BS 476 1 1953 PDF

BRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION
FIRETESTS
O N BUILDING MATERIALS
AND STRUCTURES..
B.S. 476 :Part 1 :1953 .
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTXTUTION

IN CORPORATBD BY ROYAL CHARTER
BRITISH STANDARDS HOUSE, 2 PARK ST., LONDON, W.1
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Licensed by Information Handling Services
B S I BS*47b: PART*L 53 m 1624669 02933bb 9 m1
B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953 t
BUTEH STANDARD,having been approved by the Build-

THIS
ing Divisional Council, was published under the authority of
the General Council on 20th July, 1953.
First published December, 1932.

First revision July, 1953.
The Institution desires to call attention to the fact. that this .

British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract.
In order to keep abreast of progress in the industries con-

cerned, British Standardsaresubject to periodicalreview.
Suggestions for improvementswill be recorded and in due
course brought to the notice of the committees charged with
the revision of the standards to which they refer.
A complete list of British Standards, numbering over 4000,

indexed andcross-indexed for reference,togetherwithan
abstract of each standard, will be found in the Institution's.
Yearbook.
British Srartdardsare revised, when necessary, by the issue

either of anlcndment slips or of revised editions. It is impor-
tarrt that users of British Stattdar& should ascertain thnt
/ht.y ore it1 possession
-_ of the lot¿st amendtttents or editions.
/ I ,

The Committee responsible for thepreparation of
this ßritish Standard consists of representatives from.
the following Government departments and scientific
and industrial organizations :-
British Constructional Steelwork Association
British Electricai and Allied Industries Research Association
British Fire Services' Association
Building Industries National Council
I3.S.I.R.-Building Research Station
D.S.1.R.-Forest Products Research Laboratory
Federation of British Industries
Fire 01Sices Committee
Fire Offices Committee, Fire Protection Association
Tnstitution of Fire Engineers
Institution of Municipal Engineers
Joint Fire Research Organization of the Department ofScientific
and Industrial Research and Fire Offices Committee .
London County Council
+i London Fire Brigade Q'
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
Ministry of Works
National Federation of Budding Trades Employers .
Reinforccd Concrete Association \
Royal Tnstitute of British Architects

c.

1
B.S. 476 : Part 1 :1953
BRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR
FIRE TESTS ON BUILDING MATERIALS

AND STRUCTURES
,
FOREWORD
The purpose of this British Standard is to spe6iy a series of testsfor deter-

minKing those properties of building materials and structures which are
relevant when considering the fìre protection of buildings in which they
are tobe used, and by which such materials and structures may be accepted
or rejected.
Cornbustìbilìt y. -
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ing th&urface sfiad of f l a m h r 1íningMeriaIs- / .

Fire-resistance o f structures. Where a firebccurs in a compartment of
a building, the structure of the compartment should be required to con-
tain the fire by continuing to perform those of its normal functions which
contribute to the integrity and insulation of the compartment. The fire-
resistance test of Section Three grades elements of building structures in
accordance with the time for which they are capable of fulfilling these
fuxtions while subjected to heating conditions representative of an actual
fue in a compartment. Although the term ' fire-resistance ' has often been ~
~ s c dindiscrirninately in the past to denote the resistance of materiais

to ignition or spread of flame, the use of the term in this standard is
restricted to theperformance of complete elements of building structure .
without individual regard to the performance of the materials of which

they are composed. Materials which perform weil in the cornbustibilit);*
or surface spread of flame tests may not necessarily do so when I built
into an element of structure and subjected to the fire-resistance test.
4

B.S. 476 :Part 1 : 1953
Consideration isbeinggiven to the substitution of the term a fìrc

endurance ' for the term a fìre resistance ' as used in this British Standard,
as it is felt in some quarters that the former termis more appropriate.for
the purposes of the tests.
Alterations to the standard. In the present revision. of the standard
some major
alterations have been made, as follows:- *
The non-inflammability test has been deleted. This test was sometimes
found 'to give anomalous results. It was mostly applied to fabrics and
decorative materials, for which purpose it was considered that a test
similar to that given in B.S. 1547, ' Flameproofindustrialclothing *
would be more satisfactory.
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The kethodof classifìcatlon of materials in the surface spread of flame
test has been amended. In the last edition of B.S. 476, the classification of . .
a material rested on the mean spread of a certain number of specimens..

