REPORT FOR ON THE JOP TRAINING

(OJT)
SUMMER 2020
 Preparing Bar schedule manually
 Introduction
Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used structural material in engineering construction.
Although concrete is strong in resisting compressive stress, it is weak intention. Hence to
withstand tensional stresses, steel is need in concrete. The reinforcement in concrete may be
simple bars or rods bend and tied to a given schedule with stirrups. The nominal diameters of
bars used at site were Y10, Y12, Y16, Y20, Y25 and R6.
Steel is supplied in two basic types.

1. Mild steel (250 N/mm2)

2. Tor steel (460 N/mm2)

 Bar code            
Indication of Reinforcement in Drawings
Engineering drawings is a language to communicate with details. Therefore there is a standard to
indicate reinforcement in drawing such as,

5Y10- 001- 150:-Which means 5 Number of Tor steel, 10mm Diameter, Bar mark 001, At
150mm CRS. At                                                      bottom face.
Bar location can be vary as follows:

Notation for Slab-

T1 -Top outer layer, T2 -Top second layer

B1 -Bottom outer layer, B2 -Bottom second layer

 Cutting and Bending of Bars

      There is a steel yard in the site for storing, cutting and bending of bars. Reinforcement
bars are cut into required lengths and bent into required shapes shown on the bar schedule either
manually or by means of machinery.
       In manual operations, laborers used the bar bending bench on which strong nails are fixed
and GI pipes with suitable lengths to bend the bars. That is used for smaller diameter bars. For
bending of larger diameter bars, bar bending machine is used. After bending all reinforcement
bars were bundled and clearly numbered according to the bar mark so that steel fixers will not
face any difficulty when fixing them.
 Fig.1 :- Bar bending work

 Prepare bar schedule (important considerations)

 Reinforcement bar Schedule
      Reinforcement Bar Schedule is prepared in a standard manner. The bar bending schedule
should be prepared and it should be submitted to the steel bar steel yard to cut and to bend the
bars for purposes, because bar bending schedule is the simplest of details what is in the drawings
which can easy to under stand for bar benders. It contains all the details needed for fabrication of
steel.Those details are bar mark, bar type and size, number of units, length of a bar, shape code,
distance between stirrups (column, plinth, beam) etc.

Advantages of the Bar Schedule;

 By preparing a bar schedule, and arranging them according to the lengths, it will lead to an
economical bar cutting, reduce the bar cutting wastages.
 It is easy to manage the reinforcement stock required for identified time duration.
 It will help to fabrication of R/F with structure.
Calculating weight of the steel
 While prepared the bar schedule, we used the unit weight of reinforcement bar.
Nominal Diameter of the bar (mm) Unit weight (kg/m)

R6 0.222

R10 0.610

T10 0.617

T12 0.888

T16 1.580

T20 2.469

T25 3.858

T32 6.313
 Table- Unit weight of the bar

It is necessary to be careful about length when preparing bar schedules. In case of bending, bar
length will increased at the bending positions.

 Minimization of bar cutting wastage

 In the site several steps were adopted for that purpose. Those are, Use of 12m long r/f bars
rather than using shorter bars. For example 6m bars off cuts of 12m bars were used to prepare
stools, separators etc.
 Off cuts of larger diameter (25mm) bars-for spacer bars
 Off cuts of smaller diameter (10mm) bars-for stools
 Lapping
     Lapping is required when a bar isn’t long enough or a joint is required. Bars may be
deliberately left short for constructability and transportation concerns. The preferred method of
lapping where the two bars overlap each other for some minimum distance. This distance is
called Lap length. These two bars are in physical contact and wired together. It does not
represent an actual bend in the bar.

Fig 2: Lapping and cranking detail

 Other material used In Reinforcement Works

Binding Wires
R/f bars are jointed with using wires which is called “binding wires”. Hackers are used to bind
these wires.

