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    Biochemistry PDF

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    Arsalan khan
    Biochemistry is the science that studies the chemical processes of living organisms. Biochemists focus on understanding the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol, and can be saturated or unsaturated. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure that contribute to their function. Enzymes are protein catalysts that facilitate biochemical reactions. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and provide genetic information through processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

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    Biochemistry PDF

    Uploaded by

    Arsalan khan
    46 views8 pages
    Biochemistry is the science that studies the chemical processes of living organisms. Biochemists focus on understanding the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol, and can be saturated or unsaturated. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure that contribute to their function. Enzymes are protein catalysts that facilitate biochemical reactions. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and provide genetic information through processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

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    Biochemistry is the science that studies the chemical processes of living organisms. Biochemists focus on understanding the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol, and can be saturated or unsaturated. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure that contribute to their function. Enzymes are protein catalysts that facilitate biochemical reactions. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and provide genetic information through processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views8 pages

    Biochemistry PDF

    Uploaded by

    Arsalan khan
    Biochemistry is the science that studies the chemical processes of living organisms. Biochemists focus on understanding the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol, and can be saturated or unsaturated. Proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure that contribute to their function. Enzymes are protein catalysts that facilitate biochemical reactions. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and provide genetic information through processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    Biochemistry

    • Biochemistry is the science deals with chemical composition and


    reactions in living organisms
    • At some level, all biological processes have a component that is
    chemical in nature
    – Energy conversion
    – Neurotransmission
    – Genetics

    • Biochemists typically focus on understanding the structure and


    function of cellular components
    – biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.

    Carbohydrates
    • polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds that can be
    hydrolyzed to form such compounds

    • Monosaccharides: Carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed into


    simpler compounds.

    1
    Carbohydrates
    • disaccharides – can be converted to monosaccharides by hydrolysis

    • polysaccharides – starch and cellulose…subtle, but critical


    differeces

    Fats and Lipids


    • Lipids: biological molecules that are insoluble in water, but are
    soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.

    • Fats: esters of long-chain


    long chain fatty acids and glycerol
    glycerol. (triglycerides)

    2
    Fats and Lipids
    • Saturated fatty acids have no carbon-to-carbon double bonds.
    – Monounsaturated fatty acids have one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
    – Polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more carbon-to-carbon double
    bonds.
    – Solid fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids while liquid oils
    have primarily unsaturated fatty acids.

    Amino Acids and Proteins


    • Polymers of amino acids, linked by amide functional groups
    – aka peptide bonds

    3
    Amino Acids and Proteins
    • Dipeptide is formed when
    two amino acids are joined.
    • Tripeptides contain three
    amino acid units.
    • Polypeptides contain ten or
    more amino acid units.
    • Proteins may contain 10,000
    or more amino acid units.
    • The sequence of the amino
    acids in a protein is critical.
    The sequence is denoted
    from the free amino group (N-
    terminal) to the free carboxyl
    group (C-terminal).

    Protein Structure
    • Proteins are complex compounds, many things contribute to their
    function
    • Primary Structure – order of amino acids
    • Secondary Structure – folding and coiling of chain due to hydrogen
    bonding

    4
    Protein Structure
    • Tertiary Structure – 3D shape due to IM forces between groups
    that are far apart in the chain
    • Quaternary Structure – Interaction of more than one protein chain
    • Denaturing

    Enzymes
    • Biochemical catalysts, often highly specific. Most are proteins

    Enzyme + Substrate → Enzyme-substrate complex ↔ Enzyme + Products

    • Substrate interacts with enzyme


    at the active site, often through
    IM forces and shape specificity.
    – Disrupting shape can lead to
    inhibition of enzyme function

    • Some enzymes require cofactors


    – another species to be present
    for proper functioning of the
    enzyme. (ion or small molecule)

    5
    Nucleic Acids
    • Information and control centers of the cell.
    • Two major forms: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
    – consist of long chains called nucleotides.
    • Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar unit
    unit, phosphate unit
    unit, and a
    heterocyclic amine base.

    DNA
    • The double helix of DNA is held together by base-pairing.
    • Complimentary bases are thymine and adenine, and cytosine and
    guanine.
    – Interact by hydrogen bonding.

    6
    RNA
    • RNA consists of single strands of nucleic acid.

    DNA Synthesis and Replication


    • DNA occurs as chromosomes.
    – 46 in humans, containing ~3 billion base pairs!
    – Describes synthesis of proteins and other molecules. Genes are
    sections of DNA that code for a specific protein.
    – DNA replicates during cell division

    7
    RNA and Protein Synthesis
    • The genetic code is carried in a three-base sequence known as a
    codon.
    • The codon codes for a specific protein by base-pairing the
    anticodon with a specific
    p messangerg RNA ((mRNA)) during g
    transcription and transfer RNA (tRNA) through a process known as
    translation.

    Transcription and Translation

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