While mean spread gives a measureof the generalstandard of performance 1
of a material, it does not take accountof the variability which is known to
occur in the performance of different samples of most materials. The
present methôd is intended to do this by classifying matefiais in such a
way that not more than 1 per cent of a material is likely to have a per-
formance below the standard of the class in which the material is placed,
this proportion being chosen as acceptablysmallfor safety reasons. The 1.
calculation of the performanceof the material is s u d that credit is given

to materials of uniform standard, since variabilityis peiîalized by requir-
ing r? correspondingly higher standard of general performance if m y
particular classificationis to bc attained. The values of the limits are :'r
derived from all available testing experience to date, andshow an improved.
balance between J $4-minute and final or 10-minute values, the former
having been made considerably more rigorous. The final limit of Class 2
is the equivalent of that used hitherto, while the 10-minute limit of Class 3
is more rigorous.
In the fire-resistancetest it has been considered desirable to standirdize
the method of control of the furnace temperature for types all of specimen
to that of the standard time-temperature curve pig. la), although the
tolerance on the curve has had to be increased for conducting specimens
in tests of longer than ?&hour duration.
For load-bcaring structures,the loading has beea reduced to the design
load, as it has long been felt that the reasons advanced for imposing
one and a half times the design load were not necessarily valid in every
instance. It is also in keeping with American test practice. The water test .
has been deleted as.it could not be applied to all types of structura nor
S - "~
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-

B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953
could it be applied during the heatingperiod as is likely in practice. It was

found to destroy much useful evidence of the behaviour of a structure and ~
was rarely R deciding issue. The impact test has been-deleted as, in generaI,
it was not a satisfactory measure of the weakening effect of a fire. it has
not yet been found possible to devise a satisfactory. alternative.
An appendix has been added to the standard giving details'of a'tesi
which may be used by those wishing to ascertain the probable spread of
flame values of a material without the necessity for constructing .the f ~ l l
size apparatus required for the surface spread of flame lest specified in
this British Standard. It is emphasized that this is not intended to bequoted
in place of the standard test, and is purely for-thelpurpose of obtaining in
an economical manner an approximation of the values that will be .
from
obtained the specified test. ._
. .
- _.
SPECIFICATION. -
. .
. -
SCOPE .- . - .<*
I. This British Standard specifies tests 'for detcimining those pro$erties

of building materials and structures relevant when considering the pro-
tection against fire of the buildings in which-they are to be used.. :.
. . .
"
SECTION ONE: COMBUSTIBILITY TEST OF~MATERIALS

..
II this thicknes

B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953
INITION OP

B S I BS*476: PART*L 5 3 E 1b24bbS0293172 4 m I
B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953
ingredients of which in Clause 8, after whic

shall be conditioned
eu to a wooden'. .
raised to the following val

f 3 per cent :-
- .
""
ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ "- I
alumel thermocouple
and shall issue fr

more than y4 in. (6.35
The room in which th
contact with t of the time of

8

BSI BS*47b: PART*I, 5 3 E Lb24bb9 0293373 b E
B.S. 476 :? Part 1 : 1953
..