Cover Blocks
     They were made up of 1:3 ratio of cement mortar. Cover blocks should be immersed in water
for 28 days to get the maximum strength.All the beams were checked to ensure adequate cover
blocks are provided to the bottom and sides of the beam reinforcement. Main bars of the columns
were adjusted to ensure the covering requirements before concreting. Stools of correct height
were used to maintain the require gap between top and bottom reinforcement nets and cover
blocks were also provided to bottom reinforcement.
 Fig 3: Cover blocks

Cover to Reinforcement
 Concrete cover for steel bar is much necessary to protect the steel against corrosion (rusting) and
to provide resistance against fire.
 For R.C.C. Slab and staircase the cover is 20 mm.
 For RCC column the cover (To stirrups) 30mm.
 In case of underground structures the cover is 50 mm.
 In case of beams in superstructure (To stirrups) the cover is 25mm.
 In case of ground resting floor slab (Top surface) and retaining walls the cover is 50m.
 

 Stirrups
       Stirrups will be required at areas of high shear, such as bearing points and below large point
loads.  Increasing concrete beam spans, to reduce the need for additional piers, has resulted in the
need for the use of steel stirrups. Concrete beams vary in depth.  The deeper the beam, the more
shear capacity.  When the depth is not adequate, steel stirrups must be added to increase the
shear capacity of the beam.

       These stirrups are usually one piece of steel that is bent into a rectangular shape. The stirrup
typically wraps around the bottom and top bars of the beams. A designer should specify the size,
spacing and location along the length of the beam where the stirrups are required.  In my site
specify the stirrup dimensions in our section drawings, so that the stirrup can be manufactured
prior to installation. The installer should be careful to fabricate the stirrup from one piece of steel
and adequately overlap each end.

Fig 4: Bar Schedule for stirrups

 Stools
Stools are used to separate the top reinforcement mesh and bottom reinforcement mesh.
Dimension of the Stools could be change as requirement. Those should be strength enough to
bear the loads without changing the gap of two layers. 12 mm or 16 mm bars are used to make
the stools.
 Fig 5: Stools

Important  points to be checked.

 Size of the bar
 Length of the bar
 Location of the bar
 Position of the bar
 Number of bars
 Lap lengths
 Correct cover of reinforcements and cover blocks
 Spacing (in slab reinforcements and stirrups)
 Direction of the bars (in slabs)
 Dimensions of the element thickness of a slab, depth and width of a beam, etc…)
Columns, Beams, Slab Reinforcement
 Column Reinforcement
      The column reinforcement bars should be stared from the Footing. The upper column
reinforcement bars are cranked at the laps and connected. Special care should be taken in this to
ensure the lap lengths. After erection of main reinforcements, cover blocks were attached to
column reinforcements to maintain the required cover for column reinforcement. Most of
Columns centers were located at intersections of grid lines.

Stirrup spacing
       According to the Column reinforcement details drawing the reinforcement detail for a
typical internal Column, from to basement to ground floor is as follows.

       Column stirrups were tightened up to beam bottom level and rest is tightened once beam
reinforcement is fabricated. So Bar benders was instructed how to provide the stirrups. Mark the
stirrup spacing from the basement floor level in the Column main bars with a chalk as follow the
detail drawing.

E.g.:
 Fig 6:  Section of column Reinforcement

Bar Schedule for Footing, Column up to DPC and Column.

E.g-

Footing
Size – 1000 x 1000 x 250
R/f Details – Y10 at 225 C/C (B) Both ways
 Table 1: Schedule for Footing, Column up to DPC and Column

 Beam Reinforcement
   Beam is a horizontal structural member resting on two or more supports. It is used to transfer
the load to the columns. Beam reinforcements are arranged after the construction of beam and
slab formwork.

The method adopted for the arrangement of beam reinforcements is as follows:

    First the top most reinforcement bars are hung over the beam formwork and then the stirrups
are placed and bound at correct positions. Thereafter the bottom reinforcement bars are placed
and bound to the stirrups. After that the rest of the reinforcement bars and tension bars are
inserted into the cage according to structural drawings. Then cover blocks are fixed to bottom
and side reinforcements before placing the concrete.

