediate-release formulation at a dose of 5 mg once daily. Tofacitinib
exposure is increased when coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; tofacitinib is a
CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased tofacitinib exposure by 2-fold. [28341] [52315]
(Major) A dosage reduction of tofacitinib is necessary if coadministered with ritonavir. In patients receiving 5 mg twice daily, reduce to
5 mg once daily; in patients receiving 10 mg twice daily, reduce to 5 mg twice daily; in patients receiving 11 mg once daily of the
extended-release formulation, switch to the immediate-release formulation at a dose of 5 mg once daily. Tofacitinib exposure is
increased when coadministered with ritonavir. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor; tofacitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased tofacitinib exposure by 2-fold. [28315] [52315]
Tolterodine: (Major) Reduce the dose of immediate-release tolterodine to 1 mg twice daily and extended-release tolterodine to 2 mg
once daily and monitor for evidence of QT prolongation if coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir. Concurrent use may increase
tolterodine exposure. Lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor that has been associated with prolongation of the QT interval.
Tolterodine has been associated with dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval, especially in poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. In
CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, the CYP3A4 pathway becomes important in tolterodine elimination. Because it is difficult to assess which
patients will be poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, reduced doses of tolterodine are advised when administered with strong CYP3A4
inhibitors. In a drug interaction study, coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the tolterodine AUC by 2.5-fold in
CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. [28341] [31112] [43295] (Major) Reduce the dose of immediate-release tolterodine to 1 mg twice daily and
extended-release tolterodine to 2 mg once daily if coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may increase tolterodine exposure.
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. In CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, the CYP3A4 pathway becomes important in tolterodine
elimination. Because it is difficult to assess which patients will be poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, reduced doses of tolterodine are advised
when administered with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. In a drug interaction study, coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased
the tolterodine AUC by 2.5-fold in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. [31112] [43295] [47165]
Tolvaptan: (Severe) The concomitant use of tolvaptan and lopinavir; ritonavir is contraindicated. Concurrent use is expected to increase
tolvaptan exposure. Tolvaptan is a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of another
strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased tolvaptan exposure 5-fold. No data exists regarding the appropriate dose adjustment needed to allow
safe administration of tolvaptan with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. [28341] [35780] [56579] [63106] (Severe) The concomitant use of
tolvaptan and ritonavir is contraindicated. Concurrent use is expected to increase tolvaptan exposure. Tolvaptan is a sensitive CYP3A4
substrate; ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased tolvaptan exposure
5-fold. No data exists regarding the appropriate dose adjustment needed to allow safe administration of tolvaptan with strong CYP3A4
inhibitors. [35780] [47165] [63106]
Topiramate: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of ritonavir.
Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close
Topotecan: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lopinavir with oral topotecan due to increased topotecan exposure; lopinavir may be
administered with intravenous topotecan. Oral topotecan is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Oral
administration within 4 hours of another P-gp inhibitor increased the dose-normalized AUC of topotecan lactone and total topotecan 2-
fold to 3-fold compared to oral topotecan alone. [28341] [33536] [33578] [46322] [56579] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with
oral topotecan due to increased topotecan exposure; ritonavir may be administered with intravenous topotecan. Oral topotecan is a
substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ritonavir is a P-gp inhibitor. Oral administration within 4 hours of another P-gp inhibitor
increased the dose-normalized AUC of topotecan lactone and total topotecan 2-fold to 3-fold compared to oral topotecan alone. [28380]
[33536] [33578] [46322]
Toremifene: (Major) Avoid coadministration of conivaptan with toremifene if possible due to increased plasma concentrations of
toremifene which may result in QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and
monitor electrolytes; correct hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia prior to administration of toremifene. Toremifene is a CYP3A4 substrate
that has been shown to prolong the QTc interval in a dose- and concentration-related manner, and conivaptan is a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased toremifene exposure by 2.9-fold; exposure to N-
demethyltoremifene was reduced by 20%. [28341] [28822] (Major) Avoid coadministration of ritonavir with toremifene if possible due to
increased plasma concentrations of toremifene which may result in QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor
ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia prior to administration of toremifene.
Toremifene is a CYP3A4 substrate that has been shown to prolong the QTc interval in a dose- and concentration-related manner, and
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased toremifene exposure by 2.9-
fold; exposure to N-demethyltoremifene was reduced by 20%. [28822] [47165]
Trabectedin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of trabectedin with lopinavir; ritonavir due to the risk of increased trabectedin
exposure. Trabectedin is a CYP3A substrate and lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong
CYP3A inhibitor increased the systemic exposure of a single dose of trabectedin (0.58 mg/m2 IV) by 66% compared to a single dose of
