Open Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2011, 1, 12-18

doi:10.4236/ojsst.2011.11002 Published Online June 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ojsst)

Treatment of Dye Effluent by Electrochemical and

Biological Processes
Balakrishnan Ramesh Babu, Anand Kuber Parande*, Saravanan Arun Kumar,
Sirasanaganbla Udya Bhanu
Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
E-mail: *[email protected]
Received May 3, 2011; revised June 1, 2011; accepted June 7, 2011

Abstract

Textile dye wastewater is well known to contain strong colour, high pH, temperature, Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) and biodegradable materials. The electrochemical treatment of wastewater is considered as
one of the advanced oxidation processes, potentially a powerful method of pollution control, offering high
removal efficiencies the removal of colour of methyl red azo dye is a challenge in textile industry. The fol-
lowing methods have been adopted for the treatment of real textile wastewater: 1) Electro-oxidation (EO)
and 2) Bio-treatment (BT). In EO process, reduction of COD and removal of colour were 70% and 81% re-
spectively. The effluent was further treated by BT. BT showed a final reduction of 92% of COD and removal
of colour by 95%. Both the combined processes were highly competitive and showed a very good reduction
of COD and colour removal. Electrochemical processes generally have lower temperature requirement than
those of other equivalent non-electrochemical treatments and there is no need for additional chemicals. These
treatment methods may also be employed successfully to treat other industrial effluents.

Keywords: Textile Wastewater, COD, Colour Removal, Electro Oxidation, Biological Process, FTIR

1. Introduction rarely be aerobically degraded; azo dyes can be anaero-

bically reduced, producing colorless aromatic amines. In
Treatment of real textile wastewater (RTWW) has be- the first stage the dye is decolorized by the reduction of
come a real challenge in recent years. The textile indus- the azo bond through bacteria directly or indirectly under
try is one of the most important export industries of India. anaerobic conditions. In order to produce reduction
The RTW is notoriously known to have strong color, equivalents that can be transferred to the dye molecule,
large amount of suspended solids (SS), broadly fluctuat- an auxiliary substrate must be present that can be oxi-
ing pH, high temperature, and high Chemical Oxygen dized by the bacteria [12-15]. Large polar sulfonated
Demand (COD) [1,2]. Different combinations of treat- dyes [16] such as reactive dyes are unlikely to diffuse
ment methods have been proposed in order to be effec- through the cell membrane, so that extra cellular non-
tive. Removal techniques for coloring substances include enzymatic redox mediators, e.g. chinones, play an im-
adsorption, precipitation; coagulation, filtration, and portant role in decolorization with whole cells [17].
chemical oxidation have been studied by many research- Azo dyes are chemical compounds bearing the func-
ers [1-5]. tional group R–N=N–RO in which R and RO are aryl
Biological methods are generally cheap, simple and groups. Because of the electron delocalization through
easy to apply to remove organic compounds in the textile the N=N group these compounds have vivid colors, such
wastewater [6-8]. But the refractory pollutants present in as red, orange, or yellow [18,19]. The colour is depend-
the RTW cannot easily be degraded by traditional bio- ent on the chromophore and the extent of conjugation.
logical process with microorganisms [9,10]. It can be Depending on the number of azo groups there are mono-,
treated by some other methods to make the effluent as di- and tri-azo dyes. Azo dyes generally are bound to the
biodegradable. textile fibres through secondary bonds. Reactive dyes
The use of anaerobic digestion for the decolorisation contain different organic compounds which forms a
of dyes has been investigated [11]. Textile dyes can chemical bond with textile fibers [20,21].