B S I BSM47b: PART*1 53 1b24bb9 0293374 A I
B.S. 476 :Part 1 : 1953
y?'
8. The silicate
O F SODXUM S
osition shall confo
r I ' T I O
he foIlówing p*ons
N
:-
Water
aqueous s y
3-2 SiO, and N
r
be o f 4 t " " u y grade in t h p f an
x the ratio?
3 *4 SiOo and Ich h
to soda is bet .
~
specific avity betwee

/g/
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y. :
1.41 and 1 -43
a permanent - .
5 .
' .
. .
Load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls and
. .
partitions . .,..
Glazing
Doors and shutters I
L
.
3 "
Columns
Beams
Floors
Roofs
This list is not exhaustive, therefore where an clement faIls into nonti of- :
these categories, it shall be tested by analogy with thc most 'similar.
category.
d
TEST PROCEDURE
-
10. (r. Size of test element of structure. Ali test elements shall be fuli size
whereverpossible. Where the full dimensions exceed 10 ft. X 10 ft.
(3 -05 m. x 3-05 m.) for walls, floors, roofs, etc., or 10 ft. length (3.05m.)
&r coiumns, beams, etc., the testing authority shall 'test a representative
portion of thc full size element having dimensions not Icss than 10 ft. X
10 ft. (3 .O5 m. X 3 .O5 m.), or being 10 ft. (3.05m.) in Icngth, as applicable,
b. Constrrrction and conditionhg of tesr clement. The materials and
standard of workmanship of the test element shall be representative of
those applying in good practice, as-defined by existing relevant codes nd
10
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B S I BSr47b: PART*L 5 3 W L b 2 4 b b 9 0293375 T m I
B.S. 476 :Part 1 .: 1953
-standards. The test element shall be conditioned to reproduce the state

in which the element is likely to be when inservice in a building.
C. Restrnint and foading. Therestraint applied to t h e test element
shall be similar to that spplied to the element in service.
A load-bearing testelement shall be subjected to a loading which
produces the same maxhum stress as would be produced in the full-'
size element when the latter is subjected to the maximum loading that itis
designed to support. The applied loading shall be kept constant during
the heating period, and shall be re-applied 48 hours 'after the end of the
heating period, unless failure has already occurred.
Non-load-bearing test elements shall not be loaded during test.
d. Method of test. The test element shall be heated in a furnace the-
temperature of which sha1.l be deemed to be the average of the readings
of not less than 6 thermocouples disposed within the furnace so that they
may fairly represent its average temperature. The hot junction of each
thermocouple shall be placed 3 in. (76.2 mm.) from the nearest point of
the specimen, and shall not be allowed to touch the surface, should any
distortion of the latter occur during the test.
Freestanding columns shall be heated from all radial directions over
their whole height. Structures whose function is. to separate spaces shall
be heated over the whole of one face only. Those which may be required
to resist fire in one direction only shall be tested accordingly and the report
of the testing authority shall be annotated to this effect. Those which may
be required to resist fire in either direction shall normally be tested in the
direction which, in the opinion of the testing authority, is likely to give
the least resistance, and this performance shall be regarded as repre-
sentative of thestructure. For thepurpose of special applications, a
separating structure normally required to resist fire from either direction
may, by prior agreement betweea the sponsor of the test and the testing
authority, be tested from the side likely, in the opinion of the testing
authority, to give the better performance, and the report of the testing
authority shall be annotated to this effect. Structures such as walls con-
taining flues, which are normally heated in service, shall be heated simi-
larly during test.
The temperature of the furnace shall be controlled to follow, as closely
as possible, the standard time-temperature curve shown in Fig. 1. Points
on this curve which define its character are:-
538°C. (1000°F.) at 5 minutes
704°C. (1 300°F.) at 10 See Fig. I (b)
843OC. (1 550°F.) at 30 minutes
927OC. (1700°F.) at 1 hour
1010°C. (1850°F.) at 2 hours
1121OC. (2050°F.) at 4 hours
1204°C. (2200°F.) at 6 hours
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B S I BSx47b: PART*KL 5 3 m l b 2 4 b 6 90 2 9 3 3 7 6 3 E
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,
B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953
The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such that:

(i) The.furnacetemperaturedoesnot excekd 871OC. (1600°F.)
during the first 10 minutes of test.
(ii) The furnace temperature does not vary from that shown by
the standard curve by more than f 167 Centigrade degrees (+ 300
Fahrenheit degrees) at any timeafter the first 10 minutes of test.
(iii) The area under the test furnace temperature-time curve does
not differ from the area under the standard curve by more than the
appropriate percentage of thelatterarea. shown inthe following
Tabk 1. ~.
. .
TABLE 1. MAXIMUM TOLERANCE ON AREA UNDER

STANDARD FURNACE TEMPERATURE-TIME
-
CURVE - . . . .< "
Elements Elements . .
subject to re- subject tore- .
Duration of t e t quirements of quirements .
Clause 11 CI,of Clause 11
b, c ri, b only . .
hr. per cent per cent - .
1
% ~ 15 15
4i-1 10 . -15 . .
'
1-2 10 .~ 15. - . . .
More than 2 5 . -- .
- .
' I 1i - '
. .
e. Observariorrsduring rest. In tests on elements with an unheated :

surface, other than those on such items as doors, .shutters' and -glazing,
against which combustible material would not be placed in service, the
surface temperature of the unexposed face shall be measured at not less
than five points, one approximatcly at the centre of thc.'face,:and one
approximately at the centre of each quarter section: Any points of
measurement additional to these five shall be disposed as uniformly as
possible over the unexposed face of the elkment, provided that no point
is closer than 12 in, (30.5cm.)to the edge. The average temperature of
the unexposed surface shall bedeemed to be the averige of the tem-
peratures mcasured at these points. In addition, the'tempcratGrc ma;' be
measurcd at the point that appears to be hottest.at any fimc. during the
test. This temperature shall not be used in-determining the average tem-
pzraturc but may be used in determining the maximum temperature.
These surface temperatures shall be measured by means of thermo-
couples, each attached to the face of a 1 in. (2.54 cm.) diameter copper
disk which shall be secured to the surface of the element at the required
position.
f. Dwution of rest, The test element shall normally be heated ,in 'the , ~.~
12

B S I BS*47b: P A R T x l 5 3 I3 b 2 4 b b 90 2 9 3 3 7 7 3 I1
B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953
1300
2 2c
1200
1100
180(
"""- "_ I
"""
1000
900 '
160(
"""""""""
"""-""""i"<
doo
60[
"""""-i""".
500
400 - """- ""_" "_ 200
200 - """
"""""""
O0
O L.
_" "" _-.
2 3 4 5 6 - f
Fig. 1 (a). Time-temperature curve
13
r..

B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953
10 20 . 30 40 50 60
TIME- MINUTES
14

Licensed by Information Handling Services c - . .
. - B.S. 476 :. Part 1 : 19S3
prescribed manner until failure has- occurred under ali the relevant test.
requirements af Clause 11, except that by agreement hetween the sponsor
of the test and thc testing authority .$heheating period may be concluded
at any time after failure has occurred under at 1east:one of the relevant
test requirements. Alternatively, by prior agreement between. the sponsor
of the test and the testing authority, the heatingperiod may be concluded
. after any one of the periods stated in Clause 12, if failure has not already
occurred under the relevant test requirements. .
TFST RESULTS
11. T h e testresult 'shall be stated in 'terms of the time, in hours and
minutesBfrom the commencement of heating, for. which the element of
structure complies with those of the following three requirements which
are relevant to it. Where a test is terminated by agreement, this shall be
. stated in the report. . .
u. Collupse. For all elements of structure; it is required that theeleníent

shall not collapse. . . . .
b. Pussnge offlume. For all elcrncn.ts of strdcture whose-function is to

separate spaces and hence to resist the passage of fire from one space to
ahother, it is required that cracks, fissures or other orifices throuBh which.
flame can pass shall not develop. ..-
. >
. .
"
"
c. InsuZrrion. For all elements of structure as in b abovk, it is required
that th? average temperature of the unexposed surface shall not increase
by more than 139 Centigrade degrees (250 .Fahrenheit degrees) .above'
the initial temperature, and that t.he temperature-of the inexposed face
shall not increase at any point by more than 180 Centigrade degrees
(325 Fahrenheit degrees), nor reach a value higher. than. 221°C. (430"F.),
whichever is the lesscr value.This requirement may be waived for elements
such as doors, shutters and giazing, against whichit is not intended that
combustible material should be placed in service, provided that the state-
ment of test result in the report of the testing authority' is qualified by
the statement that the insulation requirement was waived,
'> DEPINTIONS O F FIRE-RESISTANCE