trabectedin (1.3 mg/m2) given alone. [28341] [56579] [60248] (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of trabectedin with ritonavir due to the
risk of increased trabectedin exposure. Trabectedin is a CYP3A substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration
with another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased the systemic exposure of a single dose of trabectedin (0.58 mg/m2 IV) by 66%
compared to a single dose of trabectedin (1.3 mg/m2) given alone. [47165] [60248]
Tramadol: (Major) Tramadol is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 and CYP3A4; drugs that inhibit these enzymes, such as ritonavir,
may decrease the metabolism of tramadol. This may result in a decreased concentration of the active metabolite (O-desmethyltramadol)
leading to decreased analgesic effects and possibly increased side effects (seizures and serotonin syndrome) due to higher tramadol
concentrations. [40255] [5043] [9316]
Trandolapril; Verapamil: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of verapamil with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations
of both drugs. Both verapamil and ritonavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Verapamil also inhibits the drug transporter P-
glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a substrate of P-gp. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the
PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not
been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel
blocker doses may be warranted. [11554] [40025] [5044] [56565] [6446]
Trazodone: (Major) Avoid coadministration of trazodone and lopinavir; ritonavir due to the potential for additive effects on the QT
interval; increased exposure to trazodone may also occur. Both trazodone and lopinavir; ritonavir are associated with QT prolongation;
there are also postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes with trazodone. In addition, concurrent use may lead to substantial increases in
trazodone plasma concentrations, further increasing the risk for adverse effects. If trazodone must be used with a potent CYP3A4
inhibitor, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, a lower dose of trazodone should be considered. [28341] [63609] (Major) Avoid coadministration of
trazodone with ritonavir due to the potential for increased trazodone exposure and associated adverse effects including QT prolongation.
If concurrent use cannot be avoided, consider a reduced dose of trazodone based on tolerability. Trazodone is a CYP3A4 substrate;
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of other strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the exposure of trazodone
compared to the use of trazodone alone. [28315] [38831] [46638] [47165]
Triamcinolone: (Moderate) Ritonavir may inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of triamcinolone, resulting in increased plasma
triamcinolone concentrations and reduced serum cortisol concentrations. There have been reports of clinically significant drug
interactions in patients receiving ritonavir (a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) along with corticosteroids resulting in systemic corticosteroid
effects including, but not limited to, Cushing syndrome and adrenal suppression. Consider the benefit-risk of concomitant use and
monitor for systemic corticosteroid side effects. Consider using an alternative treatment to triamcinolone, such as a corticosteroid not
metabolized by CYP3A4 (i.e., beclomethasone or prednisolone). In some patients, a corticosteroid dose adjustment may be needed. If
corticosteroid therapy is to be discontinued, consider tapering the dose over a period of time to decrease the potential for withdrawal.
[28341] [47165] [56202]
Triazolam: (Severe) Coadministration of triazolam, a primary CYP3A4 substrate, with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as protease
inhibitors, is contraindicated by the manufacturer of triazolam due to the risk for increased and prolonged sedation and respiratory
depression. Concurrent use is expected to produce large increases in systemic exposure to triazolam, with the potential for serious
adverse effects. [28142] [28341] [28731] [28839] [28995] [29012] [31320] [32432] [41543] [46638] [47165]
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Major) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such share pharmacologic properties similar to the Class IA
antiarrhythmic agents and may prolong the QT interval, particularly in overdose or with higher-dose prescription therapy (elevated
serum concentrations). Lopinavir; ritonavir has a possible risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) and should be used
cautiously and with close monitoring with TCAs. In addition, ritonavir potently inhibits CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, and thus may inhibit
the metabolism of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). A significant effect of ritonavir on desipramine clearance has been reported.
Since the magnitude of the interaction with the TCAs is difficult to predict but may be significant, closely monitor patients receiving
lopinavir; ritonavir and TCAs concurrently. Adjust the dosage of the coadministered drug based on therapeutic response. TCA serum
concentration monitoring may be useful to guide adjustments and prevent toxicity. [28225] [28315] [28341] [28416] [46638] (Moderate) A
dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir. Concurrent use may result in
elevated TCA plasma concentrations. [47165]
Trifluoperazine: (Minor) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with trifluoperazine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Trifluoperazine, a phenothiazine, is
also associated with a possible risk for QT prolongation. [28341] [28415]
Trimetrexate: (Moderate) Protease inhibitors inhibit the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme. Concurrent administration of trimetrexate
with protease inhibitors may result in increased trimetrexate levels. Monitor patients closely. [4718] [5172] [5206] [5224]
Trimipramine: (Moderate) A dose reduction of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) may be necessary when coadministered with ritonavir.
Triptorelin: (Major) Consider whether the benefits of androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., triptorelin) outweigh the potential risks of QT
Ubrogepant: (Severe) Coadministration of ubrogepant and ritonavir is contraindicated as concurrent use may increase ubrogepant