Consideration for give lap length

 Fig 7: Reinforcement for beams

    Top reinforcement of the beam shall be lapped at the middle of the span of between two
supports. Bottom reinforcement of the beam shall be lapped at the end of the span of the two
supports. Considering the region where the maximum bending movement is existing.

       Lapping is did the place which the tension is didn’t act. Normally 2/3 of the length is
choosing for lapping. When lapping top & bottom re-bar, it is better to follow the following
method. Otherwise, it might cause to reduce the concrete covering thickness of the topmost&
bottom most slab reinforcement.

Fig 8: Reinforcement  for beams

Anchorage (bond) in concrete

Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of tension. The
main requirement for safety against bond failure is to provide a sufficient extension of the length
of the bar beyond the point where the steel is required to develop its yield stress and this length
must be at least equal to its development length. However, if the actual available length is
inadequate for full development, special anchorages must be provided, such as bends, hooks.

E.g- (Anchorage length 45 d (for top bars),12 d (for bottom bars)) where “d”, “Ø”  is diameter of
the Bar.

Anchorage length Calculation

E.g.:-  20 mm diameter bar

Fig 9: Anchorage length

Bending length = 112.5- (Cover (25 mm)+ Stirrup (10 Ø))

= 72.5mm
Anchorage length (x) = 45 x diameter of the bar(20 Ø)

= 827.5 mm

Bar schedule for Beam

Table 2: Bar Schedule for Beam

 Slab Reinforcement
Slab reinforcement is the most important part of the structure. It is important to have an idea on
slab reinforcement detailing. Following basic thing could be studied in drawing on slab
reinforcement detailing.

DISTRIBUTION BAR REINFORCEMENT

Small diameter bars, usually at right angles to the main reinforcement, intended to spread a
concentrated load on a slab and to prevent cracking. Standard method used for indicated the slab
top & bottom reinforcement.

First step of the fixing of slab reinforcement was placed the bottom most R/F (B1) of the slab.
Before placing the re-bar, correct spacing given in the detailing drawing were marked by using
piece of choke on the slab formwork. After placed the (B1) R/F then placed the (B2) R/F and
bound both R/F layers together by using binding wire. Then cover blocks for bottom most R/F
were fixed. Finally, Top R/F (T2), Topmost R/F (T1)& distribution bars were placed according
to the drawing and fixed together by using binding wire. Then Stools were fixed to separate the
both top & bottom R/F net as fulfilled the thickness.

Fig 10:  Reinforcement of a slab

Bar crank
 Bar cranking is the process of bending up the bottom steel bars in upward direction. It is mainly
to prevent upward bending moment near the joint. Also useful for attaching stirrup bar
effectively. Cranking is also used in two way slabs.

 Bar schedule for Slab

Table 3 : Bar schedule for Slab

 Bar schedule for some other structures

 Bar schedule for Plinth 
 Table 4: Bar schedule for Plinth

Bar schedule for Stiffener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam

Table 5: Bar schedule for Stiffener column, Sill beam and Lintel beam
 Scaffolding

Scaffolding is an integral part of almost all construction projects and has been
used ever since the first structures were built. Commonly needed to get access to
structures at height during construction, scaffolding can serve many different
purposes.
Sometimes scaffolding is used to support workers and their tools, other times
they’re needed to support significant loads from building materials, such as bricks,
blocks, stucco, or cast-in-place concrete, which is known as ‘shoring’ instead of
‘scaffolding’.
Even though there are many different types of scaffolding, new variants come out
fairly often. Some of the most popular types of scaffolding around the world
include:
 

 Wooden & Bamboo Scaffolding

 Tube & Clip Scaffolding
 Systems Scaffolding
 Cup lock Scaffolding
 Kwikstage Scaffolding
 Haki Scaffolding
 Staircase Tower Scaffolding
 Frame & Brace Scaffolding
 Suspended/Swinging Scaffolding
 Mast Climbing Scaffolding
 Shoring

Why are there so many different types of scaffolding?

