Part-I Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Manual On Construction Works (Buildings)

PART-I
MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E)

MANUAL ON CONSTRUCTION WORKS
(BUILDINGS)
Prepared by: Nisar Ahmad Khan

Monitoring and Evaluation Consultant, SMECI Project
November, 2015
Table of Contents
SL. No. Contents Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Executive Summary ii-iii
Abbreviation and acronyms iv-v
1. Background 1
2. Why is monitoring and evaluation important 2
3. Monitoring and Evaluation activities in Bangladesh 3
4. Emphasis on field/ site inspection 4
5. Site inspection of Civil Works (PWD) Related Projects 4-5
5.1 Attitude/approach of the inspector 6
6. M&E manual for civil works 6-7
7. Preparation for project Inspection by using M& E Manual 7
8. Inspection of building construction work 8
9. Construction Stages of a building 9-38
10. Study of Project Document 39
11. Study of procurement discipline 39
12. Study of building related technical discipline 39
13. Study of Project implementation arrangements 39
14. Checking quality of works 40
14.1. Establishing site office and on-site testing facilities 41
14.2 Maintenance of site inspection register/book 41
14.3 Use of visual aid during inspection 42
15. Conclusion: 42
Annex-1-Checklist for DPP 43
Annex-2-Checklist for TPP 46-47
Annex-3-Checklist for procurement of construction works (bldg.) 48-51
Annex-4-Checklists for inspecting quality of construction (bldg.) 52-63
A Checklist for plastering works 52
SL. No. Contents Page No.
B Checklist for wood works: 53

C Checklist of metal (Iron/Aluminum) works 54
D Checklist for painting interior and exterior walls: 55
E Checklist for casting floor slab, beam and column 56
F Checklist for tiles and mosaic 57
G Checklist for electrical works 58
H Checklist for cleaning of materials… 59
I Checklist for roof lime terracing 59
J Checklist for Quality Control of R.C.C work… 60
K Checklist for testing facilities at site… 61
L Checklist for soil test 62
M Checklist for building design 62
N Checklist for mobilization of material… 63
O Checklist for mobilization of construction equipment… 63
Annex-5-Miscellaneous Checklists For Civil Works Inspection 64-68
A Checklist for Audit 64
B Checklist for examining test certificates of construction 64
materials
C Checklist of overall quality test and management of 65
construction
D Checklist for looking into completed building 65
E Checklist for handing & taking over of building 67
F Checklist of deployment of manpower for execution and 67
operation
G Checklist for testing other relevant kits 68
H Checklist of site documents 68
Annex-6 Glossary of civil works related terminologies. 69-94
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I like to convey my heartfelt thanks and sincere gratitude to a number of people who
help me in completing this guidebook/manual. First, words cannot convey my gratitude
to Mr. Shahid Ullah Khondoker, Secretary, IMED, Ministry of Planning and Md. Habibul
Islam, Project Director, SMECI Project, IMED whose untiring patience and attention to
detail enabled me to complete this manual and get it into its present form. Despite their
busy schedule they gave unstintingly of their time. Apart from the administrative side,
the honor and care I received from them were invaluable, which I deeply acknowledge. I
would extend my thanks and gratitude to the other officials of IMED and SMECI Project
as well for allowing me to formulate this document time to time. Needless to say, without
the cooperation of my fellow colleague Mr. Javed, Mr. Raihan, Mr. Rahman, Mr. sanjoy
and Shahina Sultana the study would have been impossible. I feel honored to express
my deep sense of gratitude to all the stakeholders for their cordial response and
cooperation. I also thank them most sincerely for the hours they spent talking to us and
the hospitality they offered. I am extremely grateful to Md. Sefaul Alam, Director
General (Addl. Secretary), Communication Sector of IMED and his officers Engr. Momit
and Engr. Ashraf for going through the documents and help in improving the technical
aspect of the manual.
Last but not the least, I am thankful to all the authors from home and abroad whose
publications have helped me to design the manual more scientifically and with strong
foundation. All limitations within this document are absolutely mine and I am solely
responsible for errors and omissions in this manual.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The role of IMED was limited to only monitoring of projects till 1982 when project
evaluation responsibility was added to its portfolio. IMED made a humble effort in this
direction by initially evaluating few completed projects. Within a short period, it started
evaluating all the completed projects during a particular fiscal year. Of late, it has
started outsourcing consultants every year to carry out evaluation of few important
completed projects/programs and this policy is continuing till date.
Encadrement of IMED’s posts in 1982 in the BCS Economic Cadre is considered as a

milestone, when its door was opened up with an objective to bring more agility and
dynamism in its function through continuous induction of new blood in the system.
IMED’s job being a bit different than the job of the other Ministries and Divisions, it
demands a bit different training and attitude to accomplish it professionally. Monitoring
and Evaluation being two very important functions of IMED, each one of it requires
special attention and treatment.
So long, on the basis of ‘learning by doing’, newly posted or recruited officers have been
carrying out their responsibilities of monitoring and evaluation. Of course, a small 05
page inspection guideline followed by a 06 page format of Project Inspection Report
was prepared in 1995 and was practiced till 2004 when Project Inspection Report format
was revised and reduced to a 02 page format and was named as IMED 06/2003. Both
these guidelines contain number of instructions to the intending field inspecting officials.
These instructions cover almost all aspects of project activities. It directs only what to be
inspected, and not how to be inspected and check quality of construction work.
Therefore, necessity of a comprehensive manual/guideline on monitoring & evaluation
is felt by everybody including the newcomers in the IMED. To facilitate and enhance
skill of the officers and to strengthen the capability of the organization, Monitoring &
Evaluation Manual for Civil Works (Buildings, Roads, Bridges and Culverts) is prepared.
The manual is prepared in two parts. Part-I consists of Building construction related
works and Part-II deals with construction of Roads, Bridges and Culverts.
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The manual is based on less theoretical deliberations but more practical oriented
questions in the form of checklists on various aspects of project implementation. The
checklists are supposed to lessen the burden of inspecting officials of going through
various documents like DPP/TPP, procurement etc. this will help save valuable time and
concentrate more on collecting useful data/information from the field.
There are as many as 28 Checklists (Part-I contains 23 nos. and Part-II contains 5nos.)
in this manual. Some are quite elaborate and some are short. These checklists are
basically divided into 2 categories. One category relates to the DPP/TPP and Public
Procurement Rules and Acts and the others belong to quality checks for civil
construction work in the field. As many of the checklists of Part-I cover the construction
areas of the Part-II, these are not annexed with the Part-II of the report.
The checklists in the form of questionnaires are given for the purpose of strengthening
an inquisitiveness related to the technical subject and also develop confidence in
oneself. The questionnaires will help know and learn the technicalities involved in
checking the quality and workmanship in the construction works.
Delay in procurement of goods, works and services is nationally identified as a major

cause in project execution. To overcome the situation, government, with the assistance
of the World Bank has initiated many steps through CPTU of IMED. One of them being,
developing PPA-2006 and PPR-2008. Recently CPTU has developed 45 key indicators
for monitoring procurement contracts of few selected organizations for monitoring their
procurement performances.
However, the Consultant has developed a comprehensive checklists for procurement of

construction works appended as Annexure-3 in the manual, where 45 key indicators
mentioned in the above paragraph have also been taken care of. This Annexure will
help IMED officials to analyse various contracts thoroughly, pin point specific steps
where inordinate delays have occurred and suggest measures to contain them
effectively.
Checklists of the manual are quite exhaustive and have covered almost all areas of
construction that an IMED official would be interested to look into.
iii
ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS
AA Approving Authority
ACV Aggregate Crushing Value
BCR Benefit Cost Ratio
BCS Bangladesh Civil Service
C.C. Cement Concrete
C.B.R. Test California Bearing Ratio Test
CONTASA Convertible Taka Special Account
CPTU Central Procurement Technical Unit
DOSA Dollar Special Account
DP Development Partner
DoFP Delegation of Financial Power
DPP Development Project Proforma
ECNEC Executive Committee for National Economic Council
EOI Expression of Interest
FDD Field Dry Density
GCC General Conditions of Contract
HOPE Head of Procuring Entity
HRD Human Resource Development
IFB Invitation for BID
IFT Invitation for Tender
IMED Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division
IRR Internal Rate of Return
LD Liquidated Damage
LOI Letter of Intent
LTM Letter Tender Method
MDD Maximum Dry Density
MDG Millennium Development Goal
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
NA Not Applicable
NOA Number of Application
iv
NPV Net Present Value
NEC National Economic Council
OMC Optimum Moisture Content
OTM Open Tender Method
PCC Particular Conditions of Contract
PC Girder Pre-stressed Concrete Girder
PE Procuring Entity / Project Engineer
PEC Project Evaluation Committee
PIB Project Implementation Bureau
PO Purchase Order
PPA Public Procurement Act
PPR Public Procurement Rules
PIC Project Implementation Committee
PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy
PWD Public Works Department
RHD Roads and Highways Department
R.C.C. Reinforcement Cement concrete
REOI Request for Expression of Interest
RPA Reimbursable Project Aid
RFP Request for Proposal
PSC Project Steering Committee
SAFE Special Account for Foreign Exchange
SMECI Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation Capabilities of IMED
STD Standard Tender Document
SPD Standard Prequalification Document
SRFQ Standard Request for Quotation
TFV Ten Percent Fine Value
TEC Tender Evaluation Committee
TOC Tender Opening Committee
TPP Technical Project Proforma
TEC Technical Evaluation Committee
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1. Background:
As background to the work an overview of the existing system of project planning

and approval, monitoring and evaluation in Bangladesh is given in the diagram below
that in general illustrates the main steps of the project cycle. Under this study 5th and
7th stage of the project cycle, namely ‘Project Monitoring/Ongoing Evaluation and
Post-Project Evaluation’ is covered.
Fig. Project Cycle
1.1 Monitoring is defined as collection of data prior to and during the project
implementation. These data, when analyzed, pinpoint progress or constraints as
early as possible, allowing project managers to adjust project activities as needed. It
also provides basis for undertaking evaluation.
The primary objectives of monitoring are to:
 Reveal if there is any impending problem to avoid disaster/delay;

 Assess the progress of the project with respect to the proposed timeline;
 Make necessary adjustments in resources, if necessary;
 Ensure quality of the ongoing work;
 Learn weakness and strength of the project management.
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 Redesign or readjust project implementation strategies or project components
to achieve desired objective.
1.2 Evaluation is also defined as a structured process of assessing the success of a

project in meeting its goal and to reflect on the lessons learned. It is carried out
mostly at the end of a project work. Evaluation is not just about demonstrating
success, it is also about learning why things don’t work. As such, identifying and
learning from mistakes is one of the key aspects of evaluation.
The primary objectives of evaluation are to:
 Understand how the project has achieved its intended purpose, or why it may
not have done so;
 Identify how efficient the project was in converting resources into activities,
objectives and goals;
 Assess how sustainable and meaningful the project was;
 Inform decision-makers on how to build on or improve a project.
The key difference between monitoring and evaluation is that evaluation is about
placing a value judgment on the information gathered during a project, including the
monitoring data. The assessment of a project’s success (its evaluation) can be
different based on whose value judgment is used. For example, a project manager’s
evaluation may be different to that of the project’s participants, or other stakeholders.
2. Why is monitoring and evaluation important?
Monitoring and evaluation are critical tools for identifying and documenting
successful projects and approaches and tracking their progress. This is especially
more relevant and essential in resource poor countries like Bangladesh, where
difficult decisions need to be made with respect to resource allocation priorities.
At the program level, the purpose of monitoring and evaluation is to track

implementation and outputs systematically. Monitoring and evaluation forms the
basis for modification and interventions and assessing the quality of work done.
Monitoring and evaluation can be used to demonstrate whether project has achieved
the expected outcomes or not. It is essential in helping managers, planners,
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implementers, policy makers and funding agencies acquire the information and
generate informed decisions about project implementation.
Monitoring and evaluation helps identify the most efficient use of resources and
provide the necessary information to guide strategic planning, design and
implementation of projects, and to allocate, and re-allocate resources in better ways.
3. Monitoring and Evaluation practice in Bangladesh:
Project Implementation Bureau (PIB) was created in 1975 through an executive

order as a central project monitoring organization of the Government of
Bangladesh. The PIB latter upgraded, renamed Implementation Monitoring and
Evaluation Division (IMED) and was reorganized in 1982 to perform its function in a
better way.
In 1986, Terminal Evaluation of completed projects was started by the IMED. Impact
Evaluation activity was initiated with the attachment of Population Development and
Evaluation Unit (PDEU) (Before it was placed under IMED, it was functioning as a
project in the Planning Commission to carry out evaluation study of Health Sector
programs) to the IMED in 1992.
Initially, project monitoring activities were mostly limited to financial performance
reporting of projects. Although, physical progress reporting formats were also in
place, IMED’s data analysis activities and reports were limited mostly to
observations. The reports based on those observations were prepared from (project)
reports received from the ministries/agencies.
According to The Rules of Business of the government, allocated functions or

activities to the IMED are as follows:
 Monitoring and Evaluation of the implementation of development projects

included in the Annual Development Program.
 Collection and compilation of project-wise data for preparing quarterly, annual
and periodical progress reports for information of the President, NEC,
ECNEC, Ministries and other concerned.
 Rendering such advisory or consultancy services to Ministries/Agencies
concerned on implementation of projects as and when necessary.
 Field inspection of projects for on the spot verification of implementation
status and such other Co-ordination works as may be necessary for the
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removal of implementation problems, if any, with the assistance of related
ministries/ agencies.
 Submission of project inspection reports to the President and Ministers
concerned when attentions at such levels are considered necessary.
 Matters relating to Central Procurement Technical Unit (CPTU).
 Matters relating to The Public Procurement Rules (PPR), 2008.
 Such other functions as may be assigned to the Division by the Prime Minister
from time to time.
4. Emphasis on field/site inspection:
Field inspection is one of the important tools of monitoring and evaluation, and that is
being carried out by the IMED in Bangladesh with the available resources. Field
inspection of the projects is one of the duties and responsibilities of the IMED
enshrined in its Rules of Business. And it is being religiously executed by the
organization from its very beginning to fulfil its obligation.
Emphasis given on the field inspection by the IMED can be understood by the fact
that every officer of the organization is required to visit at least 3 projects every
month and submit its inspection reports to the government for necessary action. This
practice was made mandatory for every officer, including the DGs through an internal
order and that is being followed by the organization for about 25 years.
IMED also involves itself in investigative inspection reporting, whenever and

wherever it is necessary or it is desired by the higher authority to do so for the
benefit of the project implementation.
5. Site inspection of civil works (bldg.) related projects:
Field inspection gives an on the spot impression of project performance in its

implementation phase. Since most of the investment projects have civil construction/
physical work component, the overall physical progress of work of any project can
only be assessed properly through site visits. Site visits gives an opportunity to see
whether the works are being carried out as per the approved plan document or there
are deviations from the approved DPP. Besides, the rate of progress of work vis-a-
vis the utilization of funds can also be assessed as to whether there are possibilities
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of time and cost overruns. Through project inspection early forecast of the likely
impending problems/hazards in the implementation phase can be made in advance
and the remedial/corrective measures can be suggested.
Inspection and quality assurance of project implementation is the ultimate

responsibility of the respective Ministry/Agency, though it is contractor’s
responsibility to guarantee quality of works as per terms of the contract. However, in
order to have an impartial/unbiased view of the project performance inspection by an
independent and higher body like IMED becomes pertinent. Field inspection gives an
opportunity to see whether the works are being carried out as per the approved plan
and design standards/specifications or there are deviations from the approved DPP.
Besides the rate of progress of work vis-a-vis the utilization of funds can also be
assessed as to whether there are possibility of time and cost overruns. These
findings and recommendations form the core of the report.
There was a time when all the construction materials (like bricks, cement, MS rod,
sanitary fittings etc.) used to be supplied by the Public Works Department (PWD)
and the contractor has to take delivery of the materials from the store, carry it to
specific site/s and complete the job in time. This practice was inherited from the then
East Pakistan PWD. But in late seventies, the flaw in the whole system was detected
by an investigating teams constituted by the government. It was revealed that
construction materials and construction related equipment worth millions of Taka
were lying in different PWD stores scattered all over Bangladesh. Some of the
equipment and materials were even continuing in the inventory of the store from
Pakistan days. In some cases these materials and equipment were purchased to
block funds allocated to the departments each Fiscal Year. In those days PWD used
to do all the civil works of all the government departments, and huge fund were
placed at its disposal every Fiscal Year. This led to corruption and misuse of fund as
well.
However, this position changed dramatically after revelation and government

decided to put the responsibility of supplying the needed construction materials and
equipment, for constructing building and other civil works etc., on the shoulder of the
contractor, leaving only the supervisory role to be played by the indenting agency. In
short, the agency required to look intensely to ensure quality of material supplied by
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the contractor and supervise the construction work to ensure quality of work done by
him (the contractor) as per specifications of the contract and also determine its
completion within the specified time frame.
5.1 Attitude/approach of the inspector:

The inspecting officer may or may not be an engineer but the person sitting in front
of him/her (Project Director) probably is; who is also likely to be senior in age and is
supposed to know his job well. Therefore, approach of the visiting official has to be
nice, positive and friendly with him. The visitor should not hurt him by his behavior.
Because an inspector needs his/her office’s 100% cooperation for collecting project
information from the field. His/her non-cooperation may lead to unproductive visit,
resulting in wastage of time, money and energy. Achievement of project’s target is
attributed to a team efforts and not to an individual, therefore a Project Director (PD)
alone should not be put in the dock for failure to achieve the target of project. A
Project Director does not live in isolation. He does not have absolute control on the
entire risk and assumptions of the project activities.
An inspector should encourage PD to speak freely about the impediments, project is

encountering in its implementation. Negative attitude of an inspector towards PD
may discourage PD to divulge any information that may, in his perception, harm him
or his superior in hierarchy. In short, the atmosphere of collecting information from
the field should be kept lively and cool to the extent it is possible from inspecting
official’s side.
As this manual/guideline deals with the highly technical engineering subjects, it

would be advisable to IMED officials in general, whether engineer or non-engineer,
to avoid entering into debate or arguments on the matter of ‘design’, whether it is a
building design or bridge design or any other structural design. Because, it is a
specialized area and the matter should always be left to those who have
specialization in the subject. Debate or arguments on the subject may not be helpful
rather it can prove to be counterproductive.
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6. M&E Manual for civil works:
This M&E manual is a reference document which provides— step-by-step guidance

on how to perform a specific task. It contains many sets of instructions containing
DOs and DON’Ts. This M&E manual includes specific steps/ instructions to be
followed by the inspecting/investigating officials of the IMED.
The purpose of the manual is as follows:
 To provide an operational framework for achieving the IMED’s M&E

goals.
 To explain its working procedures
 To provide clear inspection/investigation guidance for the IMED’s
officials
 To establish standard internal reporting system
 To improve quality of project monitoring and evaluation
 To ensure consistency in M&E within the sectors/sub-sectors
 To enhance inspection skill of the IMED’s official
 To improve quality of reporting.
This manual will require periodic updating for keeping pace with the development
strategy of the government as well as the monitoring and evaluation policy of the
IMED.
7. Preparation for project inspection by using M& E

Manual:
Before embarking on project inspection a number of preparatory works are

necessary to be taken to make it more effective and meaningful. In brief, these steps
are:
 Having knowledge of the stages of construction of a building will be helpful in

understanding the project activities and its efficient management.
 Holding a pre-inspection meeting with the Project Director/Project
Management, preferably in the IMED, to get an overall impression of the
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project progress and the impediments centering round the project
implementation.
 Preparing inspection schedule in consultation with the project officials, so that
inspection is completed within a reasonable time period.
 Studying procurement plan provided in the DPP in the light of PPA-2006 and
PPR-2008
 Studying Development Project Proforma (DPP)
 Studying yearly, quarterly and monthly reports (IMED’s 01/2003, 02/2003,
03/200304/2003 and 05/2003 formats or newly developed two formats, 2015)
of the project received in the IMED and filling in part of the inspection report
with static data/information before going to the field or by using online PMIS.
8. Inspection of building construction work:

There are number of steps in construction of building that are required to be
followed systematically during its construction. As a preliminary to the
construction work, some important in-house jobs like-preparation of tender with
technical specifications, estimation of cost, invitation of tender and award of
contract is completed. Actual physical work starts from handing over the site, and
providing with layout and design/drawings of a building to the contractor.
This is being a purely technical subject, it requires a monitor to have some
acquaintance with technical terminologies of civil construction work and some
basic knowledge of the subject. This manual is prepared with that purpose. It tries
to provide a monitor with knowledge and knowhow of construction of different
stages of a building.
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9. Construction Stages of a building
There are as many as 34 stages of building construction that are elaborated here.
Acquaintances with these stages of construction work will help in understanding
the nature of work, its complicacies, technicalities and systematic approach to
building construction work.
I. Site preparation/ design phase

Sl. Activities Images
Selection of site:
1.
There are many factors that taken into
account while selecting a site for a
commercial/residential buildings. Some
of these factors are given below.
1. Shape of the plot: It should be such that

the building can be constructed with low
cost, and it can be expanded in future.
2. Location of the plot: It should be near
the main road, shall have less polluting
environment, shall have less
development cost and surrounding area
has aesthetic look.
3. Availability of amenities: The area may
have availability of number of amenities,
such as electricity, Telephone, fast
transport system etc. and proper
sewerage system at the site of
residential plots. So that, the extra water
of houses can easily be drawn out
especially in rains and floods.
Fig. Construction site of a building
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2. Preparation of design:
Architectural design and drawings shall be
prepared at the outset and that will follow
preparation of structural design and
drawings of a building. Electrical, sanitary
and plumbing design and drawings shall
also be completed simultaneously.
Building design refers to the broadly based
architectural, engineering and technical
applications to the design of buildings. All
building projects require the services of a
building designer, a licensed architect or
structural engineer. Cost estimate of the
structure (building) shall be made based
on structural design/drawings and tender
shall be floated IMED may check the time
Fig. Preparation of design
bound plan prepared for delivery, approval
and supply of design and its sequence,
and take stock of the supply situation at
project site. If consultant/s is appointed for
preparation of drawings/ designs etc.
IMED may examine the activities of the
consultant/s and note areas of failure.
See checklist for building design no. M,
Page-61.
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3. Selection of contractor:
The evaluation and selection of contractor
leading to the award of construction
contracts is a vital part of the construction
process. In the light of PPA-2006 and
PPR-2008 tender shall be invited for
selection of contractor through competitive
bidding process.
See checklist for procurement of
construction work-Annexure-3, page-48-51.
Fig. Selection of contractor
4. Mobilization:
a) Handing over site: After signing
the contract, clear site of the project is
handed over to the contractor and if
necessary lay out is provided on the
ground by the Executive Engineer or his
representative.
b) Construction of site office:
To fulfill the conditions of the contract and
facilitate smooth construction activities,
normally a contractor builds a site office
nearest to the project location. At the site
contractor’s essential men and
Fig: Handing over site
construction material and equipment are
located. He is also required to maintain a
‘site inspection register/book’ on the site,
and also preserve a copy of the ‘Work
Order’ along with it, so that visiting project
officials and other related officials can
write their observations /instructions in it
regarding progress of work, quality of
materials as well quality of work performed
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(workmanship) by the contractor. He is
also required to keep a copy of the
approved construction schedule (Bar
Chart) at the site for quick reference and
observations. Setting up a material and
quality testing laboratory at site with
trained qualified personnel also lies under
purview of the contractor’s responsibility.
The above arrangements at site are
considered a pre-requisite for the start of
construction work. Therefore, when visiting
a site, take a look into these
arrangements. Site register/book will give
first-hand information about the frequency
of visits of the senior officials at site, Fig. Construction of site office
instructions given to the contractor for
compliance and its follow up etc. IMED’s
official can also record its comments/
observations in the register/book regarding
visit and other issues that deem worth
mentioning.
See checklist for site documents no. H,
page-68 (Annexer-5) and also See checklist
for testing facilities at site no. K, page-61
(Annexer-4).
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c) Arrangement of water and electricity:
Making arrangements of electricity and
water at the project site before the start of
construction work. These facilities are
essential to ensure security at site,
operating equipment, cleaning
construction materials, carryout material
and other tests and ensure timely castings
of CC and RCC work, proper curing and
curing of masonry work and plastering
work of the building.
Fig. Arrangement of water and electricity
d) Construction material:
Mobilization of construction material at site
by the contractor as per approved
sequence is necessary for timely start of
construction work. All materials are
required to meet the standard quality tests
as per technical specifications of the
contract document. The material test result
is also need to be approved by the project
authority. Procurement of materials is a
gigantic task and that often constitutes a
major part of construction work. Therefore,
mobilization of materials at site will reflect,
to some extent, seriousness of the Fig. Mobilization of construction material
contractor in meeting the construction
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deadlines of the schedule.
See checklist for mobilization of materials
and equipment (Annexer-4) nos. N & O ,
Page-63 and also see checklist for
ensuring overall quality test and
management of building construction
(Annexer-5) no. C, Page-65.
e) Construction Equipment:
Mobilization construction equipment at site
is necessary before the start of work.
Depending on the complexity and nature
of work to be performed, the construction
equipment are identified and entered into
the contract document. IMED may have a
look in the list of construction equipment
well as other auxiliary and ancillary
equipment and check whether these are
brought at site as per contract document.
See checklist (Annexer-4) no. O, page-
63
Fig. Deployment of construction

equipment
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II. Implementation phase
5. Handing over site and provide layout to
the contractor:
Handing over layout to the contractor is the
first step towards start of construction work
on the ground. As per layout plan,
component of the building are set out on the
ground and execution of building plan starts. Fig: Layout of a building
Fi
th
Fig:Preparation of site Fig: Clearing of site

6. Foundation:
Broadly speaking, all foundations are
divided into two categories: Shallow
Foundations and Deep Foundations. The
word Shallow and Deep refer to the depth of
the soil in which foundation is made.
Shallow and Deep foundations are made as
per requirement of the conditions of the soil
and the type of structure to be built.
a. Trench cutting: After setting out the
lay out on the ground, trench cutting for
foundation is done. Length, breadth and
Fig: Trench Cutting
depth of the trench is kept as per provision
made in the structural drawings. If it is a
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shallow foundation, then excavation is
carried out as per size of the footing
b. Foundation Casting: As a first step
towards casting foundation is to do Brick
Flat Soling. On the top of it CC casting is
done as per design requirement to
consolidate the ground. Over this smooth
and stable concrete bed, reinforcement is
placed as per requirement of the
design/drawings and reinforcement of
column are also vertically placed and tied to
the rods of the bed as per requirement. After
completion of this process RCC casting of
bed is done as a preliminary to the casting
of the columns.
IMED may consult the expert/ consultant of
the project regarding design know the
details of it and check whether size of the
footing, diameter of reinforcement (RI), Fig: Foundation casting
covering of RI has been provided as per
design/drawings. Quality of materials like
chips, bricks, cement, sand and RI and
shuttering materials are provided as per
specifications. Inspecting IMED official may
also check if the foundation casting is done
as per drawings/design.
See checklist C, Page-65. Annexer-5 for
overall quality test and management of
building construction.
16
7. Colum casting:
Column casting is an important work of the
building. Before the start of actual casting,
there are some auxiliary works like tying of
the columns with GI wire after placing rings
of specific diameter at specified distances
around it, making overlapping of
reinforcements and fixing the shutters
around the column, covering of the RI etc.
as requirement of the drawings/design or as
per instruction of the engineer are done.
IMED may check whether the instructions of
the engineer have been properly followed. It Fig. Colum casting up to grade beam
may also check if the no. of RI and its
diameter, quality of shuttering materials and
other casting materials are provided as per
specifications. Generally, concrete covering
of columns below ground level is higher than
the columns above ground level.
See checklist E Page-56 Annexer-3 for
casting floor slabs, beams and columns
and also checklist J, Page-60. Annexer-4
for quality control of R.C.C work
Fig. Colum casting
17
9. Grade beam casting :
As mentioned earlier, some similar important

axillary works are to be performed by the
contractor before the commencement of the
casting of the grade beam to ensure better
quality of work. Apart from many other
precautions, use of vibrator machine in all
castings has to be used to facilitate proper
compaction and setting of concrete.
Fig: Grade beam casting
10. Stair casting:
In this case, utmost care is taken to ensure
that riser and tread (step) of the stair confirm
to the design /drawings and shutters are
properly fixed before commencement of the
casting, so that water of the concrete mix
does not leak through the gaps weakening
the structure.
Fig: Stair casting
11. Column casting (ground floor):
It is mentioned in the previous columns
about the necessity of fixing the shutters
around the columns properly as per
design/drawings and pouring of the cement
and sand mix in specified ratio as per
18
instruction of the engineer.
Test of C. C. mix is carried out as per
specifications of the contract before it is
poured. IMED may see the test reports of
the concrete.
Fig: Column casting (ground floor)

12. Floor beam and slab casting:
Before casting of floor and beam is started,
following steps shall be ensured:
i. Leveling and placing of shutters are
done.
ii. RI are properly placed and tied.
iii. Blocks/chairs of proper size are placed
below the RI for covering.
iv. Placement of electrical ducts in right
places are completed.
v. Provision for sanitary fittings is made.
vi. Quality checks of materials-cement,
sand, chips, water and RI are carried out.
It is a monolithic structure and has to be cast
in one go without interruption. It requires lot
of preparation before start of pouring
concrete. First of all floor beam is cast and
then floor slab is cast continuously until it is
finished. Fixing of shuttering and centering
material properly as per requirement of
working drawings before pouring of concrete
is necessary part of the total process. As
mentioned earlier gaps in the shutters
should be covered to avoid leakage of water
of concrete mix, and de-bonding material
19
should also be used for better result. Use of
vibrator machine for proper compaction and
concrete mixer machine for mixing the
aggregates properly is a must to achieve
quality work. After rod bindings, electrical
ducts laying and making sanitary fittings
provisions pouring of concrete is done with
the approval of the engineer at site.
Fig: Floor beam and slab casting
20
III. Construction of column
13. Rod binding:
During rod binding process, following steps
shall be taken to ensure quality of work:
i. Number of rods placed are as per
design
ii. Placement of rods and its diameter are
as per specifications
iii. Spacing between the rods are as per
drawings.
iv. Tying and covering of RI are done as per
design.
v. Rods are vertically placed as per
design.
vi. Water tight shutters are used as per Fig: Rod binding from foundation
design. level
See checklist J, Page-60. Annexer-4 of

quality control of R.C.C work.
14. Shuttering arrangements:
Good quality shuttering materials shall be used
for achieving quality castings. Following
measures shall be necessary:
i. Spacing of props should be as per
drawings;
ii. For columns, shutter support is given
from different sides to keep it vertical;
iii. For slabs and beam, vertical support is
provided from below;
iv. In case of stairs, inclined shutters and
vertical support is given;
Good quality shuttering material in the process
ensure sturdy construction and ability to bear
Fig: Shuttering arrangements
inconsiderable forces generated by wet
21
concrete. Contractor is supposed to make
arrangements of the shutters required for
construction as per contract agreement.
Steel shuttering plate is the best type of
shuttering because this is water tight shuttering
which can bear the load of cement concrete
placed on it. This shuttering gives good
appearance and pattern work according to
architectural drawings. If the plaster is required,
the thickness of plaster will be less. Being water
tight shuttering, the strength of concrete with
steel shuttering is comparatively higher.
Contractors are supposed to use steel shutters
in every construction. Quality of shuttering and
centering materials and its proper fixing greatly
influences the quality of the casted structure. If
the gaps and cracks shutters are not plugged
with care and adequate attention is not given
during concrete pouring, concrete water often
leaks through the shutters and other places
leaving honeycomb and sometime exposing rod
in the structure, thus weakening the structure
Fig : Use of steel as shuttering
itself. In some cases bulging or sagging in the
materials
column, roof, and beam etc. is also observed
due to defective fixing of shuttering and
centering materials.
22
15. Concrete pouring:
Before start of pouring of concrete following

steps are followed to ensure quality work:
i. Mixing is done as per approved Mix

Design;
ii. Quality of aggregates (cement, sand
chips and water) is properly checked;
iii. Mixer Machine or Batching Plant is made
available at site depending on the
volume of work;
iv. Calibrated steel or wooden bucket is
used for measuring aggregates
(cement, sand and chips);
v. Vibrator Machine is made available at
construction site;
For small volume of concreting work, concrete
Fig: Pouring concrete and proper
pouring is done by hopper connected to Mixer
compaction
Machine and in case of large volume of
concreting work Batching Plant is used.
Batching plant delivers the mix concrete with
proper proportion automatically as per design
mix. Vibrator machine is used during pouring of
concrete to achieve desired level of
compaction. To ensure proper proportion of
aggregates in the Mixer Machine as per
specifications, steel or wooden calibrated
buckets shall be used for measuring the volume
of the aggregates.
casting floor slabs, beams and columns and
also checklist J, Page-60. Annexer-4
23
16. Curing:
Water plays a critical role in building

construction.
It is needed for workability and hydration

reaction in the concrete. . Time is an important
factor in determining concrete strength. Curing
of concrete as well as masonry work is an
important aspect of the whole process of
construction of a building. Proper attention
should be given for Curing to ensure durability
and longevity of a building. Availability of
potable adequate water, at the project site for
curing shall be ensured. All R.C.C. castings
shall be kept wept continuously for at least 28
days to achieve desired strength of the
structures. Masonry and Plaster work shall be
kept wet for at least 07 days to ensure desired
level of strength.