- .
12. The fire-resistanceof an element of structure shall be the grading

period shown below which is most nearly equal to, but does not exceed, the .
test period for which the element fulfils all the relevant test requirements. . .. .
Grading periodr
?4hour
1 hour . .
2 hours
3 hours
1 hours f
I,'
6 hours . .
15

BSI
BSs47b: P A R T r l 53 m 3 b 2 4 b b 90 2 9 3 3 8 0 3 m
B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953 1
This principle shall also 'be followed where a .test is terminated- after
an agreed period o? heating. ..a -.
.i
PARTICULARAPPLICATION -_
. .
13. Where, for a particular application, a pteckpting authority 'waives
either or both of the requirements of Clause 11 (b) and (c), if relevant,
or requires their fulfilment only for some pre-determined period, the ele-
ment may then be regarded for theprposes of the particulap application
only, as providing a fireresistan& equal to that grading period most
nearIy equal to, but not exceedïig, the test period for which"iheremaining
test requirement or requirements are fulfilled.
APPENDIX
APPARATUS F
of surfaces as d
fficient to warra
ircumstanccs whc
16

B.S. 476 :Part 1 : 1953
position by a suitable
..
!S
' ¡!.S. 915, ' High dumina cement.'

17

BSI B S * 4 7 6 : PART*:L 5 3 M 3 b 2 4 b b 90 2 9 3 3 8 2 7 m
3.S. 476 : Part I : 1953 i
ment,that the 1 ft. (30-
fa& of which asbestos
fluctuations in the te ｗｗｗ．ｂｚｆｘｗ．ｃｏｍ
6,
centre-line of the specimen, either
minutes whichever is the longer.

B S I BS*47b: PARTEL 5 3 m L b 2 4 b b 90 2 9 3 3 8 3 9 m
B.S. 476 :Part 1 : 1953
.
e whole sample. If
. I
the specimen should
ery low flame spread. Those sur

not more than
cm.) during thè
e 1 .. .
minute or exceeds 8% in. (2

. . _.

m

spread of at the Joint .Fire\.
21

B S I BS*476: PART*L 5 3 M L624669 0293LBb 4 M j
B.S. 476 :Part 1 t. 1953

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t. O in. square
radiation panel .
blower
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BSI BS*47b: P A R T * & 53 I3624669 0293387 b m L
B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953 t
rig. 5. Arrangement of ‘ CO
&r-disk therruocouple
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Bs*K47b:
BSI PART*3 5 3 IL b 2 4 b b 90 2 9 3 3 8 8 8 m ,
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I
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION
The British Standards Institution was founded in 1901

acd incorporated by Royal Charter in .1929.
Thc principal objects of the Institution as set out in
the charter are to co-ordinate the efforts of producers
and users for the improvement, standardizationand ,
sinlplification of engineering and industrial materials;
to simplify production and distribution; to eliminate
the waste of time and material involved in the pro-
duction of an unnecessary variety of patterns and sizes
of artides for one and the same purpose; to set up
standards of quality and dimensions, and to promote
the general adoption of British Standards.
In carrying out itswork theInstitutiön endeavours .
to ensureadequate representation of all viewpoints.