 

Sometimes a specific type of scaffolding is common because the equipment is

readily available and a lot of people know the system. You may already be familiar
with these regional differences, like Kwikstage in Australia and Scotland, as well
as tube and clip in England and Wales. There is a lot of local expertise on the
intricacies of each system, as well as local codes written with these systems in
mind.
Depending on where you’re working in the world, different types of scaffolding
systems will be more common. In Scandinavia and Northern Europe where labor is
very expensive, aluminum scaffolding is becoming more common. Since
aluminum is lighter than steel, and most scaffolding has to be manually lifted to be
put in place, lighter scaffolding means that the scaffold can be built faster, which
reduces labor cost.
In some countries, aluminum is expensive and labor is much more affordable, so
wooden poles and bamboo is fairly common. As a designer, make sure that you’re
choosing the scaffolding system that works best for your project and follows local
regulations.
 

Below, you’ll find more information about each type of scaffolding including
common applications and where they’re commonly used around the world.
Wooden & Bamboo Scaffolding

Although you can use wooden scaffolding almost anywhere (there are regulations
for how to build it), it’s more common outside of North America and Europe.
Pre-cut lumber was the most common type of scaffolding until steel, and the
fabrication of materials, became much more affordable. Bamboo is more
commonly used in Asia where it’s favored for strength, flexibility, and eco-
friendliness.
 

Hong Kong is the most well-known city that uses bamboo scaffolding to build
everything from opera houses to skyscrapers. Highly-skilled designers and
technicians are responsible for constructing and maneuvering through multiple
stories of bamboo.
It’s so popular that there is a formalized manual, from which the diagrams above
were found, called the Guidelines on the Design and Construction of Bamboo
Scaffolds.
Tube & Clamp Scaffolding

Tube and coupler scaffolding construction example from Ponteggi Edilponte S.p.A

 

This is one of the earliest types of steel scaffolding and consists of two parts,
including the tubes and clips, sometimes called ‘couples.’ The idea is really simple,
and one reason why it’s so popular is because of the ease in assembly and
disassembly. To erect the scaffold, you need to connect tubes together to make
long runs and then connect the verticals and horizontals together with clamps built
specifically for these tubes.
 

This system is very flexible as you can place the verticals wherever you need them.
Where other types of scaffolding don’t easily form to odd shapes, tube and clamp
scaffolding can be adapted to round, straight, or irregular buildings. The steel in
this type of scaffolding is specially designed to protect against rust and corrosion,
meaning it’s a good choice for regions with harsh weather.
There are specific requirements that scaffold designers and companies must fulfill
according to OSHA scaffolding safety regulations, which is where you’ll find more
diagrams like the ones above.
Systems Scaffolding

Sometimes referred to as modular scaffolding, systems scaffolding consists

primarily of vertical and horizontal pre-engineered components that connect
together in a systematic fashion.
Systems scaffolding is likely the most used type of scaffolding across the globe
and there are hundreds of manufacturers, each having specific efficiencies. Some
perform well in very highly loaded conditions and others are more suited to smaller
repeated scaffold structures.
 

Systems scaffolding is an umbrella term that includes many different types of

scaffolding that can be used to create standardized scaffolding bays. Some of the
most popular types of systems scaffolding includes:
Cuplock Systems Scaffolding

Commonly made from galvanized steel, cuplock systems scaffolding is popular for
its ability to support heavy loads. With cuplocks at every 500mm to 1,000mm, this
type of scaffolding creates highly standardized systems that work well for
scaffolding designs with repeated patterns.
You’ll find many diagrams on cuplock scaffolding systems, as well as information
on the different available sizes, like the ones above.
Kwikstage Scaffolding

