562 Part Four Building and Managing Systems

INTERACTIVE SESSION: TECHNOLOGY

WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO GO MOBILE?
“How should we go mobile?” Almost every company Decker’s customer analysis showed that when
today is asking that question. In 2014, more people consumers use mobile devices inside a Deckers
used their mobile phones than PCs to go online, and store, what is most important is a seamless interac-
there is one mobile device for every person on earth tion. The customer wants to be able to look at a prod-
in 2015. The number of Web searches performed on uct on his or her mobile device and see the same
mobile devices has more than quadrupled since 2010. information on that device as that person would
Customers expect, and even demand, to be able to obtain in the store, plus some additional information,
use a mobile device of their choice to obtain informa- such as consumer reviews.
tion or perform a transaction anywhere and at any A mobile strategy involves much more than select-
time. So if a company wants to stay connected to its ing mobile devices, operating systems, and applica-
customers, it needs some sort of mobile presence. tions. It also involves changes to business processes,
What do companies do, and where do they start? changing the way people work and the way a firm
Developing mobile apps or a mobile Web site has interacts with its customers. Mobile technology can
some special challenges. The user experience on streamline processes, make them more portable,
a mobile device is fundamentally different from and enhance them with capabilities such as touch
that on a PC. There are special features on mobile interfaces, location and mapping features, alerts,
devices such as location-based services that that give texting, cameras, and video functionality. The tech-
firms the potential to interact with customers in nology can also create less efficient processes or fail
meaningful new ways. Firms need to be able to take to deliver benefits if the mobile application is not
advantage of those features while delivering an expe- properly designed.
rience that is appropriate to a small screen. There USAA, the giant financial services company serv-
are multiple mobile platforms to work with—iPhone, ing members of the U.S. military and their families,
Android, Windows Phone, and possibly BlackBerry, is acutely aware of the need to ensure that mobile
and a firm may need a different version of an appli- technology is aligned with its customer-facing busi-
cation to run on each of these. You can’t just port a ness processes and leads to genuine improvements.
Web site or desktop application to a smartphone or The company is using mobile technology to refine
tablet. It’s a different systems development process. its business processes and provide simpler and more
It’s important to understand how, why, and where powerful ways for customers to interact with the
customers use mobile devices and how these mobile company.
experiences change business interactions and behav- USAA launched its Web site in 1997 and went
ior. For example, do customers who use an app mobile ten years later, with about 90 percent of its
handle a greater number of transactions on their interactions with customers taking place on these
own and use the phone less? Do they spend more or two self-service channels. In 2011, USAA handled 183
less time researching products and shopping from a million customer contacts through the mobile chan-
mobile device? nel alone, and expects the mobile channel will be its
Deckers Outdoor Corporation, the parent com- primary point of contact with customers in the next
pany of brands such as UGG Australia, Teva, and two years. USAA has 100 dedicated mobile develop-
Simple Shoes, spent considerable time studying its ers writing apps for devices using the iPhone, iPad,
customers’ mobile behavior. It looked at how cus- and Android operating systems, along with apps for
tomers use their mobile devices while shopping and the BlackBerry and Windows Phone 7.
researching brands to find out how consumers would USAA developed a smartphone accident report
connect with its brand through the mobile chan- and claims app that enables customers to snap a
nel. When people use mobile devices, how do they photo and submit a claim directly from the site
research the products? What information do they of an accident. The app is also able to send geo-
want about brand? Are they looking for information graphic information system (GIS) data to a towing
about product features, product reviews, or retail service and display nearby car rental locations.
store locations? Another mobile app supports photo deposits: a
customer can capture an image of a check with
 Chapter 13 Building Information Systems 563