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 B. R. BABU ET AL. 13

The electrochemical treatment of wastewater is con- Table 1. Characteristics of textile wastewater.

sidered as one of the advanced oxidation processes, po-
S.No. Parameter Range
tentially a powerful method of pollution control, offering
1. pH 11.4
high removal efficiencies. Electrochemical processes
generally have lower temperature requirement than those 2. Temperature (˚C) 32
of other equivalent non-electrochemical treatments and 3. COD (mg/L) 8060
there is no need for additional chemicals. The required 4. Suspended solid (mg/L) 270
equipments and operations are simple. Their controls are 5. Conductivity (mho/cm) 2800
easy and the electrochemical reactors are compact. It can
6. Chlorides (mg/L) 160
also prevent the production of unwanted secondary
sludge. The main oxidizing agent in electrochemical
process is hypochlorite ion or hypochlorous acid gener- Table 2. The composition of the Textile Waste water.
ated produced from chloride ions. S No Water Characteristics : Concentrations
Azo dyes constituting the largest class among the syn- 1 colour Dark reddish orange
thetic colors. The effective and economic performance of
2 turbidity 1026 NTU
the process has been proven to be strongly dependent on
3 pH 8.62
electrode materials, and many researchers have investi-
gated electrochemical oxidation for azo dye degradation 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 3145 mg/L
through operating parameters optimization using various 5 Total Suspended Solids 836
anodes including RuO2, SnO2, PbO2 and diamond elec- 6 Conductivity 4500
trode [22-25]. 7 Dissolved Oxygen 1.1 mg/L
Nowadays, many combined processes are suggested.
One of the studies reported that RTW was treated by the
combined processes of chemical coagulation, electro-
chemical oxidation and activated sludge [26]. Ahn et al.
[27] studied Fenton’s oxidation and activated carbon
adsorption as pretreatment processes for dyeing waste-
water treatment. Nicolaou and Hadjivassilis [28] em-
ployed the combined process of chemical coagulation,
activated sludge filtration and disinfection for textile
wastewater treatment. The present study emphases a
method for the removal of COD and colour from RTW
contains methyl red azo dye by the application of EO and
followed by BT.

2. Materials and Method

All the reagents used were of AR grade.

The azo dye used in this study was obtained from a
textile-dyeing factory located in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu,
India. The characteristic of RTWW is shown in Table 1. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for
Biodegradation was carried out at a temperature of 25˚C EO process.
in 250 ml flasks. Table 2 shows the composition of the
Textile Wastewater (RTWW) sampling. It comprises of an anode, a cathode and DC
rectifier. The anode was made of mesh of titanium (12
2.1. Experimental Setup for EO Process cm × 6 cm) coated with RuO2, stainless steel (12 cm × 6
cm) was used as cathode. The distance between elec-
The schematic diagram of the experimental setup given trodes was 1.5 cm. The applied current density was 2
in Figure 1 consists of a glass beaker of 500 ml capacity A/dm2 and 400 ml of biologically treated combined dye
with PVC lid having provision to fit a cathode and an house wastewater was taken in the glass beaker for fur-
anode. Salt bridge with reference electrode was inserted ther reduction of COD by electro oxidation. Experiments
through provided in the lid. Proper provisions were made were carried out under galvanostatic conditions using a
in the lid for inserting of thermometer and for periodic DC-regulated power source (HIL model 3161) of 0 - 2 A

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14 B. R. BABU ET AL.

and 0 - 30 V. Stirring was done with a magnetic stirrer. Table 3. Effect of current density on the treatment of efflu-
Electrolysis was carried out under batch mode. During ent by electro-oxidation process.
these processes samples were collected at different time Final COD (mg/l) (5 hours)
intervals and the COD was measured. Standard methods
Initial COD
for examination of wastewater [29] were used for the Current density (A/dm2)
(mg/l)
estimation of COD and colour. 1 1.5 2 2.5

2.2. Enumeration of Micro Organism 8060 2805 2964 2430 2458

The textile sample was serially diluted using 9 ml dis- Table 4. Treatment of textile effluent by Biological Treat-
tilled water blanks. The total viable counts were enumer- ment method.
ated using nutrient agar medium by pour plate method Biological Treatment
[30]. Duplicate samples were tested along with control. COD (mg/l) % Reduction
Name of the % Reduction
of colour
Total viable counts were made based on the following Organism Final of COD
removal
Initial
formulae: (5 days)
Pseudomonas
Average number of colony  10 ml 2430 215 91.15 95.23
CFU/cm 2  putida
Dilution factor  volume of sample added Phanerochaete
2430 350 85.59 93.02
chrysosporium
Bacillus
2.3. Analytical Measurements cereus
2430 455 81.27 90.27

Tricoderma
FTIR and UV techniques were adopted for analysis of virdae
2430 540 77.77 85.16
treated and untreated dye effluent by EO and BT.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Electro-Oxidation Process

Table 3 and Table 4 shows that values of reduction in

COD as well as colour. About 70% of COD removal and
80% of colour removal was achieved by this method. The
mechanism of electrooxidation is explained in Figure 2.