casting floor slabs, beams and columns and Fig: Curing to be ensured for 28
also checklist J, Page-60. Annexer-4
for quality control of R.C.C work days
24
IV. Construction of Lintels
17. Centering of lintels, sunshade, drop wall
etc.:
The activity of construction of lintels,
sunshade, drop wall etc. follow the same
principle of shuttering, binding of rods,
pouring of concrete and curing the structure
for a specified time period as in other
structures mentioned before.
Fig: Centering of lintels, sunshade, drop wall
etc.
18. Laying electrical duct and keeping

provision for sanitary fittings:
As per electrical design, electrical conduits
are laid on the floor before pouring of
concrete. Provisions for electrical conduits
for electrical wiring is made in the walls after
masonry work is completed. Provisions for
sanitary fittings are also kept before start of
casting of slab. Fig: Laying electrical duct
Fig: Making provision for Sanitary

wares
25
V. Completion of Curing
19. Removal of shuttering and defects repair :
After completion of curing for 28 days
centering and shuttering is removed cautiously
without damaging the structure and avoiding
causing injury to the working laborers or
people living close to the building. Honey comb
and other defects often appear in the structure
after removal of the centering and shuttering
material. These problems are supposed to be
taken care of immediately as per instruction of
the site engineer to avoid permanent damage
and weakening the structure. Fig: Centering and shuttering
See checklist E Page-56 Annexer-3 for removal
20. Wall construction:

Masonry work of walls is done by 1st class
bricks. All bricks to be used in masonry work
should be uniform in shape and size, free from
lumps, cracks and spongy matter. There are
crude methods for testing 1st class bricks.
When two 1st class bricks are struck with each
other, it emits ringing sound. When ‘T’ test is
applied for testing 1st class bricks, two bricks
are held in ‘T’ position and dropped from 4/5
feet above the ground, the one above will
break if it is not 1st class.
Anyhow in the laboratory ‘Compressive
Strength’ test is done to determine the quality
of the bricks for masonry work. Compressive
Strength test of 1st class bricks comes to
around 1000 kg/sq.cm. It is also important to
26
note that mortar that is used for bonding the
bricks is mixed in right proportion and buttering
of one side of the brick is done properly before
its placement.
During wall construction mortar should be used
as specified in the contract document. See
checklist- B, page-64. Annexer-5 for testing
construction materials.
Fig: Wall construction

21. Doors, window frames and accessories:
Normally wood is used in door frames, door
shutters and stair railings of a building.
Contractor is required to supply and fix these
works as per specifications mentioned in the
contract document or as allowed by the
Engineer in writing.
Contractor shall supply sample of door frames
and shutters. The engineer shall verify if these
are properly seasoned and meet specifications
of the contract. After that, the engineer will
allow the contractor to supply and fix the door
frames and shutters. It shall also be ensured
that Hinges, Tower Bolts, Haze Bolts, Clamps
etc. are supplied and fixed as per
specifications. See check list B, page-
53. Annexer-4 for wood works.
Flat Bar, Square Bar, MS bar, Iron Angle,
GI/MS Pipe, SS Pipe etc. is mostly used in
window grills and other places of the building
for security reasons, and in some cases as
requirement of the architectural design and
also for enhancing aesthetic look of a building.
Therefore, it is desirable that all these
27
materials are supplied and used as mentioned
in the schedule of works. Therefore, to be sure
that the flat bars used in the grills are of right
specification, one can check if all joints are
welded properly. It is commonly found that
joints are welded by ‘spot welding’ instead of
running welding. Therefore, in all cases
running welding joints shall be ensured.
See checklist C, page-54. Annexer-4 for
metal works (Iron/Aluminum).
Fig: Fittings of doors and window

frames
22. Plastering:
Wall, ceiling, column, beam surfaces are
cleaned and soaked with water before applying
plaster on it. Sand, cement and water is mixed
in specified proportion before application. After
application of the mortar on the wall, surface is
rubbed to smoothen the surface.
When plastering walls, plaster must be applied
in such a way that it sticks to the support wall
surface, bears its weight load without cracking,
and exhibits a smooth, hard, finished surface
suitable for painting or papering.
After plastering, curing of wall is supposed be
done for 7 days to allow complete bonding.
Fig: Plastering of walls
See checklist A, page-52. Annexer-4 for
plastering work.
28
23. Construction of sanitary pits and laying of
underground R.C.C pipe:
Following steps are necessarily taken before
construction of pits and laying underground
RCC pipes:
a. Sewage, sanitary and kitchen disposal
pipes are first fixed as per drawings/
design
b. Pipes mentioned in above ‘a’ are
connected with sewage and drainage
system through another bigger size pipe
laid on the ground
c. Some pits are provided on the ground to
clean the lines, if chocked Fig: Construction of sanitary pits and
The above facilities have to be created as per laying of underground R.C.C pipe
construction drawing/design of the building. Its
quality of workmanship and the quality of the
materials used has to be ensured by the
contractor and the supervisory officials of the
project.
See checklist D, page-65. Annexer-5 of
completed building.
29
VI. Ground floor preparation
24. Soling is prepared upon compacted sand
filled trenches for ground floor:
Following steps shall be taken to accomplish
the work:
1. Sand filling shall be done in the
trenches and also on the floor up to
specified level and compacted in layers
2. Brick soling shall be done above it. CC
shall be done above the flat soling as
per specifications.
3. Water damp proof work in the ground
floor shall be ensured as per
specifications
This work has to be performed by the
contractor as per approved construction Fig: Soling upon compacted sand filled
drawings/design. The assurance of the quality trenches
of work lies with the contractor and the project
engineer
25. Tiles laying:
Samples of floor tiles and wall tiles are
supplied, approved and finally approved tiles
shall be laid on the floor and walls.
Workmanship of laying the tiles, maintaining
tile joints line accurately, putting specified
material in the joints properly shall be ensured
by the contractor as per specifications and
conditions of the contract.
Anyhow, workmanship of wall tiles and floor
tiles can be tested by hitting the wall tiles or
the floor tiles with a stick or something similar
Fig: Tiles laying in the bath room
to that. If the floor or the wall is not properly
30
wet with water and sand and cement mixture is
not properly spread before placing the tiles, its
hitting sound will be hollow one, as if there was
no contact between the tile and the mixture
placed below it.
See checklist -F, page-57. Annexer-4 for
tiles laying and mosaic.
26. Construction of boundary wall:
Boundary wall is constructed to protect the
property from encroachment or trespassing. Its
construction procedure/method is similar to
that of construction of foundation footing,
grade beam, column, brick wall, plaster etc.
Construction of boundary wall shall be done as
per drawings/ design and as per instruction of
Fig: Construction of boundary wall
the engineer.
27. Construction of entrance road and
collapsible gate fitting:
Entrance road is required to get easy excess
to the nearby service road. The road pavement
may be either flexible or rigid.
In case of flexible pavement, box cutting, Sand
filling, filling with sub-base/base material and
finally carpeting of the pavement shall be done
as per design specifications of the road.
Proper compaction at different stages of
construction of road shall be done as per
requirement of the contract. Rigid pavement is
made of R.C.C or C.C depending on the
design requirement of the road. Fig: Casting of entrance road and
collapsible gate fitting
Collapsible gate shall be fabricated and fixed
as per specifications laid down in the contract
document.
31
IMED may check if the conditions of the
contract have been well taken care of.
See check list -C, page-54. Annexer-4 for
metalwork (Iron & aluminum).
VII. Finishing work

28. Fittings of kitchen:
Fittings & finishing work of kitchen has to be

fully completed as prescribed in the contract
document and as per specifications and
instruction of the Project Engineer. Workability
and quality assurance of the fittings and
fixtures is the prime responsibility of the
contractor.
Fig: Fittings of kitchen
32
29. Windows and door fittings:
Normally wood is used in door frames, door
shutters and stair railings of a building.
Contractor is required to supply samples of
these materials, get it approved by the
engineer and then fix them as per
specifications mentioned in the contract
document or as allowed by the Engineer in
writing. If wooden doors and windows are fixed
and painted, there is no way one can ascertain
that what wood it is made of or what is its
quality. Therefore, a chisel or something sharp
instrument can be used to open the surface to
see if the wood and its quality matches with
the specifications of the tender. See if door
frame fittings like-clamp, shutter (Palla) fittings
like-hinge, tower bolt, haze bolt, handle, lock
and buffer block are supplied, approved and
fixed by the contractor as per specifications of
the contract. Also see if door’s and window
shutters are properly shut, leaving no gaps
between them, bolts, locks and other door and
window fittings work properly.
In case of Thai Aluminum window, its frame
thickness and size, shutter thickness,
thickness of the glass, wheels and other
accessories shall be as per design and
specifications. See check list B, page-53.
Annexer-4 for wood works.
33
Flat Bar, Square Bar, MS bar, Iron Angle,
GI/MS Pipe, SS Pipe etc. is mostly used in
window grills and other places of the building
for security reasons. These are fabricated and
shall be fixed by the contractor as per
specifications of the contract. It is desirable
that all these materials are supplied and used
as mentioned in the schedule of works. It is a
tendency of the contractors in general to fix
undersize materials in the building, particularly
flat bars in window grills etc. Therefore, to be
sure that the flat bars used in the grills are of
right specification, gauge/slide caliper may be
used to measure them. Apart from it, one can
check, if the flat bars are welded properly. It is
commonly found that flat bars are joined by
what is called ‘spot welding’ rather than
‘running welding’. Therefore, inspecting officer Fig: Windows and door fittings
should check if the welding of joints conform to
the specifications of the contract. See
checklist -C, page-54. Annexer-4 for
metalwork (Iron & aluminum).
30. Fitting pan/commode, shower and basin in
the bathroom:
Layout for the fittings has to be set on the floor
and walls as per drawings and the contractor
shall fix those accordingly.
Supervisory officials have to ensure that the
supplied and approved fittings and fixtures are
as specified in the contract document and the
contractor has fixed them in right places
properly as per instructions of the Engineer.
Fig: Fitting pan/commode, shower and
IMED may check whether quality of fittings and basin in the bathroom
fixtures and their fixation works confirms to the
34
specifications of the contract.
31. Setting up electrical ducts, wires and
cables and fixing electrical fittings:
i) Electrical ducts are placed as per layout
provided in the drawings. After sample
supply by the contractor, cables and wires
are tested and approved by the engineer
to confirm to the specifications of the
contract document. The contractor is
given go ahead signal to lay the cables
and wires in the duct as per specifications.
ii) Samples of electrical fittings like- sockets, Fig: Setting up electric wires and
switches, etc. are supplied, tested and cables
approved by the engineer in the light of the

contract agreement and then contractor is
allowed to fix them in designated places.
Since, it is a very sensitive and hazard prone
work of a building, it is ensured that electrical
ducts are properly placed; cables and wires
are installed, electrical fittings are fixed as per
design specifications. After energizing the
line, the system has to be tested and certified
by the authorized person to ensure its safety
and safety of the users of the building. IMED
may check whether the installation of the
electrical system confirms to the specifications
standard of the contract.
See checklist -G, page-58. Annexer-4 for
electrical works.
Fig: Fixing electrical fittings
32. Fitting of hand rails of stairs:

Hand rail of stair may be made of wood, G.I.
35
Pipe or SS Pipe etc. depending on the nature
of the contract.
Samples of specified material in the contract
are supplied by the contractor and its approval
is accorded by the engineer. Getting approval
of the authority, contractor makes/fabricates
hand rails and fixes it. Method of fixation and
treatment of hand rail shall depend on the
nature of material being used.
Anyhow, contractor has to follow the design
and conditions of the contract and fix the hand
rail accordingly. IMED may see if design
specifications have been properly followed.
See checklist - B, page-53. Annexer-4 for
wood works. and checklist – C. page- 54. Fig: Fixing of hand rails of stairs
Annexer-4 for metal works.
33. Whitewash or distempering the wall:
Surface of the interior walls are thoroughly
rubbed to ensure a smooth surface.
Afterwards, a prime coat and under coat is
given to the surface before plastic paint/
distemper is applied on it.
In a similar manner, surface of the exterior wall
is rubbed thoroughly to ensure smooth
surface. After that snowcem or weather coat is
applied on it.
36
Painting of interior and exterior wall of a
building is done to maintain durability of the
building, increase its life, give an aesthetic look
and prevent from untimely wear and tear.
Normally synthetic paints of different brands
are used for painting exterior and interior walls.
Durability of the color of the building greatly
depends on the finishing work of the building.
Better finished plaster work ensures better
smooth surface resulting into better quality
finished interior and exterior painted walls.
Fig: Whitewash or distempering the
See checklist D, page-55. Annexer-4 for
wall
interior and exterior paintings of walls.
34. Varnishing of wooden frames:
Varnishing work of wooden frames etc. has to
be done as per principles laid down in the
contract documents. Initially, surface of the
wood is rubbed to bring smoothness in the
esurface. On the smooth surface first prime
coat is applied. Afterward, varnish is applied
on it. The contractor shall follow the dictates of
the engineer to perform the job as per
specification of the contract.
Fig: Varnishing of wooden frames
See checklist - B, page-53. Annexer-4 for
wood works.
35. Lime terracing of top roof:
Lime terracing on the top of the roof of a
building is an old practice. But climatic
condition of our country still suggests following
this practice. When lime, surkhi and brick
chips in 7:2:2 proportions is mixed and spread
in specified thickness on the RCC roof, it is
known as Lime terracing. The lime terracing of
37
the roof protects the roof from wear and tear,
stops water leakage and controls heat to keep
the roof top cool.
Normally for 100 mm thick finished lime
terracing on the roof top, 20 mm downgraded
brick chips and surkhi from 1st class bricks with
minimum lime content of 500 kg. per 2.83 cu.
m in the proportion of 7:2:2 is required. Stone
lime is slaked for 03 days and then mixed with
brick chips and surkhi in the proportion
mentioned above on a suitable platform under
the shade of polythene to protect it from sun
and rain.
Cutting the mix twice daily with lime water for 7
days is done until the mix achieves desired
consistency. The mix so made is then spread
on the roof with proper slope and making
ghoondie. The roof is beaten for 7days and
curing is done for another 21 days.
See checklist- I, page-59. Annexer-4 for
Fig: Lime terracing of top roof
lime terracing.
38
10. Study of Project Documents:
An approved Development Project Proforma (DPP) is considered to be the Bible to
be followed by everybody in its letter and spirit. It is the document that contains the
physical and non-physical items of works along with its budgetary provisions and
also its execution plan to be carried out over the project implementation period. An
inspector shall also have comprehensive knowledge of this approved government
document as to what are the physical activities to be taken up for implementation by
the project management. Study of the project document thoroughly, particularly the
work components that are planned to be inspected with reference to previous
inspection/progress report (See Annexure-1 and Annexure -2, page- 43-45/46-47
for DPP/TPP Checklist) is necessary.
11. Study of procurement discipline:

Beside other documents, it is advisable to study in depth on the PPA 2006 and the
PPR 2008 (Revised/Updated) (See Annexure-3, page-48-51; procurement discipline
Checklist).Without having comprehensive knowledge of this aforesaid Acts and
Rules with checklists one may be misguided while visiting the project site. The
documents and the checklists will give officers an insight into the detail of the work
awarded to the contractor.
12. Study of building related technical discipline:

Before investigation of building related projects which purely known as civil works,
one should remember the basic engineering roles item by item. For example
Schedule of rate of all kind of materials. See Annexure-3 page- 48-51; building
related technical discipline Checklists of Annexure-4, page-52-63).
13. Study of Project implementation arrangements:

All the project documents have an approved provision of required number of,
different categories of project personnel for execution of the project as well as for its
operation after its completion. IMED’s inspecting official should take stock of the
whole arrangement and see whether these positions are filled up. Organizations like
39
PWD, PDB, WDB, R & H D etc. government and autonomous bodies normally do not
recruit new personnel for the project from outside; rather it depute project personnel
including PD, from within the organization. If project execution personnel are
appointed from outside through open advertisement, IMED may see whether
procedures for recruitment of manpower were properly followed and recruited
personnel possessed requisite qualifications and experience as stipulated in the
DPP/TAPP.
Appointment of full time PD, though very important for timely project implementation,
but government decision in this respect is often overlooked/neglected by the
ministry/agency and part time PD is appointed. IMED’s inspecting official may obtain
detail information about the appointment of the PD and also note whether project
progress or quality of work in anyway suffered due to appointment of a part time PD
or shortage of manpower in this project.
See Checklist - F, page- 67 for project manpower for execution and operation.
14. Checking quality of work:

Basic responsibility of ensuring quality of work lies with the contractor. The
contractor has to ensure supply of construction materials as per specifications of the
contract and also to ensure its use and workmanship as mentioned in the contract
document. The indenting agency/ministry has to ensure that whatever was specified
in the contract document is being delivered by the contractor. IMED as an outsider
can do little to ensure quality of work from the contractor, but it can certainly help
agency/ministry in extracting quality work and better workmanship through regular
visits to the project sites. But in most cases IMED’s field inspection takes place after
completion of the work, that won’t help ensure quality of work. Therefore, depending
on the stage of progress of work in the field, IMED’s visits need to be planned.
Suppose that when IMED is visiting a particular project site where construction work
is 100% complete. In this case to what extent will one can go to check the quality of
works of the building. At this stage of work there is no way one can check whether
cement, sand and water was used in right proportions or columns, beams and roofs
etc. were cast using correct proportion of cement, chips with specific quantity of M.S.
bar of correct dimensions and quality as specified in the tender document. Of course
naked eye observations of the construction work from different angles may throw
40
some light on the overall construction quality of the work. That may generate some
query and need explanations/comments from the PD or his representatives. Apart
from getting comments/ explanation of the project authority a request can also be
made to supply some documentary evidences and also carry out some on-site
checks for record.
See checklist - D, page-65 for completed buildings and also see checklist - E,
page-67.for handing and taking over of building.
14.1.Establishing site office and on-site testing facilities:

To fulfill the conditions of the contract and facilitate smooth construction activities, a
contractor is required to builds a site office nearest to the project location. Creation of
material and quality testing facilities at site at the cost of contractor also remains part
of the contract.
Site office is built by the contractor in a way that it accommodates PD’s office and his
staff as well. Provision of electricity and water supply is also ensured by the
contractor to smoothen activities of the project without interruption. At the site office,
contractor’s essential men and construction materials and equipment are also
located.
14.2. Maintenance of site inspection register/book:

Contractor is also required to maintain a ‘site inspection register/book’ on the site,
and also preserve a copy of the ‘Work Order’ along with it, so that visiting project
officials and other related officials can write their observations/instructions in it
regarding progress of work, mobilization of equipment and materials, quality of
material as well quality of work performed (workmanship) by the contractor. He is
also required to supply construction schedule and keep a copy of it at the site for
quick reference and observations. These are considered prerequisite steps for the
start of construction work. Therefore, when visiting a site, take a look into this ‘book’.
That will give first-hand information about the frequency of visits of the senior project
officials at site, instructions given to the contractor for compliance and its follow up
etc. IMED official should also record his comments/observations in the ‘book’
regarding his visit and other issues that deem worth mentioning and can desire to be
on record for future ready reference.
See checklist - H, page-68 for site office documents.
41
14.3. Use of visual aid during inspection:
Visual aid like Camera or Video Recorder may be used for recording images of
project activities. These images will always be helpful in better understanding the
project situation in the field. In many cases, it will complement
comments/observations of the officials and confirm reliability of information and
data collected from the field. Therefore, wherever possible, help of visual aid
should be sought for explaining views/comments/observations. Photographs of
the buildings from different angles and the photographs of the construction
defects like hair cracks or larger cracks in wall or floor, subsidence in the floor,
defective window grills, defective wooden doors, windows and other fittings etc.
will strongly complement inspecting official’s views and comments.
15. Conclusion:
The quality achievement is not an easy outcome or an accident; it is the product of

determined effort. The PD/PE is the key person who must play an important role to
get the work done true to the standards and specifications so as to ensure desired
quality of work. The contractor is obligated under the contract for testing of the
quality of work to ensure compliance as stipulated in the specifications. It is the
standard practice for the engineer’s site staff to supervise and witness such testing
of the works. However, the site engineer should also carry out some testing
separately, for the purpose of validation of tests done by the contractor as well as for
the auditing purposes.
The inspecting officials from the Ministry/Department and the IMED may verify
whether or not the contractual obligations of the contract have been fulfilled with
proper documentation of the test results and comments of the site/Project Engineer
there on. This must be carefully noted and reported at the decision making level of
the government.
42
Annexure-1
CHECKLIST FOR DPP
1. Project Title:
2. Objectives of the project:
3. Estimated cost of the project total GoB PA (RPA):
4. Mode of financing:
5. Components of the project:
Sl. Aspects to be answered/covered Yes/No Remarks

6. Whether log frame in the DPP is correctly drawn to achieve
the objective of the project
7a. Whether required manpower as mentioned in the DPP has
been deputed from existing setup, recruited directly or
recruited by outsourcing
7b. Whether recruitment of personnel has been made following
government recruitment rules and regulations
7c. Whether recruited/deputed personnel have requisite
qualification and experience as mentioned in the DPP
8. Whether there is a Project Steering Committee (PSC) and
Project Implementation Committee (PIC) for reviewing the
progress of project (monthly/quarterly/half yearly)
9. Whether procurement plan of goods, works and services as
mentioned in the Annex III (a), III (b) and III(c) are being
executed following the PPA-2006 and PPR-2008. Make
analysis of the individual contracts in the Checklist for
Procurement of Construction (Building) Work
--Annexure—3,page-44
43
10a. Whether item wise physical components as approved in the
project document, differ from those being executed in the field.
10b. Whether physical components targets and progress as
reported in the 02, 03 IMED formats are consistent with the
field up to last quarter.
10c. Whether year wise financial phasing as approved in the DPP
matches with the yearly ADP allocation.
10d. Whether year wise fund release and expenditure are
consistent with the reported figures in the IMED formats.
11a. Whether project authority has clearly identified the RPA
expenditure items of the project and is making the RPA claims
from DOSA, CONTASA, SAFE, Impressed, etc. accounts
properly and timely
11b. Whether claims of RPA expenditures are being submitted
quickly for reimbursement.
12. Whether benefit-cost ratio (BCR), net present value (NPV) and
internal rate of return (IRR) figures provided in the approved
project document are inconsistent with the present figures (for
completed profit earning industries).
13a. Whether mitigation programs for environmental impact has
been taken care of by the project authority as mentioned in the
DPP.
13b. Whether the project in anyway is contributing to the poverty
alleviation, empowerment of women and regional disparity as
mentioned in the DPP.
14. Whether the project is contributing to the PRS and MDGs as
mentioned in the DPP.
15. Whether any project aid conditionality mentioned in the DPP is
affecting implementation of the project.
44
16a. Whether rehabilitation/resettlement of affected

persons/families program is taken up by the project
authority.
16b. Whether the cost involvement as mentioned in the DPP
for rehabilitation/resettlement will remain within the
approved estimate.
17. Whether project implementation period is likely to be
extended
18. Whether there is a possibility of time over run and cost
over run
19. Whether internal and external audits are being carried
out. When last internal and external audit was done.
20. Whether site register/book is being maintained at project
site and visiting supervisory officials are recording their
observations on progress and quality of work etc.
21. Whether Annual Work Plan has been prepared by the
project authority/PD.
22. Whether CPM/ Bar Chart, for smooth execution of the
project, has been prepared and being followed.
45
Annexure -2
CHECKLIST FOR TPP
1. Project Title:
2. Objectives of the project:
3. Estimated cost of the project total GoB PA (RPA):
4. Mode of financing:
5. Components of the project:

6. Whether there is a possibility for cost and time
overrun.
7. Whether PD/NPD is a full time or a part time
appointee.
8. Whether financing arrangement has been finalized.
9. Whether loan/credit/grant and other amounts as
approved in the TPP is the same
10. Whether TOR of the consultants adequately covers
the areas related to the objective of the TPP
11. Whether PPR 2008 has been followed in selecting
consultants
12. Whether adequate step have been taken by the
project authority to ensure transfer of technology.
13. Whether consultant’s performance is being
monitored regularly
14. Whether educational qualifications and experience
of the consultants are relevant to the assignments
they have been engaged.
15. Whether the counter-part personnel attached to the
consultants have required educational qualifications
and experience as mentioned in the approved TPP.
16. Whether educational qualification and experience of
46
the support staff matches with information provided
in the approved TPP.
17. Whether letter of agreement with implementing
agency and the development partner has been
signed.
18. Whether project steering committee has been
formed to review the progress of work.
19. Whether auditing of the project is being carried out.
When the last audit was done?
20. Whether project work is progressing as per
approved implementation works schedule provided
in the TPP.
21. Whether total procurement plan as envisaged in the
approved TPP is being implemented in the light of
PPR 2008. Individual contracts should be analyzed
in the Checklist for Procurement of Construction
(Building) Work --Annexure-3.
22. Whether approving authority is exercising financial
authority as per Delegation of Financial Power
published by ministry of finance.
23. Whether CPM/ Bar Chart, for smooth execution of
the project, has been prepared and being followed.
47
Annexure -3
CHECKLIST FOR PROCUREMENT OF CONSTRUCTION

WORKS (BUILDING)
PART-A PROCURING ENTITY AND DESCRIPTION OF PROCUREMENT
1. Ministry/Division
2. Agency
3. Procuring Entity
4. Name of the Project (if applicable)
5. Source of Funds Government Development Revenue
(Tick relevant boxes)
Project Aid Own Funds
6. Procurement Plan Status of Annual Procurement Plan (APP)

Approved Unapproved
Short Description (If necessary):

7. Brief Description of Works
8. Procurement Method (as in
DPP or otherwise)
9. Procurement Value
(Estimated Cost)
10. Type of Tender Document  SRFQ (PW 1)
(Tick relevant one)  STD (PW 2/PW 3/PW 4/PW 5)
 SPD (PQW 4/ PQW 5)
11. Formation of TOC/POC  No of members in TOC/POC
and TEC/PEC  No of member from TEC/PEC
 No of members in TEC/PEC
 No of external members in TEC/PEC
 Authority approved TEC/PEC
48
PART-B SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES (Pre-Qualification)
Sl. Activity Planned Date Actual Remarks
(If not applicable indicate N/A) (As per Date
procurement
plan/ Flow Chart)
1. PRE-QUALIFICATION
1.1 Date of Advertisement of Invitation
1.1.1 Advertisement in Newspaper
Published
1.1.2 Advertisement in CPTU Website
Published
1.1.3 Advertisement published in own
website,
1.1.4 Tenders/Proposals followed PPA-
2006/PPR, 2008
1.1.5 Tenders/Proposals followed DP’s
Guidelines
1.1.6 No of Sale/Issuance of Tender/

Proposal Documents
1.1.7 No of Tenderer/Consultant participated
1.1.8 Days allowed per Rule for preparation
and Submission
1.1.9 Date of Submission of Tender
Doc./Applications
1.2 Date of Pre-Qualification Meeting (if any)
2. Tenders/Proposals Evaluation
2.1 Days allowed per Rule between opening
and completion/submission of evaluation
2.2 Days actual between opening and
completion/submission of evaluation
2.3 Responsiveness of Tender/Proposal
2.4 Re-invitation of Tenders/Proposals
recommended by TEC/PEC
2.5 Procurement proceedings
annulled/cancelled
2.6 Date of Submission of Evaluation Report
with Recommended List
2.7 Approving Authority (AA) as per Delegation
of Financial Power (DoFP)
2.8 Date of Approval of List
2.9 Authority approval date
2.10 Evaluation report was sent directly to the
AA
49
PART-C SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
Sl. Activity Planned Date Actual Remarks
(If not applicable indicate N/A) (As per Date
procurement
plan/ Flow Chart)
1. TENDER FOR WORKS
1.1 Date of Advertisement of Invitation for Tenders
1.1.1 Advertisement in Newspaper Published
1.1.2 Advertisement in CPTU Website
Published
1.1.3 Advertisement published in agency’s
own website,
1.1.4 Tenders/Proposals followed PPA-2006,
PPR-2008
1.1.5 Tenders/Proposals followed Dev.
Partner’s Guidelines
1.2 Date of Issue of Tender Document
1.2.1 No of Sale/Issuance of Tender/Proposal
Documents
1.2.2 No of Tenderer/Consultant participated
1.3 Date of Pre-Tender (Pre-Bid) meeting
1.3.1 Days allowed as per rules for
preparation and Submission
1.3.2 Date of Submission of Tenders
1.4 Date of Opening of Tenders
1.5 Date of Submission of Technical Sub-

Committee Report (if applicable)
1.6 Date of Submission of Evaluation Report
1.7 Procurement processing lead-time i.e. days
actual between opening and issuance of
NOA/PO/Contract signing/LOI
1.8 Days actual between IFT/RFP and issuance of
NOA/PO/Contract signing/LOI
1.9 Publication of award in CPTUs website/PE’s
website/others
1.10 Contract award made within the initial
50
Tender/Proposal validity period
1.11 Date of Approval for Award of Contract
Part-D Individual Contract Review

Planned Date Actual Date
(As per
1. Contract Implementation:
procurement plan/
Flow Chart)
1.1 Contract Reference
1.2 Contract Amount/ Value
1.3 Contract Signing Date
General Conditions of Contract (GCC) should be
1.4
specific
Particular Conditions Contract (PCC) should be
1.5
specific
1.6 Terms of Reference/ Activities (Item by item)
1.7 Work plan
2. Completion of Contract
Days per original contract time specified for
2.1 :
supply/Execution/Delivery
2.2 Days actual for Supply/Execution/Delivery :
2.3 Amount of LD imposed :
3. Complaints and Appeal
3.1 Complaint, if any, lodged and reasons thereof :
3.2 Resolution of complaints per Rules :
Modifications resulting from resolution of
3.3 :
complaints
3.4 Appeal of Independent Review Panel :
3.5 Review Panel’s decision and follow-on :
4. Contract Amendment
4.1 No of times contract time extended and days :
Variation/Extra Work/Repeat/Addl. Delivery Orders
4.2 :
etc. made
4.3 No and amount of such orders :
5. Contract Disputes unresolved
6. Fraudulence and Corruption
7. Procurement Management Capacity
51
7.1 HRD facilities :
7.2 No. of Staff trained in procurement :
Annexure -4
CHECKLISTS FOR INSPECTING QUALITY OF

CONSTRUCTION (BUILDINGS)
A. Checklist for plastering works*

1. Whether fine sand (F.M.-1.2 or as per specifications) is
free from silt and other foreign materials and organic
impurities
2. Whether correct proportion (1:4 or 1:6 or as per
specifications)of cement and sand is used
3. Whether wall plaster’s thickness is as per specifications
(12mm thickness)
4. Whether plaster surface is smooth
5. Whether plaster is done on properly wet wall
6. Whether curing is done for at least 7 days
7. Whether potable water for mixing cement and sand is
available
8. Whether cement and sand were mixed properly before use
In some cases there are design requirement for doing Pointing Works rather than
doing plaster on the brick wall. In that case, cement and sand mix of 1:2 ratio is used
for pointing works.
*This is applicable for on-going construction work.
52
B. Checklist for wood works:
Nowadays, normally wood are used in door frame, door shutter and stair railing.