a smartphone and automatically submit it to the ogy as well. The company revamped its mobile Web
bank. The money is instantly deposited in the site in March 2011 to increase sales leads by helping
customer’s account. This system eliminates the potential customers with mobile phones find its loca-
labor and expense of processing paper checks, as tions, look at its products, register with the company,
well as the time required to mail the check and and call directly. Ryland’s development team made
wait three days for the deposit to clear. In 2011, the site easier to read and capable of fitting on a
USAA Federal Savings Bank processed $6.4 billion smartphone or tablet screen without requiring users
in deposits through this mobile app. to pinch and zoom. It used jQuery Mobile software
The mobile app also displays loan and credit card and responsive Web design to create variations of the
balances, shopping services, homeowners and auto site that were appropriate for different smartphone
insurance policy information, Home Circle and or tablet models employed by users. (The jQuery
Auto Circle buying services, retirement products Mobile framework allows developers to design a
and information, ATM and taxi locators, and a single Web site or application that will work on all
communities feature that lets users see what others popular smartphone, tablet, and desktop platforms,
are posting about USAA on Twitter, Facebook, and eliminating the need to write unique apps for each
YouTube. mobile device or operating system.) Ryland focused
A real estate company may want to display a on features such as location-based driving directions
completely different site to mobile users who are to nearby communities, clickable phone numbers,
looking for house information after driving by a and brief online registrations to increase the chances
“For Sale” sign. The realtor may want to optimize of making a sale. The site shows nearby communi-
the mobile interface to include specific listing and ties in order of distance, based on the location of the
contact information to capture the lead immediately mobile device.
and keep the load time fast. If the mobile site is
Sources: Samuel Greengard, “Mobility Transforms the Customer
simply a more user-friendly version of the desktop Relationship,” Baseline, February 2012; William Atkinson,
site, the conversions may not be as high. “How Deckers Used a Mobile Application to Build Customer Traffic,”
Ryland Homes, one of the top U.S. new home CIO Insight, November 9, 2011; “Going Mobile: A Portable Approach
to Process Improvement,” Business Agility Insights, June 2012;
builders, has a conventional Web site, but it wanted Google Inc., “Ryland Homes Opens Doors to Local Sales with Mobile
to be able to engage customers using mobile technol- Site for Home-Buyers,” 2011.

C A S E S T U DY Q U E S T I O N S
1. What management, organization, and technology 3. Describe the business processes changed by
issues need to be addressed when building mobile USAA’s mobile applications before and after the
applications? applications were deployed.
2. How does user requirement definition for mobile
applications differ from that in traditional systems
analysis?
564 Part Four Building and Managing Systems

Review Summary
1. How does building new systems produce organizational change?
Building a new information system is a form of planned organizational change. Four kinds of
technology-enabled change are (a) automation, (b) rationalization of procedures, (c) business process
redesign, and (d) paradigm shift, with far-reaching changes carrying the greatest risks and rewards.
Many organizations are using business process management to redesign work flows and business
processes in the hope of achieving dramatic productivity breakthroughs. Business process manage-
ment is also useful for promoting total quality management (TQM), six sigma, and other initiatives for
incremental process improvement.

2. What are the core activities in the systems development process?

The core activities in systems development are systems analysis, systems design, programming,
testing, conversion, production, and maintenance. Systems analysis is the study and analysis of
problems of existing systems and the identification of requirements for their solutions. Systems design
provides the specifications for an information system solution, showing how its technical and
organizational components fit together.

3. What are the principal methodologies for modeling and designing systems?
The two principal methodologies for modeling and designing information systems are structured
methodologies and object-oriented development. Structured methodologies focus on modeling
processes and data separately. The data flow diagram is the principal tool for structured analysis, and
the structure chart is the principal tool for representing structured software design. Object-oriented
development models a system as a collection of objects that combine processes and data. Object-
oriented modeling is based on the concepts of class and inheritance.

4. What are the alternative methods for building information systems?

The oldest method for building systems is the systems life cycle, which requires that information
systems be developed in formal stages. The stages must proceed sequentially and have defined
outputs; each requires formal approval before the next stage can commence. The systems life cycle is
useful for large projects that need formal specifications and tight management control over each stage
of systems building, but it is very rigid and costly.
Prototyping consists of building an experimental system rapidly and inexpensively for end users to
interact with and evaluate. Prototyping encourages end-user involvement in systems development
and iteration of design until specifications are captured accurately. The rapid creation of prototypes
can result in systems that have not been completely tested or documented or that are technically
inadequate for a production environment.
Using a software package reduces the amount of design, programming, testing, installation, and
maintenance work required to build a system. Application software packages are helpful if a firm does
not have the internal information systems staff or financial resources to custom develop a system. To
meet an organization’s unique requirements, packages may require extensive modifications that can
substantially raise development costs.
End-user development is the development of information systems by end users, either alone or
with minimal assistance from information systems specialists. End-user developed systems can be
created rapidly and informally using user-friendly software tools. However, end-user development
may create information systems that do not necessarily meet quality assurance standards and that are
not easily controlled by traditional means.
Outsourcing consists of using an external vendor to build (or operate) a firm’s information systems
instead of the organization’s internal information systems staff. Outsourcing can save application
development costs or enable firms to develop applications without an internal information systems
staff. However, firms risk losing control over their information systems and becoming too dependent
on external vendors. Outsourcing also entails hidden costs, especially when the work is sent offshore.