exposure and the risk of adverse effects. Ubrogepant is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration
with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in a 9.7-fold increase in the exposure of ubrogepant. [47165] [64874] (Major) Limit the
initial and second dose of ubrogepant to 50 mg if coadministered with lopinavir. Concurrent use may increase ubrogepant exposure and
the risk of adverse effects. Ubrogepant is a substrate of the P-gp drug transporter; lopinavir is a P-gp inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [64874]
Ulipristal: (Moderate) Use of ulipristal and lopinavir may increase the plasma concentration of ulipristal but is not likely to be
significant for single-dose emergency contraceptive use. Avoid lopinavir if ulipristal is given chronically for hormonal conditions.
Concomitant use of ulipristal, a CYP3A4 substrate and lopinavir, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor may increase the plasma concentration of
ulipristal resulting in an increased risk for ulipristal-related adverse events. [41569] [50623] (Moderate) Use of ulipristal and ritonavir
may increase the plasma concentration of ulipristal but is not likely to be significant for emergency contraceptive use. Avoid ritonavir if
ulipristal is given chronically for hormonal conditions. Ulipristal is a substrate of CYP3A4 and ritonavir is a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor
and in chronic use, may induce CYP3A4. Use together is likely to increase ulipristal concentrations overall, which may increase the risk
for ulipristal-related adverse reactions. [41569] [50623]
Umeclidinium; Vilanterol: (Moderate) QT prolongation in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir has been reported. Coadministration with
Upadacitinib: (Moderate) Use upadacitinib with caution in patients receiving chronic treatment with lopinavir; ritonavir as upadacitinib
exposure and adverse effects may be increased. Upadacitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Concurrent use of upadacitinib with a strong inhibitor increased upadacitinib exposure by 75%. [28341] [56579] [64572] (Moderate) Use
upadacitinib with caution in patients receiving chronic treatment with ritonavir as upadacitinib exposure and adverse effects may be
increased. Upadacitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Concurrent use of upadacitinib with a strong
inhibitor increased upadacitinib exposure by 75%. [47165] [64572]
Valbenazine: (Major) The dose of valbenazine should be reduced to 40 mg once daily during co-administration with a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor, such as ritonavir. QT prolongation is not clinically significant at valbenazine concentrations expected with recommended
dosing; however, valbenazine concentrations may be higher in patients taking a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and QT prolongation may
become clinically significant. [61873]
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: (Major) In a single case report, possible ritonavir-mediated induction of valproic acid
glucuronidation resulted in a decrease in valproic acid concentrations and efficacy. A man with bipolar disorder and HIV was stabilized
on valproic acid 250 mg PO three times daily. Treatment was started with lopinavir; ritonavir and lamivudine, 3TC; zidovudine, ZDV in
addition to the valproic acid. Three weeks after starting the antiretroviral medication, his manic symptoms worsened. Upon hospital
admission due to the mania, his valproic acid concentration had decreased 48% (from 495 to 238 micromol/l). His valproic acid dose
was increased to 1500 mg and olanzapine was introduced. The valproic acid concentration following this dose escalation was 392
micromol/l, and the patient improved clinically. Of note, the patient had also received paroxetine for treatment of comorbid depression
when the antiretrovirals were initiated, but the SSRI was discontinued by the patient after 5 days. The SSRI may have contributed to the
initial hypomanic episode. Clinicians should be aware of this potential interaction and closely monitor valproic acid concentrations and
efficacy. A valproic acid dose increase may be needed. In addition, valproic acid is an inducer of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and an
inhibitor/inducer of CYP3A4; ritonavir is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. [57048] [57080] [8650]
Valsartan: (Moderate) Concurrent use of lopinavir with valsartan may result in elevated valsartan serum concentrations. Valsartan is a
substrate for the drug transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1/1B3); lopinavir is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. Monitor
for increased toxicities if these drugs are given together. [56575] [61510] [61511] [61513] (Minor) Valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic
efflux transporter MRP2 and ritonavir is an inhibitor of MRP2. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients
should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan during coadministration. [28315] [29130] [36646] [39870] [60860]
Vandetanib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of vandetanib with lopinavir due to an increased risk of QT prolongation and torsade de
pointes (TdP). If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QT prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct hypocalcemia,
hypomagnesemia, and/or hypomagnesemia prior to vandetanib administration. An interruption of vandetanib therapy or dose reduction
may be necessary for QT prolongation. Vandetanib can prolong the QT interval in a concentration-dependent manner; TdP and sudden
death have been reported in patients receiving vandetanib. Lopinavir; ritonavir is also associated with QT prolongation.
[43901]
Vardenafil: (Major) Do not use vardenafil orally disintegrating tablets with lopinavir; ritonavir due to increased vardenafil exposure; do
not exceed a single dose of 2.5 mg per 72-hour period of vardenafil oral tablets. Vardenafil is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4/5;
ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of ritonavir with vardenafil resulted in a 49-fold increase in vardenafil AUC
and a 13-fold increase in vardenafil Cmax. In addition, QT prolongation has been reported in patients taking lopinavir; ritonavir.
Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as vardenafil, may result in additive QT