1. Whether wood used meets the specification in the
tender schedule
2. Whether matured wood of specified thickness is used (if
it is specified as 1.5 inch solid door shutter, then it is 1.5
inch solid door shutter after finishing)
3. Whether sap wood is supplied or used
4. Whether wood is mechanically seasoned before use
5. Whether wood having knot is used
6. Whether hole/cavity in the door shutter or door frame is
properly filled with same wood dust (mixed with glue) or
putty
7. Whether surface of the wood is smooth finished
8. Whether wood Varnish is used for polishing
9. Whether wooden fiber is exposed after polishing
10. Whether Enamel Paint is used for wood that is likely to
come in contact with water
53
C. Checklist of metal (Iron/Aluminum) works:
Flat Bar, Square Bar, MS Bar, MS Angle, GI/MS pipe, SS pipe etc. is mostly
used in the building for security reasons and also in some cases as
requirement of the architectural design and in some cases for enhancing
aesthetic beauty of a building. Therefore, it is desirable that all these materials
are supplied and used as mentioned in the schedule of works. To ensure
quality of works following steps should be taken:

1. Whether Anti-corrosive paint and anti-rust prime coat
are used on all MS grills etc. or works like it
2. Whether Aluminum shutter and frame’s thickness meet
the requirement of the contract
3. Whether Flat bars, Angles, MS pipes, GI pipes etc.
thickness used in the building are as per specifications
of the contract
4. Whether joints in the Flat bars, Angles, MS pipe, GI
pipe etc. are welded as per technical specifications
(spot welding or running welding) mentioned in the
contract
54
D. Checklist for painting interior and exterior walls:
Painting of interior and exterior wall of building is done to maintain durability of

the building, increase its life, give an aesthetic look and prevent from untimely
wear and tear. Normally synthetic paints of different brands are used for painting
exterior and interior walls. In this case, before application of the paints on the
wall, proper treatment of the wall surface is necessary to get better result.

1. Whether walls are completely dry before painting
2. Whether walls are properly cleaned with water
(if necessary)
3. Whether wall surfaces are made smooth
4. Whether paints are done uniformly all over the
surface
5. Whether ‘Damp’ prevention measure(if any) are
taken
6. Whether paint is applied on the wall as per
specifications/instruction of the manufacturer
55
E. Checklist for casting floor slab, beam and
column

1. Whether the rings around the reinforcement of beams
and columns are placed and tied by G.I wire properly
as per construction drawing/design
2. Whether MS bars in the columns are overlapped as per
working construction drawings/design
3. Whether vibrator machine is used during casting of
floor slab, beams and columns
4. Whether Coarse Sand (of Sylhet or Dinajpur) is used
for C.C &R.C.C work
5. Whether MS bars of same strength (60 grade or 40
grade) are used as per construction drawings/design
6. Whether diameter of the bars meet the specification of
the contract
7. Whether quality shuttering materials have been used as
per specifications
56
F. Checklist for tiles and mosaic

1. Whether water absorption test result of tiles meet the
specification of the contract
2. Whether floor and walls are properly wet before tiles
placement work is started to ensure bonding between
floor and tiles
3. Whether tiles are properly placed in straight lines and
joints are correctly maintained
4. Whether striking sound on the floor or wall tiles emits
ringing sound
5. Whether tile joints have been filled with putty properly
6. Whether mosaic chips quality and size meet the
specifications of the contract
7. Whether mosaic chips is properly cleaned and washed
to remove dust and foreign particles before use
8. Whether mosaic mound is prepared and spread on the
floor properly as per instruction of the engineer
9. Whether floor is properly wet before spreading the

mosaic mound to ensure bonding between mosaic
mound and the floor
10. Whether mosaic cutting work and polishing etc. has
been done as per specifications of the contract or as
per written instruction of the project engineer
11. Whether striking sound on the mosaic floor emits
ringing sound
57
G. Checklist for electrical works

1. Whether electrical system of the building is installed by
the contractor as per approved electrical
drawing/design
2. Whether earthing of electrical installation is done in a
way it is mentioned in the contract document with the
approval of the engineer
3. Whether all electrical cables and wires are supplied by
the contractor as per specifications and Brand
mentioned in the contract.
4. Whether electrical safety issue has been adequately
taken care of in the building.
5. Whether power points are kept in the right position
throughout the building as per design or instruction of
the engineer
6. Whether concealed wiring has been done as specified
in the contract
7. Whether light, fan etc. points are correctly positioned in
the rooms and outside it
8. Whether meter box , switch boards etc. are fixed as per
specification of the contract
58
H. Checklist for cleaning of materials

1. Whether stone chips/brick chips are cleaned at site
before use to ensure removal of foreign material
2. Whether Sieves of different size are used at site to
separate materials for use in construction as per
specifications
3. Whether rust is removed from the rod before concreting
is done
4. Whether foreign material and silt is removed from the
sand before use
I. Checklist for roof lime terracing
Following steps can be useful to check the quality of works of lime terracing of roof:
Sl. Aspects to be answered/covered Yes/ No Remarks

1. Whether lime used is from lime stone
2. Whether Surkhi being used is from 1st class brick
3. Whether brick chips are 20 mm down grade of 1st class
bricks or as per specifications
4. Whether lime terracing thickness of 75 mm to 100 mm
on an average is maintained or it is as per specifications
5. Whether proper slope is maintained to allow rain water to
pass ‘Rain water down pipe’
59
J. Checklist for Quality Control of R.C.C work

1. Whether aggregates contain dust, earth or any other
foreign matter
2. Whether potable water is used for mixing and curing
3. Whether slump tests are carried out at regular intervals
to ensure proper workability
4. Whether adequate number of cube/cylinder tests at 7
and 28 days are carried out
5. Whether adequate number of cover blocks and chairs
are made for clear cover
6. Whether binding wires are adequately used for tying up
reinforcements
7. Whether overlaps are done as per construction design
8. Whether adequate spacing for inserting vibrator is kept
9. Whether curing is done for 28 days
10. Whether expansion/contraction joints are properly made
and at correct locations as per drawings
11. Whether availability of cement, aggregate, sand, water
has been ensured before commencing concreting
12. Whether de-bonding compound/material is used in
shuttering
13. Whether construction materials have been tested as per
requirement of the contract or as per instruction of the
engineer.
60
K. Checklist for testing facilities at site

1. Whether contractor has setup laboratory testing facility
at site
2. Whether laboratory facilities are created in conformity
with the contract agreement
3. Whether contractor has the right type of
people/qualified engineers and the technicians for
supervision of the work
4. Whether contractor has qualified and experienced
personnel to carry out different tests
5. Whether contractor has deployed trained manpower to
collect different sample as per requirement of the
contract
6. Whether system of routine on the spot checking /testing
for materials at site set up
7. Whether system /facility established for in-situ testing
and approval of test results in each stage of work
available
8. Whether proper construction materials procured and
samples sent for laboratory testing;
9. Whether the system of routine on the spot
checking/testing for materials at site set up;
61
L. Checklist for soil test:

1. Whether soil test of the place is conducted by a
competent firm
2. Whether building design consultant has taken into
cognizance the result of the soil test
M. Checklist for building design

1. Has ‘Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC)’ been followed (

earthquake, cyclone, flood level, landslides etc. are taken care of
in design preparation)?
2. Has adequate fire safety measure been put into place?
3. Has the water supply arrangement been made as per
requirement?
4. Has the sanitation arrangement been made as per requirement?
5. Has electrical system design plan been incorporated in the total
plan building design?
6. Has the building design/drawings been made available to the
contractor for the start of the work?
7. Is the availability of the drawings/design being made to the
contractor following sequence of construction activities?
8. Whether firefighting equipment installation provision has been
kept in the building
62
N. Checklist for mobilization of material

1. Whether contractor has mobilized construction material at site as
per technical specification of the contract
2. Whether samples of the materials have been tested in the
laboratory by the contractor and have been approved by the
competent authority
3. Whether inventory of supplied materials matches the mobilization
schedule submitted by the contractor
4. Whether tested sample’s reports are preserved at site for cross
references
O. Checklist for mobilization of construction

equipment

1. Whether contractor has mobilized construction equipment at site
as per of contract agreement
63
Annexure-5
MISCELLANEOUS CHECKLISTS FOR CIVIL WORKS

INSPECTION
A. Checklist for Audit
Sl. Aspects to be answered/covered YES/NO Remarks
1. Whether internal and external audits are being carried out.
2. When last internal and external audit was done?
B. Checklist for testing construction materials

1. Whether organic impurities are removed from sand before use
2. Whether there is silt content in the sand
3. Whether ‘fineness’ test of the cement is done
4. whether ‘setting time’ test of cement is done as per requirement
5. Whether ‘compressive strength’ of cement is done
6. Whether stone/brick chips (aggregate) ‘crushing strength’ test is
done
7. Whether ‘slump test ‘ of concrete has been carried out
8. Whether ‘cube/cylinder test’ of concrete has been carried out
9. Whether ‘tensile strength test’, ‘Elongation test’ and ‘Bend Test’
of reinforcement has been done
10 Whether ‘compressive strength’ test of brick has been done
.
11 Whether ‘water absorption’ test of bricks has been done
.
64
C. Checklist for overall management of construction and quality
control

1. Does the contractor has the right people/qualified engineers for
supervision& testing;
2. Does the contractor has the necessary field drawings/designs to
prepare for the work;
3. Are there the right type of people in the Department/Project office for
checking the quality of work;
4. Does the Department has contractor’s approved quality control
program;
5. Whether necessary construction equipment are available with the
department/ contractor;
6. Has the department set up implementation monitoring/inspection
recording system at site
D. Checklist for completed building
Sl. Aspects to be answered/covered Yes/ Remarks

No
1. Whether electrical points are properly located
2. Whether proper number of quality electrical sockets for equipment and
machineries are provided.
3. Whether provision of Fire-Fighting equipment is made.
4. Whether water points, wash basins, sinks etc. are suitably provided.
5. Whether proper drains and drain pipes have been provided for
disposal of waste water.
6. Whether there are cracks in the walls. If yes, point out the location,
nature and magnitude (vertical/horizontal/inclined etc.). Take picture of
the defective area.
7. Whether there are any sign of dampness/leakage/seepage. If yes,
point out the location, nature and magnitude. Take picture of the
defective area.
65
8. Whether there are any cracks on the floor/skirting or nearby area. If
yes, point out the location, nature and magnitude. Take picture of the
defective area.
9. Whether there is any subsidence in the ground floor. Is there any
stagnation of water in washing corner, bath and veranda? If yes, point
out the location, nature and magnitude. Take picture of the defective
area.
10. Whether there are any leakages in roofs? If yes, point out the location,
nature and magnitude. Take picture of the defective area.
11. Whether all the fittings viz locking arrangements, tower bolts, pull
bolts, door stoppers, hooks, hinges etc. working smoothly. If no, point
out the individual item location and nature problem. Take picture of the
defective item.
12. Whether plastering of walls and ceilings are satisfactory, smooth and
free from cracks and other defects. If no, point out the location, nature
and magnitude. Take picture of the defective area.
13. Whether painting of the walls, doors and windows are properly done. If
no, point out the location and nature of defects. Take picture of the
defective area.
14. Whether there is any leakage in the sewerage lines, drainage pipes. If
yes, point out the location.
15. Whether flushing system, wash basins etc. are correctly fitted and
working properly. If no, indicate location and nature of problem.
Some other related issues of completed buildings
16. Whether the building being put to the planned use. If not, why?
17. Whether the building was handed over for occupation. If not- was a list
of defects prepared? Were all the defects been rectified by the
contractor before the building was finally taken over?
18. Whether “As built drawing” has been handed over to the indenting
agency.
66
E.Checklist for handing & taking over of building

1. Whether a committee was formed to take over the completed work of the
contractor.
2. Whether formation of the committee was in line with normal practice of
the department
3. Whether committee’s report was accepted by the authority?
4. Whether contractor corrected/rectified the defects as per
recommendations of the committee within the ‘defects and liability period’
5. Whether building is formally handed over by the contractor and taken
over by the project authority.
6. Whether performance guarantee money has been released by the project
authority
F. Checklist of deployment of manpower for execution and operation
Following information about the project implementation arrangement may be

collected from the PD’s office and analyzed to see their impact on the project
progress and quality of works:

1. Whether necessary personnel of different category as approved in the
DPP are placed
2. Whether PD has been timely appointed
3. Whether PD’s appointment is for full time or half time
4. Whether PD stays at the project site permanently
5. Whether necessary trained manpower has been deputed for overseeing
quality control and other aspect
6. whether proper arrangement for physical and financial reporting has been
made
7. Whether consultant/s has been appointed to provide technical supports
8. Whether PD holds regular meetings at site to review the progress of day
today work etc.
9. Whether a committee has been formed to oversee the work of the
contractor and consultant
10. Whether project logistics as approved in DPP/TPP are in place and are
being used properly
11. Whether necessary steps have been initiated to recruit/depute manpower
for operation after its completion
67
G. Checklist for testing other relevant kits

1. Whether flat bar or metal sheet measuring gauge is
available
2. Whether camera/ video is available
3. Necessary testing kits to be identified and made
available during site inspection
H. Checklist of site documents

