Group 5 (Sentential Meaning) - 1
Group 5 (Sentential Meaning) - 1
Group 5 (Sentential Meaning) - 1
INTRODUCTION
In the two sentences above, the change in their structure is as a result of the
substitution of a bachelor for an unmarried man. Both a bachelor and unmarried
man are phrases. Consider further the following sentences.
We have achieved the paraphrase by the substitution of the word “agitated” for
another, “anxious.”
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Charles, U. Introduction to Semantics, National Open University of Nigeria. hal: 39
(ii) It was a new apartment that they bought (Cleft)
2.2.2 Ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity occurs when the presence of just a specific word leads
to multiple interpretations. Consider the following examples.
It should be noted that “goals” and “tables” can be interpreted in different easy
based on the contexts. Structural ambiguity is achieved by the organisation of the
elements of the sentence. It is possible to interpret these elements in different
ways. Consider these examples.
The first interpretation makes boiling water as the subject noun phrase whereas in
the second interpretations, boiling water is the complement.
2.2.3 Vagueness
It should be noted that many of what we describe as literary language would have
been vague except that we understand the background as literary. Consider further
the following example.
This expression is clearly a personification since stones which are inanimate have
been endued with the characteristics of consoling.
2.2.4 Tautology
• circumnavigate around
• unlawful theft
• can be able
2.2.5 Presupposition
(ii) Peter: That will be splendid. On our way, we shall pick up the drinks.
The presupposition in this conversation is that both John and Peter know who
Harry is. They both have an idea of the drinks, and the source from where to bring
them.
2.2.6 Entailment
Sentence (i) derives from the meaning of sentence (ii). This means that if sentence
(i) entails sentence (ii) then, sentence (ii) is necessarily the implication of sentence
(i).
2.2.7 Anomaly
Anomaly results from the combination of two semantic features that are
not compatible in describing a phenomenon. Words attract specific selectional
restrictions. For instance, trees are vertical while rulers, ropes and snakes are
horizontal. For vertical items, we describe them in terms of tall, while for the
horizontal ones we talk of long. Thus, we can have tall trees, tall buildings, tall
people, but long ropes, long snakes, long rulers, and so on. It will therefore be
anomalous to have:
• a long man
• a tall snake
2.2.8 Contradiction
2.2.9 Analyticity
We talk about analyticity when we have sentences in the grammatical forms and
lexical meanings of their proposition, which make them necessarily true. Consider
the following examples.