Concept Definition Application

1. Perceived One's belief of the chances of  Define population(s) at risk and their
Susceptibility getting a condition risk levels

 Personalize risk based on a person's

traits or behaviors

 Heighten perceived susceptibiity if

too low

2. Perceived One's belief of how serious a  Specify and describe consequences

Severity condition and its of the risk and the condition
consequences are

3. Perceived One's belief in the efficacy of  Define action to take — how, where,
Benefits the advised action to reduce when
risk or seriousness of impact
 Clarify the positive effects to
expected

 Describe evidence of effectiveness

4. Perceived One's belief in the tangible  Identify and reduce barriers through
Barriers and psychological costs of reassurance, incentives, and assistance
the advised behavior

5. Cues to Action Strategies to activate  Provide how-to information

"readiness"
 Promote awareness

 Provide reminders

6. Self-Efficacy Confidence in one's ability to  Provide training, guidance, and

take action positive reinforcement

Health Belief Model

Social Cognitive theory

Key Components
Self efficacy The person’s confidence in  Approach behavioral
performing a particular behavior change in small steps to ensure
success

Behavioral capability  Knowledge and skill to promote mastery learning through

perform a given behavior; skills training

Expectations  Anticipatory outcomes of a Model positive outcomes of

behavior healthful behavior

Expectancies  The values that the person Present outcomes of change that
places on a given outcome, have functional meaning
incentives;

Self-control   Personal regulation of  Provide opportunities for

goal-directed behavior or self-monitoring, goal setting,
performance; problem solving, and self-reward
Observational Learning   Behavioral acquisition that Include credible role
occurs by watching the actions and models of the targeted behavior
outcomes of others’ behavior;
Reinforcements   Responses to a person’s Promote self-initiated rewards and
behavior that increase or decrease incentives
the likelihood of reoccurrence;
Environment   Factors physically external Provides opportunities and social
to the person; support
Situation   Perception of the Correct misperceptions and
environment; promote healthful forms
Emotional coping responses   Strategies or tactics that provide training in problem solving
are used by a person to deal with and stress management
emotional stimuli;

Reciprocal determinism   The dynamic interaction of consider multiple avenues to
the person, the behavior, and the behavioral change, including
environment in which the behavior environmental, skill, and personal
is performed; change
Transtheoretical Model
is the stage in which a client is not This is a time to educate your
Precontemplation even considering adopting a clients about the health risks of
physical activity program. inactivity and the value of being
physically active. As the fitness
professional, it is important for you
to validate the fact that the client is
not ready to make a change, while
still offering encouragement and
information about the benefits of
making positive lifestyle-behavior
changes.

Contemplation is the stage where a client begins As the fitness professional, it is

to consider the idea of adopting a important to encourage the client to
physical activity program. weigh the pros and cons of a
healthy behavioral change, so he
or she can start to better
understand the benefits of adopting
a physical-activity program and
making other positive lifestyle
modifications

Preparation is the stage where a client is both As the fitness professional, it is

mentally and physically preparing important to work with the client to
to adopt a physical activity create a plan for adopting healthy
program. lifestyle changes and overcoming
This client as begun to engage in challenges. This plan may include
some form of physical activity (e.g., how to fit physical activity into a
walking, occasional visit to the busy work schedule,
gym), but there is no consistency making healthy food choices when
or commitment in this stage. eating out and identifying and
creating a social support system.
The preparation stage is all about
establishing a plan for adopting
healthy behavior changes that are
specific to the client.

Action is the stage where a client has As the fitness professional, it is

been engaging in regular physical important to offer continuous
activity for less than six months. support and encouragement, while
helping the client focus on the
long-term advantages of making
positive behavior changes. In this
 stage, goal setting (using SMART
goals) is particularly useful. It is
also important to teach the client
how to anticipate and overcome
obstacles that might deter his or
her motivation or adherence
is the stage where a client has As the fitness professional, it is
Maintenance been engaged in a regular important to offer continued
physical-activity program for more encouragement to the client so he
than six months. This client has or she maintains the changed
progressed from the action stage behavior, and to identify those
into the maintenance stage, where things that might cause a relapse.
he or she is maintaining new Take time to work with the client to
healthy behavior changes. identify things that might tempt or
undermine the positive changes he
or she has made. In addition, help
the client to strategize how to
prevent these newly identified
triggers for relapse. As the fitness
professional, it is essentially your
goal to provide your client with the
tools necessary for maintaining
positive behavior changes.
Social Ecological Model

Individual Level Characteristics of an individual that increase the individual’s knowledge

influence behaviour change, including and influence his or her attitudes
knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self- toward, and beliefs
efficacy, developmental history,
gender, age, religious identity,
racial/ethnic identity, sexual
orientation, economic status, financial
resources, values, goals, expectations,
literacy, stigma, and others.
Interpersonal Level Formal (and informal) social networks These activities are intended to
and social support systems that can facilitate individual behavior change
influence individual behaviours, by affecting social and cultural norms
including family, friends, peers, co- and overcoming individual-level
barriers. Friends, family, health care
workers, religious networks, customs
providers, community health workers
or traditions. or promotoras, and patient
navigators represent potential
sources of interpersonal messages
and support.
Organizational Level Organizations or social institutions facilitate individual behavior change
with rules and regulations for by influencing organizational
operations that affect how, or how systems and policies. Health care
well, for example, MNCH services are systems, employers or worksites,
health care plans, local health
provided to an individual or group.
departments, tribal urban health
clinics, and professional
organizations represent potential
sources of organizational messages
and support.
Community Level Relationships among organizations, These activities are intended to
institutions, and informational facilitate individual behavior change
networks within defined boundaries, by leveraging resources and
including the built environment (e.g., participation of community-level
institutions which represent potential
parks), village associations,
sources of community
community leaders, businesses, and communication and support.
transportation.

 Conducting public
awareness and educational
campaigns.

Policy Level Local, state, national and global laws These activities involve interpreting
and policies, including policies and implementing existing policy.
regarding the allocation of resources Federal, state, local, and tribal
for maternal, newborn, and child government agencies may support
health and access to healthcare policies that promote healthy
behavior, including screening
services, restrictive policies (e.g., high
fees or taxes for health services), or
lack of policies that require childhood
immunizations.