xvi

Diction
LESSONS

DictionArt is the antidote that can call us back from the edge
of numbness, restoring the ability to
feel for another.— Barbara Kingsolver, High Tide in Tucson

Discuss:
1. By using the word antidote, what does the author imply about
the inability to feel for another?

2. If we changed the word antidote to gift, what effect would it

have on the meaning of the sentence?

Apply:
Brainstorm with the class and develop a list of medical terms; then
write a sentence using a medical term to characterize art. Explain
to the class the effect this term has on the meaning of the sentence.

Consider:
Lesson 1: Diction / 3
Diction
Consider:
As I watched, the sun broke weakly through, brightened the rich
red of the fawns, and kindled their white spots.
— E. B. White, “Twins,” Poems and Sketches of E.B. White
Discuss:
1. What kind of flame does kindled imply? How does this verb
suit the purpose of the sentence?

2. Would the sentence be strengthened or weakened by

changing the sun broke weakly through to the sun burst
through? Explain the effect this change would have on the
use of the verb kindled.

Apply:
Brainstorm with the class a list of action verbs that demonstrate the
effects of sunlight.
4 / Lesson 2: Diction
Diction
Consider:
An aged man is but a paltry thing A tattered coat upon a stick....
— W. B. Yeats, “Sailing to Byzantium”

Discuss:
1. What picture is created by the use of the word tattered?

2. By understanding the connotations of the word tattered, what

do we understand about the persona’s attitude toward an
aged man?

Apply:
List three adjectives that can be used to describe a pair of shoes.
Each adjective should connote a different feeling about the shoes.
Discuss your list with a partner. Share one of the best adjectives
with the class.
Lesson 3: Diction / 5
Diction
Consider:
The man sighed hugely.— E. Annie Proulx, The Shipping News

Discuss:
1. What does it mean to sigh hugely?

2. How would the meaning of the sentence change if we

rewrote it as: The man sighed loudly.

Apply:
Fill in the blank below with an adverb:The man coughed
______________________.
Your adverb should make the cough express an attitude. For
example, the cough could express contempt, desperation, or
propriety. Do not state the attitude. Instead, let the adverb imply it.
Share your sentence with the class.
6 / Lesson 4: Diction

Consider:A rowan* like a lipsticked girl.

— Seamus Heaney, “Song,” Field Work Discuss:
*a small deciduous tree native to Europe, having white flower
clusters and orange berries.

Diction
1. Other than the color, what comes to mind when you think of
a lipsticked girl?
2. How would it change the meaning and feeling of the line if,
instead of lipsticked girl, the author wrote girl with lipstick
on?

Apply:
Write a simile comparing a tree with a domesticated animal. In
your simile, use a word that is normally used as a noun (like
lipstick) as an adjective (like lipsticked). Share your simile with the
class.
Lesson 5: Diction / 7

DictionAbuelito under a bald light bulb, under a ceiling

dusty with flies, puffs his cigar and counts
money soft and wrinkled as old Kleenex.— Sandra Cisneros,
“Tepeyac,” Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories

Discuss:
1. How can a ceiling be dusty with flies? Are the flies plentiful
or sparse? Active or still? Clustered or evenly distributed?

2. What does Cisneros mean by a bald light bulb? What does

this reveal about Abuelito’s room?

Apply:
Take Cisneros’s phrase, under a ceiling dusty with flies, and write
a new phrase by substituting the word dusty with a different
adjective. Explain to a partner the impact of your new adjective on
the sentence.

Consider:
8 / Lesson 6: Diction
DictionMeanwhile, the United States Army, thirsting for
revenge, was prowling the country north
and west of the Black Hills, killing Indians wherever they could be
found. — Dee Brown, Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee

Discuss:
1. What are the connotations of thirsting? What feelings are
evoked by this diction?

2. What are the connotations of prowling? What kind of animals

prowl? What attitude toward the U.S. army does this diction
convey?

Apply:
Use an eating or drinking verb in a sentence which expresses anger
about a parking ticket. Do not use the verb to literally express
eating or drinking. Instead, express your anger through the verb.
Use Brown’s sentence as a model. Share your sentence with a
partner.

Consider:
Lesson 7: Diction / 9

Diction
Consider:
Most men wear their belts low here, there being so many
outstanding bellies, some big enough to have names of their own
and be formally introduced. Those men don’t suck them in or hide
them in loose shirts; they let them hang free, they pat them, they
stroke them as they stand around and talk.
— Garrison Keillor, “Home,” Lake Wobegon Days Discuss:
1. What is the usual meaning of outstanding? What is its
meaning here? What does this pun reveal about the attitude
of the author toward his subject?