1. Whether site register or inspection book is maintained
2. Whether material register record is maintained
3. Whether daily progress report file is at site
4. Whether design& drawing record is maintained
5. Whether test records of materials are maintained
68
Annexure -6
Glossary of civil works related terminologies
A
Abrasion Test of Stones: The life of stones, used as a paving material, is
measured by the resistance offered by the stoned against abrading action of the
traffic. Dorry’s Abrasion testing machine, sieves and a balance are required to
perform test for the co-efficient of hardness of paving materials
Abutment: a support of an arch or bridge. When there is a series of arches, the end
supports are called abutments.
Abutment Wall: A wall at the abutment, extending beyond the bridge or culvert to
retain the earth behind the abutment.
Abutment Pier: A pier to a wall supporting one end of a bridge or a culvert.
Acoustic Construction: A construction aiming at reducing the sound entering or
leaving a room i.e., to make it sound-proof...
Aeration of Water: Odorous gases and tastes that are present in water can be
removed by the process of aeration.
Aerobic Bacteria: The aerobic bacteria flourish and nourish in presence of air. With
the aid of oxygen from air, they produce nitrification of dead organic matters without
creating any offensive odor.
Alignment: Marking off points on the ground in correct line of direction for setting out
a road, railway, transmission line, etc.
Aluminum Foil: Aluminum sheets thinner than 0.15 mm, which reflects visible light
as well as infra-red (heat) rays. It is a good insulator.
Anchor Bolt: A holding down bolt or foundation bolt is used to hold down machines
or building frames against vibration or wind loads.
Anchor Plate: A base plate for the anchor bolt embedded in concrete.
Anchor Tower: A part of the staging or support derrick tower gantry. The leg of the
derrick crane is used for shifting materials on site.
Apartment: A dwelling for one family in a building.
Apron: A hard surface on a pavement to the bed of a canal stream or river to
prevent scour
Aqueduct: A duct or conduit made of brick or stone masonry o concrete for
conveying water over long distances.
Aquifer: A reservoir of ground water.
Arcade: A roofed passage with shops on both sides.
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Arch: This may be considered as a beam curved in a vertical plane required to carry
heavy load on a large span. Prior to introduction of steel and RCC in construction
works, arch construction was extensively used.
Arch Centering: A timber frame required for construction of an arch.
Arterial Road: A main road to which the tributary roads meet.
Artesian Well: A bore hole through which water comes out without pumping
Asbestos: A mineral silicate comprising thin and tough fibrous crystals found in
veins of rocks. This can withstand very high temperature. This is used as a heat
insulator.
Asbestos Roofing: Plain, corrugated or patterned asbestos-cement sheets used for
wall cladding or roofing.
Asphalt: Mineral hydrocarbons, black in color, containing bituminous substances
which are essentially products of petroleum decomposition. These are naturally
found beneath the ground surface where petroleum deposits occur.
Asphaltic concrete: Road surfacing by using rolled asphalt.
Back Drop or Drop Manhole: Used to make connection from a high level sewer at
a lower level.
Back Fill or Back Filling: Earth, cinder, moorum, rubbish or stone chips used to fill
the foundation trench after the foundation have been laid.
Bag Work: A kind of revetment work to protect the river banks from erosion. Dry
concrete or gravels sewn in bags are tamped against the bank and held together by
dowel roads driven through the bags.
Bank Protection: Protectionary measures adopted for river or sea embankments
against scour by use of revetments, groynes, mattresses, turfing with sods, etc.
Bar: Around square or rectangular steel bar used in construction.
Barrage: A low height dam with sluice gates, constructed across a river to raise the
water level for irrigation or navigation.
Barrier Pillar: A pillar of coal left uncut to protect mine from inrush of water and to
support the structure.
Barrow Run: A narrow path made of scaffold boards for wheeling loaded barrows to
the building site for construction.
Base Course: The surfacing layer below the wearing course of road.
Base Line: The starting line for calculations in a triangulation survey.
Basement: A storey whose major portion is below ground level. This may be used
as storage place, garage or a living room.
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Base Plate: The plate on which a machine rests. This holds the machine and
distributes load over a larger area.
Batch: One measured box of mixed concrete or mortar.
Batch Box: a gauge box for measuring dry ingredients for proportioning a concrete
mix.
Batching Plant: A mechanical equipment for measuring different ingredients by
weight or volume.
Batch Mixer: A concrete mixer for mixing concrete batches.
Beam: A structural member, usually horizontal, to support a floor or roof slab. The
load on a slab is carried by the beam. A beam is usually made of Timber, steel and
reinforced concrete.
Bearing Bar: A wrought iron bar instead of a wall plate placed on a brickwork to
support the beams or joists at level.
Bearing Capacity: The bearing power or stress of a material to withstand a load
without causing any sinkage to the member from which the load is coming over it. It
is given by the load per unit area.
Bearing Pile: A pile that carries load and transfers to soil either through its end or by
skin friction.
Bearing Wall: A wall that bears a load.
Bearing Test: A test, usually the load bearing test conducted to determine the
carrying capacity of a soil.
Bench Mark: A fixed point having known level with reference to the mean sea level.
This point is used as datum or reference point in a level survey.
Bend Test: A test to verify the ductility of a flat steel bar by bending the bar through
180ᵒ, when cold. If no crack is found, the piece is considered ductile.
Berm: A horizontal ledge at the bottom of an embankment or at the top of a cutting.
Berth: A place where a ship is moored for loading and unfolding.
Berthing Impact: The forces on jetties and piers from the Kinetic energy of a vessel
during its berthing.
Bib Cock: A water tap connected to a horizontal pipe line for drawing water.
Billet: A product obtained in forging or hot rolling wrought iron or steel.
Bill of Quantities: Quantity surveying, speaking of items of work with
description/specification and the quantity of work involved in each item of work.
Binder: A binding material like cement, lime, gypsum plaster, bitumen, tar, etc.
Binding Wire: Annealed wire (black wire) used in binding reinforcement bars.
Bio-Gas Plant: A plant used for generation of gas from human waste and cattle
dung.
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Bitumen: Non-crystalline solid or viscous material derived from petroleum. It
consists of petrolene and asphaltene, used in making road pavements. It contains
87% carbon, 11% hydrogen and 2% oxygen by weight.
Bitumen Emulsion: A bituminous emulsion, made of water and bitumen, which is
used to roads in damp cold water. Also, known as ‘bitumen road emulsion’.
Bituminous Carpet: The wearing course of a road, using bitumen as binding under
the flooring.
Bituminous Felt: An underlining felt used for roof covering, lining damp walls and
under the flooring.
Blasting: Breaking or dislodging rocks and coals in mining operation with the help of
explosives.
Bleaching: Removal of colour by chemical action.
Blinding: Spreading of sand to fill the voids in a road wearing course.
Blow Out: In working with compressed air, a sudden loss of compressed air from a
caisson that may cause disaster.
Boiler: A plant for steam generation.
Borrow Pit: Pit formed due to excavation of soil from a place to fill other site.
Box Culvert: A box like culvert of square or rectangular section constructed for
drainage of water.
Box Drain: A drain of box shape, square or rectangular section constructed for
drainage of water.
Breaking Strength: Rupture strength or ultimate strength.
Breaking Stress: The maximum strength developed in a material at the point of its
breaking.
Break Joint: A structural joint to break the continuity, with a view to giving allowance
for expansion and contraction.
Bricklayer: Mason; A tradesman skilled in laying bricks for different works in civil
engineering.
Brick Masonry: Brickwork.
Brick Mattress: A type of brick lining.
Brick Work: Masonry work with bricks.
Bridge: A structure usually horizontal, across a stream, river, canal, or railway.
Bridge Cap: The top most part of a bridge pier, on which the bridge bearing is
placed.
Bridge Deck: The bridge floor that carries the load and transfers to the bridge girder.
Brick Pier: The intermediate support of a long bridge of continuous beam type.
Bridge Truss: A truss or glider used for carrying bridge loads.
Broad Gauge: A widest gauge used in a railway track. It is 4′- 8 ½″ in some
countries and 5′-6″ in some other countries.
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Buffer Stop: A fixture made of old rails and sleepers which is fixed at the end of a
railway track to take the impact load of a moving wagon, if needed to stop it.
Buttering: Spreading of mortar on vertical face of a brick, prior to laying.
C
Cable: A collection of ropes or conductors, insulated and protected where needed.
Cable Duct: A hole cast in concrete through which electric cables or pre-stressing
cables are pulled.
Camber: A cross fall in a road curvature (across the road width) to premi9t water to
run-off a road. It is also the hog provided in a girder to counter balance the effect of
deflection.
Canal: A channel to carry water for navigation, irrigation and other purposes.
Cantilever: An overhanging beam from a wall.
Cantilever Arm: The arm projected from a fixed support.
Cantilever Bridge: In a cantilever bridge, the outer span of the cantilever arm is
anchored down at either end and overhangs into the central span.
Capillary Pressure: The seepage force of water.
Cast-In-Situ: Cast at site or cast in place.
Cast Iron: This is obtained by purifying foundry pig iron. Cast iron contains2 to 5% of
carbon with other impurities. There are varieties of C.I used for different purposes.
Catalyst: A substance that hastens a chemical reaction. This is an accelerator.
Caterpillar Gate: A heavy duty steel gate used to control flow of water through a
spillway.
Cat Eye: A pin knot in timber.
Cat Walk: A gangway of restricted width provided to give access for inspection and
repair.
C.B.R Test: California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R) test developed by California State
Highways Department for evaluation of subgrade strengths required in design of
road pavements. The test can be done on all soils.
Cement Concrete: A concrete made of cement, sand and stone chips or khowa
(brick ballasts) with adequate quantum of water.
Cement Grout: A thin paste of cement and sand applied by a spray gun to fill in the
cracks and crevices found in a concrete or masonry structures.
Cement Mortar: A mortar prepared by mixing cement, sand and water in required
proportion. This is required for brick work, Plastering and preparation of concrete.
Cement Paint: A cement slurry made of cement and water, is applied as a paint to
make a surface water-proof.
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Cement Slurry: A very thin mixture of cement and water that can be used as a wash
over the wall.
Centering: A curved framework made of timber, required for construction of an arch
or a dome.
Centre Of Gravity: A point in a body at which its weight acts and it will remain in a
balanced state if supported at that point.
Centrifugal Pump: A pump in which the impeller blades rotating at a high speed
throw water outwards and discharges to the required head.
Check Valve: A valve having controlling device to regulate the flow of a fluid through
it.
Chisel: A sharp beveled-edge cutting tool of various form with a wooden handle
used by carpenter and masons.
Chute: A vertical or inclined duct provided in a multi-storied building for disposal of
garbage/ solid wastes.
Cleavage: A fracture in wood or stone or any other material.
Coarse Aggregate: The larger size aggregates used in making concrete. These are
usually stone chips and broken brick bats (khowa).
Coat: A thin layer or film of any material over another.
Coated Macadam: Tar macadam.
Cock: A valve to control flow of a fluid through a pipeline. There are various types of
cocks for specific requirements.
Column: A post or a vertical member in a structure.
Compaction: Increasing dry density of a granular soil artificially by mechanical
means.
Compact Soil: A granular soil with a relative compaction of 90% or more.
Compost: Humus obtained by decomposition of organic wastes, which can be used
as a god soil-conditioner. It has the required nutrients for the growth of plants.
Compression Test: Test carried out to determine the crushing strength of bricks,
stones, concrete, mortar, etc. Unconfined compression test and triaxial compression
test are carried out for soil.
Compressive Strength: The strength of a material to withstand the compressive
force acted on it.
Concrete: A mixture of cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate with adequate
quantum of water to form a homogeneous mass. When set and cured, it resembles
stone. This is extensively used in Civil Engineering constructions. There are various
types of concrete to meet the specific needs.
Concrete Blocks: Blocks made of concrete. Hollow blocks are used in building
construction. Solid blocks of heavy type are used in protection of river banks and
also in construction of breakwater.
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Concrete Mixer: A concrete mixing machine comprising essentially a rotating drum
into which the ingredients and water are fed for through mixing.
Concrete Paver: A concrete mixer with arrangement for spreading concrete,
mounted on a crawler track, used in construction of concrete roads and pavements.
Concrete Piles: Precast or cast-in-situ reinforced concrete piles which are driven
into ground to increasing the bearing power of soil and to support a structure above
ground.
Conduit: A pipe; An encasement for cables.
Connection Pit: A pit or manhole to facilitate connection of incoming sewers with
the outgoing sewers.
Contraction Joint: A break in continuity of a structure to allow shrinkage of concrete
or masonry.
Conveyor: An equipment with a moving flat belt used for transportation of coal, ore,
sand, etc. continuously over a short distance. This is chiefly used in industries.
Cracks:
i.) Cracks may develop in a long continuous structure due to expansion and
contraction of the materials with the variation in temperature as well as due
to unequal settlement of the structure.
ii.) Hair cracks may develop on a plastered surface due to shrinkage of plaster on
drying.
iii.) Cracks are likely to occur in concrete due to shrinkage, poor curing,
inadequate reinforcement, excessive loading etc.
iv.) Cracks may develop due to poor bonding of brickwork or stone masonry.
v.) In a wall, cracks are sometimes found under a beam due to sharing action of
the load transmitted by the beam.
Crane: A power driven lifting device with a jib commonly used in loading and
unloading cargos. Also used in massive civil engineering constructions for lifting and
transporting materials over a horizontal distance from the work site.
Crane Gantry: A gantry having rails, over which the overhead crane travels in a
factory.
Crushing Strength: The compressive strength of a material.
Crushing Test: A cube test for mortar or concrete. A test to determine the
compressive strength of a material. A test to observe the failure of a very short
column by increasing gradually the direct load over it.
Cube Strength: The strength of a mortar or concrete cube at the point of its
crushing.
Cube Test: A test to determine the crushing strength of a mortar cube or concrete
cube.
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Culvert: An underpass provided in a road or railway to facilitate the natural drainage
of a land area. A small bridge over a narrow stream or watercourse for crossing it.
Curing: A process of maturing mortar or concrete to attain its strength, by sprinkling
water or keeping wet sacks over it for about seven days after setting of the mortar or
concrete.
Cusec: A unit of quantum of flow of a fluid. One cubic foot per second.
Cushion: A layer of sand, gravel or any other granular material in a foundation
bedding.
Cylinder Test: This test is carried out to determine the compressive strength of a
concrete. A concrete cylinder of 150 mm diameter and 30 mm length is tested under
compression instead of using a concrete cube of 150 mm size. The cylinder test
shows 0.75 times the strength of the same concrete crushed in cube test.
D
Dado: A panel of neat cement finish or any other ornamental finish around the inner
walls starting from skirting level to a height of 30 cm to 60 cm.
Dam: A massive wall across a flowing stream or river to hold water at the upstream
side.
Dam Proof Course: A layer of strong mix of cement concrete or any other water-
repelling material laid LL long the top of the walls at plinth level to prevent the ground
moisture coming up the walls.
Datum: A point having a level of reference which serves as a permanent bench
mark from which a level surveying is carried out. Temporary bench marks, are
established from the permanent bench mark.
Deck: A platform, a floor without any covering at top, a bridge floor, a jetty, etc.
Deck Bridge: A bridge with a deck carried by the top chord of the girder.
Degree Of Compaction: In soil mechanics, it is a measure of compactness of a soil
sample.
Density: Weight per unit volume of a material.
Depressed Gutter: A street gutter is sometimes depressed where a street inlet is
provided for entry of storm water into the sewer.
Derrick Crane: A ‘scotch derrick’ of stiff legs having no guy rope, used as a
stationary derrick. A permanent structure holds the mast in vertical position, the base
of the mast being tied with two horizontal legs (sleepers). The legs are held down by
counter weights (kentledge).The top end of the boom is hung from the top of the
mast and it can swing through an angel of 240ᵒ.
Detonator: A container having explosive mixture, used for blasting purpose.
Dewatering:
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i.) Lowering ground water table by pumping.
ii.) Bailing out water from a foundation trench or any other excavation by
pumping.
Diagonal Bond: ‘Raking bond’ or ‘herring-bone bond’. The bricks are laid at 45ᵒ to
the face. It is used in flooring
Dike: An earthen embankment built on either side of the river at a distance away
from the river banks, the height being kept about 1.5 m to 2 m above the H.F.L,
with a view to controlling flood.
Discharge: The quantum of fluid following through a pipe or channel per unit time. It
is usually denoted by ‘Q’.
Discharge Valve: A control valve which regulates the discharge.
Distemper: Distemper: A sort of matt paint with appreciable quantum of pigment
which is thinned with water. The washable distempers or oil-bound distempers have
drying oils. In washable distempers, the binder used is casein of glue.
Distribution Box: A box or chamber which gives access to the branch lines.
Diversion Dam: A dam built across a stream to divert some water into a by-pass
channel.
Dolomite: A basic refractory material.
Drainage Excavator: An excavator used for digging purpose below the level of its
tracks, which works by dragging or pulling a bucket hung from the end of a long jib.
Dredger: A vessel fitted with a bucket ladder or grab machinery for mining operation
or under-water excavation.
Dry Dock: A graving dock into which a ship to be repaired/overhauled is taken in,
lock gate is closed and the water is pumped out. The ship rets on the docking blocks.
E
Earthen Dam: A dam made of compacted earth with a core of puddled clay or any
other impervious material.
Earth Moving Plant: Machinery like bull-dozers, excavators, loading shovels,
graders, etc., required for shifting mucks and leveling a surface by removing spoils.
Earth Work: Digging earth or raising the ground with soil.
Elastic Rail Spike: A rail fastening provided with a steel spring and a specially
shaped head.
Electrode: A conductor leading electric current in an electrolytic cell or electric
furnace.
Electrolysis: Flow of electric current through electrolytes, which deposit metal on
cathode and oxygen or acid radicals are liberated at anode.
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Electroplating: The deposition of a thin film of a noble metal like nickel, chromium,
copper or cadmium on another metal by the process of electrolysis.
Elevated Railway: A railroad carried on a bridge supported on columns above the
road level.
Elevation: Normally it is the front view of an object. However it may be a rear
elevation or end elevation. This is required to show the object in orthographic view.
Elevator: A mechanism by which passengers or goods are elevated from a lower
level to a higher level. A lift used in a multi-storied building.
Embankment: A mound of earth, rock or composite material forming a trapezoidal
section used for a roadway or railway. This is also built along a banks of a river or
stream to protect the surrounding areas from flood due to high water level in the
river/stream.
Enclosure: A space covered by walls or fence.
Engineering Brick: A brick having uniform colour, shape and size with standard
crushing strength and other properties suitable for constructional works.
Erection: Placement, positioning and fixing of precast concrete frames or fabricated
steel frames.
Erosion: Wearing away of a surface due to abrasive action.
Excavation: Digging and removing earth.
Excavator: A power-driven excavation machine mounted on tracks, used for quick
excavation in soil or rock.
Expansion Joint: I) A rail joint with a gap for expansion of rails. II) A joint provided in
a structure to prevent cracks due to expansion.
F
Fabrication: Preparation of members of a structural frame in workshop such that the
framed structure can be built easily in a short time by making assembly of the parts
at site.
Factor Of Safety: The ratio of ultimate strength of a material to the maximum
allowable strength.
False Ceiling: A decorative or pleasant ceiling built under a roof with a gap in
between. It also provided space for running cables and pipes.
Fastener: Nails, screws, bolt-nut, rivets, dowel pins, spikes and dogs are used as
fasteners required in different types of jobs.
Feeder: A channel to feed water to canal or reservoir.
Feed Pump: A pump used for feeding water to a boiler.
Feed Water: The water that is treated, pre-heated to boiler-temperature and pumped
for feeding a boiler.
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Fender: Wooden block with rope mat or rubber block or old rubber tyre fastened to a
wall or piles to protect a water vessel from impact.
Fender Pile: A vertical wooden pile to absorb the impact of vessels with a view to
protecting the berth.
Fender Wall: A dwarf wall to carry the hearth slab for a fireplace.
Filler: Finally powdered minerals added to bitumen and tar for making them stiff for
use in road pavement.
Filter: A strainer or straining medium to arrest fine flocs and bacteria present in a
water.
Final Grade: The formation level of a roadway.
Fine Aggregate: Sand, crushed stone, cinder, etc. are called fine aggregates which
are used in making concrete or mortar.
Fine Cold Asphalt: A road wearing course made of fine aggregates and bitumen
which is spread evenly and rolled when cold.
Fineness Modulus: A number indicating the fitness of material like cement, sand,
pigment etc.
Fine-Textured Wood: A wood having fine texture which does not require the use of
filler prior to varnishing.
Finish: i) Finishing coat of paint. ii) Final coat of plaster. iii) Completed work with
final touch up.
Fire Bricks: Refractory bricks used in lining furnaces. These bricks can withstand a
very high temperature.
Fire Extinguisher: Fire extinguishing foam sprayers, gas gun, emulsifiers, water
sprinklers, drenchers and hydrants.
Fire Hydrant: An outlet from a water main into which a hose pipe is fitted hydrant
and the other end is provided with a nozzle.
Fishing Tools: Recovery tools used in exploratory oil-well drilling to take out broken
tools.
Fish Ladder: A suitable pass for fish to travel from upstream to downstream side of
a weir. It is provided with baffles having openings to allow water to flow and fish
pass.
Fish Pass: A fish ladder.
Fish Plate: A steel plate of special shape used for joining the ends of two rails by
means of bolts-nuts as shown in illustration.
Flanks: The sides of a metaled road.
Flank Wall: A wall built at one side or end of a building.
Flash Point: The minimum temperature needed by a material to ignite momentarily
when a flame is put to it.
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Flexible pavement: A pavement for roads, air strips or runways made of a
waterproof bituminous wearing course over a base course.
Float Glass: A thick glass sheet made by floating molten glass over a molten metal.
This produces a smooth surface of the glass sheet.
Floating Berths: Berths having floating arrangement used in small craft harbors.
Floats are made of wood, fiber glass, polyurethane and light-weight concrete.
Floating Caisson: A caisson sunk by filling it with water so that it remains
hydrostatically stable at each stage. The floatation is achieved by producing caisson
with sufficient buoyancy and hydrostatic ability.
Floating Dock: A floating dry dock that consists of a floating steel structure which
sinks beneath a water vessel (required for under water repairs) and makes itself
buoyant when the water ballast is pumped out. Thus, the vessel is raised above the
water level and is repaired in the dry condition.
Floor Tiles: Tiles used in making a finished floor. Such tiles are made of various
materials.
Flush: To pour an adequate quantum of water at a time at a high velocity.
Flush Door: A door having a smooth surface without any panel and built of
commercial boards either solid or with a hollow core.
Fly-Ash: The ash particles from pulverized coal that pass through the chimney. This
can be used as an admixture to cement or as pozzolana. Fly –ash is also used in
making light-weight aggregate and bricks.
Foil: A very thin sheet of a material.
Footing: A wall or column foundation which is widened to distribute the load to a
large area.
Fork Lift Truck: A power-driven truck provided with a projected steel fork at its front
by which materials are picked from the ground level, lifted up band transported to the
desired location.
Formation Level: The dressed level surface of a ground or an embankment.
Foundation: The sub-structure or the part of a structure built underground for
transfer of load to soil and to hold the structure.
Friction: A force that oppose a motion.
G
Gang: A group of workmen/laborers.
Gangway: A narrow approach way for men to walk on for inspection and repair
work.
Gate Valve: A valve used in pipeline to close or control the flow of a liquid by closing
or partly opening the gate.
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Gauge: i) Measuring sheet thickness or wire diameter by a number. ii) Measuring
device to indicate the quantum of rainfall. iii) Water level measuring device.
Gauging Station: A station point where a stream gauge or a rain gauge is installed.
Gauntlet Track: A railway track, when a double line f same or different gauge is
narrowed over a short distance.
Geological Map: A map showing the geological formation and underground strata of
an area on earth.