3.2. Mechanism of Electro Oxidation

Figure 2. Structure of Methyl red azo dye.
In known that the organic compounds are completely
oxidized to carbon dioxide. The electrode materials with chemisorbed (RuO2(•O)) active oxygen release diatomic-
high electro catalytic the complex organic compounds to oxygen. It can be considered that at the anode surface
two states of “active oxygen” can be presented:
its simple fragments than can be easily oxidized to car-
bon dioxide and water so as to split activity the organic
compounds are degraded to CO2 and H2O.
RuO 2  OH   1 2 O

2  H   e   RuO 2 (3)

In case of EO, OH, generated electrochemically by

splitting of H2O, gets discharged at the anode resulting in
RuO 2  O   RuO
*
2  1 2 O2 (4)

radical (OH) as shown in Equation (1) It may be speculated in this case that physisorbed ac-
tive oxygen predominantly oxidized the organics and
RuO 2  H 2 O  RuO 2  OH   H
 
 e (1) chemisorbed oxygen RuO2(•O) decides the fate of the
intermediate product.
Later, the (•OH) radical, gets adsorbed on to the RuO2
forming a complex of the type (RuO2(•OH)) which inturn
3.3. Biological Process
gets converted to (RuO2(•O)) of higher oxidation state.

 
RuO 2   OH  RuO 2  O  H
* 
 e (2) More than 20 microbes were isolated from the textile
wastewater. Four microbes namely Pseudomonas, phan-
Thus both physisorbed (RuO2(•OH)) active oxygen and erochaete, Bacillus and tricoderma were used in this

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 B. R. BABU ET AL. 15

study. The microbes culture were cultivated in a fer- concluded that by the action of hydrolysis microbes, azo
menter containing sterilized media, nutrient broth, and in raw waste water produced organic amine and NH3 and
utilized to inoculate into wastewater. The COD reduction these product solutions were alkaline, the quantities of
by the biological treatment was carried out. Table 3 organic amine and NH3 augmented gradually.
shows COD removal efficiency. At the end of 5th day,
Pseudomonas putida gives the maximum reduction of 3.5. Mechanism of Azo Dye Reduction
COD as 92% and colour removal as 95% respectively.
The very first step in the bacterial degradation of azo
3.4. Mechanism of Pseudomonas Putida in dyes, in both the anaerobic or aerobic conditions, is the
Treatment reduction of the –NN– bond. This reduction might be
involving different mechanisms. For example the reac-
Among the microbes, the addition of Pseudomonas tions of the enzymes, low molecular weight redox me-
putida into the RTWW gave the best performance in the diators, chemical reduction by biogenic reductants like
reduction of COD. Aromatic compounds are susceptible sulfide or a combination which is shown in the Figure 3.
to biological degradation in both aerobic and anaerobic Additionally, the location of the reactions can be either
conditions. Diazo bond in azo dyes could be parted by intracellular or extracellular depending on the availabil-
azo reductive enzyme produced by Pseudomonas putida ity of the active microbial species.
in anoxic or anaerobic condition, and then an azo dye Microorganisms, bacteria, with their enzyme systems
molecule was made of two amine molecules holding degrade the aromatic structure under aerobic and anoxic
–NH2 [31]. conditions [33-34]. However, in both the conditions,
microbes metabolize aromatic compounds in both the
R1  N  N  R 2  4e   4H   R1  NH 2  R 2  NH 2
peripheral and central path-ways of the cell [35]. Periph-
(7) eral pathways convert a wide variety of compounds into
where R1 and R2 were various phenol and naphthol resi- a few intermediate products or fragments. In aerobic
dues. Then after, amine could be decomposed by ammo- metabolism, the initial reactions involve the replacement
nia by an action of hydrogenation enzyme and hydrolysis of other functional groups attached to the aromatic ring
enzyme in anoxic condition [32]. From the study it is with hydroxyl groups, followed by cleavage by involving

Figure 3. Schematic representation of different mechanisms of anaerobic azo dye reduction. RM = Redox mediator; ED =
electron donor; b = bacteria(enzymes).