prolongation. [28216] [41124] [46638] (Major) Do not use vardenafil orally disintegrating tablets with ritonavir due to increased vardenafil
exposure; do not exceed a single dose of 2.5 mg per 72-hour period of vardenafil oral tablets. Vardenafil is primarily metabolized by
CYP3A4/5; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of ritonavir with vardenafil resulted in a 49-fold increase in
vardenafil AUC and a 13-fold increase in vardenafil Cmax. Concomitant use may increase the risk of vardenafil-related adverse effects,
such as prolonged erection or QT prolongation. [28216] [41124] [46638] [47165]
Vemurafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of vemurafenib with ritonavir due to the potential for increased vemurafenib exposure;
replace these drugs with alternative agents when possible. Vemurafenib is a substrate of CYP3A4; coadministration of a strong CYP3A4
inhibitor like ritonavir may increase vemurafenib plasma concentrations and may lead to increased toxicity. [45335] [47165] (Major)
Vemurafenib has been associated with QT prolongation. If vemurafenib and another drug, such as lopinavir; ritonavir, that is associated
with a possible risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) must be coadministered, ECG monitoring is recommended;
closely monitor the patient for QT interval prolongation. Also, lopinavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor;
ritonavir is a CYP3A4 substrate and potent inhibitor, as well as a P-gp substrate and inhibitor. Vemurafenib is a CYP3A4
substrate/inducer and a P-gp substrate/inhibitor. Concentrations of vemurafenib could be increased and concentrations of lopinavir;
ritonavir could be altered. Monitor patients for toxicity and efficacy. [11416] [28341] [28380] [45335] [5044] [56579]
Venetoclax: (Major) Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with venetoclax is contraindicated during the initiation and ramp-up phase
in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL); consider an alternative medication or
adjust the venetoclax dose with close monitoring for toxicity (e.g., hematologic toxicity, GI toxicity, and tumor lysis syndrome) in
patients receiving a steady daily dose of venetoclax if concurrent use is necessary. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML),
reduce the venetoclax dose and monitor for toxicity during concurrent use. Resume the original venetoclax dose 2 to 3 days after
discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir. Specific venetoclax dosage adjustments are as follows: CLL/SLL patients at steady daily dose:
100 mg/day. AML patients: 10 mg on day 1, 20 mg on day 2, 50 mg on day 3, then 100 mg/day starting on day 4. Coadministration of
ritonavir, a strong CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP1B1/B3 inhibitor increased the venetoclax AUC by 690% in a drug interaction study. [28341]
[60706] (Major) Coadministration of ritonavir with venetoclax is contraindicated during the initiation and ramp-up phase in patients with
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL); consider an alternative medication or adjust the
venetoclax dose with close monitoring for toxicity (e.g., hematologic toxicity, GI toxicity, and tumor lysis syndrome) in patients
receiving a steady daily dose of venetoclax if concurrent use is necessary. In patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), reduce the
venetoclax dose and monitor for toxicity during concurrent use. Resume the original venetoclax dose 2 to 3 days after discontinuation of
ritonavir. Specific venetoclax dosage adjustments are as follows: CLL/SLL patients at steady daily dose: 100 mg/day. AML patients: 10
mg on day 1, 20 mg on day 2, 50 mg on day 3, then 100 mg/day starting on day 4. Coadministration of ritonavir, a strong CYP3A, P-gp,
and OATP1B1/B3 inhibitor increased the venetoclax AUC by 690% in a drug interaction study. [47165] [60706]
Venlafaxine: (Major) Due to the potential for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP), caution is advised when administering
lopinavir; ritonavir with venlafaxine. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Venlafaxine is also associated with a
possible risk of QT prolongation; TdP has been reported with post-marketing use. In addition, lopinavir; ritonavir inhibits CYP3A4 and
venlafaxine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may increase the serum concentrations of venlafaxine. [10568] [28341]
Verapamil: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of verapamil with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of both
drugs. Both verapamil and ritonavir are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Verapamil also inhibits the drug transporter P-
glycoprotein (P-gp); ritonavir is a substrate of P-gp. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the
PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not
been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel
blocker doses may be warranted. [11554] [40025] [5044] [56565] [6446]
Vilazodone: (Major) Because CYP3A4 is the primary isoenzyme involved in the metabolism of vilazodone, the manufacturer of
vilazodone recommends that the daily dose not exceed 20 mg/day during concurrent use of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as ritonavir.
The original vilazodone dose can be resumed when the CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued. [28315] [43177]
Vinblastine: (Major) Ritonavir is an inhibitor of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and an inhibitor of cytochrome
P450 (CYP) isoenzyme 3A4. Vinblastine is a P-gp and CYP3A4 substrate. Increased concentrations of vinblastine are likely if it is
coadministered with ritonavir; exercise caution. [34653] [34655] [4718] [57949] (Major) The manufacturer of lopinavir-ritonavir suggests
consideration of temporarily withholding the ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen in patients who develop significant hematologic
or gastrointestinal side effects with concurrent use of vinblastine; if the antiretroviral regimen must be withheld for a prolonged period,
consider an antiretroviral regimen that does not include a CYP3A or P-gp inhibitor. [28341] [28380] [47165] [56579] [59581]
Vincristine Liposomal: (Major) The plasma concentrations of vincristine may be significantly elevated when administered concurrently
with protease inhibitors. Consideration should be given to temporarily withholding the regimen in patients who develop significant