 
If you’re a scaffold designer in the UK or Australia, then Kwikstage will likely be
your systems scaffolding of choice. From commercial to residential applications,
Kwikstage is both easy to erect and relatively adaptable. With just five components
required, it’s easy to assemble and disassemble.
Non-slip platforms and double guard rails included with Kwikstage improve its
safety and reliability. There are plenty of resources out there for assembling
Kwikstage scaffolding, including those from Work Safe New Zealand.
Haki Scaffolding

Used in scaffolding, as well as shoring and suspended systems, Haki is one of the
more contemporary systems. Unlike other scaffolding types, Haki is both a name
for the manufacturer and a non-generic scaffolding system. Based on safety,
quality, and adaptability, Haki scaffolding is lighter and has fewer components
than other systems.
The typical Bay length measures up to 3 meters and the system is approved for
load class 6, making it into one of the more durable systems. You’ll find plenty of
assembly instructions and diagrams from Haki.
Staircase Towers

Most system scaffold manufacturers create special components that are used to
build a staircase, like the diagrams above from Offshore
Technology and Scaffolding Depot. Oftentimes these staircases are a part of the
scaffold structure that enable the workers to travel from level to level, but
sometimes a stair tower is used on its own.
As a scaffold designer, these particularly come in handy when workers need safe,
temporary access to a section of the building.
Frame & Brace Scaffolding

Frame and Brace Scaffolding example from Universal Scaffold

 

Very common for residential and commercial applications in North America and
Europe, this type of modularized scaffolding consists of frames, braces, planks,
and bases. This scaffold is very light and can be erected very quickly. It’s
important to note that this type of scaffolding isn’t as strong as system scaffolding.
 

In the diagrams above you can see the frames stacked vertically on top of each
other, and the cross-bracing that connects them together. You can find similar
diagrams from the Indiana University Scaffolding Safety Program and OSHA.
Frame and brace scaffolding is commonly used in small-scale projects where
scaffolding could be made mobile.
Suspended or Swing Set Scaffolding

Suspended and Swing Set Scaffolding example from My Construction Photos

 

Although some scaffolders don’t classify this structure as scaffolding, since it isn’t
built from the ground, we consider suspended or swing set scaffolding as
scaffolding. Afterall, it’s main purpose is to support scaffolders and their supplies.
 
 

This type of scaffolding consists of a platform that is suspended by a cable system

that allows the platform to climb up and down to various heights. Suspended
scaffolds can provide significant savings on very tall structures that need light duty
access, like ongoing building maintenance and small improvements.
You’ll find plenty of examples of swing set or suspended scaffolding online, like
the ones above from Shandog Haoke Manufacturing Equipment Co. and Lackner
Products Corp.
Mast Climbing Scaffolding

Mast Climbing Scaffolding example from Superior Scaffold

 

Similar to suspended scaffolding, a mast climber can extend to various heights.

Instead of hanging from wires, this scaffold can climb up and down on fixed mast
structures that are placed on the ground. This type of scaffolding is favored by
scaffolders who need to support heavy loads.

 
Where there is a brick or block wall that needs to be built, you’ll oftentimes see
mast climbing scaffolding as it can be adjusted to get to various heights in small
increments. These scaffolds range in height, some only a couple floors tall while
others climb several stories.
Since mast climbers don’t require a significant amount of space at the base of the
structure, they’re ideal for projects with limited ground area. Above is a great
example of single and double mast climbing scaffolding from Tamer.
Shoring

Whenever you see a concrete slab for a building floor, the concrete was almost
certainly poured on top of a form in order to hold the liquid concrete until it cures
into a solid that can support itself. Most often the structure underneath consists of
scaffolding.
 
 

There are frame and brace systems that are manufactured to hold this weight, but it
really can be built out of any available materials. You can find plenty of models
and diagrams online, including the ones above from the Tokyo Institute of
Technology.
 

There are many different types of scaffolding that can be found worldwide. This
list of scaffolding represents some of the popular types that we’ve seen designed
with Avontus.
 