5. What are new approaches for system building in the digital firm era?
Companies are turning to rapid application design (RAD), joint application design (JAD), agile
development, and reusable software components to accelerate the systems development process. RAD
uses object-oriented software, visual programming, prototyping, and fourth-generation tools for very
 Chapter 13 Building Information Systems 565

rapid creation of systems. Agile development breaks a large project into a series of small subprojects that are
completed in short periods of time using iteration and continuous feedback. Component-based development
expedites application development by grouping objects into suites of software components that can be
combined to create large-scale business applications. Web services provide a common set of standards that
enable organizations to link their systems regardless of their technology platform through standard plug-and-
play architecture. Mobile application development must pay attention to simplicity, usability, and the need
to optimize tasks for tiny screens.

Key Terms
Acceptance testing, 546 Parallel strategy, 546
Agile development, 559 Phased approach strategy, 547
Automation, 536 Pilot study strategy, 547
Business process management, 537 Post-implementation audit, 547
Business process redesign, 537 Process specifications, 549
Component-based development, 559 Production, 547
Computer-aided software Programming, 545
engineering (CASE), 551 Prototype, 553
Conversion, 546 Prototyping, 553
Customization, 556 Query languages, 555
Data flow diagram (DFD), 548 Rapid application development (RAD), 559
Direct cutover strategy, 546 Rationalization of procedures, 536
Documentation, 547 Request for Proposal (RFP), 556
End-user development, 555 Responsive Web design, 561
End-user interface, 555 Six sigma, 536
Feasibility study, 543 Structure chart, 549
Information requirements, 544 Structured, 547
Iterative, 554 Systems analysis, 541
Joint application design (JAD), 559
Systems design, 544
Maintenance, 547
Systems development, 541
Mobile Web app, 560
Systems life cycle, 552
Mobile Web site, 560
System testing, 546
Native app, 560
Test plan, 546
Object, 550
Testing, 545
Object-oriented development, 550
Total quality management (TQM), 536
Offshore outsourcing, 557
Unit testing, 545
Paradigm shift, 537

MyMISLab
Go to mymislab.com to complete the problems marked with this icon .

Review Questions
13-1 How does building new systems produce organi- • Distinguish between systems analysis and
zational change? systems design. Describe the activities for
• Describe each of the four kinds of organiza- each.
tional change that can be promoted with • Define information requirements and
information technology. explain why they are difficult to determine
• Define business process redesign and com- correctly.
pare it to other types of organizational • Explain why the testing stage of systems
change. development is so important. Name and
13-2 What are the core activities in the systems describe the three stages of testing for an
development process? information system.
566 Part Four Building and Managing Systems

•
Describe the role of end users in building • Define end-user development and describe
systems and why they are so important. its advantages and disadvantages. Name
13-3 What are the principal methodologies for some policies and procedures for managing
modeling and designing systems? end-user development.
• Compare object-oriented and traditional • Describe the advantages and disadvantages
structured approaches for modeling and of using outsourcing for building informa-
designing systems. tion systems.

13-4 What are alternative methods for building 13-5 What are new approaches for system building
information systems? in the digital firm era?
• Define the traditional systems life cycle. • Define rapid application development
Describe each of its steps and its advantages (RAD) and agile development and explain
and disadvantages for systems building. how they can speed up system-building.
• Define information system prototyping. • Explain how component-based develop-
Describe its benefits and limitations. List ment and Web services help firms build and
and describe the steps in the prototyping enhance their information systems.
process.
• Explain why responsive Web design is
• Define an application software package. important for the development of systems
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of for use on mobile platforms.
developing information systems based on
software packages.

Discussion Questions
13-6 Why is selecting a systems development 13-8 Why is it important to identify the informa-
approach an important business decision? tion requirements of a new system prior to
Who should participate in the selection pro- building the system?
cess?
13-7 Why are web services and service-oriented
computing so important for reducing the
costs of building new systems?

Hands-On MIS Projects

The projects in this section give you hands-on experience analyzing business processes, designing and
building a customer system for auto sales, and analyzing Web site information requirements.