Geophysical Survey: The survey conducted for search of mineral deposits. Maps
are prepared with variations of elastic properties of earth, gravitational field,
magnetic field, radio activity, etc.
Ghoondie: The rounded surface at the junction of roof and parapet wall.
Girder: A large size beam of timber, steel or concrete to which the secondary beams
may be connected.
Girder Bridge: A bridge supported by girders.
Glass Paper: Also known as sand paper, emery paper and garnet paper. This is an
abrasive paper made from powdered glass, sand, flint, garnet and corundum glued
to paper. The quality of such paper depends on the degree of fineness.
Glazed Tile: Wall tiles made of earthenware may be glazed with decorations for
interior use.
Graded Aggregate: Classified aggregate having different particle sizes.
Graded Sand: A sand sample containing coarse, medium and fine sand.
Gravity Dam: A dam of massive construction which prevents its overturning by its
self-weight alone. This type of dam is to be built quite heavy and high enough.
Gravity Water: Water flow by gravity.
Grille: A grating through which air passes for ventilation.
Groyne: This may be of ‘fending’, ‘repelling’ or ‘attracting’ type.
Ground Beam: A reinforced concrete beam placed near ground level over piles
which acts as a foundation walls. This may also act as a strip foundation.
Ground Water Recession: The variation of base flow with time during periods of no
rainfall over a basin. It is a measure of drainage rate of ground water storage from a
basin.
Grout: Cement-sand slurry made of equal volumes which injected into the joints of
brick work, stone masonry or fissures in rocks.
Grouted Macadam: A macadam road built with coarse aggregates, the voids being
filled with cement grout or bituminous grout.
Guide Bank: Also known as ‘Bell Bundh’ named after J.R Bell. It is constructed at a
bridge site to protect the bridge ends by guiding the water flow in stream.
Guy: A rope with holds mast, chimney derrick, shear legs, etc.
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H
Hangar: A covered shelter for aircrafts.
Harbour: A water area close to a land for giving shelter to ships, loading and loading
materials and men.
Hard Core: Hard Materials like lumps of stone, bricks and old concrete introduced
into a soft ground in foundation or used for filling a soft soil for making a road.
Hessian: Also known as ‘burlap’. Coarse material woven from jute or hemp for
making sacks.
Highway: A roadway of standard width, meant for all sorts of traffic.
Hoist: A device to lift or lower a material.
Horse Power Hour: The work done by spending one h.p for one hour which is equal
to 0.746 kilowatt hour. In other words, 1 kWh = 1.34 hp hour.
Hot-Air Seasoning: Seasoning of timber in a closed chamber by pressing hot air.
Humus: Dark brown or blackish fertile material obtained from decomposition of
organic wastes, which may be used as a good soil-conditioner.
Hydrant: A connection to street water main from which water is drawn during street
washing and firefighting.
Hydraulic Excavation: Excavation by injection water jets at a very high pressure to
loosen the materials to be taken out. Thus water carries mud, stiff sand and loose
gravel and flows in a channel.
Hygrometer: A measuring device to determine the relative humidity of air.
I
Impeller: The curved blades of a centrifugal pump or blower, which rotate.
Incinerator: A special furnace for burning combustible solid wastes.
Initial Setting Time: Time required by a cement paste, mortar or matrix for initial
setting. This is measured by a vicat needle apparatus.
In-Situ: Fabricated or cast at site.
In-Situ Concrete: Concrete mix prepared and cast at site.
In-Situ Soil Test: Soul tests conducted in field such as load test, vane test, dynamic
penetration test, permeability test, etc.
Irrigable Area: The area which is low enough to be irrigated.
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J
Japanese Lacquer: It is the most durable glossy varnish prepared from the sap of
the Japanese Varnish tree ‘Rhus vernicifera’
Jim Crow: This is a railway tool used in bending rails manually.
Kiln: A furnace for burning bricks, tiles, lime, and lime stones in cement
manufacturing.
Knot: The location in a tree trunk wherefrom branch came out. In timber dead knots
are harmful.
L
Lacquer: Like varnish a glossy finish is produced either for decoration purpose or for
coating metal surfaces by using cellulose-based compounds.
Lagoon: A ditch, pond or low-lying are used for treatment of sewage or sludge.
Land Accretion: Land reclamation from marshy lands, low-lying areas, rivers and
sea by siltation or by dumping waste materials, garbage, rubbish, etc.
Latch: A locking arrangement provided in doors.
Layout: A general concept or arrangement for a proposed construction or
installation.
Leach: Removal of salts from a soil by passing water through it.
Levee: An embankment constructed to prevent flooding in flood-prone areas which
are low-lying lands.
Light House: A structure constructed on the sea-rock with arrangement of flash-light
for cautioning the ships.
Link: One hundredth of an engineer’s chain or Gunter’s chain.
Lintel: A small beam placed over the door or window to support the masonry built
over it.
Load Test: This test often carried out to determine the bearing capacity and
settlement characteristics of a soil at site by applying and increasing loads in stages
and nothing the stress-strain and consolidation or settlement.
Location Plan: A site plan which shows the dimensions of the location of the
proposed construction site.
Lock Gate: A gate that separates water of upper reach from the lower reach.
Locomotive: A railway engine which draws the coaches.
83
Locomotive Crane: A heavy mobile crane which travels on the railway track,
required for the purpose of construction and maintenance of railway bridges and also
for loading and unloading heavy massive units.
Log: A tree trunk after trimming.
Lump Sum Contract: A contract made for execution of a work as per specification
at a fixed price (total value).
M
Macadam: The most common road metal. The macadam surface may be water-
bound or bitumen-coated or cement-bound.
Macadam Spreader: A machine to spread macadam uniformly to form a road
surface.
Main beam: A beam that rests directly over walls or columns and support the
subsidiary beams or rafters.
Main Canal: A canal that delivers water to its branches for the purpose of irrigation.
Main Drain: A major drain that receives waste water from its branches and laterals
and leads to the outfall.
Main Holes: Relief holes used in mining.
Man-day: The quantum of work done by a man in a day.
Manhole: An access hole to a tank or a sewer junction chamber, so that a man can
enter into the tank or chamber through this hole for inspection and repair work.
Man-hour: The quantum of work done by a man in on hour.
Manometer: A gauge in form of a U-tube filled with mercury or any other liquid to
measure the pressure difference.
Marble: A type of limestone which is valuable for its beauty and durability.
Member: A part of a structure or a building.
Membrane: A skin-like thin film or layer.
Mensuration: A subject dealing with measurement and calculation of lengths,
angels, areas and volumes.
Microbes: Microscopic organism.
Mild Steel: Basically it is an alloy of iron having low carbon content which makes it
ductile.
Mix: The mixture of ingredients (dry or wet) to form a paste or concrete. The term is
normally used for making a mortar or concrete.
Mixer: A mixing machine for making mortar or concrete or a puddling machine for
clay.
Moisture Barrier: Damp proof course.
Monolithic: A jointless construction as a whole reinforced concrete structure. For
example, a column, a beam and a slab are cast in one operation at a time.
84
Mortar: Usually a mixture of cement and sand or lime and surki with adequate
volume of water to form a paste.
Mosaic: A course or layer made of colored stone chips of small size laid in cement.
Mosaic Cutting: The cutting of top surface of a mosaic carpet by rubbing it with
pumice stone.
Movable Dam: A dam having removable part to allow the flood water to flow through
it.
N
Narrow gauge: This is a railway gauge (2’-6”) which is narrower than the standard
gauge of 4’-8.5”.
Natural Seasoning: The driving out of a sap from a freshly cut timber by keeping it
under a shade, but exposed to atmospheric air and temperature.
O
Open Caisson: A caisson, either a cylinder or a drop shaft with both top and bottom
being open
Open Cut: An excavation in the open.
Open Hearth Process: Also known as Siemen’s-Martin process used in
manufacturing steel. In this process, pig iron, scrap steel and iron are melted
together by regenerative gases to produce better quality steel with the removal of C,
Si and P.
Organic Silt: A silt of animal and plant origins, having dark black colour and
obnoxious odor. This silt is highly compressible.
Overhead Ropeway: An aerial ropeway.
P
Paneled Door: A door shutter made of panels set in a frame.
Parapet: A low-height wall provided round the edge of a roof, bridge, culvert,
balcony, etc. for safety.
Patent Stone: A cast stone with cement, sand and colored stone chips.
Pavement: A hard floor on platform or footway made of wood blocks, stone sets,
bricks, tiles or concrete.
85
Peat: Gelatinous dead vegetable matters of dark brown colour preserved by humic
acid in ground.
Penetration Test: i) A field test that indicates the load-bearing capacity of a soil. The
test may be either static or dynamic. ii) An important test to measures the hardness
or consistency of asphalt and bitumen for use in road making.
Percolation: The movement of fluid through the pore spaces in soil or any other
porous material.
Pier: An intermediate support in a continuous span bridge, usually made of concrete,
brickwork or stonework.
Pier Cap: A thick slab or plate provided at the top of a pier for distribution of load
coming over a pier.
pH Meter: A measuring instrument to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
Pile Driver: A frame with a hoist and a monkey required for pile driving as shown in.
Pile Shoe: The conical tip of a pile made of good quality cast iron which helps in
penetrating the pile into the ground.
Pit: An excavation for exploration of the ground or for obtaining soil, sand, etc. or for
verification of the underground utility lines.
Pitching: Setting bricks or stone blocks on the sloping bank of a river or canal or
tank to protect from scouring action.
Pivot Bridge: A swing bridge which swings about its pivot to allow passing of
vehicles.
Plank: Timber board of 20 mm to 80 mm thickness obtained by sawing squared log.
Plasticity: In soil science, it is a characteristic of clays which can be determined in
field.
Plinth Level: The ground floor level.
Plugging: Closing a hole in masonry by inserting a plug into it.
Plywood: Sheets of veneers or wood piles are glued together by heat and pressure
to obtain a thick board, which is called plywood.
Pneumatic caisson: It is used for construction of a pier and its foundation below
water level. Compressed air used prevents mud and water from entering into the
chamber. The use of this type of caisson permit removal of boulders, logs etc.
encountered by the cutting edge and placing of concrete in dry.
Pointing: The mortar joints are raked out from the surface of a masonry work and
these are finished with a strong mortar to resist weathering action as well as to
improve the appearance of the surface.
Polder: Reclaimed land area from the sea by constructing dykes and filling with
boulders.
Pontoon: A flat bottomed vessel which is sometimes used to carry a crane or to
support the end of a floating bridge or to carry plants and material.
86
Pontoon Bridge: A floating bridge of temporary or permanent nature which is
supported by R.C.C pontoon moored to the river.
Porch: A cantilever hood without any prop at the free end, provided at the entrance
to a building.
Portico: It is similar to porch having supports at the extended end. It is made larger
than a porch.
Precast Concrete: Concrete blocks, slabs, posts, lintels and parts of a concrete
frame, which are precast and cured in a factory.
Prefabricated Structure: A structure whose component are prefabricated in a
factory and are assembled at construction site.
Pre-stressed Concrete: This is more advantageous compared to ordinary concrete,
when long spans, shallow depth and light self-loads are desired. Pre-stressed
concrete structure require about 25% less concrete than standard design of ordinary
concrete.
Primary Coat: The base coat on a wooden surface. For iron and steel surfaces, it is
a coat with a base of red lead, baryta or iron oxide.
Primer: i) A priming coat applied on a surface prior to painting. ii) A bituminous spray
in soil stabilization.
Putty: A material used to fill cracks and crevices, holes, depressions and gaps.
These are white lead putty, mason’s putty, lime putty, glaziers’ putty etc.
Q
Quarry: An open pit from which sand, building stone or minerals is taken off.
R
Raft Foundation: Mat foundation. A reinforced concrete foundation slab designed to
act as a mat foundation to support the total structure above it.
Ranking Pile: A batter pile, a pile driven inclined to vertical.
Reconnaissance Survey: Survey-ing an area from observations in field and without
use of any instrument/apparatus.
Recording Gauge: An automatic gauge that records the water level or velocity of
flow in stream, channel or river.
Red Oxide: Iron oxide in colour, used as a pigment which does not inhibit corrosion.
This is chiefly used for primary coat on iron and steel.
Refractory: Materials that can withstand very high temperatures. These are used in
lining furnaces, boilers, converters, crucibles and pyrometer tubes.
87
Reinforced Concrete: A concrete which is reinforced with mild steel rods or wire
mesh. In a reinforced concrete member, concrete takes compression and
reinforcement steel is in tension. Reinforced concrete is extensively used in Civil
Engineering constructions.
Relief Well: A borehole made at the toe of a massive dam to relieve high pour water
pressure...
Representative Sample: A sample that represents the whole. To prepare such a
sample, proportionate sampling is done from various parts of the whole and
thoroughly blended.
Retaining Wall: A wall to retain earth, water or any other material.
Retiring Embankment: These are constructed similar to dykes, but away from the
natural bank of a river as shown. They provide a large area for carrying flood water
which helps in keeping down the H.F.L.
Revetment: A protective covering or lining given to a sloping bank of a river, stream
or channel to protect the slope from scouring action due to wash water or due to
water waves.
Rigidity: The resistance to shearing, bending or twisting.
Rigid Pavement: A pavement made of concrete slabs.
Riparian: The bank area of a stream or canal.
Road Roller: A power-driven roller weighing from ½ to 12 tons, used in rolling the
road surface.
Road Surface: The wearing course or road carpet, the topmost layer of a road.
Rotary Drilling: A method of drilling deep holes of 150 mm to 450 mm diameter for
oil or water. Hollow shafts are screwed together to form the length, with the cutting
bit rotating at the tip. The drilled material is taken out through the shaft.
Round About: A circular traffic island provided at the center of a road junction
where four or more roads meet. The facilitates in guiding traffic flow.
Run-Off: The overland flow of water derived from precipitation. This is also known
as surface run-off, storm run-off or flood run-off.
S
Safety Belt: A belt to be worn by a worker for his safety while working at a height
more than one meter.
Safety Valve: a spring-loaded valve used to release steam pressure in a boiler for
safety.
Sagging: Bending with concavity upwards.
Sand Blast: Throwing sand particles on to surface through a compressed air jet to
make a surface clean and smooth or to etch a surface for decorative work.
88
Sand Dry Surface: A dry surface to which no sand stick, which is suitable for
painting.
Sand Paper: An abrasive paper used for cleaning or smoothing a surface by
rubbing.
Sap Wood: The wood in the outer part of a tree which is normally weaker than the
heartwood (core), light in colour and prone to decay more easily.
Scaffold: A temporary frame made of timber or steel to support men and materials
during a constructions.
Scour Protection: For protection of river bank scouring due to wave action and high
velocity of flow, there are many devices that can be adopted.
Seal: i) A tight joint to prevent flow of fluid through it. ii) An air-tight cover to preserve
a material.
Sealant: A compound of plastic consistency spread over a surface to fill up the
pores, cracks, crevices and gaps in joints so that the surface will not permit the
penetration of water.
Sealing Coat: A thin coat of bitumen, tar or an emulsion applied to a road surface.
Seasoning: Driving out moisture content or sap from a freshly cut timber tree. It is
either ‘Natural-seasoning’ or kiln-seasoning’. Natural-seasoning may be air-
seasoning or water-seasoning.
Septic Tank: A tank with compartments and piping arrangement for inflow, outflow
and ventilation, is used in treating domestic sewage from individual house, by
gasification and liquefaction and sedimentation of sludge at the bottom.
Service Pipe: The pipeline from a street water main or gas main to house premises
for supply of water or gas.
Setting coat: The finishing coat of a plaster.
Settling Tank: A tank either rectangular or circular, in which suspended particles
settle down and the clarified liquid flows out from top.
Sewage: Foul water carrying human excreta and filthy matters.
Shaking Test: A simple and quick field test to determine whether a fine-grained soil
sample is silt or clay without use of any apparatus.
Shear Plate: A connecting plate held by bolts.
Sheep foot Roller: A cylindrical roller projections in form of sheep’s foot arranged in
rows round the cylinder. This is used in compacting soil.
Sheet Piles: Piles made of thin sheets of steel, concrete slabs, wooden planks, etc.
closely set and driven underground to retain earth or water.
Sheet Pile Wall: A wall made of sheet piles to withstand the thrust of water and
earth.
Short Blasting: Cleaning a steel surface by throwing steel shorts on to it with the
help of steel impellers prior to metal coating or painting.
89
Shuttering: A formwork for moulding or casting concrete.
Sieve: A screen to separate grain sizes.
Sieve Analysis: A screen analysis to determine grain-size distribution.
Silo: A tall tower of cylindrical shape or other forms used for storage of fine-grained
materials.
Silt: A fine-grained soil whose individual particles cannot be differentiated by the
naked eye.
Simple Beam: A beam simply supported at its end.
Slab: A flat piece of timber or concrete or stone.
Slag: The glass- like molten impurities flowing off above the molten metal in furnace.
It is used in making slag cement, expanding cement, supersulphated cement and
slag bricks or slag concrete.
Slaked Lime: Hydrated lime made by slaking quick lime with water.
Sludge: The solid matters obtained by settling a sewage. It may be inert or organic.
Sluice Gate: A gate is used to open or close openings into walls of a water
reservoir. This is operated either manually or by hydraulic pressure. A light type of
sluice gate is used to control flow in open conduits.
Slump Test: A common and popular test which gives a measure of consistency of
concrete. A sample of mixed concrete is poured into the slump cone (mould) full to
the brim and the cone is gently lifted up. The subsidence of the concrete cone in
height is the slump.
Slurry: Very thin paste or semi-fluid state of a material.
Soil Stripping: These are used to carry the effluent of septic tank and also the
waste water from pour flash toilets in high density slums having no sewerage
system.
Solid Door: A single leaf flush door with a solid core. This door is sometimes plated
with metal sheets.
Soling: Laying a single or double layers of brick or stone in a foundation trench over
which concrete is cast.
Specification: A detailed description of material, a machine, a mechanical or
electrical unit, or an item of work speaking of activities and procedure of work.
Spillway: Waste weir or waste way or an overflow weir over a dam to allow passing
of excess water.
Spray Painting: Painting surface by means of a sprayer, which facilitates uniform
painting by ejecting a fine mist of powder on a hot surface or a mist of paint on a
surface at normal temperature.
Spread Footing: A column or wall footing gradually widened towards its base for
distribution of load over a large area.
Standard Specifications: Descriptions of standard materials and workmanship.
90
Stem Curing: Curing of precast concrete products in a steam bath under pressure
for hastening the maturation.
Steam Roller: A road roller driven by a steam engine which is now obsolete. Now-a-
days, diesel engines are used.
Steam Turbine: A turbine operated by the force of high-pressure steam onto the
vanes for generation of electrical power.
Steel Pile: Steel pipe piles filled with concrete and steel H-piles are used, when
extremely long piles with high bearing capacity are required for the foundation of a
bridge or a tall building.
Stone Block Pavement: A pavement made by setting blocks of stones cut to
rectangular shape and more or less of uniform size.
Storage Reservoir: A reservoir used for storage of a liquid.
Strainer: A perforated or slotted pipe with or without copper wire mesh is fitted at the
bottom of a tube well pipe so that only water will enter into the pipe excluding sand,
silt, moorum and mud.
Structural Design: The design of structure based on the structural analysis such
that each member is capable of taking the loads and moments coming on it and on
the whole the structure is made stable against bending, sway, overturning,
subsidence etc.
Structure: A frame or skeleton work for a building, bridge, trestles etc.
Sub-base: A course of material laid under a road base and over the sub-grade.
Sub-grade: The formation level or ground surface below a road.
Submersible Pump: A centrifugal pump which remain submerged under water and
is driven by an electric motor from top. This is used for pumping water or sewage.
Subsidence: Settlement or downward movement of the ground surface due to
consolidation.
Sub-soil: The soil below the formation level or the top soil.
Subway: An underground passage for pedestrians in a busy area with a view to
avoiding congestion on surface.
Suction-cutter Dredger: A suction-type dredger with a rotating cutter provided at
the end of a suction pipe. This is used in digging stiff clay.
Suction Dredger: A heavy-duty suction-type dredger without any excavating
buckets. It dredges out mud and water mixture by suction pumps.
Super Structure: The part of a structure above ground.
Surface Dressing: Dressing of ground surface during site preparation.
Suspension Cable: A steel wire stranded rope strong enough to carry a suspension
road bridge. Two such ropes are needed for a bridge.
91
T
Tack Coat: A thin coat of tar or bitumen applied on a road surface to increase the
adhesion of the top course (chipping carpet or wearing course).
Tack Weld: A spot weld to gold the two edges together, which are to be welded
afterwards as per requirement.
Tar: A deep black viscous liquid. It may be coal tar, wood tar or mineral tar.
Template: A wooden or metal pattern used to form the shape of a moulding. Plaster
or concrete member.
Tensile strength: The internal force developed in a member under tension to resist
the tensile force applied externally on the member.
Tensile stress: The stress i.e., the internal force per unit area of the section of the
member developed due to application of a tensile force.
Tensile Test: A test carried out on a standard specimen to find out the tensile
strength of the specimen.
Tension: A member is said to be in tension when it is subjected to a tensile road.
Terrace: A flat roof surface or a raised platform.
Terra Cotta: A strong and durable earth ware made from refractory brick clay or
from selected clay mixed with ground glass, pottery and sand.
Testing Machine: There are a number of testing machines to determine the various
properties of engineering materials. In a universal testing machine quite a number of
tests can be carried out. These tests are for tension, compression, torque, impact
and fatigue.
Texture: A face, fine-grained or coarse –grained, distributed or at random, smooth
or rough, even or uneven and with or without designs.
Thinner: A solvent of volatile liquid which is used in a paint or varnish to lower the
viscosity so that it can flow easily.
Tidal Dock: A dock having no lock gate. Therefore, the water level inside and
outside the dock is always same.
Tie Beam: A beam which acts as a tie between two members.
Tie Rod: A steel rod used as a tie.
Toe Wall: A vertically downward wall built at the toe of a remaining wall.
92
Topographical Surveying: The land survey plotting the natural features of a
country, such as hills, woods, streams, rivers, lakes and artificial features like roads,
railways, channels, canals, housing, etc.
Top Soil: The soil layer of 6” to 12” thickness at the ground surface that supports
vegetation. This soil is usually composed of silt and humus.
Tower Bolt: A large size barrel bolt made of steel or brass, used in doors and
windows.
Training Wall: A wall built to guide the flow path of a river.
Training Works: Spurs, groynes and dykes are examples of training works for a
flowing stream or river.
Trimming: Final dressing up of a surface.
Truss: A frame of timber or steel used in roofing, bridging and making partitions.
Tube Railway: An underground railway through a cylindrical tunnel. This is built
either by cut and cover method or by tunneling.
Tunnel: An underground passage.
Turbine: A prime mover by gas, steam under high pressure or falling water.
Turfing: Covering a ground with growing grass taken out along with soil from
another site. This helps to prevent erosion in slopes of earthen embankments.
U
U-abutment: This type of abutment is required sometimes to support a bridge at its
end.
Undistributed Soil Sample: A sample of cohesive soil from a bore hole or trial pit
obtained by driving soil sampler into the ground.
V
Varnish: A solution of resin in either oil, turpentine or alcohol.
Venetian Window: A window provided with Venetian shutter.
Viaduct: Just like an Aqueduct, a road or railway bridge over a valley.
Vibrated Concrete: Concrete compacted and made homogeneous by means of
vibration.
Vibrating Pile Drive: A device for driving piles was originated in U.S.S.R and first
used in 1949. On the top of a pile to be driven, two powerful motors rotate in
opposite directions and thus, strong vibration takes place. This pile driving is rapid
and noiseless.
Vibration Roller: A roller with a vibrated roll. The roller is self-propelled.
Void: The spaces between the particles in a mass of granular material.
93
W
Walk Way: A permanent gangway provided with handrails, so that safe access may
be given along a roof.
Wash Out Closet: A closet so shaped that a small quantum of water remains in it
into which excreta falls and is flushed out over the edge of the basin into a trap
below.
Water Bound Macadam: A road surface formed of gravel or broken stones bound
by soil and sand particles or hogging by sprinkling water and rolling.
Water-logging: Submergence under water due to inadequate facility of draining out
water.
Water Seasoning: A method of seasoning timber by immersing fresh cut logs under
water for a fortnight or so and drying them afterwards in atmospheric air under a
shed.
Well Foundation: Well foundation is used in soft loose soil. The well with the curb
sinks under its own weight and the soil within the well is excavated.
Wing Wall: A projected or extended wall from an abutment wall.
94