There are other types of scaffolding you’ll find, including new frameworks that
have yet to be created. If you’re looking to learn about the basic types of
scaffolding, then this list should give you a nice overview of what you’ll encounter
in most construction projects in North America and Europe.
Depending on the need of the construction, the scaffolding tends to vary. Here we will
discuss the variety of Scaffolding Types, which are popularly used in different type of
constructions.

1. Trestle Scaffolding

As the name suggests, this type of Scaffolding is supported on tripod type movable
ladders. This scaffolding type is used primarily in indoors, like for repairs or painting
works. The usage of Trestle Scaffolding is limited to indoors as the height in this
Scaffolding is up to 5 meters only.

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2. Steel Scaffolding

Following its name, this Scaffolding type is created using steel tubes set by couplers and
it is easy to assemble as well as disintegrate. Steel Scaffolding comes with vast benefits,
thus has higher cost but it does provide higher safety standards during construction.
The structure provides strength, durability and is fire resistant. Despite the cost, it is one
of the most popular Scaffolding today owing to its benefits. Steel Scaffolding is mainly
used for outdoor construction and bigger structures.

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3. Patented Scaffolding

This type of Scaffolding is also made using steel however, these are readymade
Scaffoldings and are fitted with special couplings and frames etc. The readymade
Scaffoldings are available in market and are ready to use once bought. When using the
Patented Scaffolding, the working platform is set on the brackets, these brackets can be
adjusted to the required level may differ according to scaffolding type.

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4. Suspended Scaffolding
 Suspended Scaffolding is used for a variety of repair works as well as painting. Mainly
used in painting as the platform is adjustable to desired length multiple times.

Suspended Scaffolding is created using rope or chains tied to the platform for the
construction worker, which is then hanged from the roof with the height adjusted at
desired level.

5. Cantilever Scaffolding

Also known as, Single Frame Scaffolding, Cantilever Scaffolding has limited usage and
requires various checks before the installation. In this Scaffolding system, the standards
are supported by a chain of needles that are pulled out from the holes in the wall.
There is another type of Cantilever Scaffolding, in which instead of wall the needles are
supported inside the floors through the double frame Scaffolding. One needs to be very
carefully and follow all the required steps when installing the Cantilever Scaffolding.
Given below are the scenarios in which this type of Scaffolding is recommended:

o The top section of the wall is under construction

o Ground is unable support the standards

o Ground is close to the wall and free from traffic

6. Single Scaffolding

One of the basic and oldest methods used in Construction, Single scaffolding is mainly
used for brick masonry. This type of Scaffolding includes standards, putlogs, ledgers,
which links to the wall at a distance of 1.2 meters approximately. In addition, Ledgers
join the standards at a vertical distance of 1.2 to 1.5 meters while the distance between
the standards is 2 to 2.5 meters. Putlogs fixed at a distance of 1.2 to 1.5 meters, but
extracted from gap in the wall at the end of the ledger. All these technical calculations
when followed by book keep the structure sturdy and offer desired support.
7. Double Scaffolding

Double Scaffolding also known as the Independent Scaffolding, is the type of

Scaffolding that is used mainly for the stone masonry job. It is very difficult to make
holes in the stone walls for supporting the putlogs, hence two scaffoldings together
create a sturdy structure for construction work. While the first row is 20 to 30 cm away
from the wall, the second one is erected 1 meter far from the first row. With the support
of both frames then putlogs are positioned. Additional steps are taken to make the
structure firmer by adding cross braces and rakers.

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8. Kwikstage Scaffolding

The last but not the least in the list is the Kwikstage Scaffolding system. This Scaffolding
is contrived from hardwearing galvanized steel and is admired for its easy installation.
Effortless to assemble as well as disintegrate, it is used for both big and small
construction works. Kwikstage Scaffolding can easily replace regular scaffold system and
provide safer and strong platform to work. Created using a durable and safe interlocking
system, the patented Kwikstage modular system is customizable to any desired height.