Class Activity 9 (S60529)

Name : VIMITRA A/P RAMAN
NO. Matric : S59466
Chapter 3: Computer Function and Interconnection
Fill in the description for the following terms/concepts/process
Computer components
 CPU
 Module of general-purpose arithmetic and logic functions
 CPU is the electronic circuitry within a computer that
executes instructions that make up a computer program.
 The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and

input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions
in the program.
o control unit (CU)

 The control unit (CU) is a component of the CPU that directs
the operation of the processor.
 It directs the operation of the other units by providing
timing and control signals.
o arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit within the
processor that performs integer arithmetic and bitwise logic
operations.  The inputs to the ALU are the data words to be
operated on (called operands), status information from previous
operations, and a code from the control unit indicating which
operation to perform.
o registers.
 Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept,
store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used
immediately by the CPU.
 The registers used by the CPU are often termed as
Processor registers.
o cache.
 A CPU cache[70] is a hardware cache used by the
central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to
reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access
data from the main memory o buses.
 Data lines that provide a path for moving data
among system modules
 Address bus
 Control bus
o clock.
Most CPUs are synchronous circuits, which means they
employ a clock signal to pace their sequential
operations.
 Input module
 Contains basic components for accepting data and
instructions and converting them into an internal form of
signals usable by the system
 Output module
 An output module controls devices such as relays,
motor starters, lights.
 Discrete I/O. The most common type of PLC I/O is
discrete I/O. Sometimes discrete I/O is referred to as
digital I/O.
 The concept is simple, discrete I/O are signals that
are either on or off
 Main Memory
 The memory unit that communicates directly within the
CPU, Auxillary memory and Cache memory, is called main
memory.
 It is the central storage unit of the computer system. It
is a large and fast memory used to store data during computer
operations.
Computer function
 Instruction fetch and execute

 Instruction cycle state diagram
The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute

cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the
central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the
computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is
composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode
stage, and the execute stage.
 Interrupts
 Classes of interrupt o Program
 Generated by some condition that occurs as a result
of an instruction execution, such as arithmetic
overflow, division by zero, attempt to execute an
illegal machine instruction,
and reference outside a user's allowed memory
space
o Timer
 Generated by a timer within the processor. This
allows the operating system to perform certain
functions on a regular basis.
o I/O
 Generated by an I/O controller, to signal normal
completion of an operation or to signal a variety
of error conditions. o Hardware failure
 Generated by a failure, such as power failure or
memoryparity error.
 Instruction cycle state diagram with interrupt

 Multiple Interrupts
Multiple interrupt occurs when any currently executing
program is interrupted by another program or process. ...
Since, these two interrupts are independent, hence, the
communication interrupt may occur while the
printer interrupt is being processed. Multiple interrupts are
handled in sequential order
 I/O function
 Exchange data between I/O module and processor

data are exchanged between the processor and the I/O
module. The processor executes a program that gives it
direct control of the I/O operation, including sensing device
status, sending a read or write command, and transferring
the data.
 Exchange data between I/O module and memory (Direct Memory
Access)
 Direct Memory Access is a technique for transferring
data within main memory and external device without passing
it through the CPU.
 DMA is a way to improve processor activity and I/O
transfer rate by taking-over the job of transferring data from
processor, and letting the processor to do other tasks.
 Memory to processor
 RAM stands for Random Access Memory, and is used as a
short-
term memory storage space.
 The processor, also known as the CPU, provides the
instructions and processing power the computer needs to do
its work.
 Each can be as important as the other, and are reliant and
complementary to the other
 Processor to memory
 I/O to processor
 I/O to or from memory

Class Activity 9 (S60529)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class Activity 9 (S60529)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class Activity 9 (S60529)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name : VIMITRA A/P RAMAN

NO. Matric : S59466

Chapter 3: Computer Function and Interconnection

Fill in the description for the following terms/concepts/process

 The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and

o control unit (CU)

o arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

 Instruction fetch and execute

The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute

 Instruction cycle state diagram with interrupt

 Exchange data between I/O module and processor

 I/O to or from memory

You might also like