hematological or gastrointestinal toxicity when protease inhibitors are coadministered with vincristine. Vincristine is a CYP3A4 and P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate; protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 inhibitors and some also inhibit P-gp. If the antiretroviral regimen needs
to be withheld for a prolonged period, consider use of a revised regimen that does not include a CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor. [28155]
[28498] [28731] [29472] [31320] [32432] [34654] [34655] [34656] [47165] [49123] [50768] [50769] [51080] [51432] [57949]
Vincristine: (Major) The plasma concentrations of vincristine may be significantly elevated when administered concurrently with
protease inhibitors. Consideration should be given to temporarily withholding the regimen in patients who develop significant
hematological or gastrointestinal toxicity when protease inhibitors are coadministered with vincristine. Vincristine is a CYP3A4 and P-
glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate; protease inhibitors are CYP3A4 inhibitors and some also inhibit P-gp. If the antiretroviral regimen needs
to be withheld for a prolonged period, consider use of a revised regimen that does not include a CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor. [28155]
[28498] [28731] [29472] [31320] [32432] [34654] [34655] [34656] [47165] [49123] [50768] [50769] [51080] [51432] [57949]
Vinorelbine: (Moderate) Monitor for an earlier onset and/or increased severity of vinorelbine-related adverse reactions, including
constipation and peripheral neuropathy, if coadministration with lopinavir; ritonavir is necessary. Vinorelbine is a CYP3A4 substrate and
lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [56871] (Moderate) Monitor for an earlier onset and/or increased severity of
vinorelbine-related adverse reactions, including constipation and peripheral neuropathy, if coadministration with ritonavir is necessary.
Vinorelbine is a CYP3A4 substrate and ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [47165] [56871]
Vorapaxar: (Major) Avoid coadministration of vorapaxar and ritonavir. Increased serum concentrations of vorapaxar are possible when
vorapaxar, a CYP3A4 substrate, is coadministered with ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor. Increased exposure to vorapaxar may
increase the risk of bleeding complications. [57151]
Voriconazole: (Major) Coadministration of voriconazole and ritonavir at doses of 400 mg every 12 hours is contraindicated, and
coadministration of voriconazole with ritonavir at doses of 100 mg should be avoided unless an assessment of the benefit to risk ratio
justifies concurrent use. In one study, concurrent administration of voriconazole (400 mg every 12 hours for 1 day, then 200 mg every
12 hours for 8 days) and ritonavir (400 mg every 12 hours for 9 days) resulted in a 66% and 82% decrease in voriconazole Cmax and
AUC, respectively. Low dose ritonavir (100 mg every 12 hours) decreased voriconazole Cmax and AUC concentrations by 24% and
39%, respectively. [28158] [28315] [46638] [47165] (Major) Coadministration of voriconazole with lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided
unless an assessment of the benefit to risk ratio justifies concurrent use. Use of these drugs together may result in reduced systemic
exposure to voriconazole, and could increase the risk for breakthrough fungal infections. In one study, use of low dose ritonavir (100 mg
every 12 hours) decreased the Cmax and AUC of voriconazole by 24% and 39%, respectively; however, concurrent administration of
lopinavir; ritonavir with voriconazole has not been studied. In addition, both drugs are associated with QT prolongation; concomitant
use increases the risk of QT prolongation. [28158] [28341] [46638]
Vorinostat: (Major) Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs
that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. Vorinostat therapy is associated with a risk of QT prolongation and
should be used cautiously with lopinavir; ritonavir. [28341] [32789] (Major) The use of ritonavir could result in QT prolongation. Drugs
with a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP that should be used cautiously and with close monitoring with ritonavir include
vorinostat. [32789] [47165]
Voxelotor: (Major) Avoid coadministration of voxelotor and lopinavir; ritonavir as concurrent use may increase voxelotor exposure and
lead to increased toxicity. If coadministration is unavoidable, reduce voxelotor dosage to 1,000 mg PO once daily. Voxelotor is a
substrate of CYP3A4; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is
predicted to increase voxelotor exposure by 42% to 83%. [28341] [56579] [64778] (Major) Avoid coadministration of voxelotor and
ritonavir as concurrent use may increase voxelotor exposure and lead to increased toxicity. If coadministration is unavoidable, reduce
voxelotor dosage to 1,000 mg PO once daily. Voxelotor is a substrate of CYP3A4; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Coadministration with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase voxelotor exposure by 42% to 83%. [47165] [64778]
Warfarin: (Major) Many antiretroviral agents may interact with warfarin. Agents that inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes 3A4,
1A2, or 2C9 may decrease the metabolism of warfarin leading to increased anticoagulation effects. Ritonavir may have induction or
inhibition effects on warfarin metabolism. When warfarin (single dose of 5 mg) is administered with ritonavir (400 mg every 12 hours) a
9% increase in warfarin AUC and a 9% decrease in warfarin Cmax is seen. The high vitamin E content in amprenavir formulations may
exacerbate the effects of warfarin. Patients should be carefully monitored for changes in INR, with the potential need for warfarin
dosage adjustments, if warfarin and antiretroviral agents are coadministered. [28142] [28549] [46638]
Yohimbine: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of yohimbine with ritonavir may result in elevated yohimbine plasma concentrations.
Yohimbine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6; ritonavir is an inhibitor of these enzymes. Caution and
Zafirlukast: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of zafirlukast with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of ritonavir.
In vitro, zafirlukast is an inhibitor of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4. Ritonavir is a substrate for CYP3A4. Caution and close
monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [2129] [28222] [58664] [7806] [9700]