2. Read the second sentence again. How would the level of

formality change if we changed suck to pull and let them
hang free to accept them?

Apply:
Write a sentence or two describing an unattractive but beloved
relative. In your description, use words that describe the
unattractive features honestly yet reveal that you care about this
person, that you accept and even admire him/her, complete with
defects. Use Keillor’s description as a model. Throw in a pun if
you can think of one. Share your description with the class.
10 / Lesson 8: Diction

Diction
Consider:
Doc awakened very slowly and clumsily like a fat man getting out
of a swimming pool. His mind broke the surface and fell back
several times.

— John Steinbeck, Cannery Row Discuss:

1. What is the subject of the verb broke? What does this tell you
about Doc’s ability to control his thinking at this point in the
story?

2. To what does surface refer? Remember that good writers

 often strive for complexity rather than simplicity.

Apply:
List three active verbs that could be used to complete the sentence
below. Act out one of these verbs for the class, demonstrating the
verb’s connotation.
He _________________ into the crowded auditorium.
Lesson 9: Diction / 11

Diction
Consider:
Pots rattled in the kitchen where Momma was frying corn cakes to
go with vegetable soup for supper, and the homey sounds and
scents cushioned me as I read of Jane Eyre in the cold English
mansion of a colder English gentleman.

— Maya Angelou, I know Why the Caged Bird Sings Discuss:

1. By using the word cushioned, what does Angelou imply
about her life and Jane Eyre’s life?

2. What is the difference between the cold of the English

mansion and the cold of the English gentleman? What does
Angelou’s diction convey about her attitude toward Jane’s
life?

Apply:
Write a sentence using a strong verb to connect one part of your
life with another. For example, you could connect a book you are
reading and your mother’s dinner preparations, as Maya Angelou
does; or you could connect a classroom lecture with sounds
outside. Be creative. Use an exact verb (like cushioned), one which
connotes the attitude you want to convey. Share your sentence with
the class.
12 / Lesson 10: Diction

Diction
Consider:
Once I am sure there’s nothing going on I step inside, letting the
door thud shut.
— Philip Larkin, “Church Going”

Discuss:
1. What feelings are evoked by the word thud?

2. How would the meaning change if the speaker let the door
slam shut?

Apply:
Fill in the following chart. In the first column, record five different
verbs which express the closing of a door; in the second column,
record the feelings these verbs evoke.
Verbs expressing the closing of a door Feeling evoked by the
verb
1
.

2
.

3
.

4
.

5
.
Lesson 11: Diction / 13

Diction
Consider:
We have been making policy on the basis of myths, the first of
them that trade with China will dulcify Peking policy. That won’t
work; there was plenty of trade between North and South when
our Civil War came on.
— William F. Buckley, Jr., “Like It or Not, Pat Buchanan’s
Political Rhetoric Has True Grit”

Discuss:
1. What does dulcify mean? What attitude toward his readers
does his diction convey?

2. What attitude does Buckley communicate by writing our

Civil War instead of the Civil War?

Apply:
Fill in the following chart, substituting uncommon words for the
common, boldface word in the sentence below. Your new words
should change the connotative meaning of the sentence. Use your
thesaurus to find unusual words. Share your chart with a partner.
She gazed at the tidy room.Synonym for tidy Effect on the
meaning of the sentence

14 / Lesson 12: Diction

Diction
Consider:
Wind rocks the car.We sit parked by the river, silence between our
teeth. Birds scatter across islands of broken ice . . .
— Adrienne Rich, “Like This Together, for A.H.C.”

Discuss:
1. What are the feelings produced by the word rocks? Are the
feelings gentle, violent, or both?

2. How would the meaning change if we changed the first line

to Wind shakes the car?
Apply:
List with the class different meanings for the verb rock. How many
of these meanings would make sense in this poem? Remember that
the poet often strives to capture complexity rather than a single
view or meaning.
Lesson 13: Diction / 15

DictionClose by the fire sat an old man whose countenance

was furrowed with distress.

— James Boswell, Boswell’s London Journal Discuss:

1. Whatdoesthewordfurrowedconnoteabouttheman’sdistress?
2.
Howwouldtheimpactofthesentencebechangediffurrowedwerechang
edtolined?

Apply:
Write a sentence using a verb to describe a facial expression. Imply
through your verb choice that the expression is intense. Use
Boswell’s sentence as a model. Share your sentence with a partner.