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16 B. R. BABU ET AL.

two oxygen atoms. These reactions are catalysed by before treatment and after EO treatment and BT treat-
enxymes like hydroxylases and oxygenases. Under an- ment and are shown in Figure 5. The intensity of peaks
oxic conditions ring reduction and other unique reactions was reduced by EO and is shown in Figure 5(b) and
such as carboxylation, reductive dehydroxylation, addi- followed by BT method Figure 5(c). The dye UV spec-
tion reactions etc are predominant which are absent in trum before treatment exhibited absorption bands at 545
the aerobic metabolism [35]. nm. The characteristic band at 485 to 570 nm could be
The trend of the microorganism in removal of COD assigned to the n-* transition of –N=N– group [37]. The
and colour is as follows: weak band below 350 nm could be attributed to the -*
Pseudomonas > phanerochaete > Bacillus > Tri- transition related to the aromatic ring attached to the
coderma. –N=N– group in the dye molecule. It is apparent that the
intensity of characteristic band (545 nm) of dye solution
3.6. FTIR Analysis of the Sample was found to diminish gradually during the experiment
and disappeared totally after EO and BT. The disappear-
The sample was given for FTIR spectrum analysis before ance of the bands indicates the effective destruction of
and after treatment. Figure 4 shows the FTIR spectra of the azo. The intensity of the absorption spectra was re-
untreated and treated by electrooxidation and biological duced further by BT as it is evident from Figure 5(b)
method dye effluent. Major peaks were obtained for un- when compared with EO treatment shown in Figure 5(c).
treated sample at 3302.08, 2107.55, 1636.47 and 709.29 It could be concluded that the dye molecule undergoes
cm−1 shown in Figure 4(a). The absorbance of peaks at degradation in the presence of microorganisms. This
3302.03 cm−1 and 1636.47 cm−1 were due to the structural clearly indicates that the intensity of the absorption spec-
vibration of hydrogen in bound with OH groups of phenol
or OH of carboxyl groups COOH and the hydrogen vi-
bration of amide N-H functions. It shows that the sample
contain high content of water molecule and considerable
amount of alkanes (C−H). After decolourization showed
absence of peak at 1600 cm−1 indicates breakdown of azo
bond, might be due to action of azo reductase. Absence of
peaks at 688 cm−1, 726 cm−1, 765 cm−1 and 827 cm−1 in-
dicates loss of aromatic or benzene ring.
The absorbance of peaks at 2107.99 cm−1 was due to
the vibration of C=O and intense absorbance of the bands
at 1620 - 1640 and 1510 - 1540 cm−1 was also observed,
indicating enrichment in amide and aromatic. The ap-
pearance of peak at 1636.47 cm−1 indicates the pressure
of C=C conjugated diene groups. This is due to the func-
tional group of aromatic carbons. The absorbance of Figure 4. FTIR spectra of untreated dye effluent (a), elec-
peaks at 709.23 cm−1 (out-of plane bending modes of tro-oxidation (b) and biologically treated (c).
aromatic C−H bonds) was found to be due to the vibra-
tion of aromatic compounds and benzene ring. Figure
4(b) shows the FTIR spectra of treated sample by Elec-
tro-Oxidation. After the EO method, decolourization
showed absence of peak at 1636.47 cm−1 indicates
breakdown of aromatic rings. Peak at 1615 cm−1 indi-
cates synthesis of aliphatic secondary amines and di-
methyl groups it seems that azo reductase catalyses the
reductive cleavage of the azo bond of methyl red [36].
Figure 4(c) shows the FTIR spectra of biologically
treated sample. Out of the four organisms used Pseudo-
monas putida showed the best performance which de-
grades to facilitate by oxidative enzymes.

3.7. UV
Figure 5. UV–vis spectra of untreated dye effluent (a), elec-
The samples were given for UV–Vis spectra analysis tro oxidation (b) and biologically treated (c).

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 B. R. BABU ET AL. 17

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