Zalcitabine, ddC: (Major) Zalcitabine may cause peripheral neuropathy and coadministration with other drugs associated with peripheral
neuropathy, such as ritonavir, should be avoided when possible. [1800] [6580]
Zaleplon: (Moderate) Zaleplon is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, and concurrent use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as lopinavir;
ritonavir, may decrease the clearance of zaleplon. Routine dosage adjustments of zaleplon are not required. Dosage adjustments should
be made on an individual basis according to efficacy and tolerability. [29887] (Moderate) Zaleplon is partially metabolized by CYP3A4,
and concurrent use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ritonavir, may decrease the clearance of zaleplon. Routine dosage adjustments
of zaleplon are not required. Dosage adjustments should be made on an individual basis according to efficacy and tolerability. [29887]
Zanubrutinib: (Major) Decrease the zanubrutinib dose to 80 mg PO once daily if coadministered with lopinavir; ritonavir.
Coadministration may result in increased zanubrutinib exposure and toxicity (e.g., infection, bleeding, and atrial arrhythmias). Interrupt
zanubrutinib therapy as recommended for adverse reactions. After discontinuation of lopinavir; ritonavir, resume the previous dose of
zanubrutinib. Zanubrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; lopinavir; ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The AUC of zanubrutinib was
increased by 278% when coadministered with another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. [28341] [56579] [64748] (Major) Decrease the
zanubrutinib dose to 80 mg PO once daily if coadministered with ritonavir. Coadministration may result in increased zanubrutinib
exposure and toxicity (e.g., infection, bleeding, and atrial arrhythmias). Interrupt zanubrutinib therapy as recommended for adverse
reactions. After discontinuation of ritonavir, resume the previous dose of zanubrutinib. Zanubrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; ritonavir is
a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. The AUC of zanubrutinib was increased by 278% when coadministered with another strong CYP3A4
inhibitor. [47165] [64748]
Zidovudine, ZDV: (Minor) Since ritonavir induces glucuronidation, there is the potential for reduction in zidovudine, ZDV plasma
concentrations during concurrent therapy with ritonavir. When coadministered with ritonavir, the AUC and Cmax of zidovudine, ZDV
are decreased by 12% and 27%. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown. [28315] [47165] [58664]
Zileuton: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of zileuton with protease inhibitors may result in elevated zileuton plasma
concentrations. Zileuton is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; protease inhibitors block this enzyme. Caution and close
monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together [34597] [34598] [51119]
Ziprasidone: (Major) Concomitant use of ziprasidone and lopinavir; ritonavir should be avoided due to the potential for additive QT
prolongation. Clinical trial data indicate that ziprasidone causes QT prolongation; there are postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes
(TdP) in patients with multiple confounding factors. Lopinavir; ritonavir is associated with QT prolongation. Coadministration of
lopinavir; ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the QT interval may result in additive QT prolongation. [28233] [28341] (Major)
Concomitant use of ziprasidone and ritonavir should be avoided due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. Clinical trial data
indicate that ziprasidone causes QT prolongation; there are postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes (TdP) in patients with multiple
confounding factors. The use of ritonavir could result in QT prolongation. In addition, the plasma concentrations of ziprasidone may be
elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as extrapyramidal symptoms and
CNS effects, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and ziprasidone is a partial CYP3A4
substrate. Coadministration of another strong CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the AUC and Cmax of ziprasidone by about 35 to 40%.
[28233] [47165]
Zolmitriptan: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of zolmitriptan with ritonavir may result in elevated zolmitriptan plasma
concentrations. Zolmitriptan is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and
close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. [57037] [58664]
Zolpidem: (Moderate) Consider decreasing the dose of zolpidem if coadministration with protease inhibitors is necessary. Zolpidem is a
CYP3A4 substrate and protease inhibitors are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. Coadministration with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors increased
the AUC of zolpidem by 34% to 70%. [28001] [28315] [32432] [57789]
Zonisamide: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of zonisamide with ritonavir may result in elevated plasma concentrations of both
zonisamide and ritonavir. Zonisamide is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; ritonavir is an inhibitor of this enzyme.
Additionally, zonisamide is a weak inhibitor of P-gp, and ritonavir is a substrate of P-gp. There is theoretical potential for zonisamide to
affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are P-gp substrates. Use caution when starting or stopping zonisamide or changing the
zonisamide dosage in patients also receiving drugs which are P-gp substrates. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs
are administered together. [28843] [58664]
Revision Date: 03/12/2020 02:37:00 AM
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64922 – Ayvakit (avapritinib) tablets package insert. Cambridge, MA:Blueprint Medicines Corporation;2020 Jan.
64952 – Tazverik (tazemetostat) tablet package insert. Cambridge, MA: Epizyme, Inc.; 2020 Jan.
65052 – Nurtec ODT (rimegepant) orally disintegrating tablet package insert. New Haven, CT: Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2020
Feb.
Monitoring Parameters
blood glucose
CBC with differential
CD4+ T cell count
hepatitis B serology
LFTs
plasma hepatitis C RNA
plasma HIV RNA
pregnancy testing
serum bilirubin (total and direct)
serum cholesterol
serum lipid profile
urinalysis
US Drug Names
Kaletra
Global Drug names