Part-I Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Manual On Construction Works (Buildings)

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PART-I

MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E)

Prepared by: Nisar Ahmad Khan

SL. No. Contents Page No.

B Checklist for wood works: 53

Encadrement of IMED’s posts in 1982 in the BCS Economic Cadre is considered as a

Delay in procurement of goods, works and services is nationally identified as a major

However, the Consultant has developed a comprehensive checklists for procurement of

As background to the work an overview of the existing system of project planning

Fig. Project Cycle

The primary objectives of monitoring are to:

 Reveal if there is any impending problem to avoid disaster/delay;

1.2 Evaluation is also defined as a structured process of assessing the success of a

The primary objectives of evaluation are to:

2. Why is monitoring and evaluation important?

At the program level, the purpose of monitoring and evaluation is to track

3. Monitoring and Evaluation practice in Bangladesh:

Project Implementation Bureau (PIB) was created in 1975 through an executive

According to The Rules of Business of the government, allocated functions or

 Monitoring and Evaluation of the implementation of development projects

4. Emphasis on field/site inspection:

IMED also involves itself in investigative inspection reporting, whenever and

5. Site inspection of civil works (bldg.) related projects:

Field inspection gives an on the spot impression of project performance in its

Inspection and quality assurance of project implementation is the ultimate

However, this position changed dramatically after revelation and government

5.1 Attitude/approach of the inspector:

An inspector should encourage PD to speak freely about the impediments, project is

As this manual/guideline deals with the highly technical engineering subjects, it

This M&E manual is a reference document which provides— step-by-step guidance

The purpose of the manual is as follows:

 To provide an operational framework for achieving the IMED’s M&E

7. Preparation for project inspection by using M& E

Before embarking on project inspection a number of preparatory works are

 Having knowledge of the stages of construction of a building will be helpful in

8. Inspection of building construction work:

I. Site preparation/ design phase

1. Shape of the plot: It should be such that

Fig. Construction site of a building

Fig. Arrangement of water and electricity

Fig. Deployment of construction

Fig:Preparation of site Fig: Clearing of site

Fig. Colum casting

9. Grade beam casting :

As mentioned earlier, some similar important

Fig: Column casting (ground floor)

Fig: Floor beam and slab casting

See checklist J, Page-60. Annexer-4 of

Before start of pouring of concrete following

i. Mixing is done as per approved Mix

Water plays a critical role in building

It is needed for workability and hydration

See checklist E Page-56 Annexer-3 for

18. Laying electrical duct and keeping

Fig: Making provision for Sanitary

20. Wall construction:

Fig: Wall construction

Fig: Fittings of doors and window