Consider:
16 / Lesson 14: Diction

Diction
Consider:
Her face was white and sharp and slightly gleaming in the
candlelight, like bone. No hint of pink. And the hair. So fine, so
pale, so much, crimped by its plaiting into springy zigzag tresses,
clouding neck and shoulders, shining metallic in the candlelight,
catching a hint, there it was, of green again, from the reflection of a
large glazed cache-pot containing a vigorous sword-leafed fern.

— A. S. Byatt, Possession: A Romance Discuss:

1. When the author describes a face “like bone,” what feelings
are suggested?

2. How can hair be “clouding neck and shoulders”? What

picture does this word create for the reader?

Apply:
Substitute another noun for bone in sentence one. Your substitution
should change the meaning and feeling of the sentence. Share your
sentence with the class and explain how your noun changes the
sentence’s connotation and impact.
Lesson 15: Diction / 17

Diction
Consider:
“Ahhh,” the crowd went, “Ahhh,” as at the most beautiful of
fireworks, for the sky was alive now, one instant a pond and at the
next a womb of new turns: “Ahhh,” went the crowd, “Ahhh!”
— Norman Mailer, “Of a Fire on the Moon”

Discuss:
1. This quote is from a description of the Apollo-Saturn
launching. The Saturn was a huge rocket that launched the
Apollo space capsule, a three-man ship headed for the moon.
Why is the sky described as a pond then a womb? Contrast
 the two words. What happens that changes the sky from a
pond to a womb?

2. WhatdoesMailer’suseofthewordwombtellthereaderabouthisatt
itudetowardthe launch?

Apply:
Think of a concert you have attended. Write one sentence which
expresses a transformation of the concert stage. Using Mailer’s
description as a model, call the stage first a ____________ then a
____________. Do not explain the transformation or your attitude
toward it. Instead, let your diction alone communicate both the
transformation and your attitude. Share your sentence with a
partner.
18 / Lesson 16: Diction

Diction
Consider:
. . . then Satan first knew pain,And writh’d him to and fro
convolv’d; so sore The grinding sword with discontinuous wound
Passed through him.

— John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book VI, lines 327-330 Discuss:

1. By using the word grinding, what does Milton imply about
the pain inflicted by the sword?

2. What does discontinuous mean? How does the use of

discontinuous reinforce the idea of a grinding sword?

Apply:
Pantomime for the class the motion of a grinding sword, a slashing
sword, and a piercing sword. Discuss the context in which a writer
might use the three different kinds of swords.
Lesson 17: Diction / 19

Diction
Consider:
Newts are the most common of salamanders. Their skin is a
lighted green, like water in a sunlit pond, and rows of very bright
red dots line their backs. They have gills as larvae; as they grow
they turn a luminescent red, lose their gills, and walk out of the
water to spend a few years padding around in damp places on the
forest floor. Their feet look like fingered baby hands, and they
walk in the same leg patterns as all four-footed creatures — dogs,
mules, and, for that matter, lesser pandas.

— Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek Discuss:

1. What is the difference between a lighted green and a light
green? Which one do you think creates a more vivid picture?

2. What is the effect of saying fingered baby hands instead of

simply baby hands?

Apply:
Compare the neck of each of the animals below to something
familiar. Use Dillard’s comparison (Their feet look like fingered
baby hands) as a model.
The elephant’s neck looks like
__________________________________________________
The gazelle’s neck looks like
____________________________________________________
The flamingo’s neck looks like
__________________________________________________
Share one of your comparisons with the class and explain the
attitude it conveys about the animal.

20 / Lesson 18: Diction

Diction
Consider:
This is earthquake Weather!
Honor and Hunger Walk lean
Together.— Langston Hughes, “Today”

Discuss:
1. What does lean mean in this context?

2. Is lean a verb, an adjective, or both? How does this

uncertainty and complexity contribute to the impact of the
lines?

Apply:
With a partner, read the poem aloud several times, changing the
meaning of lean with your voice. Discuss how you controlled your
voice to make the changes.
Lesson 19: Diction / 21
Diction
Consider:
Twenty bodies were thrown out of our wagon. Then the train
resumed its journey, leaving behind it a few hundred naked dead,
deprived of burial, in the deep snow of a field in Poland.

— Elie Wiesel, Night Discuss:

1. This scene describes the transporting of Jews from
Auschwitz to Buchenwald, both concentration camps in
World War II. In this selection, Wiesel never refers to the
men who die on the journey as men. Instead, he refers to
them as bodies or simply dead. How does his diction shape
the reader’s understanding of the horror?

2. How would the meaning change if we substituted dead

people for bodies?

Apply:
Change the italicized word below to a word that disassociates the
reader from the true action of the sentence.
Fifteen chickens were slaughtered for the feast.Share your new
sentence with the class and explain its effect.