Management Decision Problems

13-9 For an additional fee, a customer purchasing from the online appliance store Appliancesdirect.com in the
U.K., such as a washing machine, can purchase a three-year service contract. The contract provides free
repair service and parts for the specified appliance using an authorized service provider. When a person
with a Appliancesdirect service contract needs to repair an appliance, such as a washing machine, he or
she calls the company’s Repairs & Parts department to schedule an appointment. The department makes
the appointment and gives the caller the date and approximate time of the appointment. The repair tech-
nician arrives during the designated time framework and diagnoses the problem. If the problem is caused
by a faulty part, the technician either replaces the part if he is carrying the part with him or orders the
replacement part from Sears. If the part is not in stock, it will order the part and give the customer an
approximate time when the part will arrive. The part is shipped directly to the customer. After the part
has arrived, the customer must call Appliancesdirect to schedule a second appointment for a repair tech-
nician to replace the ordered part. This process is very lengthy. It may take two weeks to schedule the
 Chapter 13 Building Information Systems 567

first repair visit, another two weeks to order and receive the required part, and another week to schedule
a second repair visit after the ordered part has been received.
• Diagram the existing process.
• What is the impact of the existing process on Appliancesdirect’s operational efficiency and customer
relationships?
• What changes could be made to make this process more efficient? How could information systems
support these changes? Diagram the new, improved process.

13-10 Management at your agricultural chemicals corporation has been dissatisfied with production planning.
Production plans are created using best guesses of demand for each product, which are based on how
much of each product has been ordered in the past. If a customer places an unexpected order or requests
a change to an existing order after it has been placed, there is no way to adjust production plans. The
company may have to tell customers it can’t fill their orders, or it may run up extra costs maintaining
additional inventory to prevent stock-outs.
At the end of each month, orders are totaled and manually keyed into the company’s production
planning system. Data from the past month’s production and inventory systems are manually entered
into the firm’s order management system. Analysts from the sales department and from the produc-
tion department analyze the data from their respective systems to determine what the sales targets and
production targets should be for the next month. These estimates are usually different. The analysts then
get together at a high-level planning meeting to revise the production and sales targets to take into account
senior management’s goals for market share, revenues, and profits. The outcome of the meeting is a finalized
production master schedule.
The entire production planning process takes 17 business days to complete. Nine of these days are
required to enter and validate the data. The remaining days are spent developing and reconciling the production
and sales targets and finalizing the production master schedule.
• Draw a diagram of the existing production planning process.
• Analyze the problems this process creates for the company.
• How could an enterprise system solve these problems? In what ways could it lower costs? Diagram
what the production planning process might look like if the company implemented enterprise
software.

Improving Decision Making: Using Database Software to Design a

Customer System for Auto Sales
Software skills: Database design, querying, reporting, and forms
Business skills: Sales lead and customer analysis
13-11 This project requires you to perform a systems analysis and then design a system solution using database
software.
Burrows Auto Dealers specializes in selling new vehicles from Toyota in Sheffield, England. The
company advertises in local newspapers and is listed as an authorized dealer on the Toyota Web site and
other major Web sites for auto buyers. The company benefits from a good local word-of-mouth reputation
and name recognition.
Burrows does not believe it has enough information about its customers. It cannot easily determine
which prospects have made auto purchases, nor can it identify which customer touch points have produced
the greatest number of sales leads or actual sales so it can focus advertising and marketing more on the
channels that generate the most revenue. Are purchasers discovering Burrows from newspaper ads, from
word of mouth, or from the Web?
Prepare a systems analysis report detailing Burrows’ problem and a system solution that can be
implemented using PC database management software. Then use database software to develop a simple
system solution.
568 Part Four Building and Managing Systems

A c h i e v i n g O p e r a t i o n a l E x c e l l e n c e : A n a l y z i n g We b S i t e D e s i g n a n d
Information Requirements
Software skills: Web browser software
Business skills: Information requirements analysis, Web site design
13-12 Visit the Web site of your choice and explore it thoroughly. Prepare a report analyzing the various
functions provided by that Web site and its information requirements. Your report should answer these
questions: What functions does the Web site perform? What data does it use? What are its inputs, outputs,
and processes? What are some of its other design specifications? Does the Web site link to any internal
systems or systems of other organizations? What value does this Web site provide the firm?

Collaboration and Teamwork Project

13-13 In MyMISLab, you will find a Collaboration and Teamwork Project dealing with the concepts in this
chapter. You will be able to use Google Drive, Google Sites, Google Docs, Google+, or other open source
collaboration tools to complete the assignment.

