Crop Production
Crop Production
Crop Production
Domesticated plants
A crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for
profit or subsistence.[1] Crops may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in
a more refined state. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture. A crop may
include macroscopic fungus (e.g. mushrooms), or alga.
Most crops are harvested as food for humans or fodder for livestock. Some crops are
gathered from the wild (including intensive gathering, e.g. ginseng).
Important non-food crops include horticulture, floriculture and industrial
crops. Horticulture crops include plants used for other crops (e.g. fruit
trees). Floriculture crops include bedding plants, houseplants, flowering garden and pot
plants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers. Industrial crops are produced
for clothing (fiber crops), biofuel (energy crops, algae fuel), or medicine (medicinal
plants).
Contents
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Agricultural technology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Agriculture
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Agricultural technology or agrotechnology (abbreviated agritech, AgriTech,
or agrotech) is the use of technology in agriculture, horticulture, and aquaculture with
the aim of improving yield, efficiency, and profitability. Agricultural technology can be
products, services or applications derived from agriculture that improve various
input/output processes.
Advances in agricultural science, agronomy, and agricultural engineering have lead to
applied developments in agricultural technology.
Contents
1History
2Types of agricultural technology
o 2.1Agricultural drones
3Hydroponics technology
4See also
5References
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You
can help by adding to it. (November
2020)
Agricultural drone
Satellite photography and sensors
IoT-based sensor networks
Phase tracking
Weather forecasts
Automated irrigation
Light and heat control
Intelligent software analysis for pest and disease prediction, soil management and other
involved analytical tasks
Biotech
Agricultural drones[edit]
Drones can be used for scanning crop fields with compact multispectral imaging
sensors, GPS map creation, heavy payload transportation, and livestock monitoring with
thermal-imaging cameras.
High-income countries have seen recent improvements in their agricultural
management systems through modern remote sensing technology such as satellites
and aircraft and the information they collect. The vast amount of data collected through
this technology can provide useful for farmers and fishers. This has led to better crop
yields, higher quality produce and more sustainable agricultural practices. Big data also
informs high-level decision-makers on how to better manage food supply at national and
regional levels.
The use of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), better known as 'drones' for
agricultural purposes, is a new emerging technology which could revolutionise the way
agricultural entrepreneurs interact with their land, water, crops and infrastructure. UAVs
can be made specifically for business use and farming; in particular, they can capture
geo-referenced, overlapping, high-resolution images (2–5 cm) of 400 hectares in a
single flight; can seamlessly upload data and produce agricultural analytics from their
data management systems and can fly autonomously from take-off to landing.
Hydroponics technology[edit]
This section needs expansion. You
can help by adding to it. (December
2020)
Contents
1Etymology
2Terminology
3History
4Some common vegetables
5Nutrition and health
o 5.1Recommendations
6Production
o 6.1Cultivation
o 6.2Harvesting
o 6.3Storage
o 6.4Preservation
o 6.5Top producers
7Standards
8See also
9References
10External links
Etymology
Domestic vegetable garden in London
The word vegetable was first recorded in English in the early 15th century. It comes
from Old French,[1] and was originally applied to all plants; the word is still used in this
sense in biological contexts.[2] It derives from Medieval Latin vegetabilis "growing,
flourishing" (i.e. of a plant), a semantic change from a Late Latin meaning "to be
enlivening, quickening".[1]
The meaning of "vegetable" as a "plant grown for food" was not established until the
18th century.[3] In 1767, the word was specifically used to mean a "plant cultivated for
food, an edible herb or root". The year 1955 saw the first use of the shortened, slang
term "veggie".[4]
As an adjective, the word vegetable is used in scientific and technical contexts with a
different and much broader meaning, namely of "related to plants" in general, edible or
not—as in vegetable matter, vegetable kingdom, vegetable origin, etc.[2]
Terminology
History
Before the advent of agriculture, humans were hunter-gatherers. They foraged for
edible fruit, nuts, stems, leaves, corms, and tubers, scavenged for dead animals
and hunted living ones for food.[10] Forest gardening in a tropical jungle clearing is
thought to be the first example of agriculture; useful plant species were identified and
encouraged to grow while undesirable species were removed. Plant breeding through
the selection of strains with desirable traits such as large fruit and vigorous growth soon
followed.[11] While the first evidence for the domestication of grasses such as wheat and
barley has been found in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East, it is likely that various
peoples around the world started growing crops in the period 10,000 BC to 7,000 BC.