Argentina
Kaletra - (Abbott)
Australia
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Austria
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Belgium
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Brazil
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Canada
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Chile
Kaletra - (Abbott)
China
Aluvia - (Abbott)
Czech Republic
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Denmark
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Finland
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
France
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Germany
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Greece
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Hong Kong
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Hungary
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
India
Emletra - (Emcure)
Lopimune - (Cipla)
Ritomax-L - (Alkem)
Indonesia
Aluvia - (Abbott)
Ireland
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Israel
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Italy
Kaletra - (Abbott)
Japan
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Malaysia
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Mexico
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Netherlands
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
New Zealand
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Norway
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Philippines
Aluvia - (Abbott)
Poland
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Portugal
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Russian Federation
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Singapore
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
South Africa
Aluvia - (Abbott)
Kaletra - (Abbott)
Spain
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Sweden
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Switzerland
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Thailand
Aluvia - (Zuellig)
Kaletra - (Abbott)
Turkey
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
Ukraine
Aluvia - (AbbVie)
Kaletra - (AbbVie)
United Kingdom
Kaletra - (Abbott)
Venezuela
Kaletra - (Abbott)
Kalmeltrex - (Cipla)
Rilopravir - (Biogalenic)
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lopinavir, Ritonavir Drug Monograph - 3.17.2020 PDF