SourceGas Goes for Better Workforce Scheduling System s

CASE STUDY

S
ourceGas is a utility headquartered in Golden, assigned workloads that were aligned with business
Colorado providing natural gas service to over objectives.
413,000 customers in Arkansas, Nebraska, SourceGas dispatchers were highly experi-
Colorado, and Wyoming. The company has enced and had the requisite knowledge to assign
over 1,100 employees and operates nearly 18,000 technicians with the appropriate set of skills
miles of natural gas transmission and distribution to perform the work. However, to perform this
pipeline covering a 332,437-square-mile area—about process successfully, dispatchers had to commit
half the size of Alaska. to memory more than 225 different types of work
The number of work orders (authorizing specific that technicians performed in the field. SourceGas
work or repairs to be done) processed per mile wound up spending a great deal of time and effort
traveled is a key performance indicator for utility clarifying its scheduling policies.
companies, especially SourceGas. SourceGas’s SourceGas’s work order process starts with a call
territory includes many large rural areas where from a customer to the SourceGas call center in
re-routing work orders incurs very heavy fuel, Fayetteville, Arkansas. Under the company’s old
maintenance, and other operational costs. The system, the company’s SAP CRM software created a
more work orders that can be processed per mile work order that was sent to the SourceGas dispatch
traveled, the lower the cost. center, where dispatchers assigned the work to
SourceGas’s predecessor had installed a mobile technicians who received the assignments using
information system in 2000 to dispatch approxi- Panasonic Toughbook mobile devices. Although the
mately 500,000 work orders to approximately 500 previous system integrated with SAP CRM software
field technicians equipped with mobile devices. to enable SourceGas to track a work order from start
However, this work order and dispatch system to finish, the work order still had to be initiated
was starting to show its age, and the work order manually by the dispatchers.
and dispatch processes required too much manual What’s more, the outdated system could no
effort. All work was dispatched manually, and there longer be easily modified to keep up with new
were no systematized scheduling priorities, making requirements. SourceGas serves both regulated
it difficult for service technicians to consistently be and non-regulated markets in four states with
 Chapter 13 Building Information Systems 569

different business rules, so the system has to be business rules configured in the system, with excep-
able to accomodate rapid and constant change. tions flagged for dispatchers to handle.
Enhancements to the system were just too costly. The entire process of implementing the new
SourceGas needed a new system to auto- system-requirements analysis, development,
mate its work order and scheduling processes testing, and training, took a little over one year.
that could be updated and changed much more SourceGas rolled out the system in phases, with
easily. Management also wanted a system where its last division going live with the system in
SourceGas could make these changes using its own December 2012. In implementing the SAP software
internal resources rather than external consultants, package, SourceGas faced some special challenges
which the company had relied on heavily to make because it had to design the system and configure
enhancements to its old system. The software for the software to account for all the special conditions
the legacy system had been custom-programmed by of its unique service area and complex rules for
third-party vendors, making the system difficult to types of work. Some of the questions that had to be
maintain and enhance. addressed were: Are work order priorities the same
In the summer of 2011, SourceGas initi- in an urban area, such as Fayetteville, Arkansas,
ated a requirements-gathering workshop with as they are in rural Wyoming? What constitutes an
ClickSoftware, the external vendor the company emergency work order?
had used in the past to make system enhancements. The SourceGas system had to be designed to
The objective was to establish system requirements schedule and route all the field technician work
and develop business rules to guide the work order according to these various rules and conditions.
and scheduling processes. SourceGas’s biggest The design also had to make the system as familiar
priorities were to 1) automate work scheduling; 2) and easy to use for SourceGas mobile workers as
maintain the company’s existing timesheet process; possible, with the new mobile app user experience
and 3) ensure minimal change required for field mirroring field workers’ existing user experience
technicians to use the new system. as much as possible. This was especially critical for
For its solution, SourceGas chose SAP Workforce time reporting, which required some simplification
Scheduling & Optimization software package by while adhering nevertheless to company business
ClickSoftware, which integrates with its existing rules for proper accounting.
SAP systems, including SAP ERP and SAP CRM. SourceGas was able to enhance the software
SAP Workforce Scheduling & Optimization by while maintaining the same user experience. To
ClickSoftware is a real-time optimized scheduling improve technician efficiency, the software was
solution for managing scheduling and dispatching, enhanced to tailor service order completion data
supporting mobile service operations, schedul- sent back to SourceGas’s ERP system for each type
ing service appointments, and monitoring service of service order rather than displaying all data fields
operations. The software includes capabilities on all orders. Another important enhancement was
for demand forecasting to determine how much to add audio alerts for dispatchers and technicians’
work is set to arrive, when, and where; deploying mobile devices to the SAP Workforce Scheduling
resources based on knowledge of worker skills, ser- & Optimization software so that emergency orders
vice commitments, location, and customer prefer- receive proper attention. An additional safety
ences; responding in real time to on-the-spot issues feature is the capability for technicians to set a
such as traffic and cancellations; and analyzing timer to alert dispatch if they haven’t returned to
service performance by identifying problem areas their vehicle by a specified time.
and methods for improvement. Software users SourceGas used an iterative approach and agile
are able to meet anticipated workloads in a spe- development methodology and took user input and
cific time frame with better capacity planning and user training very seriously. The system project
resource allocation. SAP Workforce Scheduling & had a committee of super-user technicians as well
Optimization software integrates directly with all as an operations team to make sure the system was
SAP applications. built to the right specifications. Its technicians had
An SAP NetWeaver Process Integration adapter provided important input during the requirements-
automatically handles the messaging between the gathering and design stages of system-building, and
SAP Workforce Scheduling & Optimization and the they began training on the new application in June
SAP CRM system. Work orders are now automati- 2012. SourceGas trained 20 percent of its workforce
cally scheduled and dispatched using the company’s to obtain their feedback about the new system (to
570 Part Four Building and Managing Systems