[12]
Subsistence agriculture continues to this day, with many rural farmers in Africa, Asia,
South America, and elsewhere using their plots of land to produce enough food for their
families, while any surplus produce is used for exchange for other goods. [13]
Throughout recorded history, the rich have been able to afford a varied diet including
meat, vegetables and fruit, but for poor people, meat was a luxury and the food they ate
was very dull, typically comprising mainly some staple product made from rice, rye,
barley, wheat, millet or maize. The addition of vegetable matter provided some variety
to the diet. The staple diet of the Aztecs in Central America was maize and they
cultivated tomatoes, avocados, beans, peppers, pumpkins, squashes, peanuts,
and amaranth seeds to supplement their tortillas and porridge. In Peru,
the Incas subsisted on maize in the lowlands and potatoes at higher altitudes. They also
used seeds from quinoa, supplementing their diet with peppers, tomatoes, and
avocados.[14]
In Ancient China, rice was the staple crop in the south and wheat in the north, the latter
made into dumplings, noodles, and pancakes. Vegetables used to accompany these
included yams, soybeans, broad beans, turnips, spring onions, and garlic. The diet of
the ancient Egyptians was based on bread, often contaminated with sand which wore
away their teeth. Meat was a luxury but fish was more plentiful. These were
accompanied by a range of vegetables including marrows, broad beans, lentils, onions,
leeks, garlic, radishes, and lettuces.[14]
The mainstay of the Ancient Greek diet was bread, and this was accompanied by goat's
cheese, olives, figs, fish, and occasionally meat. The vegetables grown included onions,
garlic, cabbages, melons, and lentils.[15] In Ancient Rome, a thick porridge was made
of emmer wheat or beans, accompanied by green vegetables but little meat, and fish
was not esteemed. The Romans grew broad beans, peas, onions and turnips and ate
the leaves of beets rather than their roots.[16]
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
leaves, cabbage, Brussels
Brassic axillary sprouts, cauliflower, broccol
a buds, i, kale, kohlrabi,
Europe
olerace stems, red cabbage, Savoy
a flower cabbage, Chinese
heads broccoli, collard greens
69.4
turnip, Chinese
Brassic root,
Asia cabbage, napa cabbage, bok
a rapa leaves
choy
root,
leaves,
seed
Rapha Southe
pods, radish, daikon, seedpod
nus astern
seed varieties
sativus Asia
oil,
sprouti
ng
Some common vegetables
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
root,
Daucus
leaves, Persia carrot 40.0[n 1]
carota
stems
Pastina
ca root Eurasia parsnip
sativa
Europe
Beta
root, and beetroot, sea beet, Swiss
vulgari
leaves Near chard, sugar beet
s
East
Some common vegetables
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
Lactuc leaves,
a stems, Egypt lettuce, celtuce 27.2
sativa seed oil
Phaseo
lus
vulgari
s Central
Phaseo and green bean, French
pods,
lus South bean, runner bean, haricot 55.1[n 2]
seeds
coccine Americ bean, Lima bean
us a
Phaseo
lus
lunatus
Some common vegetables
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
Medite
rranean
Vicia pods,
and broad bean 4.9
faba seeds
Middle
East
Medite
Pisum pods, rranean
pea, snap pea, snow
sativu seeds, and 34.7[n 2]
pea, split pea
m sprouts Middle
East
Solanu
South
m
tubers Americ potato 368.1
tuberos
a
um
Some common vegetables
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
Solanu South
m and
fruits eggplant (aubergine) 54.0
melong East
ena Asia
Solanu
South
m tomato, see list of tomato
fruits Americ 182.2
lycoper cultivars
a
sicum
Cucum
Southe cucumber, see list of
is fruits 75.2
rn Asia cucumber varieties
sativus
Some common vegetables
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
onion, spring
Allium bulbs,
Asia onion, scallion, shallot, 102.2[n 2]
cepa leaves
see list of onion cultivars
Allium
sativu bulbs Asia garlic 28.5
m
Some common vegetables
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
Europe
Allium
leaf and
ampelo leek, elephant garlic 2.2
sheaths Middle
prasum
East
North
Capsic
and
um pepper, bell pepper, sweet
fruits South 40.9[n 2]
annuu pepper
Americ
m
a
Central
Spinaci
and
a
leaves southw spinach 26.3
olerace
estern
a
Asia
Some common vegetables
Worl
d
prod
Parts uctio
Image Species Origin Cultivars n
used
(×106
tons,
2018)
[17]
Diosco Tropic
rea tubers al yam 72.6
spp. Africa
Central
Ipomoe tubers, and
sweet potato, see list of
a leaves, South 91.9
sweet potato cultivars
batatas shoots Americ
a
Manih
South
ot
tubers Americ cassava 277.8
esculen
a
ta
Recommendations
Production
Cultivation
Further information: Kitchen garden and Vegetable farming
Growing vegetables in South Africa
United
1,120 318 35,609
States
Standards
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets international standards to
ensure that products and services are safe, reliable, and of good quality. There are a
number of ISO standards regarding fruits and vegetables. [43] ISO 1991-1:1982 lists the
botanical names of sixty-one species of plants used as vegetables along with the
common names of the vegetables in English, French, and Russian. [44] ISO 67.080.20
covers the storage and transport of vegetables and their derived products. [45]
See also
Food portal
Food quality
Food safety
Herbivore
Ketchup as a vegetable
List of foods
List of vegetable dishes