Before embarking on any project it must be satisfied
that there is a strong body of opinion in favour of
proceeding and thatthere is a recopiied need to be met.
The Institution is a non-profit-making concern. It
is financed by subscriptions from' firms, trade aseo-
ciations, professional institutions and.. other bodies
..--
interested in its work, by a Government grant and by

the sale of its publications. The demands on the .
services of the Institution are steadily increasing and
can only be met if continuing and increased financial
support is provided.
Membership of the Institution is open to British
subjects, companies, technical and trade associations,
and low1 and public authorities. . L

" ~ " "~ . . ~. "" .." ". - -~_
. E
AMD 409
I .'i II
Amendment Slip No. 1, published 26 January, 1970
1 : 1953
to B.S. 476 : Part ~~
Fire ieests on building materials and structures. j

NOTE. B.S. 476, 'Fire tests on building materials and structures', Part 4, 'Non-combustibility 1;
test for materials', now published, supersedes some of the material h this standard. This
Amendment deletes that material. 1
Alterationstothestandard. Delete thethirdparagraph of this clause, from% j!

the combustibility test,' to 'the pilot flame.'. I
I .

B S I BS*q7b: P A R T S 1 5 3 E l b 2 4 6 6 7 027317l 8 E
~. ~
Amendment Slip No. 2, published 18 Febmary,-l!Hl

!
to B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953 .<
Fire tests on building materials and structures - . I . .

- .
.
i
NOTE. B.S. 476. 'Fire tests on building materials and s1ructum';Part 7, 'Surface spread of
flametestsformaterials', now published,supersedes some of the material in this standard- Ii
This Amendment deletu that material.
Deletion
1i
Foreword (asamended by Amendment No.1)
Swface spread of firne. Delete this paragraph.
Alleralions to the srondard. Delete the fourth and seventh paragraphs. I
section two. Surface spread of Barne test for materiah i

Delete the section heading. 1
Qnapes 5, 6, 7 a d 8. Delete th= -lauses.
c.
. .
- .
1
Appendix. AppolrahtP for wellminary surface spread of liame test
*
Delete this Appendix. L
Figs.3,9 prnd 3. Delete th- figures. 1
. L


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BRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION

B.S. 476 :Part 1 :1953 .

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTXTUTION

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953 t

BUTEH STANDARD,having been approved by the Build-

First published December, 1932.

The Institution desires to call attention to the fact. that this .

In order to keep abreast of progress in the industries con-

A complete list of British Standards, numbering over 4000,

British Srartdardsare revised, when necessary, by the issue

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Royal Tnstitute of British Architects

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

BRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR

FIRE TESTS ON BUILDING MATERIALS

The purpose of this British Standard is to spe6iy a series of testsfor deter-

ing th&urface sfiad of f l a m h r 1íningMeriaIs- / .

~ s c dindiscrirninately in the past to denote the resistance of materiais

without individual regard to the performance of the materials of which

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Consideration isbeinggiven to the substitution of the term a fìrc

a material rested on the mean spread of a certain number of specimens..

calculation of the performanceof the material is s u d that credit is given

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

could it be applied during the heatingperiod as is likely in practice. It was

I. This British Standard specifies tests 'for detcimining those pro$erties

SECTION ONE: COMBUSTIBILITY TEST OF~MATERIALS

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953

ingredients of which in Clause 8, after whic

raised to the following val

and shall issue fr

The room in which th

contact with t of the time of

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

B.S. 476 :? Part 1 : 1953

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

specific avity betwee

B.S. 476 :Part 1 .: 1953

-standards. The test element shall be conditioned to reproduce the state

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953

The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such that:

TABLE 1. MAXIMUM TOLERANCE ON AREA UNDER

hr. per cent per cent - .

e. Observariorrsduring rest. In tests on elements with an unheated :

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

B.S. 476 : Part 1 : 1953

400 - """- ""_" "_ 200

Fig. 1 (a). Time-temperature curve

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

u. Collupse. For all elements of structure; it is required that theeleníent

b. Pussnge offlume. For all elcrncn.ts of strdcture whose-function is to

c. InsuZrrion. For all elements of structure as in b abovk, it is required

'> DEPINTIONS O F FIRE-RESISTANCE

12. The fire-resistanceof an element of structure shall be the grading