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3/17/2020 Clinical Pharmacology powered by ClinicalKey

Lopinavir; Ritonavir (All Populations Monograph)

Initiation of therapy for HIV treatment: [46638] [23512] [42452]

Place in therapy for HIV treatment: [46638] [23512] [42452]

Oral dosage (tablets)

Adult pregnant females

Children and Adolescents weighing more than 35 kg

Children and Adolescents weighing 31 to 35 kg

Adults receiving concomitant carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin

400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily. Do NOT administer once daily dosing.[28341]

Adults receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine

Children and Adolescents weighing 31 to 45 kg receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or

400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily.[28341] [42452]

Children weighing 21 to 30 kg receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine

300 mg/75 mg PO twice daily.[28341] [42452]

Children weighing 15 to 20 kg oreceiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine

200 mg/50 mg PO twice daily.[28341] [42452]

Oral dosage (oral solution)

Children and Adolescents

Neonates 0 to 13 days postnatal age or younger than 42 weeks postmenstrual age

Adults receiving concomitant carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin

400 mg/100 mg PO twice daily. Do NOT administer once daily dosing.[28341]

Adults receiving concomitant efavirenz, nelfinavir, or nevirapine

533 mg/133 mg PO twice daily.[28341]

533 mg/133 mg PO twice daily.[28341] [42452]

Infants 7 to 11 months, Children, and Adolescents weighing 15 to 45 kg receiving concomitant

Lopinavir; ritonavir is not recommended in combination with these drugs.[28341]

For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis†

for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prophylaxis† after occupational exposure

Oral dosage (solution)

Children weighing more than 40 kg

Children 2 years and older weighing 15 to 40 kg

Children 2 years and older weighing less than 15 kg

Infants and Children 4 weeks to 1 year

Oral dosage (tablets)

Children weighing more than 35 kg

Children 2 years and older weighing 15 to 25 kg

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Maximum Dosage Limits

800 mg/200 mg per day PO.

800 mg/200 mg per day PO.

< 14 days or postmenstrual age of < 42 weeks: Not recommended.

Patients with Hepatic Impairment Dosing

Patients with Renal Impairment Dosing

Avoid once-daily dosing in patients on hemodialysis.[46638]

Revision Date: 03/16/2020 03:10:45 PM

Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral capsule

Kaletra 133.3mg-33.3mg Capsule (00074-3959) (AbbVie US LLC) (off

Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral solution

Kaletra 80mg-20mg/mL Solution (00074-3956) (AbbVie US LLC)

Lopinavir/Ritonavir 80mg-20mg/mL Solution (00527-1947) (Lannett Company, Inc.)

Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral tablet

Kaletra 100mg-25mg Tablet (00074-0522) (AbbVie US LLC)

Kaletra 200mg-50mg Tablet (00074-6799) (AbbVie US LLC)

Lopinavir, Ritonavir Oral tablet

Kaletra 200mg-50mg Tablet (55289-0947) (PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)

Revision Date: 03/13/2020 03:31:55 PM

General Administration Information

Oral Solid Formulations