make sure it met their expectations), and used the for SourceGas to rapidly make changes in-house,
experience to create training materials for when which makes it easier for the company to respond
the system went totally live. This approach helped to rapid changes in the utility industry.
ensure users would buy into the new system and SourceGas will be further enhancing its SAP
that no business process was overlooked. Workforce Scheduling and Optimization software to
The testing process had end users on SourceGas’s focus more directly on serving customers. Potential
operations team perform all of the approximately changes to the system include allowing customers
225 types of service orders handled by the company to place orders online, sending text messages to
using the new application to make sure the system inform customers when technicians are on the way,
was able to handle every single business scenario. and processing payment from customers directly in
For example, to test the process of a technician the field.
closing out a work order for a meter exchange, the Sources: www.sourcegas.com, accessed June 30, 2014;
new system must be able to move data from a final Murphy, Ken “SourceGas Takes the Driver’s Seat in Workforce
reading of the old meter into SourceGas’s SAP ERP Scheduling,” SAP InsiderPROFILES, July 1, 2013; and
“SourceGas Implements SAP Workforce Scheduling &
system, and the system has to perform certain steps
Optimization,” www.youtube.com, May 14, 2014.
before the new meter is recognized and synchro-
nized to a customer account. CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
What benefits have been produced by the new
13-14 Analyze SourceGas’s problems with its old
system? SourceGas’s management has received system. What management, organization,
positive feedback about the new system capabilities and technology factors were responsible for
for automated scheduling, timesheet preparation these problems? What was the business
as well as its improved usability compared to the impact of these problems?
previous system. Managers can more accurately 13-15 What role did end users play in developing
gauge their workload in their divisions. SourceGas SourceGas’s new work order and dispatch
dispatchers can see their workloads more accurately system? How did the project team make sure
and determine the appropriate resources. The users were involved? What would have
company has already used the new system to happened to the project if they had not done
complete 400,000 work orders and pay 900,000 this?
timesheet records. However, management would 13-16 What types of system-building methods and
like to see more manpower study reports before tools did SourceGas use for building its
it can determine the extent of the new system’s system?
operational efficiencies and benefits. 13-17 Discuss the issue of software package
One key benefit that is already apparent, customization at SourceGas.
however, is the company’s ability to keep a lid on 13-18 What other steps did SourceGas take to make
the costs of maintaining and updating the system sure the new system was successful?
because it is doing most of that work with in-house 13-19 What were the benefits of the new system?
staff rather than turning to external vendors, as it How did it change the way SourceGas ran its
had in the past. The SAP Workforce Scheduling and business? How successful was this system
Optimization software package has made it possible solution?

MyMISLab
Go to mymislab.com for the following Assisted-graded writing questions:

13-20 Describe four system conversion strategies.

13-21 Describe the role of end users in developing systems using the traditional systems life cycle, prototyping,
application software packages, and end-user development.